Fundamentals of Thermodynamics SI Version: Solution Manual Chapter 6
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics SI Version: Solution Manual Chapter 6
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics SI Version: Solution Manual Chapter 6
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SI Version
Borgnakke ● Sonntag
8e
CONTENT CHAPTER 6
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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6.a
Does Clausius say anything about the sign for o dQ ?
No.
The total (net) heat transfer can be coming in like in a heat engine (Wout =
QH – QL) in which case it is positive. It can also be net going out like in a
refrigerator or heat pump (Win = QH – QL) in which case the sign is negative.
Finally if you look at a transmission gearbox there could be no heat transfer
(first approximation) in which case the integral is zero.
6.b
Does the statement of Clausius require a constant T for the heat transfer as in a
Carnot cycle?
No.
The statement for a cycle involves an integral of dQ/T so T can vary,
which it does during most processes in actual devices. This just means that
you cannot that easily get a closed expression for the integral.
6.c
How can you change s of a substance going through a reversible process?
6.d
A reversible process adds heat to a substance. If T is varying does that influence
the change in s?
Yes.
dq
Reversible: ds = T
So if T goes up it means that s changes less per unit of dq, and the
opposite if T decreases then s changes more per unit of dq.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.e
Water at 100 kPa, 150oC receives 75 kJ/kg in a reversible process by heat
transfer. Which process changes s the most: constant T, constant v or constant P?
dq
ds = T
Look at the constant property lines in a T-s diagram, Fig. 6.5. The constant v line
has a higher slope than the constant P line also at positive slope. Thus both the
constant P and v processes have an increase in T. As T goes up the change in s is
smaller for the same area (heat transfer) under the process curve in the T-s
diagram as compared with the constant T process.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.f
A liquid is compressed in a reversible adiabatic process. What is the change in T?
dq
If the process is reversible then s is constant, ds = T = 0
Change in s for a liquid (an incompressible substance) is
C
Eq. 6.10: ds = T dT
From this it follows that if ds = 0 then T is constant.
6.g
An ideal gas goes through a constant T reversible heat addition process. How do
the properties (v, u, h, s, P) change (up, down or constant)?
P T
1 1 2
2
T q
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.h
Carbon dioxide is compressed to a smaller volume in a polytropic process with n
= 1.2. How do the properties (u, h, s, P, T) change (up, down or constant)?
For carbon dioxide Table A.5 k = 1.289 so we have n < k and the
process curve can be recognized in Figure 8.13. From this we see a smaller volume
means moving to the left in the P-v diagram and thus also up.
P T
2
2 1
1 T (n = 1)
n = 1.2 q
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.i
A substance has heat transfer out. Can you say anything about changes in s if the
process is reversible? If it is irreversible?
dq
Reversible: ds = T < 0 since dq < 0
dq
Irreversible: ds = T + dsgen = ? dq < 0 but dsgen > 0
6.j
A substance is compressed adiabatically so P and T go up. Does that change s?
dq
If the process is reversible then s is constant, ds = T = 0
dq
If the process is irreversible then s goes up, ds = T + dsgen = dsgen > 0
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Concept Problems
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.1
When a substance has completed a cycle, v, u, h, and s are unchanged. Did
anything happen? Explain.
Yes.
During various parts of the cycle work and heat transfer may be
transferred. That happens at different P and T. The net work out equals the net
heat transfer in (energy conservation) so dependent upon the sign it is a heat
engine or a heat pump (refrigerator). The net effect is thus a conversion of
energy from one storage location to another and it may also change nature,
some Q was changed to W or the opposite.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.2
Assume a heat engine with a given QH. Can you say anything about QL if the
engine is reversible? If it is irreversible?
Q Q
o dQ = 0 = H L or integrals if T not constant
T TH TL
Q Q
o dQ = H L < 0
T TH TL
This means that QL is larger than before (given QH and the T’s). The irreversible
heat engine rejects more energy and thus gives less out as work.
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6.3
Po
CV A is the mass inside a piston/cylinder, CV B is
that plus part of the wall out to a source of 1Q2 at Ts. Write mp
the entropy equation for the two control volumes assuming no
change of state of the piston mass or walls. Ts
mA
Fig. P6.3
S2 – S1 =
2 dQ
T + 1S2 gen
1
The left hand side is storage so that depends of what is inside the C.V. and the
integral is summing the dQ/T that crosses the control volume surface while the process
proceeds from 1 to 2.
C.V. A: mA (s2 – s1) =
2 dQ
T + 1S2 gen CV A
A 1
C.V. B: dQ
2
mA (s2 – s1) = T + 1S2 gen CV B
1 s
In the first equation the temperature is that of mass mA which possibly changes
from 1 to 2 whereas in the second equation it is the reservoir temperature Ts. The two
entropy generation terms are also different the second one includes the first one plus any
s generated in the walls that separate the mass mA from the reservoir and there is a Q
over a finite temperature difference. When the storage effect in the walls are neglected
the left hand sides of the two equations are equal.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.4
Consider the previous set-up with the mass mA and the piston cylinder of mass
mp starting out at two different temperatures. After a while the temperature becomes
uniform without any external heat transfer. Write the entropy equation storage term (S 2 –
S1) for the total mass.
In this case the storage effect must be summed up over all the mass inside the
control volume.
The last equation assumed a constant specific heat for the solid material of the
piston, a common assumption. There is only a single temperature T2, but there are two
different temperatures for state 1: T1 A and T1 P. The temperature T2 would be found
from the energy equation.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.5
o o
Water at 100 C, quality 50% in a rigid box is heated to 110 C. How do the properties
(P, v, x, u and s) change? (increase, stay about the same, or decrease)
P T
2 2
1 v 1 s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.6
o
Liquid water at 20 C, 100 kPa is compressed in a piston/cylinder without any heat
transfer to a pressure of 200 kPa. How do the properties (T, v, u, and s) change?
(increase, stay about the same, or decrease)
Adiabatic dq = 0: dq = T ds = 0;
Incompressible dv = 0: dw = P dv = 0
In the T-s P T
diagram the
two states are
in the same
location as T
does not go 2 2
up for v 1 v 1 s
constant.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.7
v s
u2 - u1 > 0 from general shape of the constant u curves. Further out in the ideal
gas region the constant u curve become horizontal ( u = fct(T) only ).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.8
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.9
Air at 290 K, 100 kPa in a rigid box is heated to 325 K. How do the properties (P, v,
u and s) change? (increase, stay about the same, or decrease)
P T
2 P
2 2
P1
1
1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.10
o
Air at 20 C, 100 kPa is compressed in a piston/cylinder without any heat transfer to a
pressure of 200 kPa. How do the properties (T, v, u and s) change? (increase, about
the same or decrease)
P T
T goes up, 2 2 P2
v goes down
u goes up (work in, q = 0) 1 P
1
s = constant 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.11
Carbon dioxide is compressed to a smaller volume in a polytropic process with n
= 1.4. How do the properties (u, h, s, P, T) change (up, down or constant)?
For carbon dioxide Table A.5 k = 1.289 so we have n > k and the process
curve can be recognized in Figure 6.13. From this we see a smaller volume means
moving to the left in the P-v diagram and thus also up.
From the T-s diagram as n > k then we move to larger T means s is up.
P T
2
2
1 T (n = 1)
1
n = 1.4 q
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.12
Process A: Air at 300 K, 100 kPa is heated to 310 K at constant pressure.
Process B: Heat air at 1300 K to 1310 K at constant 100 kPa.
Use the table below to compare the property changes.
c. At constant P: ds = (CP/T) dT
CP is only 15% higher at 1300 K compared to 300 K (see Fig. 3.11)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.13
This is similar to the terms in the continuity equation m2 – m1 versus mi, me and
the energy equation E2 – E1 versus 1Q2, 1W2. The first part is the change in the storage
S2 – S1 of entropy in the mass and the second part is the transfer or generation during the
process from 1 to 2. The storage terms correspond to the left hand side of the balance
equation for entropy. The integral ∫dQ/T represents a transfer of entropy across the
control volume surface during the process from 1 to 2 and the 1S2 gen expresses the total
amount of entropy being generated inside the control volume and both are on the right
hand side of the balance equation.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.14
.
A reversible heat pump has a flux of s entering as QL/TL. What can you say about
the exit flux of s at TH?
For the entropy equation 6.3 and 6.42, the rate of storage is zero and the
generation term is zero. Thus the entropy equation becomes
. .
QL QH
0=T – T +0
L H
. .
QL QH
So: TL = TH = flux of s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.15
An electric baseboard heater receives 1500 W of electrical power that heats the
room air which loses the same amount out through the walls and windows. Specify
exactly where entropy is generated in that process.
The electric wire is inside the pipe and surrounded by sand to electrically isolate it. The
pipe has fins mounted to increase the surface area.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.16
A 500 W electric space heater with a small fan inside heats air by blowing it over
a hot electrical wire. For each control volume: a) wire at Twire only b) all the room air at
Troom and c) total room plus the heater, specify the storage, entropy transfer terms and
.
entropy generation as rates (neglect any Q through the room walls or windows).
. .
Storage Q /T Sgen
500 W 500 W
C.V. Wire only 0 Twire Twire
500 W 500 W 1 1
C.V. Room air 500 W (T T )
Troom Twire room wire
500 W 500 W
C.V. Total room 0
Troom Troom
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Inequality of Clausius
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.17
Consider the steam power plant in Example 4.7 and assume an average T in the
line between 1 and 2. Show that this cycle satisfies the inequality of Clausius.
Solution:
dQ 0
Show Clausius: T
For this problem we have three heat transfer terms:
qb = 2831 kJ/kg, qloss = 21 kJ/kg, qc = 2173.3 kJ/kg
dq = qb – qloss – qc
T T
b Tavg 1-2 Tc
2831 21 2173.3
= 573 568 318
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.18
A heat engine receives 6 kW from a 250oC source and rejects heat at 30oC.
Examine each of three cases with respect to the inequality of Clausius.
. .
a. W = 6 kW b. W = 0 kW c. Carnot cycle
Solution:
TH = 250 + 273 = 523 K ; TL = 30 + 273 = 303 K
.
dQ 6000 0
Case a) T = 523 – 303 = 11.47 kW/K > 0 Impossible
.
dQ 6000 6000
b) T = 523 – 303 = –8.33 kW/K < 0 OK
. .
dQ 6000 QL
c) T = 0 = 523 – 303
. 303
QL = 523 6 kW = 3.476 kW
. . .
W = QH – QL = 2.529 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.19
Use the inequality of Clausius to show that heat transfer from a warm space
towards a colder space without work is a possible process i.e. a heat engine with no work
output.
.
dQ 0 dQ 0
Clausius: T or
T
Take C.V. as the space separating the warm and cold space. It is the same Q that
crosses each surface (from energy equation) so
dQ = Q – Q = Q ( 1 – 1 ) < 0
T T OK
warm Tcold Twarm Tcold
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.20
Use the inequality of Clausius to show that heat transfer from a cold space
towards a warmer space without work is an impossible process i.e. a heat pump with no
work input.
.
dQ 0 dQ 0
Clausius: T or
T
Take C.V. as the space separating the warm and cold space. It is the same Q that
crosses each surface (from energy equation) so
dQ = Q – Q = Q ( 1 – 1 ) > 0
T T Impossible!
cold Twarm Tcold Twarm
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.21
Let the steam power plant in Problem 5.26 have 700oC in the boiler and 40oC
during the heat rejection in the condenser. Does that satisfy the inequality of Clausius?
Repeat the question for the cycle operated in reverse as a refrigerator.
Solution:
. .
