Signal Condititioning Devices
Signal Condititioning Devices
Signal Condititioning Devices
• Signal Converters
– Convert one type of signal into a different type
• Analog signals
• Digital signals
Signal Conditioning Devices • Communications
• Signal Isolators
– Electrically isolate an output signal from an input
• Protects input circuits from damage
• Special Function Modules
– Perform various functions
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Signal conditioning
Electrical signals
generated by Analog to Digital Conversion
transducers often need
to be converted to a
form acceptable to the Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters
data acquisition
hardware, particularly are used to transform analog information, such as voltage signals
the A/D converter RS232, RS485, Optical Fiber cable, or measurements of physical variables (for example, temperature,
which converts Wireless force, or shaft rotation) into a form suitable for digital handling,
the signal data to the which might involve any of these operations:
required digital
(1) processing by a computer or by logic circuits, including
format.
The principal tasks
arithmetical operations, comparison, sorting, ordering, and code
performed by signal conversion,
conditioning are: (2) storage on electronic media until ready for further handling,
(3) display in numerical or graphical form on a computer, and
• Filtering (4) transmission
• Amplification
• Linearization
• Conversion
• Mod/Demod EE Dept
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Calibration process
The purpose of calibration is to ensure that the measuring accuracy is known
CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENT SYSTEM over the whole measurement range under specified environmental conditions
for calibration.
• Measurement of Accuracy
Instrument to be
Instrument Output
Input (whole calibrated
measuring range)
• Establishment the relation of an
instrument’s accuracy to the international Instrument of The input value
with known
standard Higher Standard
accuracy
Ensure the
Environmental calibration is done
Conditions Standard
Instrument under the specified
(Modifying Inputs) environmental
conditions
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A proper course of action must be defined which describes the procedures to Semiconductor Devices
be followed when an instrument is found to be out of calibration. The
required action depends very much upon the nature of the discrepancy and
the type of instrument involved. For example,
(a) Diodes
(b) Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
• Simple output bias can be corrected by a small adjustment
• Alternation of scale factor may be corrected by redrawing the output (c) Thyristors /SCR/DIAC/TRIAC
scale or adjusting the amplification.
(d) Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
For the corrections mentioned above, the adjustment screws must be sealed (e) Static induction transistor (SIT)
to prevent tampering. In extreme cases, where the calibration procedure
reveals signs of instrument damage, it may be necessary to send the (f) Field effect transistor (FET).
instrument for repair or even replacement. JFET: Junction FET
MOSFET: Metal Oxide SC FET
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FET BJT
Voltage Controlled Device Current Controlled Device Contd…
Gate, Drain, Source Emitter, Base, Collector
Negative temp. coef at high current levels Positive
Simple Construction Not as simple as FET • N-channel FET
Less noisy More Noisy
Unipolar device Bipolar device
N-channel Characteristics.
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Contd…
SCR output waveform for sinusoidal Sine wave
input .
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Inverting input
terminal 741 is the IC number of Op-Amp
Negative power supply
(Negative rail)
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i2 = 0
v1 = v2
Range where v2 vd = 0 V
we operate
the op amp as
an amplifier.
vd i1 = 0
v1
Ro = 0 Ω
VE = VIN+ - VIN-
Usually, vd = 0V so v1 = v2 VIN-
The op amp forces the voltage at the inverting input terminal VOUT = a * VE
to be equal to the voltage at the noninverting input terminal
if there is some component connecting the output terminal to
the inverting input terminal. VIN+
Rarely is the op amp limited to V- < vo < V+.
The output voltage is allowed to be as positive or as negative
as needed to force vd = 0V.
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VE = VIN+ - VIN-
VOUT = a * VE
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Assumes R2 = R4 and R1 = R3
Ideally: CMRR→∞ Typically: 60 dB ≤ CMRR ≤ 120 dB
Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation Amplifier Some applications, such as an
oscilloscope input, require
v1 differential amplification with
extremely high input resistance
R3 R4 Such a circuit is shown at the left
R2
A3 is a standard difference op-amp
with differential gain R2/R1
vout A1 and A2 are additional op-amps
R1
with extremely high input resistances
at v1 and v2 (input currents = 0)
R2
• Differential gain of input section:
vr ef
– Due to the virtual shorts at the input of A1 and A2, we can write iA = (v2 – v1) /RA
v2 R3 R4
– Also, iA flows through the two RB resistors, allowing us to write v02 – v01 = iA (RA + 2 RB )
– Combining these two equations with the gain of the A3 stage, we can obtain
vOUT = (R2/R1)(1 + [2RB/RA])(v1 – v2)
• By adjusting the resistor RA, we can adjust the gain of this instrumentation
amplifier
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How to Use an Op Amp as a Unity Gain Amplifier How to Use an Op Amp as a Unity Gain
Amplifier
A unity gain amplifier is an electronic amplifier circuit
that doesn’t amplify. In other words, it has a gain of 1.
The output voltage in a unity gain amplifier is the same
as the input voltage.
Unity gain amplifiers come in two types: voltage
followers and voltage inverters. A follower is a circuit
in which the output is exactly the same voltage as the
input. An inverter is a circuit in which the output is the
same voltage level as the input but with the opposite
polarity.
TRIAC TRIAC
If two SCRs are joined in back-to-back parallel fashion
Another difference from SCRs is that TRIAC current
just like two diodes were joined together to form a
flow can be enabled by either a positive or negative
DIAC, we have a new device known as the TRIAC.
current applied to its gate electrode, whereas SCRs can
TRIACs are part of the thyristor family and are
closely related to silicon-controlled rectifiers be triggered only by current going into the gate.
(SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are SCRs are available in large current ratings whereas
unidirectional devices (that is. can conduct Triacs are available for lower current ratings
current only in one direction), TRIACs are They are used in controlling the speed of low-
bidirectional and so current can flow in
power induction motors, in dimming lamps, and in
either direction.
controlling A.C. heating resistors.
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Contd… Contd…
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Contd… Contd…
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