GOOD INDUSTRY PRACTICES

Copyright @ 2004 Building and Construction Authority, Singapore. All rights reserved. This document or any part thereof may not be
reproduced for any reason whatsoever in any form or means whatsoever and howsoever without the prior written consent and approval of
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ISBN: 981-05-1531-6
Foreword

The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has been promoting the use of Construction
Quality Assessment System or CONQUAS 21 as the de facto national yardstick for measuring
the workmanship quality of building projects. To meet the rising expectation of the
homeowners, the Quality Mark (QM) Scheme was launched in July 2002 to promote a
higher consistency in workmanship standards for residential developments.

This “Good Industry Practices – Painting” is part of the CONQUAS 21 Enhancement Series
on Good Industry Practices. The purpose of the guide is to share with the industry the
good painting practices adopted by practitioners and to raise awareness of the different
paint systems, the selection criteria and application processes. It provides simple and
practical suggestions on how good quality painting can be achieved on site. Common
defects associated with paints, their causes and preventive measures are also highlighted
in this guide.

In this second edition, the guide has been revised to include more good practices,
photographs and graphical presentations for easier reference and better illustration.

It should, however, be pointed out that this guide is not meant to dictate how painting
work must be carried out. It only serves to illustrate some of the good practices that
designers and applicators have adopted in selecting and applying paints. We gratefully
acknowledge the contributions of these practitioners and trust that the industry will find
this publication useful in its pursuit of quality excellence.

Lam Siew Wah

Deputy Chief Executive Officer
Industry Development
Building and Construction Authority
Acknowledgement

“Good Industry Practices – Painting” was first published in 2001. A Technical Committee
for Good Industry Practices for Painting was then formed to review and endorse on the
good practices identified.

We wish to again thank the members of the Technical Committee for their valuable
contributions.

Technical Committee for Good Industry Practices – Painting

Chairman : Mr Allen Ang Aik Leng BCA

Secretary : Ms Jessica Lim Sok Wei BCA
Members : Mr Yee Kee Kong REDAS
Mr Chan Kok Way SIA
Mr Simon Lee SCAL
Ms Lynn M Lee Nippon Paint (S) Co Pte Ltd
Ms Koh Sock Sang ICI Paints (S) Pte Ltd
Mr Matthias Chia I.R.E Corporation Pte Ltd
Ms Doris Tan SKK (S) Pte Ltd
Dr Lim Chooi Seng PSB
A/Prof. Michael Chew Yit Lin NUS

For this edition, we would like to thank the following organisations and individuals for
their supports and contributions in the review of this guide.

Real Estate Developers’ Association of Singapore (REDAS)

Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA)
The Singapore Contractors Association Ltd (SCAL)
Housing & Development Board (HDB)
Woh Hup (Pte) Ltd
Ando Corporation (Singapore Branch)
Dragages Singapore Pte Ltd
Shimizu Corporation (Singapore Office)
Look Architects
Nippon Paint (S) Co Pte Ltd
ICI Paints (S) Pte Ltd
SKK (S) Pte Ltd
STO SEA Pte Ltd
Cristin Farbwerkzeuge (Far East) Pte Ltd
Mr Lee Ho Mein
Mr Larry H.Brual
Mr Yan Naing Soe
Mr Khoo Boo Seong
Mr Alan Ng
Mr Look Boon Gee
Ms Lynn M Lee
Mr Vincent Chia
Ms Koh Sock Sang
Ms Doris Tan
Ms Audra Lee
Mr Lawrence T P Goh

Tan Tian Chong

Director
Technology Development Division
Contents

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Functions of Paint 1
1.2 Paint Systems and Components 2
1.3 Classification of Paint 3
1.4 Properties of Paint 3

2. Material Selection 4
2.1 Selection of Paint System 4

3. Delivery and Storage 16

3.1 Delivery 16
3.2 Storage of Paints 16
3.3 Storage and Maintenance of Application Tools 16

4. Preparatory Work 17
4.1 Planning 17
4.2 Surface Preparation 17
4.3 Paint Preparation 21
4.4 Protection Works Before Paint Application 22
4.5 Safety 24

5. Application 25
5.1 Guidelines to Good Paint Application 25
5.2 Application Tools 26
5.3 Application Methods 27
5.4 Protection Works After Application 29
5.5 Inspection of Completed Works 29

6. Common Defects 30

Appendix 39
APPENDIX A : Examples of Paints Classified by Resin & 39
some of their General Properties
APPENDIX B : Categories of Environment According to 40
their Corrosive Nature
APPENDIX C : Laboratory Tests on Paint System 42
APPENDIX D : Sample of Inspection and Test Plan 43
APPENDIX E : Sample Checklist for In-process Inspection on 45
Painting Works
APPENDIX F : Sample Checklist for Final Inspection on 48
Painting Works

References 49
 1. Introduction
1.1 FUNCTIONS OF PAINT
Paint is a fluid that dries to form a continuous solid film when spread over a surface or substrate. Depending
on its type and properties, paint can perform one or more of the following functions:

Functions of Paint Descriptions

a) Decorative • Paint can be used as a coating to decorate a surface

or substrate. It has a wide variety of colour, texture,
finishes and gross level.

Decorative paint for aesthetic purpose

introduction

b) Protective • Paint can be designed to protect the surface or

substrate against ultra-violet rays, humidity,
chemicals, corrosion, algae, abrasion etc.

Protective paint for fuel tanks

c) Special Purposes • Paint can also be formulated for specific uses such
as luminous paint that glow in the dark for
emergency signage, anti-condensation paint
to provide an insulating layer to minimise
FIRE condensation, fire retardant paint to enhance the
EXTINGUISHER fire resistance of combustible surfaces such as
softboard or hardboard.

• For application of special paints, refer to

manufacturer’s recommendations.

Luminous paint for emergency signage

Table 1.1: Functions of Paint

1
1.2 PAINT SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
Topcoat
A paint system is basically composed of primer/sealer,
undercoat and topcoat as shown in Figure 1.1. Undercoat
Depending on the design requirement, texture coating
Texture (Optional)
may be provided. Due to volume constraint, this
guidebook will focus on paints that are commonly Primer or Sealer
used in the local market. The functions of each system
component are illustrated in Table 1.2 below. Figure 1.1: Typical paint system

System Component Function Remarks

Primer – To improve adhesion – Primer should be used to reduce

– To protect metal against corrosion the porosity of the surface and to
– To reduce porosity of receiving provide adequate moisture resistant
substrate so as to prevent undue capability
absorption of resin from subsequent – Etching Primer should be used
coats of paints as pre-treatment on non-ferrous
surfaces such as galvanised metals,
aluminium to ensure good adhesion

Sealer – To resist alkali attack from cement – Sealers are applied to prevent
based materials migration of substances from the
– To improve adhesion substrate into later coats and should
– To seal problematic surfaces, e.g. be used to reduce the porosity of

introduction
resinous wood the surface and to provide adequate
– To stabilise loose surface particles moisture resistant capability
– To reduce porosity of receiving
substrate so as to prevent undue
absorption of resin from subsequent
coats of paints

Texture (Optional) – To give a distinct 3-dimensional – If applied, this is introduced as the

appearance. second coat after application of
sealer/primer. Commonly applied
by spray or roller
– Textures are available in multiple
colours to simulate the look of
granite, tiles, and wallpaper
– Mock-ups are important to
understand the appearance of the
product

Undercoat – To impart opacity and film build – Choice of undercoat should be

– To level out minor irregularities and compatible with the primer/sealer
provide uniform texture and the finishing coats
– To improve inter-coating adhesion

Topcoat – To provide the required functions – This is the finishing coat of a paint
of paint as discussed in Section 1.1 system which gives the final
appearance in term of colour, gloss
or sheen to the substrate.

Table 1.2: Functions of the Various Components of a Paint System

2
 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT Appendix A shows some examples of paints classified
by their resin components and properties. In general,
With technological advancements, the traditional
“enamel” refers to solvent-based Alkyd resin which is
classification of paints into either enamel or emulsion
generally used for wood and metal surfaces.
has become misleading. Today, the industry has enamel
paints that can be diluted with water and emulsion
Apart from classifying paints by their resin components,
paints that have smooth, glossy finishes. Hence, it
paints may also be classified in accordance with their
becomes essential to identify paint by its resin
curing mechanism, solvent used, function and market
components to minimise confusion.
segment as shown in Table 1.3.

Classification by Type of Paints

Curing Mechanism Baking or Air-dry

Solvent for the Paint Water-based or Solvent-based

Function of System Component Primer, Sealer, Undercoat or Finishing Coat

Resin component Epoxy, Alkyd, Acrylic, Polyurethane, etc

Market Segment Architectural Coating, Heavy Duty Coating, Marine or

Industrial Coating

Table 1.3: Classification of Paint

introduction

1.4 PROPERTIES OF PAINT

The properties of paint determine the general quality of the coating and its workability, ease of application and
resistance characteristics. Table 1.4 shows some basic properties of paints.

Properties Examples

Appearance Gloss/ Matt/ Semi-gloss

Application Method By Brush, Roller or Sprayer

Drying Time Fast dry/ Slow dry

Adhesion Adhesion to substrates/ Existing coating/ Intercoating

Mechanical Characteristics Hardness/ Flexibility

Resistance Ultra-violet/ Chemical/ Abrasion/ Fungus/ Algae

Outdoor Durability Gloss retention/ Colour / Ultra-violet

Storage Stability Settling tendency/ Viscosity stability

Table 1.4: Essential Properties of Paint

3
2. Material Selection
2.1 SELECTION OF PAINT SYSTEM
Different types and grades of paint systems have varying application and performance properties. Figure 2.1
summarises the key considerations in determining the existing condition of coated surface as well as in selecting
the appropriate paint system.
Figure 2.1: Selection of Paint System

FOR COATED SURFACE

To ascertain the presence of defects and problems

• Presence of seepage, peeling, discoloration, algae growth, etc.
• Refer to Section 6 for the types of defects.

To determine the root cause(s) of defects

• Sources of moisture, use of incorrect paint system, presence of alkaline, too porous substrate ,
improper design of building and its facade etc.

material selection
To rectify the root cause(s)
• Install waterproofing, provide proper drainage of condensed water from air-conditioners, reduce
the density of foliage to reduce the occurrence of algae, etc.
• Refer to Section 6 for the recommended remedy

FOR UNCOATED SURFACE

Basic Selection Criteria

Type of Substrate and • The common types of substrates are concrete/ cement based, timber and metal
its Conditions surfaces. Different substrates require different types of primer/sealer. For example,
external concrete wall surface will require the use of alkali resisting sealer whilst
ferrous metal surface will require corrosion inhibitive primer.
• Conditions refer to the substrate’s profile, porosity, and existing conditions etc.
• Refer to Tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 for details.

