Name: Kenzie Currey

APUSH
PERIOD 6 PACKET

Unit Topic Class Dates

CH 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1/24

CH 24: Industry Comes of Age 1/27

CH 25: America Moves to the City 1/31

CH 26: The Great West and the Agricultural 2/3

CH 27: Empire and Expansion 2/7

CH 28: Progressivism and the Republican 2/14

CH 23 Learning Targets

CH 24 Learning Targets

The Industrial Economy: Crash Course #23

Growth, Cities & Immigration: Crash Course #25

CH 25 Learning Targets

CH 26 Learning Targets

Westward Expansion: Crash Course #24

CH 27 Learning Targets

American Imperialism: Crash Course #28

The Progressive Era: Crash Course #27

CH 28 Learning Targets

PERIOD 6 TIMELINE

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PERIOD 6: 1865-1912
Pageant Chapters 23-28

The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society
brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.
Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial
capitalism in the United States.

I. Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and
pro-growth government policies — generated rapid economic development and business consolidation.
A. Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North
America.
B. Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned financial and management
structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods.
C. As the price of many goods decreased, workers’ real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many
Americans’ standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew.
D. Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which f urther
concentrated wealth.
E. Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over
markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America.

II. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns.
A. Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government
intervention during economic downturns.
B. The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and interna tional migration; child labor also increased.
C. Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/ or directly
confronting business leaders.
D. Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a
“New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South.

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 III. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a
variety of responses from farmers.
A. Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food price s.
B. Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad s ystem
by creating local and regional cooperative organizations.
C. Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role
in regulating the American economic system.

Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused
dramatic social and cultural change.

I. International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a ne w urban culture.
A. As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and fro m
southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants mov ed to escape
poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions.
B. Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers .
C. Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immig rants
negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.
D. In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing
immigrants and the poor with social services.
E. Corporations’ need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as well as increased access to educational institutions,
fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture.

II. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provokin g competition and violent
conflict.
A. The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic gro wth
and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.
B. In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for
opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching.
C. As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in
the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict.
D. The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance w ith military force, eventually confining
American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty.
E. Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they
attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.

Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic a nd
social policies.

I. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.
A. Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the
socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.
B. Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in
the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and
urban environments.
C. A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed al ternative
visions for the economy and U.S. society.

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 II. Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business
and government.
A. The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues , even as
reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government.
B. Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, promoting social and po litical
reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.
C. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains
African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African
American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality

Overview: An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government
activism, and sought to define its international role.

Key Concept 7.1: Governmental, political, and social organizations struggled to address the effects of large -scale industrialization, economic
uncertainty, and related social changes such as urbanization and mass migration.

I. The continued growth and consolidation of large corporations transformed American society and the nation’s economy, promoting
urbanization and economic growth, even as business cycle fluctuations became increasingly severe.
A. Large corporations came to dominate the U.S. economy as it increasingly focused on the production of consumer goods,
driven by new technologies and manufacturing techniques.

Examples: US Steel Company (1901), Henry Ford’s Model T car (1908), General Motors (1908), Frederick Taylor’s
Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

B. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one, offering new
economic opportunities for women, internal migrants, and international migrants who continued to flock to the United
States.
II. Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political corruption by calling for government intervention in
the economy, expanded democracy, greater social justice, and conservation of natural resources.
A. In the late 1890s and the early years of the 20th century, journalists and Progressive reformers — largely urban
and middle class, and often female — worked to reform existing social and political institutions at the local, state,
and federal levels by creating new organizations aimed at addressing social problems of an industrial society.

Examples: Muckrakers, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906), Meat Inspection Act (1906), Pure Food and
Drug Act (1906), Elkins Act (1903), Hepburn Act (1903), Northern Securities v. US (1903)

B. Progressives promoted federal legislation to regulate abuses of the economy and the environment, and many sought to
expand democracy.

Examples: Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League (1899),
Federal Reserve System (1913), 16 th Amendment (1913), 17th Amendment (1913), Federal
Trade Commission (1914)

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Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world,
while simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international military, political, cultural, and economic position.

I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late 19th century, leading to new territorial
ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific.
A. The perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was “closed,” economic motives, competition with other
European imperialist ventures of the time, and racial theories all furthe red arguments that Americans were destined to
expand their culture and norms to others, especially the nonwhite nations of the globe.

Examples: Census of 1890, Rudyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden (1895), Venezuelan boundary dispute
(1895), overthrow of Hawaiian government (1893), annexation of Hawaii (1898)

B. The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories, an expanded
economic and military presence in the Caribbean and Latin America, engagement in a protracted insurrection in the
Philippines, and increased involvement in Asia.

Examples: Treaty of Paris (1898); acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines

C. Questions about America’s role in the world generated considerable debate, prompting the development of a wide
variety of views and arguments between imperialists and anti-imperialists and, later, interventionists and isolationists.