QH = 1 MW QL = 0.58 MW
.
dQ = 1000 – 580 = –0.82 kW/K < 0 OK
T 973 313
Refrigerator
.
dQ = 580 – 1000 = 0.82 > 0 Cannot be possible
T 313 973
Q H from coal
WT
WP, in
.
Q L to ambient
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.22
Determine the entropy for these states:
a. Nitrogen, P = 2000 kPa, 120 K
b. Nitrogen, 120 K, v = 0.005 m3/kg
c. R-410A, T = 25oC, v = 0.01 m3/kg
Solution:
a) Table B.6.1: P < Psat = 2513 kPa so superheated vapor.
B.6.2 at 2000 kPa: s = 4.8116 kJ/kg-K
b) Table B.6.1: vf < v < vg = 0.00799 m3/kg so two-phase L + V
0.005 0.001915
x = (v – vf)/vfg = = 0.5074
0.00608
s = sf + x sfg = 3.8536 + x 0.7659 = 4.2422 kJ/kg K
c) Table B.4.1 vf < v < vg = 0.01514 m3/kg so two-phase L + V
0.01 0.000944
x = (v – vf)/vfg = = 0.63775
0.01420
s = sf + x sfg = 0.3631 + x 0.6253 = 0.7619 kJ/kg K
P T
P
a a
b,c T b,c
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.23
Determine the missing property among P, T, s, and x for R-410A at:
a. T = –20oC, v = 0.1377 m3/kg
b. T = 20oC, v = 0.01377 m3/kg
c. P = 400 kPa, s = 1.2108 kJ/kgK
P T
P
b a c b c
T a
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.24
Find the missing properties of P, v, s and x for ammonia ( NH3) at
a. T 65C, P 600 kPa
b. T 20C, u 800 kJ/kg
c. T 50C, v 0.1185 m3/kg
P T
c c a
a
b
b
s
v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.25
Find the entropy for the following water states and indicate each state on a T-s
diagram relative to the two-phase region.
a. 200oC, v = 0.02 m3/kg
b. 200oC, 2000 kPa
c. –2oC, 100 kPa
Solution:
a) Table B.1.1: 0.001156 = vf < v < vg = 0.12736 m3/kg => Two-phase
0.02 - 0.001156
x= = 0.14932
0.1262
s = sf + x sfg = 2.3308 + 0.14932 4.1014 = 2.943 kJ/kg K
b) Table B.1.1: P > Psat = 1553.8 kPa => compressed liquid B.1.4
s = 2.3301 kJ/kg K
c) Table B.1.1 T < Ttripple = 0.01oC so goto B.1.5
Table B.1.5: P > Psat = 0.5177 kPa so compressed solid
s = –1.2369 kJ/kg K
P T
b
b
a
a
c v c s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.26
Determine the missing property among P, v, s, and x for CO2 and indicate each
state on a T-s diagram relative to the two-phase region.
a. T = -20oC, P = 2000 kPa
b. T = 20oC, s = 1.49 kJ/kgK
c. T = -10oC, s = 1 kJ/kgK
a) Table B.3.1 at -20oC: P > Psat = 1969.6 kPa => Compressed liquid
v = vf = 0.000969 m3/kg
s = sf = 0.1672 kJ/kg-K, x is undefined
P T
c b
c
a b
a
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.27
Two kg water at 120oC with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised 15oC in a
constant volume process. What are the new quality and specific entropy?
Solution:
P C.P. T
C.P.
135 C
313 135
T
120 C 120
198.5
v v
T
C.P.
198 kPa
135
120
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.28
Two kg water at 400 kPa with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised 20oC in a
constant pressure process. What is the change in entropy?
Solution:
P C.P. T
C.P.
400 kPa
164 C 164
T 144
400 143.6 C
v v
T
C.P.
400 kPa
164
144
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.29
Saturated liquid water at 20oC is compressed to a higher pressure with constant
temperature. Find the changes in u and s when the final pressure is
a. 500 kPa b. 2000 kPa c. 20 000 kPa
Solution:
kJ/kg kJ/kg K
B.1.1: u1 = 83.94 s1 = 0.2966
B.1.4: ua = 83.91 sa = 0.2965 u = –0.03 s = –0.0001
B.1.4: ub = 83.82 sb = 0.2962 u = –0.12 s = –0.0004
B.1.4: uc = 82.75 sc = 0.2922 u = –1.19 s = –0.0044
Nearly constant u and s, incompressible media
P T
c
b
c,b,a,1
a
1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.30
Saturated vapor water at 250oC is expanded to a lower pressure with constant
temperature. Find the changes in u and s when the final pressure is
a. 100 kPa b. 50 kPa c. 10 kPa
Solution:
Table B.1.1 for the first state then B.1.3 for the a, b and c states.
kJ/kg kJ/kg K kJ/kg kJ/kg K
u1= 2602.37 s1= 6.0729
ua = 2733.73 sa = 8.0332 u = 131.36 s = 1.9603
ub = 2734.97 sb = 8.3555 u = 132.6 s = 2.2826
uc = 2735.95 sc = 9.1002 u = 133.58 s = 3.0273
P T
3973 kPa
1 100 50
1 10
a a b c
b c
v s
Remark: You approach ideal gas as P drops so u is u(T) but s is still s(T,P).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Reversible processes
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.31
In a Carnot engine with ammonia as the working fluid, the high temperature is
60C and as QH is received, the ammonia changes from saturated liquid to saturated
vapor. The ammonia pressure at the low temperature is 190 kPa. Find TL, the cycle
thermal efficiency, the heat added per kilogram, and the entropy, s, at the beginning of
the heat rejection process.
Solution:
Constant T constant P from 1 to 2, Table B.2.1
T
qH = Tds = T (s2 – s1) = T sfg
1 2
= h2 – h1 = hfg = 997.0 kJ/kg
TL 253.2
cycle = 1 – T = 1 – 333.2 = 0.24
H
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.32
Consider a Carnot-cycle heat pump with R-410A as the working fluid. Heat is
rejected from the R-410A at 35C, during which process the R-410A changes from
saturated vapor to saturated liquid. The heat is transferred to the R-410A at 0C.
a. Show the cycle on a T–s diagram.
b. Find the quality of the R-410A at the beginning and end of the isothermal heat
addition process at 0C.
c. Determine the COP for the cycle.
Solution:
T-s diagram
from CATT3
for R-410A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.33
Do Problem 6.32 using refrigerant R-134a instead of R-410A.
Consider a Carnot-cycle heat pump with R-410A as the working fluid. Heat is
rejected from the R-410A at 35C, during which process the R-410A changes from
saturated vapor to saturated liquid. The heat is transferred to the R-410A at 0C.
a. Show the cycle on a T–s diagram.
b. Find the quality of the R-410A at the beginning and end of the
isothermal heat addition process at 0C.
c. Determine the coefficient of performance for the cycle.
Solution:
s => x4 = 0.2303
qH TH 308.15
c) = w = T – T = 35 = 8.8
IN H L
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.34
Water is used as the working fluid in a Carnot cycle heat engine, where it changes
from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 200C as heat is added. Heat is rejected in a
constant pressure process (also constant T) at 20 kPa. The heat engine powers a Carnot
cycle refrigerator that operates between –15C and +20C. Find the heat added to the
water per kg water. How much heat should be added to the water in the heat engine so the
refrigerator can remove 1 kJ from the cold space?
Solution:
Carnot cycle heat engine:
Constant T constant P from 1 to 2, Table B.2.1
T
qH = Tds = T (s2 – s1) = T sfg = hfg
1 2
= 473.15 (4.1014) = 1940 kJ/kg
s States 3 & 4 are two-phase, Table B.2.1
4 3
TL = T3 = T4 = Tsat(P) = 60.06oC
QL 1
W= = = 0.136 kJ
7.37
The needed work comes from the heat engine
TL 333
W = HE QH H2O ; HE = 1 – T = 1 – 473 = 0.296
H
W 0.136
QH H2O = = = 0.46 kJ
HE 0.296
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.35
R-410A at 800 kPa and 160oC is expanded in a piston cylinder to 600 kPa, 40oC
in a reversible process. Find the sign for both the work and the heat transfer for this
process.
Solution:
The process is not specified, but the beginning and end states are and we
assume a unidirectional process so v keeps increasing.
1w2 = P dv so sign dv
1q2 = T ds so sign ds
State 1: B.4.2 v1 = 0.06039 m3/kg s1 = 1.4915 kJ/kg K
State 2: B.4.2 v2 = 0.05576 m3/kg s2 = 1.2152 kJ/kg K
dv < 0 => w is negative
ds < 0 => q is negative
P T
1 1
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.36
A piston/cylinder compressor takes R-410A as saturated vapor 500 kPa and
compresses it in a reversible adiabatic process to 3000 kPa. Find the final temperature
and the specific compression work.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.37
A piston/cylinder receives R-410A at 500 kPa and compresses it in a reversible
adiabatic process to 1800 kPa, 60oC. Find the initial temperature.
P T
2
2
1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.38
Compression and heat transfer brings carbon dioxide in a piston/cylinder from
1400 kPa, 20oC to saturated vapor in an isothermal process. Find the specific heat
transfer and the specific work.
Solution:
m = constant
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2
Entropy Eq.6.3: s2 - s1= dq/T = 1q2 /T
Process: T = C and assume reversible 1q2 = T (s2 - s1)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.39
A piston cylinder maintaining constant pressure contains 0.1 kg saturated liquid
water at 125C. It is now boiled to become saturated vapor in a reversible process. Find
the work term and then the heat transfer from the energy equation. Find the heat transfer
from the entropy equation, is it the same?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.40
A piston/cylinder contains 0.5 kg of water at 200 kPa, 300C, and it now cools to
150C in an isobaric process. The heat goes into a heat engine that rejects heat to the
ambient at 25C (shown in Fig. P.6.40), and the whole process is assumed to be
reversible. Find the heat transfer out of the water and the work given out by the heat
engine.
C.V. H2O
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 0
Process: P = C => W = P dV = P(V2 V1) = m P (v2 v1)
State 1: B.1.3 s1 = 7.8926 kJ/kg-K, h1 = 3071.79 kJ/kg
State 2: B.1.3 s2 = 7.2795 kJ/kg K, h2 = 2768.8 kJ/kg
From the process equation and the energy equation
1Q2 = m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = m(h2 h1) = 0.5(2768.8 - 3071.79)
= 151.495 kJ
CV Total
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = QL 1W2 WHE
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = QL/Tamb + 0
QL = mTamb(s1 s2) = 0.5 kg 298.15 K (7.8926 – 7.2795) kJ/kgK
= 91.398 kJ
Now the energy equation for the heat engine gives
WHE = 1Q2 QL = 151.495 – 91.398 = 60.1 kJ
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.41
A cylinder fitted with a piston contains ammonia at 50C, 20% quality with a
volume of 1 L. The ammonia expands slowly, and during this process heat is transferred
to maintain a constant temperature. The process continues until all the liquid is gone.
Determine the work and heat transfer for this process.
Solution:
C.V. Ammonia in the cylinder.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 0
Process: T = constant to x2 = 1.0, P = constant = 2.033 MPa
=> W = P dV = P(V2 V1) = m P (v2 v1)
=> dQ/T = 1Q2 / T
o v2 = vg = 0.06336 m3/kg,
50 C
1 2 s s2 = sg = 4.7613 kJ/kg K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.42
Water in a piston/cylinder at 400oC, 2000 kPa is expanded in a reversible
adiabatic process. The specific work is measured to be 415.72 kJ/kg out. Find the final P
and T and show the P-v and the T-s diagram for the process.