Type of Environment • Internal or external.

• Identify types of adverse elements that the paint system will be subjected to.
• Refer to Appendix B for detail classification.

Expected Appearance • Colour, texture and gloss level

• Colour retention properties

Expected Performance • Durability period, weather resistance, algal resistance, UV resistance, alkali resistance,
scrub resistances, chemical resistance, waterproofing characteristic, etc.

Budget • Balance and reconcile a realistic budget with the expectations.

4
 In general, the various paint components used (that is the primer, sealer, intermediate coat and topcoat) should
be compatible. Tables 2.1 to 2.3 provide useful information on the various common paint systems available for
different surfaces and purposes. The following explanatory notes are for the use of Table 2.1 to 2.3.

Column Headings Explanatory Notes

Surface Receiving surfaces are categorised according to the type of base substance of the
substrate, i.e. concrete/cement plaster, timber or metal.
The surfaces have been further categorised into internal (sheltered) or external
environmental exposures.

Finishes Description is based on the required gloss level or texture.

Comparison of Properties A 4-point grading scale is used to highlight strengths and weaknesses of the key
properties of the system.

Paint Type Description is based on the resin of topcoat.

Typical Paint System Description is based on the types of sealer/primer, undercoat and topcoat to be used.
Numbers of coat to be applied are also indicated.
material selection

Remarks Brief description on the general applications.

5
 Table 2.1: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for CONCRETE/PLASTER SURFACE

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Anti-Algae Alkaline Chemical
in and Resistance Resistance
Painting Fungus

INTERNAL

M1 Matt A C C C C ACRYLIC Alkali resisting 1 Quality matt emulsion.

COPOLYMER sealer Lasting for most internal walls.
EMULSION
Acrylic emulsion 2
SS150 (Type 2)
Cement plastered
M2 walls and concrete Sheen A B B C C VEOVA Alkali resisting 1 Luxurious sheen emulsion that
related surfaces, (MODIFIED sealer gives a smooth and silky
brickwork, plaster ACRYLIC) appearance. Premium grade
boards, gypsum EMULSION "Vinyl Silk" 2 for interior decor commonly
boards, ceiling emulsion sold as Vinyl Silk emulsion.
panels
M3 Low Sheen A A B B B ACRYLIC Alkali resisting 1 Premium grade with superb
EMULSION sealer washable surface properties

Acrylic emulsion 2

M4 As above and all Low Gloss/ C A A A A EPOXY Epoxy sealer 1 Excellent chemical resistance
floor excluding and very good hardness &
gypsum types Gloss Epoxy topcoat 2 abrasion resistance. Resist
defect by moisture.

Used in food, chemical or

heavy duty environment.

EXTERNAL

M5 Cement plastered Matt A C C B C ACRYLIC Alkali resisting 1 Good weathering and alkali
walls and concrete EMULSION sealer resistance.
related surfaces,
brickwork, mineral Acrylic emulsion 2
plasters SS150 (Type 1)

6
material selection
 material selection

7
Table 2.1: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for CONCRETE/PLASTER SURFACE

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Anti-Algae Alkaline Chemical
in and Resistance Resistance
Painting Fungus

EXTERNAL (cont’d)

M6 Semi-Gloss B B B B B SOLVENT- Alkali resisting 1 Excellent thermoplastic

BASED solvent-based sealer coatings for fungus/algae
ACRYLIC prone surfaces.
Acrylic solvent-based 2
topcoat Excellent adhesion and good
durability to weather.

M7 Cement plastered Low Sheen A B A A B HIGH Alkali resisting 1 High quality Acrylic emulsion
walls and concrete PERFOR- sealer with anti algae/fungi
related surfaces, MANCE properties
brickwork, mineral ACRYLIC High performance 2
plasters EMULSION acrylic emulsion
SS 345

M8 Gloss C A A A A 2-PACK Epoxy primer 1 Excellent weather, chemical

POLYURE- and abrasion resistance two-
THANE components paint system
Polyurethane 2
topcoat

M9 Sheen A B B A B TEXTURE Alkali resisting 1 Textured acrylic-based,

COATING sealer decorative finish with
WATER- algistatic, fungistatic & anti-
BASED Texture base coat 1 carbonation properties
ACRYLIC
TOPCOAT High performance 2
acrylic emulsion
SS345

M10 Gloss/ B B B A B TEXTURE Alkali resisting 1 Textured acrylic solvent-based

Semi-Gloss COATING solvent-based sealer coating with excellent
SOLVENT- adhesion
BASED Texture base coat 1
ACRYLIC
TOPCOAT Acrylic solvent-based 2
finishing coat
 Table 2.1: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for CONCRETE/PLASTER SURFACE

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Anti-Algae Alkaline Chemical
in and Resistance Resistance
Painting Fungus

EXTERNAL (cont’d)

M11 Gloss B A A A A TEXTURE Epoxy primer 1 Acrylic & 2-pack polyurethane

COATING combination textured system.
POLYURE- Acrylic emulsion 1 Excellent weather, chemical
THANE texture base coat and abrasion resistance
TOPCOAT
Cement plastered Polyurethane 2
walls and concrete topcoat
related surfaces,
brickwork, mineral
M12 plasters Matt A B B A B WATER- Water-based silicone 1 Excellent alkaline resistance
BASED primer with high water repelling
SILICONE properties
PAINT Water-based silicone 2
paint

M13 Fair-face brick wall Natural A C C B C PENETRAT- Solvent-based 1-2 Protection from external stains
ING CLEAR penetrating clear and treatment to moisture
WATER repellent (coat to absorption problem. Water
REPELLENT saturation) repelling, fungus and weather
resistance.

M14 Roof tiles Natural A B B B C ACRYLIC Acrylic 2 Acrylic solvent- based coatings
(non-glazed) SOLVENT solvent-based for fungus/algae prone
BASED TILE concrete and roof tiles.
COATING

Grading for Comparison of Properties LEGEND: A Excellent B Very Good C Good D Average

Notes:
1 All external systems are suitable for internal use.
2 Resin level differs for paint types specified here. For resin and toxicity levels in paint, refer to manufacturers.
3 All systems specified are for general painting purpose. Variation is subjected to site conditions or circumstances.
4 For elastomeric coatings, please refer to SS 500:2002 - Elastomeric wall coatings for more information.
5 For surfaces not covered here, refer to manufacturers.

8
material selection
 material selection

9
Table 2.2: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for TIMBER SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Yellowing Stain
in Resistance Resistance
Painting

INTERNAL

T1 Gloss B D D D C ALKYD Aluminium wood 1 High gloss enamel for painting

RESIN primer of general doors & windows
ENAMEL SS 38

Alkyd enamel 1
undercoat
SS 34

Alkyd enamel gloss 2

top coat
SS 7

T2 All kinds of timber Gloss D A B A A 2-PACK Epoxy primer 1 Glossy, hard and solvent
products or related POLYURE- resistant and non-yellowing
material THANE Polyurethane 2 two-components paint system.
topcoat

T3 Sheen A D D C C VEOVA Aluminium wood 1 Decorative emulsion for

MODIFIED primer panels & ceiling trims.
(MODIFIED SS 38 Commonly sold as Vinyl Silk
ACRYLIC) Emulsion
EMULSION Alkyd enamel 1
undercoat
SS 34

"Vinyl Silk" 2
emulsion

T4 Gloss & D D B D A ACRYLIC NC acrylic lacquer 3 Aerosol spray for easy

Satin MODIFIED application on furniture
ALKYD
NITRO-
CELLULOSE
(NC)
LACQUER
 Table 2.2: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for TIMBER SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Yellowing Stain
in Resistance Resistance
Painting

INTERNAL (cont’d)

T5 Natural B C C C B ALKYD 1-pack polyurethane 3 Very durable varnish for

MODIFIED clear furniture, wood panels and
POLYURE- doors.
THANE
1-PACK

T6 Natural C B A B A 2-PACK 2-pack polyurethane 3 Hard coating for furniture and

POLYURE- clear wood panels
THANE
All kinds of timber
products or related
T7 material Natural C B A C A 2-PACK Amino-alkyd coating 3 Very tough coating for parquet
AMINO- clear floors, railing or furniture
ALKYD
RESIN ACID
CURE

T8 Natural C B A C A 2-PACK Epoxy clear 3 Chemical-resistant coating for

EPOXY corrosive environment, e.g.
Laboratory benches.

EXTERNAL

T9 All kinds of timber Gloss B D D D C ALKYD Aluminium wood 1 High gloss enamel for painting
products or related RESIN primer of general doors & windows.
material ENAMEL SS38

Alkyd enamel 1
undercoat
SS 34

Alkyd enamel gloss 2

top coat
SS 7

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material selection
 material selection

11
Table 2.2: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for TIMBER SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Yellowing Stain
in Resistance Resistance
Painting

EXTERNAL (cont’d)

T10 Gloss D A B A A 2-PACK Epoxy primer 1 Chemical-resistant coating for

POLYURE- corrosive environment, e.g.
THANE Polyurethane 2 Laboratory benches.
finishing coat

T11 All kinds of timber Low Sheen A D C B B ACRYLIC Aluminium 1 Exterior grade emulsions
products or related EMULSION wood primer under special requirement
material SS38

Alkyd enamel 1
undercoat
SS34

Acrylic emulsion 2

T12 Natural D A B A A 2-PACK Polyurethane 3 Very durable coat for external

POLYURE- clear timber structures.
THANE

Grading for Comparison of Properties LEGEND: A Excellent B Very Good C Good D Average

Notes:
1 All external systems are suitable for internal use.
2 Resin level differs for paint types specified here. For resin and toxicity levels in paint, refer to manufacturers.
3 All systems specified are for general painting purpose. Variation is subjected to site conditions or circumstances.
4 For surfaces not covered here, refer to manufacturers.
 Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Corrosion
in control
Painting

INTERNAL

F1 Gloss A C D C ALKYD Alkyd-based anti- 1 *Refer to SS494 for Lead and

RESIN corrosion primer* chromate-free primer
ENAMEL
Alkyd enamel 1 Easy to use finishing coat over
undercoat primed metal surfaces under
SS 34 non-corrosive environment.

Alkyd enamel gloss 2

topcoat
SS7

F2 (Ferrous type) Low Gloss/ C A A A EPOXY Epoxy/Zinc 1 Epoxy system for corrosive
Iron & steel related Gloss phosphate blast chemical environment on
surfaces primer blasted metal.

Epoxy topcoat 2

F3 Low Gloss/ C A A A EPOXY 2-pack high solid 1 High-build epoxy system

Gloss epoxy primer for corrosive chemical
environment and NO GRIT
Epoxy topcoat 2 BLAST situation.