Examples: Open Door Policy (1899), Taft’s dollar diplomacy (1911), US intervention in Mexican re volutions
of 1910s, Pancho Villa

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 Chapter 23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age
Reading Notes/Learning Targets

1. I can describe the corruption in the “Era of Good Stealings,” including Jay Gould/Jim Fisk, Boss Tweed and Grant’s cabinet.

Although the great majority of businesspeople and government officials continued to conduct their

affairs with decency and honor, the whole postwar atmosphere stunk of corruption. Freewheeling

railroad promoters sometimes left gullible bond buyers with only "two streaks of rust and a right of way."

Unethical stock-market manipulators were a cinder in the public eye. Too many judges and legislators

put their power up for hire. Cynics defined an honest politician as one who, when bought, would stay

bought.

2. I can explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1873.

The panic of 1873 was a result of over-expansion in the industry and the railroads and a drop in

European demand for American farm products and a drop off of European investment in the US.

3. I can compare and contrast the political parties of the Gilded Age.

During the Gilded Age , the two main political parties were the Republicans and Democrats. However,

neither party was ambitious enough to make real social changes. The most concerning issue during the

Gilded Age was corruption.

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4. I can explain the causes and consequences of the Compromise of 1877, including how it marked the end of Reconstruction.

The Compromise of 1877. The Compromise of 1877 gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange

for the end of Reconstruction in the South. The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed 1876

presidential election between Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and Republican candidate Rutherford

B. Hayes.

5. I can explain the birth of Jim Crow in the South, including “Redeemers,” sharecropping, and Plessy v. Fergusen

The Supreme Court’s decision created a ripple effect across the South. State legislatures began enacting

laws legalizing segregation in public places. Those Jim Crow laws imposed segregation and denied

African Americans equality and political rights. The Supreme Court upheld these Jim Crow laws in the

1896 landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson, which maintained the constitutionality of the “separate but

equal” doctrine.

6. I can explain the mistreatment of the Chinese in America, including the Kearneyites and the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Discriminatory laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, were aimed at restricting further

immigration from China. The exclusion act was extended several times and kept many Chinese nationals

from entering the country and fueled further mistreatment of those already in America. This fueled the

passage of the infamous Chinese Exclusion Act, the first law in the United States that barred

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immigration solely based on race.

7. I can explain Cleaveland’s domestic policies, including military pensions, the tariff, currency, and the Billion Dollar Congr ess.

It was a disastrous policy that robbed Native Americans of much of their land and did little to improve

their way of life. Cleveland was mostly silent on the issue of women's suffrage.

8. I can describe the rise of the Populists and their values/goals.

The Populists were an agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the

country’s farmers and agrarian workers. The Populist movement was preceded by the Farmer’s Alliance

and the Grange. The People’s Party was a political party founded in 1891 by leaders of the Populist

movement.

9. I can explain the causes and effects of the Depression of 1893.

The depression, which was signaled by a financial panic in 1893, has been blamed on the deflation

dating back to the Civil War, the gold standard and monetary policy, underconsumption (the economy

was producing goods and services at a higher rate than society was consuming and the resulting

inventory accumulation led firms to reduce employment and cut back production), a general economic

unsoundness (a reference less to tangible economic difficulties and more to a feeling that the economy.

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 Chapter 24 Industry Comes of Age
1. I can describe the building the Transcontinental Railroad (include the major railroads, motives for constructing the railroad & challenges)

An important reason to build the railroad at this time was to connect California to the Union during the

American Civil War. When completed, the Transcontinental Railroad replaced the slower and more

dangerous land routes used by wagon train or stagecoach.

2. I can explain the effects of railroads (including Cornelius Vanderbilt and how railroads affected industrialization)

Industrialization connected the east to the west through the use of railroad development, drastically

improving infrastructure and reducing travel time. Railroad tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt were able

to control fare prices on their trains.

3. I can describe the corruption prevalent in the railroad industry (including the Crédit Mobilier Scandal)

Following the Civil War, the Credit Mobilier company used taxpayer money to bribe politicians and make

profits for railroad executives at the expense of the people. The Credit Mobilier scandal exposed a

massive abuse of taxpayer money by the federal government and businesses vying for government

contracts.

4. I can analyze the ways the government attempted to regulate railroads (including the Interstate Commerce Commission and Wabash case)

Two early examples of government regulation that impacted railroads are the Pacific Railroad Acts of

1862 and 1864. These provided financial aid to companies in the form of land allowances and mortgage

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bonds based on the amount of westward track laid.