Solution:
C.V. Water, which is a control mass. Adiabatic so: 1q2 = 0
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2 = -1w2
Entropy Eq.6.3: s2 - s1= dq/T = 0 (= since reversible)
State 1: Table B.1.3 u1 = 2945.21 kJ/kg; s1 = 7.127 kJ/kg K
State 2: (s, u): u2 = u1 - 1w2 = 2945.21 – 415.72 = 2529.49 kJ/kg
=> sat. vapor 200 kPa, T = 120.23C
P T
1
1
2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.43
One kilogram of water at 300C expands against a piston in a cylinder until it
reaches ambient pressure, 100 kPa, at which point the water has a quality of 90.2%. It
may be assumed that the expansion is reversible and adiabatic. What was the initial
pressure in the cylinder and how much work is done by the water?
Solution:
C.V. Water. Process: Rev., Q = 0
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2 = 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T
Process: Adiabatic Q = 0 and reversible => s 2 = s1
State 2: P2 = 100 kPa, x2 = 0.902 from Table B.1.2
s2 = 1.3026 + 0.9026.0568 = 6.7658 kJ/kg K
u2 = 417.36 + 0.9022088.7 = 2301.4 kJ/kg
State 1 At T1 = 300°C, s1 = 6.7658 Find it in Table B.1.3
P1 = 2000 kPa, u1 = 2772.6 kJ/kg
From the energy equation
1W2 = m(u1 - u2) = 1(2772.6 – 2301.4) = 471.2 kJ
P T
1
1
T1
2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.44
Water at 800 kPa, 250C is brought to saturated vapor in a rigid container, shown
in Fig. P6.44. Find the final T and the specific heat transfer in this isometric process.
Solution:
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
Entropy Eq.6.3: s2 s1 = dq/T
Process: v = constant => 1w2 =0
State 1: (T, P) Table B.1.3 u1 = 2715.46 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.29314 m3/kg
State 2: x = 1 and v2 = v1 so from Table B.1.1 we see P2 650 kPa
T2 = 160 + 5 (0.29314 – 0.30596)/(0.27158 – 0.30596)
= 160 + 5 0.3729 = 161.9C
u2 = 2568.37 + 0.3729 (2572.51 – 2568.37) = 2569.9 kJ/kg
From the energy equation
1q2 = u2 u1 = 2569.9 – 2715.46 = 145.5 kJ/kg
P T
1
1
v=C
2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.45
Estimate the specific heat transfer from the area in the T-s diagram and compare it
to the correct value for the states and process in Problem 6.44.
Solution:
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
Entropy Eq.6.3: s2 s1 = dq/T
Process: v = constant => 1w2 =0
State 1: (T, P) Table B.1.3 u1 = 2715.46 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.29314 m3/kg,
s1 = 7.0384 kJ/kg K
State 2: x = 1 and v2 = v1 so from Table B.1.1 we see P2 650 kPa
T2 = 160 + 5 (0.29314 – 0.30596)/(0.27158 – 0.30596)
= 160 + 5 0.3729 = 161.9C
u2 = 2568.37 + 0.3729 (2572.51 – 2568.37) = 2569.9 kJ/kg
s2 = 6.7501 + 0.3729 (6.7078 – 6.7501) = 6.7343 kJ/kg K
From the energy equation
1q2 actual = u2 u1 = 2569.9 – 2715.46 = 145.5 kJ/kg
Assume a linear variation of T versus s.
1q2 = T ds = area 1
2 (T1 + T2)(s2 s1)
1
= 2 (161.9 + (2 273.15) + 250) K (6.7343 – 7.0384) kJ/kg-K
= -145.7 kJ/kg
very close i.e. the v = C curve is close to a straight line in the T-s diagram.
Look at the constant v curves in Fig. E.1. In the two-phase region they curve
slightly and more so in the region above the critical point.
P T
1
v=C
1
2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.46
A piston/cylinder has 2 kg of R-410A at 60C, 100 kPa which is compressed to
1000 kPa. The process happens so slowly that the temperature is constant. Find the heat
transfer and work for the process assuming it to be reversible.
Solution:
CV : R-410A Control Mass
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2 ;
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T
Process: T = constant and assume reversible process
1: (T,P), Table B.4.2: v1 = 0.37833 m3/kg, u1 = 309.4 kJ/kg,
s1 = 1.4910 kJ/kg K
2: (T,P), Table B.4.2: v2 = 0.03470 m3/kg, u2 = 301.04 kJ/kg,
s2 = 1.2019 kJ/kg K
P T
1 1 2
2
T
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.47
A heavily insulated cylinder/piston contains ammonia at 1200 kPa, 60C. The
piston is moved, expanding the ammonia in a reversible process until the temperature is
20C. During the process 200 kJ of work is given out by the ammonia. What was the
initial volume of the cylinder?
C.V. ammonia. Control mass with no heat transfer.
State 1: Table B.2.2 v1 = 0.1238 m3/kg, s1 = 5.2357 kJ/kg K
u1 = 1404.8 kJ/kg
Entropy Eq.: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen
Process: reversible (1S2 gen = 0) and adiabatic (dQ = 0) => s 2 = s1
P T
1
1
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.48
Water at 800 kPa, 250C is brought to saturated vapor in a piston/cylinder with an
isothermal process. Find the specific work and heat transfer. Estimate the specific work
from the area in the P-v diagram and compare it to the correct value.
Solution:
Continuity Eq.: m 2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5 m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T
Process: T = constant, reversible
State 1: (T, P) Table B.1.3 u1 = 2715.46 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.29314 m3/kg,
s1 = 7.0384 kJ/kg K
State 2: (T, x) Table B.1.1 P2 = 3973 kPa
v2 = 0.05013 m3/kg, u2 = 2602.37 kJ/kg, s2 = 6.0729 kJ/kg K
P T
2 2 1
1
T
v s
= –580 kJ/kg
Not extremely accurate estimate; P-v curve not linear more like Pv = constant
as curve has positive curvature the linear variation over-estimates area.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.49
A rigid, insulated vessel contains superheated vapor steam at 3 MPa, 400C. A
valve on the vessel is opened, allowing steam to escape. The overall process is
irreversible, but the steam remaining inside the vessel goes through a reversible adiabatic
expansion. Determine the fraction of steam that has escaped, when the final state inside is
saturated vapor.
C.V.: steam remaining inside tank. Rev. & Adiabatic (inside only)
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen
P T
1 1
2 2 C.V. m2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.50
Water at 800 kPa, 200C is brought to saturated vapor in a piston/cylinder with an
isobaric process. Find the specific work and heat transfer. Estimate the specific heat
transfer from the area in the T-s diagram and compare it to the correct value.
Solution:
C.V. H2O
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2
Entropy Eq.6.3: s2 s1 = dq/T
Process: P=C => w = P dv = P(v2 v1)
State 1: B.1.3 v1= 0.2608 m3/kg, s1= 6.8158 kJ/kg-K, u1 = 2630.61 kJ/kg
State 2: B1.3 v2 = 0.24043 m3/kg, s2 = 6.6627 kJ/kg K, u2 = 2576.79 kJ/kg
T2 = 170.43C
From the process equation
1w2 = P (v2 v1) = 800 kPa (0.24043 – 0.2608) m3/kg = -16.3 kJ/kg
From the energy equation
1q2 = u2 u1 + 1w2 = 2576.79 – 2630.61 – 11.52 = -70.1 kJ/kg
Now estimate the heat transfer from the T-s diagram.
1
1q2 = T ds = AREA 2 (T1 + T2)(s2 s1)
1
= 2 (200 + 170.43 + 2 273.15) K (6.6627 – 6.8158) kJ/kg-K
= 458.365 (-0.1531) = -70.17 kJ/kg
very close approximation. The P = C curve in the T-s diagram is nearly a
straight line. Look at the constant P curves on Fig.E.1. Up over the critical
point they curve significantly.
P T 1
2 1 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.51
Two 5 kg blocks of steel, one at 250oC the other at 25oC, come in thermal
contact. Find the final temperature and the change in entropy of the steel?
mATA1 + mBTB1 1 1
T2 = = 2 TA1 + 2 TB1 = 137.5oC
mA + mB
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.52
A rigid tank of 1.2 kg steel contains 1.5 kg of R-134a at 40oC, 300 kPa. The tank
is placed in a refrigerator that brings it to -20oC. Find the process heat transfer and the
combined steel and R-134a change in entropy.
Entropy change for the total control volume steel and R-134a
S2 - S1 = mst (s2 – s1)st + mR134a (s2 – s1)R134a
= –0.11741 + 1.5(1.3611 – 1.8468) = – 0.846 kJ/K
1Q 2 o
-20 C
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.53
A large slab of concrete, 5 8 0.3 m, is used as a thermal storage mass in a
solar-heated house. If the slab cools overnight from 23C to 18C in an 18C house, what
is the net entropy change associated with this process?
Solution:
C.V.: Control mass concrete.
V = 580.3 = 12 m3
m = V = 220012 = 26 400 kg
1Q2
Entropy Eq.: m(s2 - s1) = T + 1S2 gen
0
Process: V = constant so 1W2 =0
Use heat capacity (Table A.3) for change in u of the slab
1Q2 = mCT = 26400kg 0.88 kJ/kg-K (-5) K = -116 160 kJ
We add all the storage changes as in Eq.6.39:
T2
Sslab = m(s2 - s1) = m C ln T
1
291.2
= 26400 kg0.88 kJ/kg-K ln 296.2 = -395.5 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.54
A foundry form box with 25 kg of 200C hot sand is dumped into a bucket with
50 L water at 15C. Assuming no heat transfer with the surroundings and no boiling away
of liquid water, calculate the net entropy change for the mass.
Solution:
C.V. Sand and water, constant pressure process
msand(u2 - u1)sand + mH2O(u2 - u1)H2O = -P(V2 - V1)
msandhsand + mH2OhH2O = 0
For this problem we could also have said that the work is nearly zero as the
solid sand and the liquid water will not change volume to any measurable
extent. Now we get changes in u's instead of h's. For these phases CV = CP =
C which is a consequence of the incompressibility. Now the energy equation
becomes
msandCsandTsand + mH2OCH2OTH2O = 0
25 kg0.8 kJ/kg-K (T2-200)
+5010-3 m3 / 0.001001 m3/kg)4.184 kJ/kg-(T2-15) K=0
T2 = 31.2°C
S2 - S1 =msand( s2 - s1) + mH2O ( s2 - s1)
= msand Csand ln(T2/T1) + mH2O CH2O ln(T2/T1)
304.3 304.3
= 250.8ln473.15+49.954.184ln288.15=2.57 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.55
Heat transfer to a block of 1.5 kg ice at -10oC melts it to liquid at 20oC in a
kitchen. Find the entropy change of the water.
Water changes state from nearly saturated solid to nearly saturated liquid. The
pressure is 101 kPa but we approximate the state properties with saturated state at the
same temperature.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.56
A piston cylinder has constant pressure of 2000 kPa with water at 20oC. It is now
heated up to 100oC. Find the heat transfer and the entropy change using the steam tables.
Repeat the calculation using constant heat capacity and incompressibility.
Solution:
C.V. Water. Constant pressure heating.
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 - u1 = 1q2 1w2
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 - s1 = 1q2 / TSOURCE + 1s2 gen
Process: P = P1 => 1w2 = P(v2 - v1)
The energy equation then gives the heat transfer as
1q2= u2 - u1 + 1w2 = h2 - h1
Steam Tables B.1.4: h1 = 85.82 kJ/kg; s1= 0.2962 kJ/kg K
h2 = 420.45 kJ/kg; s2 = 1.3053 kJ/kg K
1q2= h2 - h1= -85.82 + 420.45 = 334.63 kJ/kg
s2 - s1= 1.3053 – 0.2962 = 1.0091 kJ/kg K
Now using values from Table A.4: Liquid water Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg K
h2 - h1 Cp(T2 – T1) = 4.18 80 = 334.4 kJ/kg
373.15
s2 - s1 Cp ln(T2/T1) = 4.18 ln 293.15 = 1.0086 kJ/kg K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.57
A 4 L jug of milk at 25C is placed in your refrigerator where it is cooled down to
the refrigerators inside constant temperature of 5C. Assume the milk has the property of
liquid water and find the entropy change of the milk.
