19 Askeland Chap
19 Askeland Chap
19 Askeland Chap
Magnetic Materials
19–6 Calculate and compare the maximum magnetization we would expect in iron,
nickel, cobalt, and gadolinium. There are seven electrons in the 4f level of
gadolinium.
209
210 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructor’s Solution Manual
Solution: Let fNi be the atomic fraction of nickel; 1 fNi is then the atomic fraction
of cobalt. The numbers of Bohr magnetons per cubic meter due to nickel
and to cobalt atoms are:
Ni: 14 atoms/cell212 magnetons/atom2 fNi 13.544 1010 m2 3
0.1797 1030fNi
Co: 14 atoms/cell213 magnetons/atom211 fNi 2 13.544 1010 m2 3
0.2696 1030 11 fNi 2
M 3 10.1797 1030 2 fNi 10.2696 1030 211 fNi 2 4 19.27 1024 2
M 0.833 106fNi 2.499 106 2 106
fNi 0.60 fCo 0.40
19–12 Estimate the magnetization that might be produced in an alloy containing nickel and
70 at% copper, assuming that no interaction occurs.
Solution: We can estimate the lattice parameter of the alloy from those of the pure
nickel and copper and their atomic fractions:
ao 10.3213.2942 10.7213.61512 3.52 Å
If the copper does not provide magnetic moments that influence magneti-
zation, then
14 atoms/cell210.3 fraction Ni212 magnetons/Ni atom219.27 1024 2
M
13.52 1010 m2 3
M 0.51 106 A /m 6410 oersted
19–14 An Fe–49% Ni alloy has a maximum permeability of 64,000 when a magnetic field
of 0.125 oersted is applied. What inductance is obtained and what current is needed
to obtain this inductance in a 200-turn, 3-cm long coil?
19–26 The following data describe the effect of the magnetic field on the inductance in a
silicon steel. Calculate (a) the initial permeability and (b) the maximum permeabil-
ity for the material.
Solution: H B
0 A/m 0 Oe 0T 0G
20 A/m 0.25 Oe 0.08 T 800 G
40 A/m 0.50 Oe 0.3 T 3,000 G
60 A/m 0.75 Oe 0.65 T 6,500 G
80 A/m 1.01 Oe 0.85 T 8,500 G
100 A/m 1.26 Oe 0.95 T 9,500 G
150 A/m 1.88 Oe 1.10 T 11,500 G
250 A/m 3.14 Oe 1.25 T 12,500 G
14.000
Maximum
12.000 12.000G
1.15 Oe
10.000
8000
B (G)
6000 Initial
5600 G 2 Oe
4000
2000
1 2 3 4
H (Oe)
The data is plotted; from the graph, the initial and maximum permeability are
calculated, as indicated:
19–27 A magnetic material has a coercive field of 167 A/m, a saturation magnetization of
0.616 Tesla, and a residual inductance of 0.3 tesla. Sketch the hysteresis loop for the
material.
B (G)
3000
200
−200 H (Oe)
−3000
19–28 A magnetic material has a coercive field of 10.74 A/m, a saturation magnetization of
2.158 Tesla, and a remanance induction of 1.183 tesla. Sketch the hysteresis loop for
the material.
20,000
−0.2 H (Oe)
0.2
−20,000
19–29 Using Figure 19–16, determine the following properties of the magnetic material.
(a) remanance (d) initial permeability
(b) saturation magnetization (e) maximum permeability
(c) coercive field (f) power (maximum BH product)
19–30 Using Figure 19–17 (see text), determine the following properties of the magnetic
material.
(a) remanance (d) initial permeability
(b) saturation magnetization (e) maximum permeability
(c) coercive field (f) power (maximum BH product)
19–36 Estimate the power of the Co5Ce material shown in Figure 19–14.
Solution: H B BH
0 Oe 7500 G 0 G # Oe
2000 Oe 7500 G 15 106 G # Oe
2500 Oe 6000 G 15 106 G # Oe
3500 Oe 0G 0 G # Oe
19–37 What advantage does the Fe–3% Si material have compared to Supermalloy for use
in electric motors?
Solution: The Fe–3% Si has a larger saturation inductance than Supermalloy, allow-
ing more work to be done. However Fe–3% Si does require larger fields,
since the coercive field for Fe–3% Si is large, and the permeability of
Fe–3% Si is small compared with that of Supermalloy.
19–38 The coercive field for pure iron is related to the grain size of the iron by the rela-
tionship Hc 1.83 4.14 1A, where A is the area of the grain in two dimensions
(mm2) and Hc is in A/m. If only the grain size influences the 99.95% iron (coerciv-
ity 0.9 oersted), estimate the size of the grains in the material. What happens to the
coercivity value when the iron is annealed to increase the grain size?
When the iron is annealed, the grain size increases, A increases, and the
coercive field Hc decreases.
19–40 Suppose we replace 10% of the Fe2 ions in magnetite with Cu2 ions. Determine
the total magnetic moment per cubic centimeter.
19–41 Suppose that the total magnetic moment per cubic meter in a spinel structure in
which Ni2 ions have replaced a portion of the Fe2 ions is 4.6 105 A/m.
Calculate the fraction of the Fe2 ions that have been replaced and the wt% Ni
present in the spinel.
Solution: From Example 19–6, the volume of the unit cell is 5.86 1028 m3. If we
let x be the fraction of the tetrahedral sites occupied by nickel, then (1 x)
is the fraction of the sites occupied by iron. Then:
182 3 1x212 magnetons2 11 x214 magnetons2 4 19.27 1024 2
moment 4.6 105
5.86 1028 m3
x 0.185
Thus the number of each type of atom or ion in the unit cell is:
oxygen: 14 atoms/subcell218 subcells2 32
Fe3: 12 ions/subcell218 subcells2 16
Fe2: 10.815211 ion/subcell218 subcells2 6.52
Ni2: 10.185211 ion/subcell218 subcells2 1.48
The total number of ions in the unit cell is 56; the atomic fraction of each
ion is:
foxygen 32 56 0.5714 f Fe3 1656 0.2857
fFe2 6.52 56 0.1164 fNi 2 1.4856 0.0264
The weight percent nickel is (using the molecular weights of oxygen, iron
and nickel):
10.02642158.712
%Ni
10.571421162 10.28572155.8472 10.11642155.8472 10.02642158.712
4.68 wt%