5. I can describe the postwar industrial expansion (“Miracles of Mechanization”)

Urbanization was speeded by the refrigerator car, the electric dynamo, and the electric railway, which

displaced animal-drawn cars (usually horses had been used) One of the most ingenious inventions was

the telephone, introduced by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876; gigantic communication network was built

on his invention.

6. I can describe the major “Trust Titans”: Carnegie, Rockefeller & Morgan (include methods used to increase profits & limit com petition)

There was a time in U.S. history when the business magnates and titans of industry boasted more wealth

than even today’s top technology innovators and visionaries.

7. I can describe the “Gospel of Wealth” (include how the Constitution was used to support Big Business)

The 'Gospel of Wealth' was an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. Carnegie, a steel magnate,

argued that very wealthy men like him had a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of

society.

8. I can analyze the ways the government attempted to tackle trusts (include the Sherman AntiTrust Act of 1890)

The Antitrust Laws Congress passed the first antitrust law, the Sherman Act, in 1890 as a

"comprehensive charter of economic liberty aimed at preserving free and unfettered competition as the

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rule of trade." In 1914, Congress passed two additional antitrust laws: the Federal Trade Commission

Act, which created the FTC, and the Clayton Act.

9. I can describe the South in the Age of Industry

The South in the Age of Industry As late as 1900, the South still produced fewer goods than it had before

the Civil War. By the end of the century, the South became the leading producer of cloth and employed

more than 100,000 workers within the textile industry. The Industrial Age is a period of history that

encompasses the changes in economic and social organization that began around 1760 in Great Britain

and later in other countries.

10. I can list the effects of Industrialization

It developed the economy, led to the emergence of machines, caused the mechanization of agriculture,

improved communication and transportation improved dramatically, telegraphs and railroads emerged,

improvements in sanitary conditions and medical care gradually occurred, although they were quite

slow.

11. I can describe the challenges to Unions & the evolution of the labor movement from the National Labor Union to the Knights of Labor to the
AFL (include the Haymarket Square incident)

The Haymarket Riot resonated in American life for years, and there is no doubt it set back the labor

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movement. The Knights of Labor had its influence plummet, and its membership dwindled. At the end of

1886, at the height of the public hysteria following the Haymarket Riot, a new labor organization, the

American Federation of Labor was formed.

The Industrial Economy: Crash Course #23

1. How did the Civil War help lead to the industrial boom of the second half of the 19th century?

As the war dragged on, the Union's advantages in factories, railroads, and manpower put the

Confederacy at a great disadvantage. New technologies showing America's emerging industrial

greatness were refined the Civil War: the railroad, the steamboat, the telegraph, and the steam-powered

printing press Library of Congress.

2. How did the geography, demography & laws of the United States make it ripe for the industrial boom of the second half of the 19th century?

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These changes were the direct result of the American industrial revolution that was founded on rising

investment, employment, and productivity in the manufacturing sector.

3. Explain the role of railroads in the Second Industrial Revolution . How can railroads be considered the first modern corporations?

During the Second Industrial Revolution , innovations in transportation, such as roads, steamboats, the

Eerie Canal, and most notably railroads, linked distant, previously isolated communities together.

Transporting Products For the first time, goods from the American interior could be shipped directly to

the Atlantic, and vice versa.

4. Explain why the “captains of industry” were considered “robber barons.” Describe key figures and their methods.

Over the course of the late 1800s, entrepreneurs like Cornelius Vanderbilt , Andrew Carnegie, John D.

Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan helped to shape the growth of American industry. Some people saw them as

Captains of Industry because they were inventive, hardworking and led the way in the rise of American

business. Others saw them as Robber Barons because they were ruthless and self-centered

entrepreneurs whose aggressive business practices destroyed the smaller competitors.

5. Explain the difference between vertical integration and horizontal integration in corporate structure.

Horizontal Integration occurs between two firms that are similar in operations, in terms of product and

production level, whereas in Vertical Integration, the two firms to be merged operate at different stages

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of the supply chain.

6. Describe the experiences and concerns of the working class. How did the working class respond with unions?

Although the development of organized labor provides a convenient focus for the discussion of working-

class history, it is important to remember that most working people, past and present, have not

belonged to unions: in 1996 only 33.9% of all nonagricultural paid workers in Canada belonged to

unions.

7. What occurred during the Haymarket Riot of 1886?

The Haymarket Riot (also known as the “Haymarket Incident” and “Haymarket Affair”) occurred on May

4, 1886, when a labor protest rally near Chicago’s Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone

threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day.

8. Explain the differences between the AFL under Samuel Gompers and the Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor were by far more radical than the AFL. The Knights were also more inclusive and

less elitist. These differences were significant and are discussed more than the similarities between the

unions.

9. Explain the pseudoscientific ideas of Social Darwinism

The theory that there is a hierarchy of human species into 'races' has affected international politics,

15
economics and social development across the globe. Social Darwinism is a false application of Darwin's

ideas such as adaptation and natural selection, and does not really follow from Darwinian thinking in any

way.