Solution:
C.V. Jug of milk. Control mass at constant pressure.
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen
State 1: Table B.1.1: v1 vf = 0.001003 m3/kg, sf = 0.3673 kJ/kg K
m = V/v = 0.004 m3/ 0.001003 (m3/kg) = 3.988 kg
State 2: Table B.1.1: s = sf = 0.0761 kJ/kg K
The change of entropy becomes
S2 S1= m(s2 s1) = 3.988 kg (0.0761 0.3673) kJ/kg-K
= 1.1613 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.58
A 10-kg steel container is cured at 500oC. An amount of liquid water at 15oC, 100
kPa is added to the container so a final uniform temperature of the steel and the water
becomes 60oC. Neglect any water that might evaporate during the process and any air in
the container. How much water should be added and how much was the entropy
changed?
CV. The steel and the water no external heat transfer nor any work.
Energy Eq.: mH2O( u2 u1)H2O + mst( u2 u1) = 0
mH2o( 251.09 – 62.98) + mstC ( T2 - T1) = 0
60 + 273
S2 S1 = 10.76 kg (0.8311 – 0.2245) kJ/kg-K + 10kg 0.46 kJ/kg-K ln 773
cb
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.59
A pan in an autoshop contains 5 L of engine oil at 20oC, 100 kPa. Now 3 L of hot
100oC oil is mixed into the pan. Neglect any work term and find the final temperature
and the entropy change.
Solution:
Since we have no information about the oil density, we assume the same for
both from Table A.4: = 885 kg/m3
Energy Eq.: m2u2 – mAuA – mBuB 0 – 0
u CvT so same Cv = 1.9 kJ/kg K for all oil states.
mA mB 5 3
T2 = m TA + m TB = 8 20 + 8 100 = 50.0oC = 323.15 K
2 2
S2 - S1 = m2s2 mAsA – mBsB = mA(s2 – sA) + mB(s2 – sB)
323.15 323.15
= 0.005 885 1.9 ln 293.15 + 0.003 885 1.9 ln 373.15
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.60
A 5-kg aluminum radiator holds 2 kg of liquid R-134a at -10oC. The setup is
brought indoors and heated with 220 kJ. Find the final temperature and the change in
entropy of all the mass.
Solution:
C.V. The aluminum radiator and the R-134a.
Energy Eq.3.5: m2u2 – m1u1 = 1Q2 – 0
Process: No change in volume so no work as used above.
The energy equation now becomes (summing over the mass)
mal (u2 - u1)al + mR134a (u2 - u1)R134a = 1Q2
Use specific heat from Table A.3 and A.4
malCal (T2 - T1) + m R134aC R134a ln (T2 - T1) = 1Q2
T2 - T1 = 1Q2 / [malCal + m R134aC R134a ]
= 220 kJ/ [5 0.9 + 2 1.43] kJ/K = 29.89oC
T2 = -10 + 29.89 = 19.89oC
Entropy change for solid (A.3) and liquid (A.4) from Eq.6.11
S2 S1 = mal (s2 s1)al + mR134a (s2 s1)R134a
= malCal ln (T2/T1) + m R134aC R134a ln (T2/T1)
(19.89 + 273.15)
= (5 0.9 + 2 1.43) kJ/K ln -10 + 273.15
= 0.792 kJ/K
1Q 2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.61
Find the total work the heat engine can give out as it receives energy from the
rock bed as described in Problem 5.51 (see Fig.P 6.61). Hint: write the entropy balance
equation for the control volume that is the combination of the rock bed and the heat
engine.
Solution:
To get the work we must integrate over the process or do the 2nd law for a
control volume around the whole setup out to T0
C.V. Heat engine plus rock bed out to T0. W and QL goes out.
C.V. W
HE
Q Q
H L
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.62
Consider problem 6.51 if the two blocks of steel exchange energy through a heat
engine similar to the setup in Problem 6.61. Find the work output of the heat engine.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.63
Two kg of liquid lead initially at 400C is poured into a form. It then cools at
constant pressure down to room temperature of 20C as heat is transferred to the room.
The melting point of lead is 327C and the enthalpy change between the phases, hif , is
24.6 kJ/kg. The specific heats are in Tables A.3 and A.4. Calculate the net entropy change
for the mass.
Solution:
C.V. Lead, constant pressure process
mPb(u2 - u1)Pb = 1Q2 - P(V2 - V1)
We need to find changes in enthalpy (u + Pv) for each phase separately and
then add the enthalpy change for the phase change.
Consider the process in several steps:
Cooling liquid to the melting temperature
Solidification of the liquid to solid
Cooling of the solid to the final temperature
1Q2 = mPb(h2 - h1) = mPb(h2 - h327,sol - hif + h327,f - h400)
= 20.138(20 - 327) - 24.6 + 0.155(327 - 400)]
= -84.732 - 49.2 - 22.63 = -156.56 kJ
S2 - S1 = mPb[Cp solln(T2/600) - (hif/600) + CP liqln(600/T1)]
293.15 24.6 600
= 20.138 ln 600 - 600 + 0.155 ln 673.15 ] = -0.315 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.64
Air inside a rigid tank is heated from 300 to 350 K. Find the entropy increase s2 -
s1? What if it is from 1300 to 1350 K?
Process: V = C 1W2 = Ø
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.65
A rigid tank contains 1 kg methane at 600 K, 1500 kPa. It is now cooled down to
300 K. Find the heat transfer and the change in entropy using ideal gas.
P T
1 P1
1
P
2 2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.66
A piston/cylinder setup contains air at 100 kPa, 400 K which is compressed to a
final pressure of 1000 kPa. Consider two different processes (i) a reversible adiabatic
process and (ii) a reversible isothermal process. Show both processes in P-v and a T-s
diagram. Find the final temperature and the specific work for both processes.
Solution:
C.V. Air, control mass of unknown size and mass.
P T 2i
2ii 2i P2
2ii P1
1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.67
Prove that the two relations for changes in s, Eqs.6.16 and 6.17 are equivalent
once we assume constant specific heat. Hint: recall the relation for specific heat in Eq.
3.42.
Use the ideal gas law Pv = RT for both states to get the ratio
P2v2 P1v1 P2 T1 v1
=
RT2 RT1 P1 T2 = v2
so then we get to Eq. 6.17 as
T2 v1
s2 – s1 = Cvo ln – R ln
T1 v2
T2 v2
= Cvo ln T + R ln v
1 1
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.68
A closed rigid container is filled with 1.5 kg water at 100 kPa, 55oC, 1 kg of
stainless steel and 0.5 kg of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) both at 20oC and 0.1 kg of hot air
at 400 K, 100 kPa. It is now left alone, with no external heat transfer and no water
vaporizes. Find the final temperature and the change in entropy of the masses.
miCv i = 1.5 ×4.18 + 1 ×0.46 + 0.5 ×0.96 + 0.1 ×0.717 = 7.282 kJ/K
Energy Eq.: 7.282 T2 = 1.5 ×4.18 × 55 + (1 ×0.46 + 0.5 ×0.96) × 20
+ 0.1 ×0.717 × (400 – 273.15) = 372.745 kJ
T2 = 51.2oC = 324.3 K
The change in entropy for the solids and liquid follow Eq.6.11 and that for the
ideal gas is from Eq.6.16 or 6.17 or 6.19, we use here 6.17 since v2 = v1
S2 - S1 = mi (s2 - s1)i = Cv i mi [ ln(T2 / T1)i ]
324.3 324.3
= 1.5 ×4.18 ln 328.15 + 1 ×0.46 ln 293.15
324.3 324.3
+ 0.5 ×0.96 ln 293.15 + 0.1 ×0.717 ln 400
= 0.00588 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.69
Water at 150C, 400 kPa, is brought to 1200C in a constant pressure process.
Find the change in the specific entropy, using a) the steam tables, b) the ideal gas water
Table A.8, and c) the specific heat from A.5.
Solution:
a)
State 1: Table B.1.3 Superheated vapor s1 = 6.9299 kJ/kgK
State 2: Table B.1.3 s2 = 9.7059 kJ/kgK
s2-s1 = 9.7059 - 6.9299 = 2.776 kJ/kgK
b)
o
Table A.8 at 423.15 K: sT1 = 11.13891 kJ/kgK
o
Table A.8 at 1473.15 K: sT2 = 13.86383 kJ/kgK
o o P2 o o
s2-s1 = sT2 – sT1 – R ln P = sT2 – sT1
1
o o
sT2 – sT1 = 13.86383 - 11.13891 = 2.72492 kJ/kgK
c) Table A.5: Cpo = 1.872 kJ/kgK
T2 1473.15
s2-s1 Cpo ln ( T ) = 1.872 ln ( 423.15 ) = 2.3352 kJ/kgK
1
h
Notice how the average slope
from 150C to 1200C is higher h
1200 Slope at
than the one at 25C ( = Cpo)
25C
h T
150
25 150 1200
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.70
R-410A at 400 kPa is brought from 20oC to 120oC in a constant pressure process.
Evaluate the change in specific entropy using Table B.4 and using ideal gas with Cp =
0.81 kJ/kgK.
T2 393.15
Eq. 6.16: s2-s1 Cpo ln T = 0.81 ln 293.15 = 0.238 kJ/kg-K
1
Two explanations for the difference are as the average temperature is higher than
o
25 C we could expect a higher value of the specific heat and secondly it is not an ideal
gas (if you calculate Z = Pv/RT = 0.94).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.71
R-410A at 300 kPa, 20oC is brought to 220oC in a constant volume process.
Evaluate the change in specific entropy using Table B.4 and using ideal gas with Cv =
0.695 kJ/kgK.
T2 493.15
Eq. 6.17: s2-s1 Cvo ln T = 0.695 ln 293.15 = 0.3615 kJ/kg-K
1
Two explanations for the difference are as the average temperature is higher than
o
25 C we could expect a higher value of the specific heat and secondly it is not an ideal
gas (if you calculate Z = Pv/RT = 0.96).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.72
Consider a small air pistol with a cylinder volume of 1 cm3 at 250 kPa, 27C. The
bullet acts as a piston initially held by a trigger. The bullet is released so the air expands
in an adiabatic process. If the pressure should be 120 kPa as the bullet leaves the cylinder
find the final volume and the work done by the air.
Solution:
C.V. Air. Assume a reversible, adiabatic process.
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 - u1 = 0 1w2 ;
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 - s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen = 0/
State 1: (T1,P1) State 2: (P2, ?)
So we realize that one piece of information is needed to get state 2.
Process: Adiabatic 1q2 = 0 Reversible 1s2 gen = 0
With these two terms zero we have a zero for the entropy change. So this is a
constant s (isentropic) expansion process giving s2 = s1. From Eq.6.23
k-1 0.4
120 0.28575
T2 = T1( P2 / P1 = 300 250 1.4 = 300
)k = 243.24 K
The ideal gas law PV = mRT at both states leads to
V2 = V1P1T2/P2T1 = 1250243.24/120300= 1.689 cm3
The work term is from Eq.6.29 or Eq.4.4 with polytropic exponent n = k
1 1
1W2 = 1 - k(P2V2 - P1V1) = 1 - 1.4(1201.689 - 2501) 10 kPa m
-6 3
= 0.118 J
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.73
Oxygen gas in a piston cylinder at 300 K, 100 kPa with volume 0.1 m3 is
compressed in a reversible adiabatic process to a final temperature of 700 K. Find the
final pressure and volume using Table A.5 and repeat the process with Table A.8.