F4 Low Gloss/ C A A A EPOXY Epoxy coating 3 Epoxy system. ‘Non Toxic’

Gloss suitable for potable tanks.
Relevant certification should
be obtained before use

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material selection
 material selection

13
Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Corrosion
in control
Painting

INTERNAL (cont’d)

F5 Gloss A C D C ALKYD Etching primer 1 *Refer to SS494 for Lead and

RESIN chromate-free primer
ENAMEL Alkyd-based anti- 1
corrosion primer* Easy to use finishing system
over properly primed surfaces.
(Non ferrous Alkyd enamel 1 Under non-corrosive
type) undercoat environment, e.g. domestic
Galvanised metal, SS34 home & commercial office.
stainless steel,
copper , tin Alkyd enamel gloss 2
& other related topcoat
surfaces SS7

F6 Low Gloss/ C A A A EPOXY Epoxy primer 1 Heavy-duty epoxy system for

Gloss corrosive environment such as
Epoxy topcoat 2 chemical industry.

EXTERNAL

F7 (Ferrous type) Gloss A D D C ALKYD Alkyd-based anti- 1 *Refer to SS494 for Lead and
Iron & steel related RESIN corrosion primer* chromate-free primer
surfaces ENAMEL
Alkyd enamel 1 Easy to use system for
undercoat non-corrosive environment,
SS34 e.g. residential and commercial
areas.
Alkyd enamel gloss 2
topcoat
SS7
 Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Corrosion
in control
Painting

EXTERNAL (cont’d)

F8 Gloss B C B B ALKYD- Alkyd-based anti- 1 *Refer to SS494 for Lead and

BASED corrosion primer* chromate-free primer
MICACEOUS
IRON OXIDE Alkyd-based 2 Modified alkyd & micaceous
micaceous iron iron oxide offering protection
oxide in mildly corrosive & highly
humid condition, e.g. towers,
Alkyd enamel gloss 2 bridges, heavy structural steel
topcoat works.
SS7

F9 (Ferrous type) Gloss C/B A B/A B/A EPOXY/ Epoxy/ zinc 1 High performance Epoxy/
Iron & steel related POLYURE- phosphate blast Polyurethane system for highly
surfaces THANE primer corrosive environment on
blasted metal e.g. exposed to
2-pack polyurethane 2 sea salt or highly corrosive
finishing coat chemicals.

F10 Gloss C/B A B/A B/A EPOXY/ 2-pack high solid 1 Epoxy/ Polyurethane system
POLYURE- epoxy primer for highly corrosive
THANE environment and NO GRIT
Epoxy built-coat 1 BLAST situation.

2-pack polyurethane 2
finishing coat

F11 Sheen C C C B EPOXY TAR Ethyl silicate zinc 1 Heavy duty Coal Tar system
HIGH BUILD rich primer for long-term or periodic
immersion in sea water.
Coal tar epoxy 3
topcoat

14
material selection
 material selection

15
Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES

S/No Surface Finishes Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical Paint No. of Remarks
Required System Coats
Ease Durability Hardness Corrosion
in control
Painting

EXTERNAL (cont’d)

F12 Gloss A D D C ALKYD Etching primer 1 *Refer to SS494 for Lead and
RESIN chromate-free primer
ENAMEL Alkyd-based anti- 1 Alkyd resin enamel for non-
corrosion primer* corrosive environment e.g.
residential, office & light
Alkyd enamel 1 industries.
undercoat

Alkyd enamel gloss 2

(Non-ferrous topcoat
type)
Galvanised metal,
F13 stainless steel, Gloss A C C B ALKYD Etching primer 1 *Refer to SS494 for Lead and
copper, tin & MEDIUM- chromate-free primer
other related alloy OIL TYPE Alkyd-based anti- 1
surfaces corrosion primer* Use in mild corrosive
atmosphere e.g. industrial
Medium-oil alkyd 2 chimney, mild chemical
topcoat gloss processing plant

F14 Gloss C A A A EPOXY/ Etching primer 1 Heavy-duty Epoxy/

POLYURE- Polyurethane system. Excellent
THANE Epoxy primer 1 in corrosive chemicals
conditions e.g. chemical
2-pack polyurethane 2 industry, exposed to salted
gloss finishing coat seawater.

Grading for Comparison of Properties LEGEND: A Excellent B Very Good C Good D Average

Notes:
1 All external systems are suitable for internal use.
2 Resin level differs for paint types specified here. For resin and toxicity levels in paint, refer to manufacturers.
3 All systems specified are for general painting purpose. Variation is subjected to site conditions or circumstances.
4 For surfaces not covered here, refer to manufacturers.
3. Delivery And Storage
3.1 DELIVERY 3.3 STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE OF
The properties of paints delivered for site application APPLICATION TOOLS
should conform to the project specifications. Shelf 3.3.1 Brushes
life and colour of the paints should be verified against Excess paint can be removed with a piece of
the documents furnished by the manufacturer. New thin blade before washing the brushes. Brushes
paints should be delivered to site in sealed containers. should be suspended in water or thinners
accordingly, up to, but not above, the stock.
Random samples of the paints may be taken and sent
to independent laboratories for testing. Refer to Brushes used for emulsion paints should be
Appendix C. washed immediately after use in clean running
water. Varnish brushes should be suspended
overnight in the appropriate thinner. Chemical-
3.2 STORAGE OF PAINTS reaction-paint brushes should be cleaned
immediately after use.
Paints have varying storage requirements and
should be stored according to manufacturer’s
Brushes not required for some time should be
recommendations.
cleaned using suitable thinners or brush
cleaner, washed in hot soapy water, rinsed and
In general, paints should be stored in a cool, dry and

delivery and storage

laid aside to dry for future use.
well-ventilated location away from sources of heat,
ignition and direct sunlight. Smoking must be inhibited
New, unused brushes should preferably be
and no unauthorized access to the storage place should
stored in the original packages in which they
be allowed.
are delivered. Loose hair should be removed
from the brushes before use.
Paint containers which have been opened should be
properly covered and kept upright to prevent skinning
3.3.2 Rollers
and spillage. Containers should not be stored by
Rollers and trays should be thoroughly cleaned
hanging on hooks.
after use. Superfluous paint may be removed
by rolling the tools on newspaper and then
Paints with flash points between 21° and 32° Celsius
washing them in warm soapy water or
should be stored in accordance with the Highly
appropriate detergent. After cleaning, spin-dry
Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gas
the rollers to recover their original shape and
Regulation 1972.
hang them up for drying before storage.

3.3.3 Spray Guns

Spray guns and nozzles should be thoroughly
washed and soaked in water after use.

Figure 3.1 Paint containers should be stored upright

Figure 3.2 Washing of spray gun nozzle

16
 4. Preparatory Work
4.1 PLANNING with project specification. For verification of the paint
colour, uniformity and compatibility of the paint
Quality control starts with good planning and
system, it is a good practice to have a mock-up unit
management. An Inspection and Test Plan, ITP (refer
for the approval of the architect or owner before the
to Appendix D) which lists down the project’s
commencement of the actual works.
inspection and testing requirements should be
prepared to detail the checks required to achieve
good workmanship. The plan should cover the
responsibilities of each party, inspection methods,
4.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
requirement references and frequency of inspections. Good surface preparation is critical for the paint system
Checklists for the in-process and final inspection to function effectively. As the performance of the paint
on painting works should also be prepared (as in system depends largely on its adhesion with the
Appendix E and F). substrate, and paint adheres best to surfaces that are
clean and sound, it is essential to establish the required
Prior to starting any painting work, it is important for standard and level of surface preparation works. The
the parties involved to plan and agree on the receiving surfaces should be dry, and free from foreign
compatible paint system as per project specification, and unstable matters such as dust, dirt, rust, spatter,
surface preparation method, sequence of work, drying salt, grease, oil, loose paint film and so forth before
out time and method of access. proceeding with the painting work.
preparatory work

In general, the schedule of painting works should be Works by other trades that might affect the painting
planned in relation to the work of other trades, so as should be satisfactorily completed. The applicator
to ensure that the surfaces to be painted are prepared should inform the designer of any change in the nature
on time and that the subsequent construction works or condition of the receiving surfaces, which may
will not damage the paint work. necessitate modification of the specifications.

The applicator should confirm on the type and number Refer to Table 4.1 to Table 4.4 for more details on
of coats, location of application, surface preparation surface preparation for various types of surfaces.
method and application method are in accordance

Table 4.1 Preparation of Concrete/Cement Plaster Surfaces

Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface

Moisture – Checking with moisture meter – To ensure moisture – To ensure moisture

content not exceeding 6% content not exceeding 6%
(or refer to (or refer to
manufacturer’s manufacturer’s
recommendation) recommendation)

– Allow drying after – To check for source of

plastering for minimum dampness
of 21 days (in compliance
with CP22)

Surface – High pressure water jetting – To remove foreign and – To remove loose particles
Contaminants unstable matters such and existing paint with
such as as construction soot, flaking, dirt or chalking
construction soot, concrete/cement etc
algae, loose paint- splashes, cement
film (for coated salts etc
surface only) etc

17
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface

Surface – Manual cleaning by chipping, – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as
Contaminants scrapping or wire brushing construction soot, algae, concrete/cement splashes,
such as cement salts, loose paint film etc
construction soot,
algae, loose paint-
film (for coated
surface only) etc

– Brushing or sweeping – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as

construction soot, algae, concrete/cement splashes,
cement salts, loose paint film etc

Surface Treatment – Fungicidal wash – To kill fungal/algae spores and roots

Microbiological
growth, e.g. algae
or fungi growth

preparatory work
Surface – Sanding/grinding/skim coating – To reduce roughness
Imperfections followed by rinsing with clean
(i) rough, open- water and wiping dry – To improve adhesion to substrate/existing coating
textured or
coarse-grained – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as
surfaces construction soot, algae, concrete/cement splashes,
cement salts etc

(ii) hairline cracks, – Patching – Use fillers that contain a resin/binder system e.g. acrylic
nail & screw based putty or cement with additives
holes, open
joints, cracks and – Water sensitive types e.g. gypsum-based fillers are
similar local not recommended as they may dissolve in water
cavities, deep and
shallow – Prime surface before patching if oil-based fillers are used
depressions
– Patch in two stages if cavities are deep

– If applied immediately beneath finishing coats, shrinkage

and variations in gloss, sheen or colour may occur

18
 Table 4.2 Preparation of Timber Surfaces
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface

Moisture – Checking with moisture meter – To ensure moisture content not exceeding 15% (or refer
to manufacturer’s recommendation)

Surface – Sanding manually or – To improve adhesion to substrate/existing coating

Contaminants mechanically with sandpaper
such as dirt, grime, followed by wiping with damp – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as dirt, grime,
loose paint-film cloth loose paint-film etc
etc
– To provide a smoother and better finish

– Stripping by paint remover NA – To strip off defective paint

preparatory work

accompanied by scraping works

– Chlorinated/alkaline
paint remover
not recommended

Surface – Patching with wood putty or – Use wood filler for painting with transparent coatings
Imperfections filler
(i) nail & screw
holes, cracks
and similar
local cavities,
deep and
shallow
depressions

(ii) rough surface – Sanding/grinding/skim coating – To provide a smoother and better finish
followed by rinsing with clean
water and wiping dry – To improve adhesion to substrate/existing coating

Surface Treatment – Priming – Prime all surfaces including abutting surfaces, e.g.
doorframes.