10. Briefly explain the Homestead Strike and Pullman Strike.

Within recent public memory lay two major events that led to this unease--the Homestead strike of

1892 and the Pullman Railroad strike of 1894. These two conflicts brought to the surface the deeper

issues at work in an age of industrial progress.

Growth, Cities & Immigration: Crash Course #25

1. Explain the effects of the Homestead Act of 1862

The Homestead Act encouraged western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of land in

exchange for a nominal filing fee. Among its provisions was a five-year requirement of continuous

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 residence before receiving the title to the land and the settlers had to be, or in the process of

becoming, U.S. citizens.

2. Describe the factors which made the growth of cities possible between 1880-1920

What factors caused US cities to growth rapidly from 1880 1920? From 1880 to 1920, American

cities grew rapidly mainly because of changes in the economy. After the Civil War, the

American economy became more industrialized, turning the United States into the world's largest

and richest economy.

3. Explain the impact of the inventions created during the Gilded Age

Innovations of the Gilded Age helped usher in modern America. Urbanization and technological

creativity led to many engineering advances such as bridges and canals, elevators and

skyscrapers, trolley lines and subways.

4. What city attracted the most immigrants and why?

More than 70 percent of all immigrants, however, entered through New York City, which came to

be known as the "Golden Door." Throughout the late 1800s, most immigrants arriving in New York

entered at the Castle Garden depot near the tip of Manhattan.

5. Describe the Irish & German immigrants who arrived in the United States and what they did upon arrival

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 From 1845 to 1855, more than a million Germans fled to the United States to escape economic

hardship. They also sought to escape the political unrest caused by riots, rebellion and eventually

a revolution in 1848. With the vast numbers of German and Irish coming to America, hostility to

them erupted.

6. Explain the New European Immigrants & how native-born Americans responded to them.

Some reactions to the New Immigration were big businesses taking control of the immigrants

(since the government didn't), and immigrants being exploited for their political votes. The new

immigrants were different because they came from southern and eastern Europe including Jews,

Italians, Croats, and Poles.

7. Explain the struggles of Asian immigrants

Even as they struggled to find work, Chinese immigrants were also fighting for their lives. There

was less discrimination towards the European immigrants. The Asian immigrants had to await a

hearing and the Europeans didn't. The extreme dis-like of immigrants by native born people.

8. Provide statistics about immigration

Immigrants entered the United States through several ports. ... More than 70 percent of all

immigrants, however, entered through New York City, which came to be known as the "Golden

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 Door." Throughout the late 1800s, most immigrants arriving in New York entered at the Castle

Garden depot near the tip of Manhattan.

9. What did the mystery document reveal about reasons for immigration?

John began a segment called the Mystery Document, in which he took advantage of the United

States' relative youth (and the abundance of written documents) by reading aloud a document

that Stan had picked for him without his knowledge, he must then guess the author.

10. Explain the tenement apartments and conditions in the cities. How did those conditions increase discontent of the poor?

Cramped, poorly lit, under ventilated, and usually without indoor plumbing, the tenements were

hotbeds of vermin and disease, and were frequently swept by cholera, typhus, and tuberculosis.

Tenement buildings were constructed with cheap materials, had little or no indoor plumbing and

lacked proper ventilation. These cramped and often unsafe quarters left many vulnerable to

rapidly spreading illnesses and disasters like fires.

Chapter 25 America Moves to the City

1. I can describe the major factors that drew people to the cities and characteristics of life in the cities.

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One important result of industrialization and immigration was the growth of cities, a process known as

urbanization. Commonly, factories were located near urban areas. These businesses attracted

immigrants and people moving from rural areas who were looking for employment. Cities grew at a rapid

rate as a result.

2. I can describe the characteristics of a “new” immigrant and why labor unions and the American Protective Association favored
immigration restriction.

The new immigrants who came to the United States after 1880 were culturally different from previous

immigrants . The poverty and backwardness of Southern Italy . People who came to America to work for

a short period of time and then returned to Europe .

3. I can explain the women’s suffrage movement by 1900( including the National American Woman Suffrage Association .)

Formed in 1890, NAWSA was the result of a merger between two rival factions--the National Woman

Suffrage Association (NWSA) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American

Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe.

4. I can describe the developments in religion during the Age of Industry

New Protestant denominations were formed, missionary organizations began, Bible Societies were

established, social action ministries were founded, and new religious movements within and outside

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Christianity emerged (Pentecostalism, Seventh Day Adventists, Mormonism).