Solution:
C.V. Air. Assume a reversible, adiabatic process.
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 - u1 = 0 1w2 ;
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 - s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen = 0
Process: Adiabatic 1q2 =0 Reversible 1s2 gen =0
Properties: Table A.5: k = 1.393
With these two terms zero we have a zero for the entropy change. So this is a
constant s (isentropic) expansion process. From Eq.6.23
k 1.393
700
P2 = P1( T2 / T1 = 100 300 11.393 = 2015 kPa
)k-1
Using the ideal gas law to eliminate P from this equation leads to Eq.6.24
1 1
700
V2 = V1( T2 / T1 1-k
) = 0.1 300 11.393 = 0.0116 m3
Using the ideal gas tables A.8 we get
o o o o
s2 - s1 = sT2 - sT1 – R ln(P2/P1) = 0 or P2 = P1 exp[(sT2 - sT1)/R]
P2 = 100 exp[(7.2336 – 6.4168)/0.2598] = 2319.5 kPa
700 100
V2 = V1 (T2 / T1)(P1/P2) = 0.1 m3 300 2319.5 = 0.010 m3
P T
2 P2
2
1 P
1
1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.88
Air in a rigid tank is at 100 kPa, 300 K with a volume of 0.75 m3. The tank is
heated to 400 K, state 2. Now one side of the tank acts as a piston, letting the air expand
slowly at constant temperature to state 3 with a volume of 1.5 m3. Find the entropy at
states 1, 2 and 3.
Solution:
100 0.75 kPa m3
State 1: (P1, T1) m = P1V1 / RT1 = = 0.871 kg
0.287 300 kJ/kg
Process 1 to 2: Constant volume heating, dV = 0 => 1W2 =0
State 2: T2, P2 = P1 T2 / T1 = 100 400 / 300 = 133.3 kPa
Process 2 to 3: Isothermal expansion, dT = 0 => u3 = u2 and
State 3: T3, P3 = P2 V2 / V3 = 133.3 0.75 / 1.5 = 66.67 kPa
The entropy is generally used as a relative value with different reference states in
different tables. We can use here the reference as in Table A.7 so
o
s = sT R ln(P/P0)
o
where sT is absolute entropy from A.7 at T and P0 = 100 kPa
s1 = 6.86926 kJ/kgK which is at 300 K, 100 kPa
s2 = 7.15926 – 0.287 ln(133.3/100) = 7.07677 kJ/kgK
s3 = 7.15926 – 0.287 ln(66.67/100) = 7.27561 kJ/kgK
To get total entropy for the given mass multiply with m = 0.871 kg, which will give
(5.9831, 6.1639, 6.3371) all in kJ/K.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.74
An insulated piston/cylinder setup contains carbon dioxide gas at 800 kPa, 300 K
which is then compressed to 6 MPa in a reversible adiabatic process. Calculate the final
temperature and the specific work using a) ideal gas tables A.8 and b) using constant
specific heats A.5.
Solution:
C.V. CO2, a control mass undergoing a reversible, adiabatic process.
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 - u1 = 0 1w2 ;
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 - s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen = 0/
Process: Adiabatic 1q2 =0 Reversible 1s2 gen =0
State 1: (300 K, 800 kPa) State 2: (6000 kPa, ?)
With two terms zero in the entropy equation we have a zero for the entropy
change. So this is a constant s (isentropic) expansion process, s2 = s1.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.75
Extend the previous problem to solve using Table B.3.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.76
A handheld pump for a bicycle has a volume of 25 cm3 when fully extended. You
now press the plunger (piston) in while holding your thumb over the exit hole so that an air
pressure of 300 kPa is obtained. The outside atmosphere is at P0, T0. Consider two cases: (1)
it is done quickly (1 s), and (2) it is done very slowly (1 h).
a. State assumptions about the process for each case.
b. Find the final volume and temperature for both cases.
Solution:
C.V. Air in pump. Assume that both cases result in a reversible process.
State 1: P0, T0 State 2: 300 kPa, ?
One piece of information must resolve the ? for a state 2 property.
Case I) Quickly means no time for heat transfer
Q = 0, so a reversible adiabatic compression.
u2 - u1 = -1w2 ; s2 - s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen = 0/
With constant s and constant heat capacity we use Eq.6.23
k-1 0.4
300
T2 = T1( P2 / P1 = 298 101.325 1.4 = 405.3 K
)k
Use ideal gas law PV = mRT at both states so ratio gives
=> V2 = P1V1T2/T1P2 = 11.48 cm3
P T 2i
2i P2
2ii P1
2ii
1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.77
Argon in a light bulb is at 90 kPa and 20oC when it is turned on and electric input
now heats it to 75oC. Find the entropy increase of the argon gas.
Solution:
C.V. Argon gas. Neglect any heat transfer.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 1W2 electrical in
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 - s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen = 1s2 gen
Process: v = constant and ideal gas => P2/ P1 = T2/T1
Evaluate changes in s from Eq.6.16 or 8.17
s2 - s1 = Cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (P2/ P1) Eq.6.16
= Cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (T2/ T1) = Cv ln(T2/T1) Eq.6.17
75 + 273
= 0.312 kJ/kg-K × ln [ 20 + 273 ] = 0.054 kJ/kg K
cb
Since there was no heat transfer but work input all the change in s is
generated by the process (irreversible conversion of W to internal energy)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.78
We wish to obtain a supply of cold helium gas by applying the following
technique. Helium contained in a cylinder at ambient conditions, 100 kPa, 20C,
is compressed in a reversible isothermal process to 600 kPa, after which the gas is
expanded back to 100 kPa in a reversible adiabatic process.
a. Show the process on a T–s diagram.
b. Calculate the final temperature and the net work per kilogram of helium.
Solution:
a) T P
P P =P
2 1 3 2
2 600
T =T 1
1 2
100 3 1
3 s v
s2 = s3
b) The adiabatic reversible expansion gives constant s from the entropy equation
Eq.6.37. With ideal gas and constant specific heat this gives relation in
Eq.6.23
k-1
T3 = T2(P3/P2) k = 293.15 (100/600)0.4 = 143.15 K
The net work is summed up over the two processes. The isothermal process
has work as Eq.6.31
1w2 = -RT1 ln(P2/P1) = -2.0771 kJ/kg-K293.15 Kln(600/100)
= -1091.0 kJ/kg
The adiabatic process has a work term from energy equation with no q
2w3 = CVo(T2-T3) = 3.116 kJ/kg-K (293.15 - 143.15) K = +467.4 kJ/kg
The net work is the sum
wNET = -1091.0 + 467.4 = -623.6 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.79
A 1-m3 insulated, rigid tank contains air at 800 kPa, 25C. A valve on the tank is
opened, and the pressure inside quickly drops to 150 kPa, at which point the valve is
closed. Assuming that the air remaining inside has undergone a reversible adiabatic
expansion, calculate the mass withdrawn during the process.
Solution:
C.V.: Air remaining inside tank, m2.
Cont.Eq.: m2 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen
Process: adiabatic 1Q2 = 0 and reversible 1S2 gen = 0
P T
1
1
2 2
C.V. m
2
v s
Entropy eq. then gives s2 = s1 and ideal gas gives the relation in Eq.6.23
k-1
T2 = T1(P2/P1) k = 298.2 K (150/800)0.286 = 184.8 K
m1 = P1V/RT1 = (800 kPa1 m3)/(0.287kJ/kgK 298.2 K) = 9.35 kg
m2 = P2V/RT2 = (150 kPa1 m3)/(0.287kJ/kgK 184.8 K) = 2.83 kg
me = m1 - m2 = 6.52 kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.80
Two rigid, insulated tanks are connected with a pipe and valve. One tank has 0.5
kg air at 200 kPa, 300 K and the other has 0.75 kg air at 100 kPa, 400 K. The valve is
opened and the air comes to a single uniform state without any heat transfer. Find the
final temperature and the change in entropy of the air.
Solution:
C.V. Total tank. Control mass of constant volume.
Mass and volume: m2 = mA + mB ; V = VA + VB
Energy Eq.: U2 – U1 = m2 u2 – mAuA1 – mBuB1 = 1Q2 – 1W2 = 0
Process Eq.: V = constant 1W2 = 0; Insulated 1Q2 = 0
Ideal gas at A1: VA = mARTA1/PA1 = 0.5 0.287 300 / 200 = 0.2153 m3
Ideal gas at B1: VB = mBRTB1/ PB1 = 0.75 0.287 00 / 100 = 0.861 m3
State 2: m2 = mA + mB = 1.25 kg; V2 = VA + VB = 1.0763 m3
mAuA1 + mBuB1
Energy Eq.: u2 = and use constant specific heat
m2
mA mB 0.5 0.75
T2 = m TA1 + m TB1 = 1.25 300 + 1.25 400 = 360 K
2 2
B A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.81
Two rigid tanks, shown in Fig. P6.81, each contain 10 kg N2 gas at 1000 K, 500
kPa. They are now thermally connected to a reversible heat pump, which heats one and
cools the other with no heat transfer to the surroundings. When one tank is heated to 1500
K the process stops. Find the final (P, T ) in both tanks and the work input to the heat
pump, assuming constant heat capacities.
Solution:
Control volume of hot tank B,
Process = constant volume & mass so no work
Energy equation Eq.3.5 and specific heat in Eq.5.20 gives
U2 - U1 mCv(T2 - T1) = 1Q2 = 10 kg0.7448 kJ/kg-K500 K = 3724 kJ
P2 = P1T2/T1 = 1.5(P1) = 750 kPa
W State: 1 = initial,
HE
A 1Q 3 B 2 = final hot
1Q 2 3 = final cold
1 -> 3 H.P. 1 -> 2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.82
A rigid tank contains 4 kg air at 300oC, 4 MPa which acts as the hot energy
reservoir for a heat engine with its cold side at 20oC shown in Fig. P.6.82. Heat transfer
to the heat engine cools the air down in a reversible process to a final 20oC and then
stops. Find the final air pressure and the work output of the heat engine.
C.V. total W
Air Ambient
HE
QH QL
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Polytropic processes
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.83
An ideal gas having a constant specific heat undergoes a reversible polytropic
expansion with exponent, n 1.4. If the gas is carbon dioxide will the heat transfer for
this process be positive, negative, or zero?
Solution:
T
n=kn>k
CO2: Table A.5 k = 1.289 < n
1
P = const Since n > k and P2 < P1
it follows that s2 < s1 and thus Q flows out.
n<k
1 Q2 < 0/
2
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.84
A nitrogen gas goes through a polytropic process with n = 1.3 in a piston/cylinder
arrangement. It starts out at 600 K, 600 kPa and ends at 900 K. Is the heat transfer
positive, negative or zero?
T
n=k n>k
N2: Table A.5 k = 1.40 and n = 1.3 < k
2
P = const Since n < k and T2 > T1
process goes up on the n < k curve
1
s2 < s1 and thus q must go out.
n<k
q is negative
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.85
A cylinder/piston contains 1 kg methane gas at 200 kPa, 300 K. The gas is
compressed reversibly to a pressure of 800 kPa. Calculate the work required if the
process is adiabatic.
Solution:
C.V. Methane gas of constant mass m2 = m1 = m and reversible process.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3 (37): m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = dQ/T
Process: 1Q2 = 0 => s2 = s1
thus isentropic process s = constant and ideal gas gives the relation in Eq.6.23
with k = 1.299 from Table A.5
k-1
800 0.230
T2 = T1 (P2/P1) k = 300 K 200 = 412.66 K
1W2 = -mCV0(T2 - T1) = -1 kg 1.736 kJ/kg-K (412.66 - 293.15) K
= -207.5 kJ
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.86
Do the previous problem but assume the process is isothermal.