19
Table 4.3 Preparation of Ferrous Metal Surfaces
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface

Surface – On site: mechanical wire – Wire brush till surface is free from rust (compliance
Contaminants brushing with ST 3 standards or equivalent)
(i) mill scale, rust

– Off site: blasting – Compliance with SA 2.5 – If condition allows,

standards (bare metal compliance with SA 2.5
with only traces of slight standards (bare metal
stains in spots or stripes) with only traces of slight
stains in spots or stripes)

(ii) joints/welded – Manual cleaning by chipping, – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as grease,
areas/spot scraping and/or wire brushing oil, loose paint film, abrasive residue etc
rusts, oil,
grease, dirt,
loose paint
film, abrasive
residue, debris
etc

preparatory work
– Manual or mechanical washing – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as grease,
down with solvent or detergent oil, loose paint film, abrasive residue etc
solution

– Blasting – Compliance with SA 2.5 – If condition allows,

standards (bare metal compliance with SA 2.5
with only traces of slight standards (bare metal
stains in spots or stripes) with only traces of slight
stains in spots or stripes)

– Stripping by paint remover NA – To remove loose paint

film

– Alkaline paint remover

may be used

Surface Treatment – Washing with clean water and – To improve adhesion/existing coating
allow it to dry

– Priming exposed steel – To prevent corrosion

20
 Table 4.4 Preparation of Non-Ferrous Metal Surfaces
(include aluminium, aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys, zinc and treated steel such as galvanised surfaces, anodised aluminium etc)

Condition Tools/Methods Remarks

Uncoated Surface Coated Surface

Surface – Wiping with cloth dampened – To remove grease and oil

Contaminants with solvent
(i) oil, grease
– Mechanical washing down with – To remove grease and oil
solvent or detergent solution

– Degreasing – To remove grease and oil

(ii) loose paint- – High-pressure water jetting – To remove foreign and unstable matters such as loose
film, dirt, rust followed by sanding paint film, abrasive residue etc
etc

– Stripping by paint removers NA – Rinse thoroughly with

clean water after stripping
to avoid chemical
reaction with metal. Mild
detergent should be used
to remove residue
preparatory work

– Sanding – To remove foreign and – White rust need not be

unstable matters such as removed if found stable
loose paint film, abrasive
residue etc

Surface Treatment – Coating the exposed surface with – To ensure good adhesion – To ensure good adhesion
an etching primer.
– Spot prime exposed
surfaces immediately
after cleaning

4.3 PAINT PREPARATION Mixing should be carried out in compliance with the
specifications and manufacturer’s recommendation.
Proper paint preparation is important in delivering
No unauthorized thinning or adulteration should be
quality work. Refer to Table 4.5 for details on
carried out and no addition of driers is permitted.
preparation of paint.
Where additions are authorized, the correct proportions
should be strictly observed.
In mixing of paint, the following factors should be
considered:
There should be sufficient stirring until uniformity of
the paint is achieved. The pigment in paints is heavier
• mix ratio;
than the vehicle and tends to settle at the bottom of
• type of thinner used;
the container. Failure to stir the paint properly is a
• induction time;
common cause of unsatisfactory results. It is, hence,
• pot life; and
essential that the paint is completely uniform
• ageing time
throughout the container.

21
Table 4.5 Preparation of Paint

Condition Methods/Tools Remarks

Confirmation of Visual checking – Inspect name of paint, colour,

Specification location of application and numbers
of coats

Settling of solid Stirring: – Stir continuously until no solid

constituent in paints a) Manual settlement remains
– Long, broad-bladed stirrer
– Boxing (i.e. pouring from one – Refer SS CP22 on ‘Mixing &
container to another several times) Thinning of Paints’

– Used for small quantities

b) Mechanical – Used for large quantities

– use of mechanical equipment

High viscosity paint Thinning – To assist workability

– Use type and proportions of thinner

in accordance to manufacturer’s
recommendations

preparatory work
– Thinning to be carried out under
supervision

Mixing different brands Not recommended Not recommended

or types of paints

Using 2-pack materials Mixing of two components – Use the correct proportion in
accordance to manufacturer’s
recommendation

– Check the following:

• Induction Time
• Pot Life
• Age-ing Time

– Use paint within the pot life

4.4 PROTECTION WORKS BEFORE

PAINT APPLICATION
It is a good practice to plan the sequence of works All surfaces not intended to be painted must be
such that the final coat will be painted only after the protected. Doors, furniture, light fittings and similar
completion of other trades such as installation of items should be covered. Care should be taken when
doors and carpentry works. This will ensure that the protecting surfaces that are sensitive to adhesive tapes.
final coat of paint will not be stained during the
execution of other trades.

22
 Air Conditioner – Fan Coil Unit Window
preparatory work

Building Materials Electrical Wirings

Floor, Sliding Door Frame and Railing Lift Button Panel and Cabinet

Figure 4.1 Examples of protection works before paint application

23
4.5 SAFETY
Applicator should be equipped with safety attire/ Proper access such as scaffolding and gondola should
equipment, including proper working clothes, footwear be provided to facilitate external painting works.
and helmet. A safety belt should be used where painting Applicator should also make sure that there is adequate
is being carried out at heights. Protective accessories ventilation and illumination when carrying out
such as goggles or masks should be worn where painting works, especially for internal areas.
necessary.

preparatory work
Figure 4.2 Proper access and safety measures for surface preparation and external painting works

24
 5. Application
5.1 GUIDELINES TO GOOD PAINT 5.1.4 Environmental Conditions
APPLICATION Prior to painting, the following environmental
conditions should be complied with:
5.1.1 Differing Colours
Wherever practicable, successive coats in paint Check Criteria
systems should differ in colour. This assists
Ambient Temperature – Ambient temperature
application of continuous coats of uniform > 5°C or refer to
thickness (especially in conditions of poor manufacturers’
lighting) and also facilitates inspection. recommendation
For application, refer to manufacturer’s
Substrate surface – Surface temperature of
recommendations. temperature substrate < 60°C or refer
to manufacturers’
5.1.2 Intervals Between Coats recommendation
Generally, each coat in the system should be – Surface temperature of
dry throughout its thickness before the next substrate > 3°C +
coat is applied. Rate of drying should follow ambient temperature or
refer to manufacturers’
the recommendations of the manufacturers. recommendation
Over exposure may lead to impaired adhesion.
Relative humidity – Refer to manufacturers’
For ‘wet-on-wet’ application (that is a second recommendation
coat can be applied immediately after the first Pollution level – No airborne dust and/or
coat), refer to manufacturer’s recommendations. pollutant in environment
application

Wind condition – No strong wind

5.1.3 Intercoat Preparation
Receiving surface should be free from
contaminants before application of each coat. 5.1.5 Unfavourable Weather or Unsuitable
Conditions
Light sanding with fine-grade, preferably partly Painting should not be carried out in
worn, sandpaper can be used to remove ‘nibs’ unfavourable weather or unsuitable conditions.
and adherent dust particles. This helps to The application of paint to damp surfaces could
improve adhesion and provide a smooth, result in flaking and blistering due to lack of
leveled surface. Wet sanding is applicable if paint penetration into the surface pores and
extensive sanding is necessary. However, the pressure build-up of water vapour behind the
coating must have hardened before any sanding coating. It should be noted that surface
work can be carried out. If the coatings scratch dampness is not always apparent, particularly
or tear, or the abrasive paper rapidly clogs, it is if the surface is flat and porous, such as a plaster
an indication that the surface is not sufficiently or an undercoated surface.
hardened to permit abrasion.
Painting performed on surfaces directly exposed
to the sun on a hot day may be subject to
patchiness or sheariness. The heat causes the
thinners to evaporate too quickly, making the
paint difficult to be applied and causes
interference with its flow.

5.1.6 Defective Paint

Applicator should stop application if paint
appears to be defective. Investigation should
be conducted to ascertain the cause of defects.
Remedial works should be carried out before
Figure 5.1 Sanding between coats of paints painting work can proceed.

25
5.2 APPLICATION TOOLS
Applicator should ensure that operatives are skilled and experienced in the techniques of application, care and
maintenance of tools and equipment and, where relevant, the setting up and adjustment of equipment to obtain
optimum results.

Common Tools/Equipments Description Application

Brush • Flat paint brushes ranging from For general paints and coatings on
12mm - 100mm. small and narrow areas where paint
rollers are inaccessible.

Ideal for line cutting and touch-up

painting jobs.

Roller • Paint rollers are manufactured For all paints and coatings on small
using various materials for the and large areas.
application of different paint types
and surfaces. Rollers can be used on all substrates
with smooth to rough surfaces.
• The common sizes are 100mm,
150mm, 175mm and 200mm Most rollers may be mounted on an
wide. extension pole to extend the
operative’s reach.
• Different roller nap/ pile length
are meant for different usage.

application
Roller Nap / Pile Length Usage

Extra short pile For smooth surface

Applicable for oil-based, polyurethane,

epoxy paints and varnishes

Short pile For smooth surface

Applicable for emulsion and oil-based

paints

Long pile For rough textured or uneven surface

Applicable for emulsion and masonry

paints

Sprayers (1) Airless Sprayer makes use of high Mainly use for large areas where spray
pressure pump to eject paint. painting is permissible
Paint output can be as much as
10 litres in one minute. For smooth and rough surfaces

Applicable for all paints and coatings

Airless Spray Gun

Paint Pump

26
 Common Tools/Equipments Description Application

Sprayers (2) Air Sprayer uses compressed air Mainly use for large areas where spray
to force the paint from the painting is permissible
container to the spray head. Paint
output can be as much as 0.5 For smooth and rough surfaces
litre in one minute. It is mainly
used for furniture spraying and Applicable for all paints and coatings
texture coating.
Texture coatings can be done with
(3) Air-Assisted Sprayer requires air Hopper/Mortar Gun
Air Compressor supply from a compressed
pressure tank to operate. Paint
output can be as much as 5 litres
in one minute.
Spray Gun

Compressed
Pressure Tank
application

5.3 APPLICATION METHODS

Method Basic Technique Good Practices

Brush Application • Dampen the brushes prior to • For new brushes, remove the loose
painting. Use water for latex or bristles before use.
emulsion paints and paint thinner
for oil or alkyd paints. Remove • Avoid immersing the whole brush
excess water or thinner. head into the paints or coatings.