5. I can analyze the role the press played in Reform Movements

Key movements of the time fought for women's suffrage, limits on child labor, abolition, temperance, and

prison reform. Explore key reform movements of the 1800s with this curated collection of classroom

resources. Groups tried to reform many parts of American society, but the two most important were the

abolitionist movement and the women's rights movement.

6. I can describe developments in Literature at the end of the 19th century.

There are four major literary movements applicable to the study of modern short fiction: Romanticism ,

Realism , Naturalism , and Modernism. Nineteenth-century British literature and culture is one of the

most exciting fields of study in English right now. Mass Culture, Medievalism, conduct guides, illustrated

magazines, sensation, gothic, and detective fictions, vampires, prostitutes, criminals, and savages.

7. I can explain the purpose of settlement houses, such as Hull House.

Hull House became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose main purpose

was to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people, many of them recent

European immigrants, in the surrounding neighborhood.

8. I can explain the effects of urban life on the family and ideas of morality. (including Prohibition)

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Prohibition was enacted to protect individuals and families from the “scourge of drunkenness.”

However, it had unintended consequences including: a rise in organized crime associated with the illegal

production and sale of alcohol, an increase in smuggling, and a decline in tax revenue.

9. I can compare the beliefs of Booker T. Washington to W.E.B. Dubois.

Both men were aware that the need for African Americans to become technologically literate was

paramount. However, whereas Washington advocated a hands-on external approach, DuBois promoted a

paternalistic form of advancement of the Black race. William Edward Burghardt DuBois was very angry

with Booker T. Washington. Although he admired Washington's intellect and accomplishments, he

strongly opposed the position set forth by Washington in his Atlanta Exposition Address. He saw little

future in agriculture as the nation rapidly industrialized.

10. I can describe the “Business of Amusement” that developed in America.

The circus emerged in the 1880s, baseball was also emerging as the national pastime, and a professional

league was created in the 1870s. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith. The growth of

American metropolises was spectacular. The move to the city introduced Americans to new ways of

living. American businesses loved the immigration boom. It meant a steady and cheap labor force.

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 Westward Expansion: Crash Course #24

1. How is the West depicted in “American mythology”?

The West was a magnet for restless, young men who lit out for the uncorrupted, unoccupied, untamed

territories to seek their fortune, but in reality, most Western settlers went not as individuals but as

members of a family or as part of an immigrant group. In spite of these enormous human costs, the

overwhelming majority of white Americans saw western expansion as a major opportunity. To them,

access to western land offered the promise of independence and prosperity to anyone willing to meet

the hardships of frontier life.

2. Explain the ideas put forth in Frederick Jackson Turner’s Lecture

The frontier thesis/Turner thesis is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in

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 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process, the

moving frontier line, and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.

3. What was the reality of life on the frontier? (include the role of government in developing the West)

In the settlement of America we have to observe how European life entered the continent, and how

America modified and developed that life and reacted on Europe. The first phase of the government's

plan for settlement was building the Transcontinental Railroad. The railroad provided a way to bring

settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. The

Transcontinental Railroad was an essential artery for rapid development of the frontier.

4. Explain the significance of railroads & explain how they developed

The railroad opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new economic opportunities,

stimulated the development of town and communities. Railways were introduced in England in the

seventeenth century as a way to reduce friction in moving heavily loaded wheeled vehicles. The railroad

opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new economic opportunities, stimulated the

development of town and communities, and generally tied the country together.

5. Explain how westward expansion essentially led to conflicts with Native Americans & how natives responded

As American settlers pushed westward, they inevitably came into conflict with Indian tribes that had

long been living on the land. The result was devastating for the Indian tribes, which lacked the weapons

24
 and group cohesion to fight back against such well-armed forces. Westward Expansion generally had

negative effects on the Native Americans. Native Americans were forced to live on reservations. The

buffalo, an important resource, experienced rapid population decline. Military conflict between Whites

and Native Americans resulted in many deaths.

6. How did government legislation toward Native Americans change in the latter half of the 19th century?

In the mid nineteenth century, the U.S. government pursued a policy known as ‘allotment and

assimilation’. Under the General Allotment Act of 1887, the government was allowed to divide tribal land

into small parcels for individual members. Between 1887 and 1933, US government policy aimed to

assimilate Indians into mainstream American society. Federal policy was enshrined in the General

Allotment (Dawes) Act of 1887 which decreed that Indian Reservation land was to be divided into plots

and allocated to individual Native Americans.

7. Explain the message (& author) of the mystery document

Tecumseh. In place, John began a segment called the Mystery Document, in which he took advantage of

the United States' relative youth (and the abundance of written documents) by reading aloud a

document that Stan had picked for him without his knowledge; he must then guess the author.