Solution:
C.V. Methane gas of constant mass m2 = m1 = m and reversible process.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = dQ/T
Process: T = constant. For ideal gas then u2 = u1 and sT2 = sT1
Energy eq. gives 1W2 = 1Q2 and dQ/T = 1Q2/T
with the entropy change found from Eq.6.16
=> 1W2 = 1Q2 = mT(s2 s1) = mRT ln(P2/P1)
800
= 0.5183 kJ/K K ln 200 = 215.6 kJ
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.87
A piston/cylinder contains pure oxygen at 500 K, 600 kPa. The piston is moved to
a volume such that the final temperature is 700 K in a polytropic process with exponent n
= 1.25. Use ideal gas approximation and constant heat capacity to find the final pressure,
the specific work, and the heat transfer.
P P = C v -1.25 T T = C exp(s/a)
P P = C T5 2 2
T2
2 1
T 1
1 1
v s
T
The function T(s) can be done with constant CP: a = CP – nR/(n-1) = –0.377
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.88
Do Problem 6.85 and assume the process is polytropic with n = 1.15
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.89
Hot combustion air at 1800 K expands in a polytropic process to a volume 6 times
as large with n = 1.3. Find the specific boundary work and the specific heat transfer.
n n-1 10.3
Process Eq: Pv = C; T2 = T1 (v1/v2) = 1800 6 = 1051.5 K
Properties from Table A.7.1: u1 = 1486.33 kJ/kg, u2 = 803.4 kJ/kg
0.287
1w2 = 1 - 1.3 kJ/kg-K (1051.5 – 1800) K = 716.06 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.90
Helium in a piston/cylinder at 20C, 100 kPa is brought to 400 K in a reversible
polytropic process with exponent n = 1.25. You may assume helium is an ideal gas with
constant specific heat. Find the final pressure and both the specific heat transfer and
specific work.
Solution:
C.V. Helium
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Process: Pvn = C & Pv = RT => Tvn-1 = C
Table A.5: Cv = 3.116 kJ/kg K, R = 2.0771 kJ/kg K
From the process equation and T1 = 293.15, T2 = 400 K
T1 vn-1 = T2 vn-1 => v2 / v1 = (T1 / T2 )1/n-1 = 0.2885
P2 / P1 = (v1 / v2)n = 4.73 => P2 = 473 kPa
The work is from Eq.6.29 per unit mass
2.0771
= 1 - 1.25 kJ/kg-K (400 – 293.15) K = -887.7 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.91
The power stroke in an internal combustion engine can be approximated with a
polytropic expansion. Consider air in a cylinder volume of 0.2 L at 7 MPa, 1800 K,
shown in Fig. P6.91. It now expands in a reversible polytropic process with exponent, n
1.5, through a volume ratio of 10:1. Show this process on P–v and T–s diagrams, and
calculate the work and heat transfer for the process.
Solution:
C.V. Air of constant mass m2 = m1 = m.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3 (37): m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = dQ/T
1.50
Process: PV = constant, V2/V1 = 10
State 1: P1 = 7 MPa, T1 = 1800 K, V1 = 0.2 L
P1V1 7000 0.2 10-3
m1 = RT = = 2.7110-3 kg
1 0.287 1800
State 2: (v = V2/m, ?) Must be on process curve so Eq.6.24 gives
T2 = T1 (V1/V2)n-1 = 1800 (1/10)0.5 = 569.2 K
Table A.7: u1 = 1486.33 kJ/kg and interpolate u2 = 411.707 kJ/kg
P T
1 1 Notice:
n = 1.5, k = 1.4
2
v 2 s n>k
1W2 =
PdV = mR(T2 - T1)/(1 - n)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.92
A cylinder/piston contains saturated vapor R-410A at 10C; the volume is 10 L.
The R-410A is compressed to 2 MPa, 60C in a reversible (internally) polytropic process.
Find the polytropic exponent n and calculate the work and heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V. R-410A of constant mass m2 = m1 = m out to ambient.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/Tamb + 1S2 gen
P T
2 2 Notice:
2000 60 n = 1.39, k = 1.17
L+V 1
1086 10 1
v s n>k
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.93
Air goes through a polytropic process with n = 1.3 in a piston/cylinder setup. It
starts at 200 kPa, 300 K and ends with a pressure of 2000 kPa. Find the expansion ratio
v2/v1, the specific work, and the specific heat transfer.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Entropy generation
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.94
Consider a heat transfer of 100 kJ from 1500 K hot gases to a steel container at
750 K that has a heat transfer of the 100 kJ out to some air at 375 K. Determine the
entropy generation in each of the control volumes indicated in Fig. P6.94.
Q Q Q Q
0 = T T + Sgen CV1 0 = T T + Sgen CV2
H M M L
Q Q Q Q
Sgen CV1 = T T Sgen CV2 = T T
M H L M
100 100 100 100
= 750 1500 = 0.0667 kJ/K = 375 750 = 0.133 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.95
A rigid tank has 0.1 kg saturated vapor R-410A at 0oC that is cooled to -20oC by
a -20oC heat sink. Show the process in a T-s diagram; find the change in entropy of the
R-410A, the heat sink, and the total entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V.: R-410A in tank + out to the sink. m2 = m1 ;
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq. 6.37: m(s2 s1) = 1Q2 /Tsink + 1S2 gen
Process: V = constant, v2 = v1 = V/m => 1W2 = 0/
Table B.4.1: State 1: u1 = 253.02 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.0368 kJ/kgK
State 2: -20oC, v2 = v1 = V/m, look in Table B.4.1 at -20oC
v2 - vf2 0.03267 - 0.000803
x2 = v = = 0.4979
fg2 0.06400
u2 = uf2 + x2 ufg2 = 27.92 + x2 218.07 = 136.5 kJ/kg
s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 = 0.1154 + x2 0.9625 = 0.5946 kJ/kgK
From the energy equation
1Q2 = m(u2 u1) = 0.1 kg ( 136.5 – 253.0 ) kJ/kg = -11.65 kJ
(S2 – S1)R-410a = m(s2 s1) = 0.1 (0.5946 – 1.0368) = –0.0442 kJ/K
(S2 – S1)sink = -1Q2 /Tsink = 11.65 kJ/253.15 K = 0.046 kJ/K
1S2 gen = m(s2 s1) - 1Q2 /Tsink = -0.0442 + 0.046 = 0.0018 kJ/K
P T
v=C
1
1
2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.96
One kg water at 500oC and 1 kg saturated water vapor both at 200 kPa are mixed
in a constant pressure and adiabatic process. Find the final temperature and the entropy
generation for the process.
Solution:
Continuity Eq.: m2 mA – mB = 0
Energy Eq.3.5: m2u2 mAuA – mBuB = –1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m2s2 mAsA – mBsB = dQ/T + 1S2 gen
Process: P = Constant => 1W2 = PdV = P(V2 - V1)
Q=0
Substitute the work term into the energy equation and rearrange to get
m2u2 + P2V2 = m2h2 = mAuA + mBuB+ PV1 = mAhA + mBhB
where the last rewrite used PV1 = PVA + PVB.
State A1: Table B.1.3 hA= 3487.03 kJ/kg, sA= 8.5132 kJ/kg K
State B1: Table B.1.2 hB = 2706.63 kJ/kg, sB= 7.1271 kJ/kg K
Energy equation gives:
mA mB 1 1
h2 = m hA + m hB = 2 3487.03 + 2 2706.63 = 3096.83 kJ/kg
2 2
State 2: P2, h2 = 3096.83 kJ/kg => s2 = 7.9328 kJ/kg K; T2 = 312.2C
With the zero heat transfer we have
1S2 gen = m2s2 mAsA – mBsB
= 2 7.9328 – 1 8.5132 – 1 7.1271 = 0.225 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.97
A car uses an average power of 25 hp for a one hour round trip. With a thermal
efficiency of 35% how much fuel energy was used? What happened to all the energy?
What change in entropy took place if we assume ambient at 20oC?
Since it is a round trip, there are no changes in storage of energy for the
car after it has cooled down again. All the energy is given out to the ambient in the form
of exhaust flow (hot air) and heat transfer from the radiator and underhood air flow.
.
W = W dt = 25 hp 0.7457 (kW/hp) 3600 s = 67 113 kJ = Q
Fuel energy used to deliver the W
Q = E / = 67 113 kJ / 0.35 = 191 751 kJ
S = Q / T = 191 751 kJ / 293.15 K = 654.1 kJ/K
All the energy (Q) ends up in the ambient at the ambient temperature.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.98
A computer chip dissipates 2 kJ of electric work over time and rejects that as heat
transfer from its 50oC surface to 25oC air. How much entropy is generated in the chip?
How much if any is generated outside the chip?
C.V.2 From chip surface at 50oC to air at 25oC, assume constant state.
Energy: U2 – U1 = 0 = 1Q2 – 1W2 = Qout 1 – Qout 2
Qout1 Qout2
Entropy: S2 – S1 = 0 = T – T + 1S2 gen2
surf air
Qout2 Qout1 2 kJ 2 kJ
1S2 gen2 = T –T = 298.15 K – 323.15 K = 0.519 J/K
air surf
o
25 C air
air flow o
Q 50 C
cb
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.99
An insulated cylinder/piston contains R-134a at 1 MPa, 50C, with a volume of
100 L. The R-134a expands, moving the piston until the pressure in the cylinder has
dropped to 100 kPa. It is claimed that the R-134a does 190 kJ of work against the piston
during the process. Is that possible?
Solution:
C.V. R-134a in cylinder. Insulated so assume Q = 0.
State 1: Table B.5.2, v1 = 0.02185 m3/kg, u1 = 409.39 kJ/kg,
s1 = 1.7494 kJ/kg K, m = V1/v1 = 0.1/0.02185 = 4.577 kg
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2 = 0/ - 190
u2 = u1 1W2/m = 367.89 kJ/kg
State 2: P2 , u2 Table B.5.2: T2 = -19.25C ; s2 = 1.7689 kJ/kg K
P s=C T
1
1
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.100
The unrestrained expansion of the reactor water in Problem 3.81 has a final state
in the two-phase region. Find the entropy generated in the process.
A water-filled reactor with volume of 1 m3 is at 20 MPa, 360C and placed inside a
containment room as shown in Fig. P3.81. The room is well insulated and initially
evacuated. Due to a failure, the reactor ruptures and the water fills the containment room.
Find the minimum room volume so the final pressure does not exceed 200 kPa.
Solution:
C.V.: Containment room and reactor.
Mass: m2 = m1 = Vreactor/v1 = 1/0.001823 = 548.5 kg
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2 = 0 - 0 = 0
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 – s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen
State 1: (T, P) Table B.1.4 u1 = 1702.8 kJ/kg, s1 = 3.877
Energy equation implies u2 = u1 = 1702.8 kJ/kg
State 2: P2 = 200 kPa, u2 < ug => Two-phase Table B.1.2
x2 = (u2 - uf)/ ufg = (1702.8 – 504.47)/2025.02 = 0.59176
P T
1
1
200 kPa
2
200 2
u = const s
v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.101
Heat transfer from a 20oC kitchen to a block of 1.5 kg ice at -10oC melts it to
liquid at 20oC. How much entropy is generated?
Water changes state from nearly saturated solid to nearly saturated liquid. The
pressure is 101 kPa but we approximate the state properties with saturated state at the
same temperature.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.102
Ammonia is contained in a rigid sealed tank unknown quality at 0oC. When
heated in boiling water to 100oC its pressure reaches 1200 kPa. Find the initial quality,
the heat transfer to the ammonia and the total entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Ammonia, which is a control mass of constant volume.