• Dip half the length of the bristles • Avoid exerting too much pressure
into the paint. Tap the brush gently in working the bristles against the
against the side of the can to drain surface during painting.
off the excess paint.
• Do not allow too much paint on
• Use the bristle tips to paint a its bristles during application to
complete stroke in one direction minimise paint drooling on the
in continual length or breadth at surface.
about one arm length.
• Verify with supervisor whether
survey markings should be painted
over.

27
Method Basic Technique Good Practices

Roller Application • Roll from high to low using “W” • For new roller refill, immerse it in
format followed by “M” format to paint and roll it over paper/ surface
overlap. This technique is widely for about a minute to season it
used to evenly disperse the paint before use. This will prevent refill
on the surface and to minimise fabric from adhering to the painted
roller lines. surfaces during application.

• Use the right roller with

appropriate pile length for the
painting works for better
uniformity and evenness in the
paint coating.

• Do not roll on an ad-hoc basis, as

this will tend to create roller lines
or marks on the surface.

Spray Application • Spray painting by pressing the • Use clean and appropriate spraying
trigger to eject the paint onto the tip / gun nozzle for the spray-
surface; stroke by stroke vertically painting work. Generally, the size
or horizontally. of the spraying tip will depend on
the paint consistency.

application
• For airless spray, maintain a
distance between the nozzle of the • Appropriate pump pressure level
gun and surface of about 1 m or should be used for each spraying.
as specified by manufacturers.
• Masks should be used during
spraying to prevent inhaling toxin
and dust.

• Never point the spray gun at

anybody when the equipment is
in operation.

28
 5.4 PROTECTION WORKS AFTER APPLICATION
Upon completion of the painting works, the finished works should be protected from staining and damages.
Protection for finished works can be achieved by placing barricades around the areas with a “Wet Paint” sign to
restrict access.

5.5 INSPECTION OF COMPLETED WORKS

The completed works should be inspected for the following:

Items To Check Description

Protection works after application Check that all barricades and warning signs are put up.

Appearance Check colour, hue, texture (if applicable) and evenness of paint film by
visual assessment.

Thickness (optional) Check wet film thickness using a wet film gauge.

Check dry film thickness:

• Metals: The thickness can be measured with magnetic or electrical gauge.
The latter is more accurate and can measure film thickness on both
ferrous and non-ferrous surfaces.
• Masonry: The thickness can be measured by cutting a cross-section of
application

the paint from the wall for examination by qualified technician.

Adhesion Check adhesion of paint system after sufficient curing using adhesive tape.

Curing Condition Allow for adequate curing period of paint film (refer to manufacturer’s
specifications for curing period).

29
6. Common Defects
A paint defect is in many cases due to a number of In general, paint defects can occur during:
causes. In some cases, several defects may occur
simultaneously and hinder the determination of the • Paint storage;
causes and redemption works.
• Application, drying and curing; and

To achieve good painting work, applicators and site • Service life.

supervisors should understand the causes and
preventive measures of common defects that occur at Refer to Table 6.1 to 6.3 for details on the causes,
different stages of works. They should also be familiar preventive measures and remedial methods for these
with the remedial measures that can be taken to rectify common defects.
any unforeseen defect.

Table 6.1 Common Defects During Paint Storage

Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

Settling • Insufficient stirring • Store as • Stir paint to a

Settlement of pigment to the bottom during storage recommended by homogeneous
and failure to re-disperse. manufacturer consistency
• Storage for long
duration or under • Avoid direct sunlight • Employ mechanical
excessively warm and long storage stirring for heavy

common defects
condition settling
• Dilute with
• Excessive dilution or appropriate thinners • Move to appropriate
dilution with as recommended by storage conditions as
unsuitable materials manufacturer recommended by
manufacturer

• Discard paint

Skinning • Use of non-airtight • Use airtight container • Remove the layer of

Formation of a layer of skin on the container skin and stir paint to
container. • Avoid unnecessary homogeneous
• Poor formulation opening of can consistency
such as lack of anti-
skinning agent • Store as • Inform manufacturer
recommended by for poor formulation
• Storage under manufacturer
excessively warm • Move to appropriate
condition storage conditions as
recommended by
manufacturer

Gelling • Use of contaminated • Use clean tools and • Discard paint

Decreasing viscosity caused by tools and water/solvents
bacterial degradation of the protein water/solvents
binder or other thickening agents. • Avoid mixing
This is often accompanied by an • Mixing of different different brands or
offensive odour. brands or types of types of paints
paints

30
 Table 6.2 Common Defects During Application, Drying and Curing

Defects Possible Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

Bleeding • Frequent brushing on • Use proper • Allow drying before

Leaching out of the existing paint the same spot application method painting over with an
film. appropriate “buffer”
• Use of incompatible • Apply with coat (refer to
coats or thinner appropriate coat and manufacturer’s
thinner in accordance recommendation)
with manufacturer’s
recommendation

Running/ Sagging/ Curtaining • Painting of • Increase frequency of • Remove paint film,

Flowing or dripping of paint from excessively thick film painting thin film sand, clean and
upper vertical surface to the lower layer at one time re-paint as in
part forming a tear-like or wavy • Lower dilution ratio “Preventive Measure”
appearance. • Excessive dilution even where
operability is poor
• Application of gloss
paint on existing • Sand and clean
paints or surface receiving surface
without sanding before application

• Apply with
appropriate coat in
common defects

accordance to
manufacturer’s
recommendation

Wrinkling/ Rivelling • Application of thick • Sand and clean • Remove paint film,
Formation of undulating wrinkling Oil-Alkyd, which receiving surface sand, clean and
film. causes shrinkage of before application re-paint as in
paint film. This tends “Preventive Measure”
to occur when drying • Apply with
is expedited at high appropriate coat in
temperatures accordance with
manufacturer’s
• Painting over recommendation
insufficiently dried
paint • Avoid painting in
thick film

• Avoid accumulation
of paint around bolts,
angles, etc.

• Observe overcoating
intervals in
accordance with
manufacturer’s
recommendation

Crawling • Painting over surfaces • Sand and clean • Remove paint film,
Slipping or inability to form a film. that are not prepared, receiving surface sand, clean and
e.g. sand, dirt and before application re-paint as in
dust on the surface “Preventive Measure”
• Apply with
appropriate coat in
accordance with
manufacturer’s
recommendation

31
Defects Possible Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

Crating • Painting over surfaces • Sand and clean • Remove paint film,
Formation of small bowl-shaped that are not prepared, receiving surface sand, clean and
depressions. e.g. sand, dirt and before application re-paint as in
dust on the surface “Preventive Measure”
• Apply with
• Use of contaminated appropriate coat as
tools and recommended by
water/solvents manufacturer

• Use clean tools and

water/solvents

Lifting • Use of incompatible • Observe overcoating • Remove paint film,

Attacking by successive coating on coats, which cause intervals as sand, clean and
existing paint. shrinkage of paint recommended by re-paint as in
film or attacking of manufacturer “Preventive Measure”
thinner on undercoat
• Allow undercoating
to dry before
application of
successive coating

• Sand and clean

common defects
receiving surface
before application

• Apply with
appropriate coat as
recommended by
manufacturer

Prolonged Drying Time • Incorrect mixing • Mix as recommended • Remove paint film,
Inability to dry after application. by manufacturer sand, clean and
• Use of defective paint re-paint as in
• Discard paint if it is “Preventive Measure”
defective

Loss of Gloss • Application on rough • Increase frequency of • Remove paint film,

Reduction of lustre on drying caused or unclean surfaces painting in thin film sand, clean and
by severe absorption of undercoat. re-paint as in
• Inadequate or • Paint adequate “Preventive Measure”
excessive dilution thickness of film

• Use of unsuitable • Use appropriate

thinner thinner as
recommended by
• Application of manufacturer
excessively thin film
• Avoid painting at
• Result as blushing high humidity
occur
• Prepare receiving
• Drying occurs in the surface and apply
presence of excessive appropriate sealer
moisture and
pollutant

32
 Table 6.3 Common Defects During Service Life

Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

Efflorescence • Painting over • Paint on receiving • Remove

a) Migration of alkaline from insufficiently cured surface with moisture efflorescence,
cement based materials and plaster/concrete content not unstable matters and
crystallisation on the surface exceeding 6% loose paint film
as salts. (or refer to
manufacturer’s • Repaint on receiving
recommendation) surface with moisture
content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)

• Seal off with

compatible alkali
resisting primer
before painting

• In most persistent
cases, epoxy-based
paint has been used
with good success but
at a higher cost
common defects

• Painting over • Paint on substrate • Patch cracks

substrate’s hairline with cracks not
cracks visible at 1.5m away • Repaint on receiving
from walls surface with moisture
content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)

• Water seepage • Install proper • Arrest moisture

through roof, waterproofing system source
toilets etc before painting.
• Prepare and treat the
surface

• Repaint on receiving
surface with moisture
content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)

• Rise of dampness • Install proper • Treat dampness

from ground waterproofing system
before painting • Repaint on receiving
surface with moisture
content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)

33
Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

b) Migration of inherent wood gum • Painting over • Paint on receiving • Repaint on receiving
and resins in timber. insufficiently dried surface with moisture surface with moisture
timber content not content not
exceeding 15% exceeding 15%
• Failure to use primer (or refer to (or refer to
manufacturer’s manufacturer’s
recommendation) recommendation)

• Apply appropriate • Apply appropriate

primer to seal the primer to seal the
surface before surface before
painting with the repainting with the
undercoat and undercoat and
topcoat topcoat

• Observe overcoating
intervals in
accordance with
manufacturer’s
recommendations

c) Discolouration of paintwork • Failure to remove • Employ good surface • Clean surface

on metals. unstable matter preparation before thoroughly before
during surface painting repainting
preparation

common defects
Deterioration / Erosion of Pigment • Use of vibrant • Select colours that are • Remove powder and
colours paint with more stable unstable matter
organic particles that
are easily susceptible • Use appropriate • Repaint with
to UV degradation coating system appropriate coating
system
• Use of paint with
water sensitive • Select colours that are
pigments more stable

• Use of paint with low

quality emulsions

Yellowing • Use of paint with • Use non-yellowing • Prepare surface and

certain ingredients, paints repaint with non-
e.g. yellowing epoxy yellowing paints
and alkyd resins,
which are easily
affected by light, heat
or environmental
contaminants

Saponification • Use of alkyd-based • Avoid using alkyd- • Remove paint work

paints on cement based paints on and repaint with
based materials. The cement based appropriate system
alkalis from the surfaces
cement attack the oil
in the alkyd resin • Use appropriate
coating system

34
 Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

Chalking • Use of non- • Use weather resistant • Prepare surface and

Natural ageing of paint. The extent weathering resistant paint for areas repaint with
of chalking will depend on paint paint exposed to weather appropriate system
formulation and surface exposure or UV
to weather.