8. How did things get even worse for Native Americans as the 19th century progressed?

Native Americans were not recognized as U.S. citizens throughout the nineteenth century. A clause in

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 the Fourteenth Amendment ‘excluding Indians not taxed’. In the fifteenth century, when European

settlers began to arrive in North America, the continent was richly populated with Native American

communities. Rather than cultural exchange, contact led to the virtual destruction of Indian life and

culture. While violent acts broke out on both sides, the greatest atrocities were perpetrated by whites,

who had superior weapons and often superior numbers, as well as the support of the U.S. government.

9. Explain the myth & reality of the American cowboy

The lone cowboy is an American myth. Cattle were always driven by a group of drovers. The cattle were

branded so the owner could distinguish his steer from the rest. Several times per drive, cowboys

conducted a roundup where the cattle would be sorted and counted again. In essence, he is the symbol

of the core American values. As a symbol, the cowboy serves as an powerful mirror for national ethos.

He ‘has embodied all the virtues of the Anglo-American.’

10. How was the reality of life in the West not consistent with the Jeffersonian ideal? What problems did people face?

Jefferson advocated a political system that favored public education, free voting, free press, limited

government and agrarian democracy and shied away from aristocratic rule. Although these were his

personal beliefs, his presidency (1801-1809) often veered from these values. During his two terms in

office, Jefferson sought to stay true to his principles of a weak national government by cutting the

federal budget and taxes, while still reducing the national debt.

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 Chapter 26 The Great West and the Agricultural Movement
Learning Targets

1. I can explain the conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers/the federal government and their outcomes, including
the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. (include specific chiefs and their contributions)

The Dawes Act of 1887 authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands by partitioning them

into individual plots. Between 1887 and 1933, US government policy aimed to assimilate Indians into

mainstream American society. Federal policy was enshrined in the General Allotment (Dawes) Act of

1887 which decreed that Indian Reservation land was to be divided into plots and allocated to individual

Native Americans.

2. I know why the Farmers’ Alliance was formed and what their goals were.

Farmers' Alliance, an American agrarian movement during the 1870s and '80s that sought to improve the

economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy. The

movement was made up of numerous local organizations that coalesced into three large groupings.

3. I know who supported & opposed Populist Party in the 1892 election and why they did so. (Include William Jennings Bryan and
his position regarding silver.)

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In the 1892 presidential election, the Populist ticket of James B. Weaver and James G. Field won 8.5%

of the popular vote and carried four Western states, becoming the first third party since the end of the

American Civil War to win electoral votes. The People's Party was a political party founded in 1891 by

leaders of the Populist movement.

4. I can explain how President Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 and the impact the outcome of
the Pullman strike had on labor unions and others.

President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds

that the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail. Proof of an alliance between big business, the

federal government, and the courts against the working people. A federal injunction having been issued,

President Cleveland could now treat the strike and boycott as a federal issue, and he ordered troops into

Chicago on July third. Railway companies started to hire nonunion workers to restart business. By the

time the strike ended, it had cost the railroads millions of dollars in lost revenue and in looted and

damaged property. Striking workers had lost more than one million dollars in wages.

5. I can describe how the mining industry impacted America.

Mining attracted people, people attracted business, both attracted railroads. If you have people,

business investment, and transportation, add mineral wealth and you have Economic Development. By

creating high-paying jobs and providing the raw materials essential to every sector of our economy,

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minerals mining helps stimulate economic growth. The U.S. minerals mining industry supports nearly a

million jobs. In addition to jobs, raw materials provided by U.S. mines also boost the economy.

6. I can describe the development of the meat industry and mechanized agriculture.

Mechanization of farming during the 20th century led to sweeping changes in agriculture. Tractors,

combines, harvesters, and other farm machines help farms produce more. Mechanized irrigation systems

have made more land available for farming. The rapid growth of population and the expansion of the

frontier opened up large numbers of new farms, and clearing the land was a major preoccupation of

farmers. After 1800, cotton became the chief crop in southern plantations, and the chief American

export.

7. I can explain the significance of the outcome of the Election of 1896

The 1896 campaign, which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, was a

political realignment that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System. The

presidential election of 1896 demonstrated a sharp division in society between urban and rural

interests. William Jennings Bryan was able to form a coalition that answered the call of progressive

groups and rural interests including the indebted farmers and those arguing against the gold standard.

American Imperialism: Crash Course #28

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1. Explain the argument the US had always been an “empire.”

The federal government of the United States has never referred to its territories as an empire, but some

commentators refer to it as such, including Max Boot, Arthur Schlesinger, and Niall Ferguson.

2. How and why did US Imperialism really begin in earnest in the 1890s?

The US adopted a policy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire by conquest, colonization,

economic and political control. This was because of economic interest in the trade of raw materials and

goods. Efforts to expand American influence abroad were motivated by economic, political, religious, and

social factors. The ‘white man's burden’ argument was influential in both Europe and the United States.