Energy Eq.3.5: u2 - u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 – s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen
State 2: 1200 kPa, 100oC => Table B.2.2
s2 = 5.5325 kJ/kg K, v2 = 0.14347 m3/kg, u2 = 1485.8 kJ/kg
State 1: v1 = v2 => Table B.2.1
x1 = (0.14347 – 0.001566)/0.28763 = 0.49336
u1 = 741.28 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.7114 + x1 4.6195 = 2.9905 kJ/kg K
Process: V = constant => 1w2 = 0
1q2 = (u2 - u1) = 1485.8 – 741.28 = 744.52 kJ/kg
To get the total entropy generation take the C.V out to the water at 100oC.
1s2 gen = s2 – s1 - 1q2/T = 5.5325 – 2.9905 – 744.52/373.15
= 0.547 kJ/kg K
P T
2 2
v=C
1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.103
Water in a piston/cylinder is at 101 kPa, 25C, and mass 0.5 kg. The piston rests
on some stops, and the pressure should be 1000 kPa to float the piston. We now heat the
water from a 200C reservoir, so the volume becomes 5 times the initial volume. Find the
total heat transfer and the entropy generation.
Solution:
Take CV as the water out to the reservoir.
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 – s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/Tres + 1S2 gen
Process: v = constant, then P = C = Pfloat.
Volume does go up so we get v2 = 5 v1
State 1: v1 = 0.001003 m3/kg, u1 = 104.86 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.3673 kJ/kgK
State 2: P2 = Pfloat, v2 = 5 0.001003 = 0.005015 m3/kg; T2 = 179.91C
x2 = (v2 – vf ) /vfg = (0.005015 – 0.001127)/0.19332 = 0.02011,
u2 = 761.67 + x2 1821.97 = 798.31 kJ/kg
s2 = 2.1386 + x2 4.4478 = 2.2280 kJ/kgK
From the process equation (see P-V diagram) we get the work as
1w2 = Pfloat(v2 v1) = 1000 kPa (0.005015 0.001003) m3/kg = 4.012 kJ/kg
From the energy equation we solve for the heat transfer
1Q2 = m[u2 u1 + 1w2] = 0.5[798.31 104.86 + 4.012] = 348.7 kJ
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.104
Do Problem 6.103 assuming the piston/cylinder is 1.5 kg of steel and has the the
same temperature as the water at any time.
Solution:
Take CV as the water and steel out to the reservoir.
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 = mH2O + msteel
Energy Eq.: mH2O (u2 u1)H2O + msteel (u2 u1)steel = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: mH2O(s2 – s1)H2O + msteel(s2 – s1)steel = 1Q2/Tres + 1S2 gen
Process: v = constant, then P = C = Pfloat.
Volume does go up so we get v2 = 5 v1
State 1: v1 = 0.001003 m3/kg, u1 = 104.86 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.3673 kJ/kgK
State 2: P2 = Pfloat, v2 = 5 0.001003 = 0.005015 m3/kg; T2 = 179.91C
x2 = (v2 – vf ) /vfg = (0.005015 – 0.001127)/0.19332 = 0.02011,
u2 = 761.67 + x2 1821.97 = 798.31 kJ/kg
s2 = 2.1386 + x2 4.4478 = 2.2280 kJ/kgK
There is only work when piston moves and then P = Pfloat so the work is
= 0.256 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.105
A cylinder fitted with a movable piston contains water at 3 MPa, 50% quality, at
which point the volume is 20 L. The water now expands to 1.2 MPa as a result of
receiving 600 kJ of heat from a large source at 300C. It is claimed that the water does
124 kJ of work during this process. Is this possible?
Solution:
C.V.: H2O in Cylinder
Energy Eq.: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2 ;
1Q2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = T + 1S2,gen; Tsource = 300oC,
source
Process: 1Q2 = 600 kJ, 1W2 = 124 kJ ?
State 1: 3 MPa, x1 = 0.5, Table B.1.2: T1 = 233.9oC
v1 = vf + x1vfg = 0.001216 + 0.50.06546 = 0.033948 m3/kg
u1 = uf + x1ufg = 1804.5 kJ/kg, s1 = sf + x1sfg = 4.4162 kJ/kg-K
m1 = V1/v1 = 0.02 m3/ [0.033948 m3/kg] = 0.589 kg
Now solve for u2 from the energy equation
u2 = u1 + (1Q2 1W2)/m1
= 1804.5 + (600 - 124)/0.589 = 2612.6 kJ/kg
State 2: P2 = 1.2 MPa : u2 = 2612.6 kJ/kg Table B.1.3
P T
2
1 2
T1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.106
A piston/cylinder contains 1 kg water at 150 kPa, 20C. The piston is loaded so
pressure is linear in volume. Heat is added from a 700C source until the water is at 1
MPa, 500C. Find the heat transfer and the total change in entropy.
Solution:
CV H2O out to the source, both 1Q2 and 1W2
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 - s1) = 1Q2 / TSOURCE + 1S2 gen
Process: P = A + BV => 1W2 = P dV = ½ (P1 + P2 ) (V2 - V1)
State 1: B.1.1 Compressed liquid use saturated liquid at same T:
v1 = 0.001002 m3/kg; u1 = 83.94 kJ/kg; s1 = 0.2966 kJ/kg K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.107
A closed rigid container is filled with 1.5 kg water at 100 kPa, 55oC, 1 kg of
stainless steel and 0.5 kg of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) both at 20oC and 0.1 kg of air at
400 K, 100 kPa. It is now left alone with no external heat transfer and no water vaporizes.
Find the final temperature and the entropy generation for the process.
CV. Container.
Process: V = constant => 1W2 = 0 and also given 1Q2 = 0
Energy Eq.: U2 - U1 = mi(u2 - u1)i = 1Q2 - 1W2 = 0
miCv i = 1.5 ×4.18 + 1 ×0.46 + 0.5 ×0.96 + 0.1 ×0.717 = 7.282 kJ/K
Energy Eq.: 7.282 T2 = 1.5 ×4.18 × 55 + (1 ×0.46 + 0.5 ×0.96) × 20
+ 0.1 ×0.717 × (400-273.15) = 372.745 kJ
T2 = 51.2oC
The volume of the air is constant so entropy change from Eq.6.17 is the same
expression as for the solids and liquids given above.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.108
A cylinder/piston contains water at 200 kPa, 200C with a volume of 20 L. The
piston is moved slowly, compressing the water to a pressure of 800 kPa. The
loading on the piston is such that the product PV is a constant. Assuming that the
room temperature is 20C, show that this process does not violate the second law.
Solution:
C.V.: Water + cylinder out to room at 20°C
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 - s1) = 1Q2 / Troom + 1S2 gen
Process: PV = constant = Pmv v2 = P1v1/P2
Pdv = P1v1ln(v2/v1)
1w2 =
1q2 298.9
1s2,gen = s2-s1-T = 6.8822-7.5066+293.15
room
= 0.395 kJ/kg K > 0 satisfies entropy eq.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.109
A rigid steel tank of mass 2.5 kg contains 0.5 kg R-410A at 0C with specific
volume 0.01m/kg. The whole system heats up to the room temperature, 25C. Find the
process heat transfer and the entropy generation.
– (72/298.15) kJ/K
= 0.1512 kJ/K + 0.1007 kJ/K – 0.2415 kJ/K = 0.0104 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.110
A piston/cylinder has ammonia at 2000 kPa, 80oC with a volume of 0.1 m3. The
piston is loaded with a linear spring and outside ambient is at 20oC, shown in Fig.
P6.134. The ammonia now cools down to 20oC at which point it has a quality of 15%.
Find the work, the heat transfer and the total entropy generation in the process.
P T
1
1 P2
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.111
A 5 kg aluminum radiator holds 2 kg of liquid R-134a both at –10oC. The setup is
brought indoors and heated with 220 kJ from a heat source at 100oC. Find the total
entropy generation for the process assuming the R-134a remains a liquid.
Solution:
C.V. The aluminum radiator and the R-134a.
Energy Eq.3.5: m2u2 – m1u1 = 1Q2 – 0
Process: No change in volume so no work as used above.
The energy equation now becomes (summing over the mass)
mal (u2 - u1)al + mR134a (u2 - u1)R134a = 1Q2
Use specific heat from Table A.3 and A.4
malCal (T2 - T1) + m R134aC R134a ln (T2 - T1) = 1Q2
T2 - T1 = 1Q2 / [malCal + m R134aC R134a ]
= 220 / [5 0.9 + 2 1.43] = 29.89oC
T2 = -10 + 29.89 = 19.89oC
Entropy generation from Eq.6.37
1S2 gen = m(s2 - s1)- 1Q2/T
1Q2
= malCal ln (T2/T1) + m R134aC R134a ln (T2/T1) T
amb
(19.89 + 273.15) 220
= (5 0.9 + 2 1.43) ln -10 + 273.15 – 373.15
= 0.7918 – 0.5896
= 0.202 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.112
A piston/cylinder of total 1 kg steel contains 0.5 kg ammonia at 1600 kPa both
masses at 120oC. Some stops are placed so a minimum volume is 0.02 m3, shown in Fig.
P6.112. Now the whole system is cooled down to 30oC by heat transfer to the ambient at
20oC, and during the process the steel keeps same temperature as the ammonia. Find the
work, the heat transfer and the total entropy generation in the process.
P T Po
1
1a 1 1a
42
2 30 2
NH 3 T
v s o
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.113
A piston/cylinder contains 0.1 kg water at 500°C, 1000 kPa. The piston has a stop at half
the original volume, similar to Fig. 6.112. The water now cools to room temperature
25°C. Find the heat transfer and the entropy generation.
State a: va = v1/2 = 0.177055 m3/kg < vg 1000 kPa so Ta = Tsat 1000 kPa = 179.9°C
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.114
A cylinder/piston arrangement contains 10 g ammonia at 20C with a volume of 1 L.
There are some stops so if the piston is at the stops the volume is 1.4 L. The ammonia is
now heated to 200C by a 240C source. The piston and cylinder is made of 0.5 kg
aluminum, and assume that the mass has the same temperature as the ammonia at any
time. Find the total heat transfer and the total entropy generation
State 2: v2 = 1.4 × v1 = 0.14 m3/kg & P = 857.5 kPa still 2-phase so T2 = 20oC
State 3: 200oC & v3 = v2, => P = 1600 kPa, u3 = 1676.5 kJ/kg, s3 = 5.9734 kJ/kgK
We get the work from the process equation (see P-V diagram)
1
W3 = 1W2 = P1m(v2 – v1) = 857.5 kPa × 0.01 (0.14 – 0.1) m3 = 0.343 kJ
The energy equation and the entropy equation give heat transfer and entropy generation
Q = mNH3 (u3 – u1) + mAlu (u3 – u1) + 1W3
1 3
= 0.01 (1676.5 – 978.91) + 0.5 × 0.9 (200 – 20) + 0.343 = 88.32 kJ
1S3,gen = mNH3(s3 – s1) + mAlu(s3 – s1) – 1Q3/Tsource
473.15 88.32
= 0.01 (5.9734 – 3.73693) + 0.5 × 0.9 ln(293.15) – 513.15
P
Po 3
cb
NH 1 2
3
V
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.115
A cylinder/piston arrangement contains 0.1 kg R-410A of quality x = 0.2534 and at
20C. Stops are mounted so Vstop = 3V1, similar to Fig. P6.114. The system is now
heated to the final temperature of 20C by a 60C source. Find the total entropy
generation.