Peeling & Flaking Paint • Water seepage • Install proper • Arrest moisture
a) Moisture related through roof, waterproofing system source
toilets etc before painting
• Prepare and treat the
surface

• Repaint on receiving
surface with moisture
content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)
common defects

• Painting over • Paint on receiving • Remove efflorescence,

insufficiently cured surface with moisture unstable matters and
plaster/ concrete content not loose paint film
exceeding 6%
(or refer to • Repaint on receiving
manufacturer’s surface with moisture
recommendation) content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)

b) Incorrect Paint System • Failure to use • Prime/seal all bare • Remove all defective
primer/sealer surfaces with paint work and
appropriate primer prepare the surface
• Failure to use etching or sealer
primer for non- • Repaint with
ferrous metals appropriate system

• Use of poor alkali-

resisting
primer/undercoats or
insufficient
penetrative primer

c) Poor Surface Preparation • Failure to remove • Employ adequate • Remove all defective
unstable matter surface preparation to and loose paint film,
during surface remove all unstable and unstable matter
preparation matter such as plaster etc

• Use of water-soluble • Surface must be • Prime/seal the surface

putty/ poor adhering clean, dry and stable with appropriate
plaster before receiving paint primer/sealer to
further stabilise the
surface

• Re-coat with
appropriate coating
system

35
Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

Blistering • Painting on a warm • Paint on receiving • Remove defective

This is a moisture-related surface surface with moisture paint and prepare
phenomenon. The amount of content not surface accordingly to
moisture and flexibility of the paint • Moisture migration exceeding 6% receive paint
film determine the size of the blister. through painted (or refer to
surface manufacturer’s • Repaint on receiving
recommendation) surface with moisture
content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation)

Staining • Use of details • Avoid details and • Remove defective

It should be noted that staining may that traps and coatings that trap and paint and prepare
be attributed to improper design of accumulates dirt. attract dirt surface accordingly to
the building and its façade. Streak marks are receive paint
formed when dirt
gets washed down • Apply with more
along the sides of the dirt-resistant paint
painted vertical walls, system
especially on
elastomeric
coated wall.

• Yellowish-brown • Ensure all potential • Arrest moisture

stains caused by water leakage and source.

common defects
moisture condensation are in
check • Prepare and treat the
• It can be an surface.
indication of
waterproofing • Repaint on receiving
problem in other surface with moisture
parts of the building content not
exceeding 6%
(or refer to
manufacturer’s
recommendation).

• Repaint with
appropriate system.

Rust Stains • Corrosion of metal • Protect and treat all • Remove metal parts
elements that are metal parts from and treat the metal
attached to, adjacent corrosion surface
to or embedded in,
another substrate • Clean the walls and
prepare the surface to
• Installation of metal receive painting
elements that are not
treated • Repaint with
appropriate system

36
 Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods
Algae & Fungi Growth • Moisture source and • Avoid details with • Remove dirt and
• Temperature, humidity retention very rough textures or algae by high-
conditions and moisture content rough-cast plastered pressure water jetting
of the surfaces/ substrates would • Employing of details finishes
determine the likelihood of algae that assist growth of • Treat infected areas
and fungi formation. algae/fungi: • Use a more algae with fungicidal wash
resistant paint to
• On buildings, algae are generally (i) Profile of delay the onset of • Re-paint with a more
found outdoors such as external substrates; algae growth algae resistant paint
wall surfaces, as their chlorophyll rough-textured
characteristic requires sufficient finishes or • Use capping and
sunlight for growth. Whilst fungi rough concrete copings
are commonly found on internal surfaces
wall surfaces of damp areas such • Employ overhanging
as bathrooms. roofs to protect the
walls
• It should be noted that algae
growth may be attributed to
improper design of the building
and its façade.

OUTDOOR INDOOR Overhanging roof details Overhanging roof

SUNLIGHT
SPORES MOISTURE
common defects

SPORES MOISTURE

FUNGI
ALGAE
Capping details

(ii) Condensation-prone • Increase thickness of • Remove algae by

walls wall to provide more high-pressure water
insulation so as to jetting
minimise the
temperature difference • Supplemented with
manual scrubbing if
• Paint on receiving necessary
surface with moisture
Condensed content not • Treat infected areas
water promoted exceeding 6% with fungicidal wash
algae growth and (or refer to
trapped dirt. manufacturer’s • Insulate with an anti-
recommendation) condensation coating

• Incorporate • Re-paint with a more

insulating material in algae resistant paint
the concrete
• Divert condensed
• Apply a coating of water from air-con
anti-condensation outlets with trays and
paint piping

(iii) Concrete gutters & • Ensure proper • Remove dirt and

water-prone areas drainage algae by high-
pressure water jetting
• Avoid potential water
Wet area below retention • Treat infected areas
the potted plants with a fungicidal
• Use a more algae wash
resistant paint
Scupper drains • Re-paint with a more
• Ensure good algae resistant paint
workmanship

37
Defects Causes Preventive Measures Remedial Methods

(iv)Ledges • Ensure proper • Remove dirt and

drainage algae by high-
pressure water jetting
• Avoid potential water
retention • Treat infected areas
Ledges can cause with a fungicidal
back splashes by • Use a more algae wash
rainwater. If this resistant paint
rainwater is slow • Re-paint with a more
to run down or • Ensure good algae resistant paint
dry, it can create a workmanship
moist surface that
will induce algae
growth.

(v) Water drainage pipes • Ensure proper • Remove dirt and

and fittings drainage algae by high-
pressure water jetting
• Avoid potential water
retention • Treat infected areas
Corroded
with a fungicidal
down-pipes and
• Use a more algae wash

common defects
protruding air-
resistant paint
conditioned units
• Rectify the water
with no proper
• Ensure good drainage problem
drainage pipes.
workmanship
• Re-paint with a more
algae resistant paint

(vi)Precast Grille Vent • Avoid porous surfaces • Remove dirt and

for areas exposed to algae by high-
weather pressure water jetting

• If necessary, seal or • Treat infected areas

Such detail allows
waterproof porous with a fungicidal
retention of water.
surfaces wash
These surfaces are
likely to be more
• Use a more algae • Seal and waterproof
porous too.
resistant paint the surface

• Re-paint with a more

algae resistant paint
to delay the onset of
algae growth

38
 appendix A

39
Examples of Paints classified by Resin & some of their General Properties Appendix A
WATER-BASED SOLVENT-BASED

Resin Classification Acrylic VA/Acrylic PVA Copolymer Epoxy (2-pack) Polyurethane Alkyd Acrylic Epoxy Polyurethane Fluorocarbon
Copolymer (2-pack)

Principal Ingredient Methy Vinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Epoxy resin + Polyurethane Oil-modified Methyl Epoxy resin + Polyurethane Polyvinylidene
methacrylate Copolymer Acetate amine, resin phthalic acid methacrylate amine, resin Fluoride
modified Copolymer polyamide resin resin modified polyamide resin
Acrylic Acrylic

Main Usage General Internal Internal Internal Chemical General steel General Internal Chemical Aluminium
Cementitious- Cementitious/ Cementitious/ Chemical Environment frames, wooden Cementitious- Chemical Environment cladding and
based Surface Gypsum Surface Gypsum Surface Environment surfaces based Surface Environment extrusions

Chalk
resistance
Water
resistance

Acid proof

Durability of paint
Alkali proof

Residential

Industrial area

Seaside

Water dip

Salt water dip

High humidity

Corrosion

Classification of receiving object

resistance

Ease in Painting

Iron

Wood

object

Suitability
to receiving
Concrete

Legend - Very Good - Good - Fair - Average - Poor - Not Applicable

 Categories of Environment according to their Corrosive Nature Appendix B
Characteristic Description Recommended Paint Type based on the Resin Family
Water-Based Solvent-Based

INTERNAL

Highly-Corrosive – Chemical storage facilities. Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)

Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
– Factory exposed to constant acidic fumes or structures Polyurethane (2-pack)
immersed in water.
Silicone (2-pack)
– Chemical factory using acidic and other aggressive
materials in its process.

Corrosive – Factory exposed to mild acid, alkaline, heat and high Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)
humidity. Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
Polyurethane (2-pack)
Silicone (2-pack)

Mildly-Corrosive – Light industries with mild corrosive environment. Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)
Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
Acrylic Polyurethane (2-pack)
Silicone Acrylic

Non-Corrosive – Residential and Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)

commercial Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
complexes with Silicone Polyurethane (2-pack)
no moisture
Acrylic Acrylic
condensation and
chemicals exposure. Alkyd

40
appendix B
 appendix B

41
Categories of Environment according to their Corrosive Nature Appendix B
Characteristic Description Recommended Paint Type based on the Resin Family
Water-Based Solvent-Based

EXTERNAL

Highly-Corrosive – Structures immersed in sea. Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon

Polyurethane (2-pack)
– Structures exposed to constant Silicone (2-pack)
sunlight or industries with
polluting fumes.

– Structures exposed to high

humidity e.g. oils refineries.

Corrosive – Structures near to sea. Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon

Acrylic Polyurethane (2-pack)
– Structures exposed to Industrial Silicone (2-pack)
pollutants with several Acrylic
chimneys e.g. power stations,
heavy industrial complexes.