3. Explain the message of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Mahan argued that British control of the seas, combined with a corresponding decline in the naval

strength of its major European rivals, paved the way for Great Britain's emergence as the world's

dominant military, political, and economic power.

4. Describe pre-Civil War attempts to expand beyond what we now know as the Continental United States

International power came to the United States with political strength and industrial growth. As its power

30
 increased, the United States moved beyond its territorial limits in search of new markets and colonies.

The United States began to compete with other nations for more trade and more land. Less than a

century after breaking from the British Empire, the United States had gone far in creating its own

empire by extending sovereignty across the continent to the Pacific, to the 49th parallel on the

Canadian border, and to the Rio Grande in the south.

5. Describe The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War .

It would be the first overseas war fought by the United States, involving campaigns in both Cuba and the

Philippine Islands. The Spanish fleet guarding the Philippines was defeated by the U.S. Navy under the

command of Commodore George Dewey on May 1, 1898. U.S. victory in the war produced a peace treaty

that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto

Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. ... The United States also annexed the independent state

of Hawaii during the conflict.

6. Explain the message of the Mystery Document.

In place, John began a segment called the Mystery Document, in which he took advantage of the United

States' relative youth, and then the abundance of written documents, by reading aloud a document that

Stan had picked for him without his knowledge, he must then guess the author. This led to the ultimate

sentiment that we will fight back shows how willing the blacks are to fight.

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7. What happened to the USS Maine? Why was this significant?

On February 15, 1898, an explosion of unknown origin sank the battleship U.S.S. Maine in the Havana,

Cuba harbor, killing 266 of the 354 crew members. The sinking of the Maine incited United States'

passions against Spain, eventually leading to a naval blockade of Cuba and a declaration of war. The

battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing men and shocking the American populace. On

March 28, 1898, the United States Naval Court of Inquiry found that the Maine was destroyed by a

submerged mine.

8. To what extent was the Spanish-American War a “splendid little war”?

The reasons for war were many, but there were two immediate ones, America's support the ongoing

struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship

U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor. Their quest was described as a ‘splendid little war’ by Secretary of State

John Hay. The Spanish-American war, in the end, was not such a ‘splendid little war’. Still, the conquests

created new U.S. responsibilities in foreign affairs. The nation became more assertive, flexing its

political and military muscle to influence international policies.

9. How did the way the Philippines viewed Americans change??

United States improved the economy and system of government, where the Filipinos had greater

political participation and more economic gains. The American rule caused great marks of ‘colonial

32
 mentality’ and the materialistic and individualistic ways among many Filipinos. The period of American

colonialization of the Philippines was 48 years. It began with the cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by

Spain in 1898 and lasted until the U.S. recognition of Philippine independence in 1946. America then

held the Philippines until granting full independence on July 4, 1946.

10. Describe the Foraker Act and the issues it addressed.

The Foraker Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1900, designated Puerto Rico as an ‘unorganized

territory’ of the United States and gave it limited self-government. It ended military rule and established

a civil government and gave the President the power to appoint the Puerto Rican governor and members

of the upper house legislature.

12. Explain the views of Anti-Imperialists.

The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated the fundamental principle

that just republican government must derive from ‘consent of the governed’. The League argued that

such activity would necessitate the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and non-

intervention ideals. They wanted to improve their reputation among other European countries. They

wanted to increase their political power and prestige. Every country was in competition with its rivals.

Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion

33
 1. I know why American foreign policy shifted toward imperialism in the late 1800s.

As production increased, the United States began trading more and more with other countries. And it

needed a new foreign policy to defend its interests. In the late nineteenth century, the United States

abandoned its century-long commitment to isolationism and became an imperial power. Both a desire

for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of

Americans motivated the United States' imperial mission.

2. I can describe American views on Hawaii and its relationship to the US.

The U.S. established diplomatic relations with Hawaii in 1853, however, such relations and Hawaiian

independence ended with the kingdom's annexation to the United States on August 12, 1898, following

the Senate passage of a joint Congressional resolution on July 6, which was signed by U.S. America's

annexation of Hawaii in 1898 extended U.S. territory into the Pacific and highlighted resulted from

economic integration and the rise of the United States as a Pacific power.

3. I can explain McKinley’s foreign policy.

McKinley's foreign policy created an overseas empire and put the U.S. on the world's list of major

powers. In 1897 the economy rapidly recovered from the severe depression, called the Panic of 1893.

McKinley's supporters in 1900 argued that the new high tariff and the commitment to the gold standard

were responsible.

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 4. I can describe major events in the Spanish-American war.

These events include the sinking of the Maine, Battle of Matanzas, Battle of Manila Bay; Battle of

Manila, Capture of Guam, First Battle of Cardenas, Second Battle of Cardenas, Battle of Cienfuegos,

Bombardment of San Juan.