Mildly-Corrosive – Commercial areas with Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon

high-traffic density or industrial Acrylic Polyurethane (2-pack)
estates with fumes-emitting Silcone Acrylic
outlets

Non-Corrosive – Residential and Inland Acrylic Fluorocarbon

surroundings. Silicone Polyurethane (2-pack)
Acrylic

Note: Examples of main corrosive components are SO2, CO2, NOx, Cl2 and industrial dust.
Moisture will aid and accelerate chemical activity.
 Laboratory Tests on Paint System Appendix C
Adulteration Dilution

EXTERNAL Purpose Emulsion- Enamel- Others Method Purpose

based based

Accelerated weathering Colour change/fastness In compliance with SS5 Ensure specified paint
Loss of gloss film thickness and
✓ ✓
Physical change on paint film integrity

Algae resistance Resistance to micro-biological

attack ✓

Wet scrub abrasion Film durability ✓

Non- volatile matter Compliance to specification ✓ ✓ ✓
Drying time Compliance to specification ✓ ✓
Adhesion Compliance to specification ✓ ✓
Colour comparison Compliance to specification ✓ ✓ ✓
Impact Compliance to specification ✓
Hardness Compliance to specification ✓ ✓

42
appendix C
 appendix D

43
Sample of Inspection and Test Plan Appendix D
Project:
Scope of Work: Painting

S/No Activity People-In- Inspection Requirement Acceptance Criteria Stages Records

Charge Method Reference
1 SUBMISSION
1.1 Paint Type AP/SE/A/O Review Section 4.1 Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.2 Technical Data AP/SE/A Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.3 Surface Preparation Method AP/SE/A Review Section 4.2 Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.4 Method Statement AP/SE/A Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.5 Working Programme AP/SE/A/O Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions

2 INCOMING MATERIALS INSPECTION

2.1 Check Shelf Life AP/S/COW Visual Section 3.1 Conform to manufacturer’s Each delivery Delivery document
data sheet
2.2 Check Colour AP/S/COW Visual Section 3.1 As per approved samples Each delivery Delivery document

3 IN-PROCESS INSPECTION
3.1 Check Environmental AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 5.1 Conform to manufacturer’s Before coating Appendix E
Conditions data sheet
3.2 Confirm Location of AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.1 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
Application submission
3.3 Confirm Surface Preparation AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.2 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
Method submission
3.4 Confirm Number of Coats AP/S/COW Visual Section 2.1/4.1 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
submission
3.5 Confirm Name (Type) of AP/S/COW Visual Section 2.1/4.1 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
Coats submission

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date

LEGEND AP – Applicator S – Site Supervisor SE – Site Engineer COW – Clerk of Work O – Owner A – Architect
 Sample of Inspection and Test Plan (cont’d) Appendix D
Project:
Scope of Work: Painting

S/No Activity People-In- Inspection Requirement Acceptance Criteria Stages Records

Charge Method Reference
3 IN-PROCESS INSPECTION (cont’d)
3.6 Confirm Method of AP/S/COW Visual Section 5.3 Conform to approved Before Coating Appendix E
Application submission
3.7 Check Substrate AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 4.2 Surface clean, stable and dry Before Coating Appendix E
Smoothness and flatness of
substrate
Surface temperature
3.8 Check Protection Works AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.4 Protect adjacent elements (not Before Coating Appendix E
to be painted)
3.9 Check Safety AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.5 Wear proper working attire, Before Coating Appendix E
footwear, helmet & safety belt
Use protective materials (mask,
glasses) where necessary
Erect proper access such as
scaffold
3.10 Check Paint Mix AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.3 Conform to manufacturers’ Before Coating Appendix E
data sheet
3.11 Check Application Tools AP/S/COW Measure Section 5.2 Conform to approved Before Coating Appendix E
submission
3.12 Check Painting AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 5.5 Conform to manufacturers’ Before/ During Coating Appendix E
data sheet
3.13 Test Site Sample (Random) AP/S/COW Visual/Lab Test Section 3.1/ Conform to specification Before/ During Coating Appendix E
Appendix C

4 FINAL INSPECTION
4.1 Check Protection Work AP/S/COW Visual Section 5.4 Protect completed work At Completion Appendix F

4.2 Work Acceptance AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 5.5 Conform to specification and At Completion Appendix F
approved submission

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date

LEGEND AP – Applicator S – Site Supervisor SE – Site Engineer COW – Clerk of Work O – Owner A – Architect

44
appendix D
 Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work Appendix E
(Concrete/Plaster Surface)
Project: Location:

Checklist Requirement Inspection

Reference
Date Result Sign

Surface Preparation
1. Fresh surface cured for 21 days (applicable to new Table 4.1
coating only)
2. Moisture level < 6% or refer to manufacturers’ Table 4.1
recommendations
3. Surface free from algae or fungus growth Table 4.1
4. Surface free from unstable matters Table 4.1
5. Surface free from grease or oil Table 4.1
6. Exposed surface primed Table 4.1
7. Substrate hairline cracks Table 4.1
8. Type of stopper or filler used for deep holes or Table 4.1
shallow depressions

Paint Preparation
9. Name, colour and type of paint Section 4.3
10. Thinning ratio Section 4.3
11. Mix ratio Section 4.3
12. Pot-life Section 4.3
appendix E

Painting Environment
13. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer to Section 5.1
manufacturers’ recommendations
14. No strong wind Section 5.1
15. Environment free from dust or pollutants Section 5.1
16. Relative humidity Section 5.1
17. Adequate ventilation Section 4.5
18. Adequate lighting Section 4.5

Paint Application
19. No. of coats and location of application Section 4.1
20. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected Section 4.4
21. Proper working attire, footwear, and helmet are worn Section 4.5
22. Proper gloves, protective masks or glasses are worn Section 4.5
(where necessary)
23. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided Section 4.5
24. Surface clean and dry Section 4.2
25. Surface temperature Section 5.1
26. Appropriate application tools are used Section 5.2
27. Painting frequency Section 5.1
28. Painting interval Section 5.1
29. Drying time Section 5.1
30. Lab Test Submission Section 3.1/
Appendix C
Final
30. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date
45
Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work Appendix E
(Timber Surface)
Project: Location:

Checklist Requirement Inspection

Reference
Date Result Sign

Surface Preparation
1. Moisture level < 15% or refer to manufacturers’ Table 4.2
recommendation
2. Surface free from algae or fungus growth Table 4.2
3. Surface free from unstable matters Table 4.2
4. Exposed surface primed Table 4.2
5. Substrate imperfections Table 4.2
6. Type of stopper or filler used for deep holes or Table 4.2
shallow depressions

Paint Preparation
7. Name, colour and type of paint Section 4.3
8. Thinning ratio Section 4.3
9. Mix ratio Section 4.3
10. Pot-life Section 4.3

Painting Environment
11. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer to Section 5.1

appendix E
manufacturers’ recommendations
12. No strong wind Section 5.1
13. Environment free from dust or pollutants Section 5.1
14. Relative humidity Section 5.1
15. Adequate ventilation Section 4.5
16. Adequate lighting Section 4.5

Paint Application
17. No. of coats and location of application Section 4.1
18. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected Section 4.4
19. Proper gloves, protective masks or glasses are worn Section 4.5
(where necessary)
20. Proper working attire, footwear and helmet are worn Section 4.5
21. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided Section 4.5
22. Surface clean and dry Section 4.2
23. Surface temperature Section 5.1
24. Appropriate application tools are used Section 5.2
25. Painting frequency Section 5.1
26. Painting interval Section 5.1
27. Drying time Section 5.1
28. Lab Test Submission Section 3.1/
Appendix C

Final
29. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date
46
 Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work Appendix E
(Metal Surface)
Project: Location:

Checklist Requirement Inspection

Reference
Date Result Sign

Surface Preparation
1. Surface free from rust Table 4.3 & 4.4
2. Surface free from unstable matters Table 4.3 & 4.4
3. Surface free from grease or oil Table 4.3 & 4.4
4. Exposed surface primed Table 4.3 & 4.4

Paint Preparation
5. Name, colour and type of paint Section 4.3
6. Thinning ratio Section 4.3
7. Mix ratio Section 4.3
8. Pot-life Section 4.3

Painting Environment
9. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer to Section 5.1
manufacturers’ recommendations
10. No strong wind Section 5.1
11. Environment free from dust or pollutants Section 5.1
appendix E

12. Relative humidity Section 5.1

13. Adequate ventilation Section 4.5
14. Adequate lighting Section 4.5

Paint Application
15. No. of coats and location of application Section 4.1
16. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected Section 4.4
17. Proper working attire, footwear and helmet are worn Section 4.5
18. Proper glove and protective masks or glasses are Section 4.5
worn (where necessary)
19. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided Section 4.5
20. Surface clean and dry Section 4.2
21. Surface temperature Section 5.1
22. Appropriate application tools are used Section 5.2
23. Painting frequency Section 5.1
24. Painting interval Section 5.1
25. Drying time Section 5.1
26. Lab. Test submission Section 3.1/
Appendix C

Final
30. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date
47
Sample Checklist for Final Inspection on Painting Work Appendix F

Project: Location:
Checklist Requirement Inspection
Reference
Date Result Sign

1. Visual: As per approved

• Color sample
• Gloss
• Texture (optional)

2. Adhesion As per approved

sample

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date

appendix F

48
 appendix A

39
Examples of Paints classified by Resin & some of their General Properties Appendix A
WATER-BASED SOLVENT-BASED

Resin Classification Acrylic VA/Acrylic PVA Copolymer Epoxy (2-pack) Polyurethane Alkyd Acrylic Epoxy Polyurethane Fluorocarbon
Copolymer (2-pack)

Principal Ingredient Methy Vinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Epoxy resin + Polyurethane Oil-modified Methyl Epoxy resin + Polyurethane Polyvinylidene
methacrylate Copolymer Acetate amine, resin phthalic acid methacrylate amine, resin Fluoride
modified Copolymer polyamide resin resin modified polyamide resin
Acrylic Acrylic

Main Usage General Internal Internal Internal Chemical General steel General Internal Chemical Aluminium
Cementitious- Cementitious/ Cementitious/ Chemical Environment frames, wooden Cementitious- Chemical Environment cladding and
based Surface Gypsum Surface Gypsum Surface Environment surfaces based Surface Environment extrusions

Chalk
resistance
Water
resistance

Acid proof

Durability of paint
Alkali proof

Residential

Industrial area

Seaside

Water dip

Salt water dip

High humidity

Corrosion

Classification of receiving object

resistance

Ease in Painting

Iron

Wood

object

Suitability
to receiving
Concrete

Legend - Very Good - Good - Fair - Average - Poor - Not Applicable

 Categories of Environment according to their Corrosive Nature Appendix B
Characteristic Description Recommended Paint Type based on the Resin Family
Water-Based Solvent-Based

INTERNAL

Highly-Corrosive – Chemical storage facilities. Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)

Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
– Factory exposed to constant acidic fumes or structures Polyurethane (2-pack)
immersed in water.
Silicone (2-pack)
– Chemical factory using acidic and other aggressive
materials in its process.

Corrosive – Factory exposed to mild acid, alkaline, heat and high Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)
humidity. Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
Polyurethane (2-pack)
Silicone (2-pack)

Mildly-Corrosive – Light industries with mild corrosive environment. Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)
Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
Acrylic Polyurethane (2-pack)
Silicone Acrylic

Non-Corrosive – Residential and Epoxy (2-pack) Epoxy (2-pack)

commercial Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon
complexes with Silicone Polyurethane (2-pack)
no moisture
Acrylic Acrylic
condensation and
chemicals exposure. Alkyd

40
appendix B
 appendix B

41
Categories of Environment according to their Corrosive Nature Appendix B
Characteristic Description Recommended Paint Type based on the Resin Family
Water-Based Solvent-Based

EXTERNAL

Highly-Corrosive – Structures immersed in sea. Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon

Polyurethane (2-pack)
– Structures exposed to constant Silicone (2-pack)
sunlight or industries with
polluting fumes.