5. I can describe key arguments of both imperialism and anti-imperialism, including debates over the acquisition of the Philippines.

The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated the fundamental principle

that just republican government must derive from ‘consent of the governed’. The League argued that

such activity would necessitate the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and non-

intervention ideals. While the imperialists wanted economic competition among industrial nations,

political and military competition, including the creation of a strong naval force, as well as a belief in

the racial and cultural superiority of people of Anglo-Saxon descent.

6. I can describe the legal and Constitutional perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

The Foraker Act of 1900 gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. In 1917, they

were granted U.S. citizenship. The Supreme Court's rulings in the Insular Cases declared that the

Constitution did not extend to the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The United States, honoring the Teller

Amendment of 1898, withdrew from Cuba in 1902. The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own

35
constitution of 1901 (the Platt Amendment). The Cubans hated this document because it was written to

benefit the Americans. The constitution decreed that the United States might intervene with troops in

Cuba to restore order and to provide mutual protection. The Cubans also promised to sell or lease

needed coaling or naval stations to the U.S.

7. I know the significance of the Open Door Policy in China.

The Open Door policy, first initiated in 1899, with a follow-up missive in 1900, was significant in its

attempt by the United States to establish an international protocol of equal privileges for all countries

trading with China and to support China's territorial and administrative integrity.

8. I can describe the Election of 1900 and its significance.

In a re-match of the 1896 race, incumbent Republican President William McKinley defeated his

Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley's victory made him the first president to win a

consecutive re-election since Ulysses S. Grant had accomplished the same feat in 1872. In 1900,

William McKinley won re-election for President in a landslide.

9. I can explain the issues involving the Panama Canal and how they were resolved.

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10. I can describe Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy: Big Stick Diplomacy

11. I can explain the issues involving Japanese laborers and how those issues were resolved.

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12. I can explain the effects of America creating its overseas empire.

The Progressive Era: Crash Course #27

1. Explain the hallmarks (specific characteristics) of the Progressive Era

2. What did companies and corporations do to maximize their profits?

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3. Describe muckraking during the Progressive Era

4. Explain the main ideas of The Jungle and how it exemplifies muckraking

5. Why did workers organize into unions? Include the origins and key features/ideas of the Industrial Workers of the World

6. Describe the “Mass consumption society” which emerged at the end of the 19th century. How did it redefine ideas of “freedom” and “liberty”?

39
7. Describe where and how progressivism was most successful (local vs. national)

8. Define the 17th Amendment and explain how it was a step towards a more direct democracy

9. How were some groups limited from full participation in American democracy? (explain both immigrants & blacks --be detailed)

10. Explain the two opposing viewpoints on ideas of how to advance African Americans

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 Chapter 28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
Learning Targets

1. I can define Progressivism by explaining its roots and objectives.

2. I can describe Muckraking and its role in the reforms of the Progressive Era. (include specific examples)

41
3. I can describe the roles of women in the Progressive Movement.

4. I can explain the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.

42
5. I can describe Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal.

6. I can explain Roosevelt’s policies toward trusts.

7. I can analyze the significance of The Jungle.

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8. I can describe the birth of the Conservation and Environmental movement.

9. I can explain Taft’s foreign policy.

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 10. I can explain Taft’s domestic policy.

PERIOD 6 TIMELINE (1865 - 1910)

1869 - Transcontinental Railroad completed (include government's role in railroad development)

1870s - Corruption in Grant’s cabinet

1870s - Railroads’ effects on the United States & on native americans

1871 - Boss Tweed’s corruption exposed

1874 - Women’s Christian Temperance Union organized

1876 - Battle of Little Bighorn

1877 - Railroad Strikes

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1877 - Compromise of 1877

1880s - Social Darwinism

1881 - Booker T. Washington becomes head of Tuskegee Institute

1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act

1886 - American Federation of Labor founded

1887 - American Protective Organization founded

1887 - Dawes Severalty Act

1889 - Hull House est. in Chicago

1890 - National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) founded

1890s - New Immigrants (who were they? What did they do once in the US? etc.)

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1890 - Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 - McKinley Tariff

1892 - Homestead Steel Strike

1892 - Populist Party formed

1894 - Pullman Strike

1896 - Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 - Election of 1896

1896 - Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebellion against Spain

1890s - Yellow Journalism

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1898 - Spanish- American War

1901 - Teddy Roosevelt introduces “Big Stick Diplomacy”

1903 - W.E.B. DuBois publishes Talented Tenth

1903 - Platt Amendment

1903 - Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty/Construction of the Panama Canal

1904 - Roosevelt Corollary

1905 - Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle published

1911 - Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

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1909 - 1913 - Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

1909 - 1913 - Taft’s Domestic Policies

50