– Structures exposed to high

humidity e.g. oils refineries.

Corrosive – Structures near to sea. Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon

Acrylic Polyurethane (2-pack)
– Structures exposed to Industrial Silicone (2-pack)
pollutants with several Acrylic
chimneys e.g. power stations,
heavy industrial complexes.

Mildly-Corrosive – Commercial areas with Polyurethane (2-pack) Fluorocarbon

high-traffic density or industrial Acrylic Polyurethane (2-pack)
estates with fumes-emitting Silcone Acrylic
outlets

Non-Corrosive – Residential and Inland Acrylic Fluorocarbon

surroundings. Silicone Polyurethane (2-pack)
Acrylic

Note: Examples of main corrosive components are SO2, CO2, NOx, Cl2 and industrial dust.
Moisture will aid and accelerate chemical activity.
 Laboratory Tests on Paint System Appendix C
Adulteration Dilution

EXTERNAL Purpose Emulsion- Enamel- Others Method Purpose

based based

Accelerated weathering Colour change/fastness In compliance with SS5 Ensure specified paint
Loss of gloss film thickness and
✓ ✓
Physical change on paint film integrity

Algae resistance Resistance to micro-biological

attack ✓

Wet scrub abrasion Film durability ✓

Non- volatile matter Compliance to specification ✓ ✓ ✓
Drying time Compliance to specification ✓ ✓
Adhesion Compliance to specification ✓ ✓
Colour comparison Compliance to specification ✓ ✓ ✓
Impact Compliance to specification ✓
Hardness Compliance to specification ✓ ✓

42
appendix C
 appendix D

43
Sample of Inspection and Test Plan Appendix D
Project:
Scope of Work: Painting

S/No Activity People-In- Inspection Requirement Acceptance Criteria Stages Records

Charge Method Reference
1 SUBMISSION
1.1 Paint Type AP/SE/A/O Review Section 4.1 Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.2 Technical Data AP/SE/A Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.3 Surface Preparation Method AP/SE/A Review Section 4.2 Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.4 Method Statement AP/SE/A Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions

1.5 Working Programme AP/SE/A/O Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions

2 INCOMING MATERIALS INSPECTION

2.1 Check Shelf Life AP/S/COW Visual Section 3.1 Conform to manufacturer’s Each delivery Delivery document
data sheet
2.2 Check Colour AP/S/COW Visual Section 3.1 As per approved samples Each delivery Delivery document

3 IN-PROCESS INSPECTION
3.1 Check Environmental AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 5.1 Conform to manufacturer’s Before coating Appendix E
Conditions data sheet
3.2 Confirm Location of AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.1 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
Application submission
3.3 Confirm Surface Preparation AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.2 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
Method submission
3.4 Confirm Number of Coats AP/S/COW Visual Section 2.1/4.1 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
submission
3.5 Confirm Name (Type) of AP/S/COW Visual Section 2.1/4.1 Conform to approved Before coating Appendix E
Coats submission

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date

LEGEND AP – Applicator S – Site Supervisor SE – Site Engineer COW – Clerk of Work O – Owner A – Architect
 Sample of Inspection and Test Plan (cont’d) Appendix D
Project:
Scope of Work: Painting

S/No Activity People-In- Inspection Requirement Acceptance Criteria Stages Records

Charge Method Reference
3 IN-PROCESS INSPECTION (cont’d)
3.6 Confirm Method of AP/S/COW Visual Section 5.3 Conform to approved Before Coating Appendix E
Application submission
3.7 Check Substrate AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 4.2 Surface clean, stable and dry Before Coating Appendix E
Smoothness and flatness of
substrate
Surface temperature
3.8 Check Protection Works AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.4 Protect adjacent elements (not Before Coating Appendix E
to be painted)
3.9 Check Safety AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.5 Wear proper working attire, Before Coating Appendix E
footwear, helmet & safety belt
Use protective materials (mask,
glasses) where necessary
Erect proper access such as
scaffold
3.10 Check Paint Mix AP/S/COW Visual Section 4.3 Conform to manufacturers’ Before Coating Appendix E
data sheet
3.11 Check Application Tools AP/S/COW Measure Section 5.2 Conform to approved Before Coating Appendix E
submission
3.12 Check Painting AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 5.5 Conform to manufacturers’ Before/ During Coating Appendix E
data sheet
3.13 Test Site Sample (Random) AP/S/COW Visual/Lab Test Section 3.1/ Conform to specification Before/ During Coating Appendix E
Appendix C

4 FINAL INSPECTION
4.1 Check Protection Work AP/S/COW Visual Section 5.4 Protect completed work At Completion Appendix F

4.2 Work Acceptance AP/S/COW Visual/Measure Section 5.5 Conform to specification and At Completion Appendix F
approved submission

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date

LEGEND AP – Applicator S – Site Supervisor SE – Site Engineer COW – Clerk of Work O – Owner A – Architect

44
appendix D
 Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work Appendix E
(Concrete/Plaster Surface)
Project: Location:

Checklist Requirement Inspection

Reference
Date Result Sign

Surface Preparation
1. Fresh surface cured for 21 days (applicable to new Table 4.1
coating only)
2. Moisture level < 6% or refer to manufacturers’ Table 4.1
recommendations
3. Surface free from algae or fungus growth Table 4.1
4. Surface free from unstable matters Table 4.1
5. Surface free from grease or oil Table 4.1
6. Exposed surface primed Table 4.1
7. Substrate hairline cracks Table 4.1
8. Type of stopper or filler used for deep holes or Table 4.1
shallow depressions

Paint Preparation
9. Name, colour and type of paint Section 4.3
10. Thinning ratio Section 4.3
11. Mix ratio Section 4.3
12. Pot-life Section 4.3
appendix E

Painting Environment
13. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer to Section 5.1
manufacturers’ recommendations
14. No strong wind Section 5.1
15. Environment free from dust or pollutants Section 5.1
16. Relative humidity Section 5.1
17. Adequate ventilation Section 4.5
18. Adequate lighting Section 4.5

Paint Application
19. No. of coats and location of application Section 4.1
20. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected Section 4.4
21. Proper working attire, footwear, and helmet are worn Section 4.5
22. Proper gloves, protective masks or glasses are worn Section 4.5
(where necessary)
23. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided Section 4.5
24. Surface clean and dry Section 4.2
25. Surface temperature Section 5.1
26. Appropriate application tools are used Section 5.2
27. Painting frequency Section 5.1
28. Painting interval Section 5.1
29. Drying time Section 5.1
30. Lab Test Submission Section 3.1/
Appendix C
Final
30. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date
45
Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work Appendix E
(Timber Surface)
Project: Location:

Checklist Requirement Inspection

Reference
Date Result Sign

Surface Preparation
1. Moisture level < 15% or refer to manufacturers’ Table 4.2
recommendation
2. Surface free from algae or fungus growth Table 4.2
3. Surface free from unstable matters Table 4.2
4. Exposed surface primed Table 4.2
5. Substrate imperfections Table 4.2
6. Type of stopper or filler used for deep holes or Table 4.2
shallow depressions

Paint Preparation
7. Name, colour and type of paint Section 4.3
8. Thinning ratio Section 4.3
9. Mix ratio Section 4.3
10. Pot-life Section 4.3

Painting Environment
11. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer to Section 5.1

appendix E
manufacturers’ recommendations
12. No strong wind Section 5.1
13. Environment free from dust or pollutants Section 5.1
14. Relative humidity Section 5.1
15. Adequate ventilation Section 4.5
16. Adequate lighting Section 4.5

Paint Application
17. No. of coats and location of application Section 4.1
18. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected Section 4.4
19. Proper gloves, protective masks or glasses are worn Section 4.5
(where necessary)
20. Proper working attire, footwear and helmet are worn Section 4.5
21. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided Section 4.5
22. Surface clean and dry Section 4.2
23. Surface temperature Section 5.1
24. Appropriate application tools are used Section 5.2
25. Painting frequency Section 5.1
26. Painting interval Section 5.1
27. Drying time Section 5.1
28. Lab Test Submission Section 3.1/
Appendix C

Final
29. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date
46
 Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work Appendix E
(Metal Surface)
Project: Location:

Checklist Requirement Inspection

Reference
Date Result Sign

Surface Preparation
1. Surface free from rust Table 4.3 & 4.4
2. Surface free from unstable matters Table 4.3 & 4.4
3. Surface free from grease or oil Table 4.3 & 4.4
4. Exposed surface primed Table 4.3 & 4.4

Paint Preparation
5. Name, colour and type of paint Section 4.3
6. Thinning ratio Section 4.3
7. Mix ratio Section 4.3
8. Pot-life Section 4.3

Painting Environment
9. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer to Section 5.1
manufacturers’ recommendations
10. No strong wind Section 5.1
11. Environment free from dust or pollutants Section 5.1
appendix E

12. Relative humidity Section 5.1

13. Adequate ventilation Section 4.5
14. Adequate lighting Section 4.5

Paint Application
15. No. of coats and location of application Section 4.1
16. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected Section 4.4
17. Proper working attire, footwear and helmet are worn Section 4.5
18. Proper glove and protective masks or glasses are Section 4.5
worn (where necessary)
19. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided Section 4.5
20. Surface clean and dry Section 4.2
21. Surface temperature Section 5.1
22. Appropriate application tools are used Section 5.2
23. Painting frequency Section 5.1
24. Painting interval Section 5.1
25. Drying time Section 5.1
26. Lab. Test submission Section 3.1/
Appendix C

Final
30. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date
47
Sample Checklist for Final Inspection on Painting Work Appendix F

Project: Location:
Checklist Requirement Inspection
Reference
Date Result Sign

1. Visual: As per approved

• Color sample
• Gloss
• Texture (optional)

2. Adhesion As per approved

sample

Prepared by Verified by Approved by

Date Date Date

appendix F

48
 Reference

1. SS CP 22
The Painting of Buildings

2. SS 5
Methods of Test for Paints, Varnishes and Related Materials.

3. SS 7
Paint: Finishing, Gloss Enamel

4. SS 34
Undercoat paint for Gloss Enamel

5. SS 38
Aluminium Wood Primer

6. SS 494
reference

Lead and Chromate-free Primer for Iron and Steel Substrates

7. SS 150
Emulsion Paints for Decorative Purposes

8. SS 345
Algae Resistant Emulsion Paint For Decorative Purposes

9. SS 500
Elastomeric Wall Coatings

10. Swedish Standard for Abrasion SA 2.5

11. Swedish Standard for Wire-brushing ST 3.0

49