P
See the work term 2
from the process in Po
the P-v diagram
cb
R-410a 1 1a
v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.116
One kg of air at 300 K is mixed with 2 kg air at 400 K in a process at a constant
100 kPa and Q = 0. Find the final T and the entropy generation in the process.
Energy Eq.: U2 – U1 = 0 – W
Entropy Eq.: S2 – S1 = 0 + 1S2 gen
Process Eq.: P = C; W = P(V2 – V1)
U2 – U1 + W = U2 – U1 + P(V2 – V1) = H2 – H1 = 0
mATA1 + mBTB1 1 2
T2 = = T +
mA + mB 3 A1 3 TB1 = 366.67 K
Entropy change is from Eq. 6.16 with no change in P
T2 T2
S
1 2 gen = S 2 – S1 = m C
A p ln + m C
B p ln
TA1 TB1
366.67 366.67
= 1 1.004 ln 300 + 2 1.004 ln 400
= 0.20148 - 0.17470 = 0.0268 kJ/K
Remark: If you check, the volume does not change and there is no work.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.117
Air in a rigid tank is at 900 K, 500 kPa and it now cools to the ambient
temperature of 300 K by heat loss to the ambient. Find the entropy generation.
We could also have used constant specific heat being slightly less accurate.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.118
Two rigid insulated tanks are connected with a pipe and valve. One tank has 0.5 kg air at
200 kPa, 300 K and the other has 0.75 kg air at 100 kPa, 400 K. The valve is opened and
the air comes to a single uniform state without external heat transfer. Find the final T and
P and the entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Total tank. Control mass of constant volume.
Mass and volume: m2 = mA + mB ; V = VA + VB
Energy Eq.: U2 – U1 = m2 u2 – mAuA1 – mBuB1 = 1Q2 – 1W2 = 0
Entropy Eq.: S2 – S1 = m2 s2 – mAsA1 – mBsB1 = 1Q2/T + 1S2 gen
Process Eq.: V = constant 1W2 = 0; Insulated 1Q2 = 0
Ideal gas at A1: VA = mARTA1/PA1 = 0.5 0.287 300 / 200 = 0.2153 m3
Ideal gas at B1: VB = mBRTB1/ PB1 = 0.75 0.287 00 / 100 = 0.861 m3
State 2: m2 = mA + mB = 1.25 kg; V2 = VA + VB = 1.0763 m3
mAuA1 + mBuB1
Energy Eq.: u2 = and use constant specific heat
m2
mA mB 0.5 0.75
T2 = m TA1 + m TB1 = 1.25 300 + 1.25 400 = 360 K
2 2
B A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.119
One kg of air at 100 kPa is mixed with 2 kg air at 200 kPa, both at 300 K, in a
rigid insulated tank. Find the final state (P, T) and the entropy generation in the process.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.120
Argon in a light bulb is at 110 kPa, 80oC. The light is turned off so the argon
cools to the ambient 20oC. Disregard the glass and any other mass and find the specific
entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Argon gas. Neglect any heat transfer.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2
Entropy Eq.6.37: s2 - s1 = dq/T + 1s2 gen = 1q2/Troom + 1s2 gen
Process: v = constant and ideal gas => P2/ P1 = T2/T1
1q2 = u2 - u1 = Cv (T2 – T1) = 0.312 (20 – 80) = –18.72 kJ/kg
Evaluate changes in s from Eq.6.16 or 8.17
s2 - s1 = Cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (P2/ P1) Eq.6.16
= Cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (T2/ T1) = Cv ln(T2/T1) Eq.6.17
= 0.312 ln [ (20 + 273)/(80 + 273) ] = – 0.0581 kJ/kg K
1s2 gen = s2 - s1 – 1q2/Troom = – 0.0581 + 18.72 / 293.15
= 0.00573 kJ/kgK
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.121
A rigid tank contains 2 kg of air at 200 kPa and ambient temperature, 20C. An
electric current now passes through a resistor inside the tank. After a total of 100 kJ of
electrical work has crossed the boundary, the air temperature inside is 80C. Is this
possible?
Solution:
C.V.: Air in tank out to ambient;
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2 , 1W2 = 100 kJ
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 – s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/Tamb + 1S2 gen
Process: Constant volume and mass so v2 = v1
State 1: T1 = 20oC, P1 = 200 kPa, m1 = 2 kg
State 2: T2 = 80oC, v2 = v1
Ideal gas, Table A.5: R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg-K
Assume constant specific heat then energy equation gives
1Q2 = mCv(T2 T1) + 1W2 = 2 0.717(80 – 20) – 100 = 14.0 kJ
Change in s from Eq.6.17 (since second term drops out)
v2 v2
s2 - s1 = Cv ln (T2/T1) + Rln v ; v2 = v1, ln v = 0
1 1
s2 - s1 = Cvln (T2/T1) = 0.1336 kJ/kg-K
Now Eq.6.37
14
1S2 gen = m(s2 – s1) – 1Q2/Tamb = 2 0.1336 + 293 = 0.315 kJ/K 0,
Process is Possible
T2 T2 P2
Note: P2 = P1 T in Eq.6.16 s2 – s1 = Cp lnT - R ln P , results in the
1 1 1
same answer as Eq.6.17.
P T v=C
+ 2 2
_ P1
1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.122
A spring loaded piston cylinder contains 1.5 kg air at 27oC and 160 kPa. It is now
heated in a process where pressure is linear in volume, P = A + BV, to twice the initial
volume where it reaches 900 K. Find the work, the heat transfer and the total entropy
generation assuming a source at 1000 K.
Solution:
C.V. Air out to the 900 K source. Since air T is lower than the source
temperature we know that this is an irreversible process.
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 = m,
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 – u1) = 1Q2 – 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 – s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/Tsource + 1S2 gen
Process: P = A + BV
State 1: (T1, P1) Table A.7 u1 = 214.36 kJ/kg
V1 = mRT1/ P1 = (1.5 0.287 300) kJ / 160 kPa = 0.8072 m3
State 2: (T2, v2 = 2 v1) Table A.7 u2 = 674.824 kJ/kg
P2 = RT2/ v2 = RT2/2v1 = T2 P1/ 2T1= P1 T2/2 T1
= 160 kPa 900 K/ (2 300 K) = 240 kPa
From the process equation we can express the work as
1W2 = PdV = 0.5 (P1 + P2) (V2 - V1) = 0.5 (P1 + P2) V1
= 0.5 (160 + 240) kPa 0.8072 m3 = 161.4 kJ
1Q2 = 1.5 (674.824 – 214.36) + 161.4 = 852.1 kJ
Change in s from Eq.6.19 and Table A.7 values
o o P2
– – P1 ) – 1Q2/TSOURCE
S
1 2 gen = m(s T2 s T1 R ln
240 852.1
= 1.5 [8.0158 – 6.8693 – 0.287 ln ( 160 )] – ( 1000 )
P T 2
2
900
1 1
300 P
1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.123
A constant pressure piston/cylinder contains 0.5 kg air at 300 K, 400 kPa. Assume the
piston/cylinder has a total mass of 1 kg steel and is at the same temperature as the air at
any time. The system is now heated to 1600 K by heat transfer from a 1700 K source.
Find the entropy generation using constant specific heat for air.
Use A.3: (u2 – u1)st = C (T2 – T) = 0.46 kJ/kgK (1600 – 300) K = 598 kJ/kg
Use A.5: (h2 h1)air = Cp(T2 – T1) = 1.004 kJ/kgK (1600 – 300) K = 1305.2 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.124
Do Problem 6.123 using Table A.7.
Use air tables A.7: (h2 h1)air = 1757.33 – 300.47 = 1456.86 kJ/kg
(s2 – s1)air = 8.69051 – 6.86926 + 0 = 1.82125 kJ/kgK
No pressure correction as P2 = P1
Use A.3: (u2 – u1)st = C(T2 – T1) = 0.46 kJ/kgK (1600 – 300) K = 598 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.125
Nitrogen at 200oC, 300 kPa is in a piston cylinder, volume 5 L, with the piston
locked with a pin. The forces on the piston require a pressure inside of 200 kPa to balance
it without the pin. The pin is removed and the piston quickly comes to its equilibrium
position without any heat transfer. Find the final P, T and V and the entropy generation
due to this partly unrestrained expansion.
Solution:
C.V. Nitrogen gas.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2 = - Peq dV = -P2 (V2 - V1)
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 - s1) = 0 + 1S2 gen
Process: 1Q2 = 0 (already used), P = Peq after pin is out.
State 1: 200 C, 300 kPa State 2: P2 = Peq = 200 kPa
m = P1V1/RT1 = 300 0.005 / 0.2968 473.15 = 0.01068 kg
The energy equation becomes
mu2 + P2V2 = mu1 + P2V1 = mh2 =>
h2 = u1 + P2V1/m = u1 + P2V1 RT1 /P1V1 = u1 + (P2/P1) RT1
Solve using constant Cp, Cv
Cp T2 = Cv T1 + (P2/P1) RT1
T2 = T1 [Cv + (P2/P1) R] / Cp
= 473.15 [0.745 + (200 / 300) 0.2368] / 1.042
= 428.13 K
428.13 300
V2 = V1( T2 / T1) ( P1/P2 ) = 0.005 473.15 200
= 0.00679 m3
1S2 gen= m(s2 - s1) m[Cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (P2/ P1)]
= P1V1 /RT1 [Cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (P2/ P1)]
= 0.01068 [1.042 ln (428.13/473.15) – 0.2968 ln (200 / 300)]
= 0.000173 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.126
One kg of carbon dioxide at 100 kPa, 400 K is mixed with two kg carbon dioxide
at 200 kPa, 2000 K, in a rigid insulated tank. Find the final state (P, T) and the entropy
generation in the process using constant heat capacity from Table A.5.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.127
One kg of carbon dioxide at 100 kPa, 400 K is mixed with two kg carbon dioxide
at 200 kPa, 2000 K, in a rigid insulated tank. Find the final state (P, T) and the entropy
generation in the process using table A.8.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.128
Nitrogen at 600 kPa, 127C is in a 0.5 m3 insulated tank connected to a pipe with
a valve to a second insulated initially empty tank of volume 0.25 m3, shown in Fig.
P6.128. The valve is opened and the nitrogen fills both tanks at a uniform state. Find the
final pressure and temperature and the entropy generation this process causes. Why is the
process irreversible?
Solution:
CV Both tanks + pipe + valve Insulated : Q = 0 Rigid: W = 0
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 - u1) = 0 - 0 => u2 = u1 = ua1
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1S2 gen (dQ = 0)
1: P1 , T1 , Va => m = PV/RT = (600 0.25)/ (0.2968 400) = 1.2635
kg
2: V2 = Va + Vb ; uniform state v2 = V2 / m ; u2 = ua1
P T
P1
1 1 2 P
2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.129
A cylinder/piston contains carbon dioxide at 1 MPa, 300C with a volume of 200
L. The total external force acting on the piston is proportional to V 3. This system is
allowed to cool to room temperature, 20C. What is the total entropy generation for the
process?
Solution:
C.V. Carbon dioxide gas of constant mass m2 = m1 = m out to ambient.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/Tamb + 1S2 gen
P T
1 1 Notice:
1000 300 n = -3, k = 1.3
2
605 v 20 2 s n<k
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.130
A cylinder/piston contains 100 L of air at 110 kPa, 25C. The air is compressed in
a reversible polytropic process to a final state of 800 kPa, 500 K. Assume the heat
transfer is with the ambient at 25C and determine the polytropic exponent n and the final
volume of the air. Find the work done by the air, the heat transfer and the total entropy
generation for the process.
Solution:
C.V. Air of constant mass m2 = m1 = m out to ambient.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/T0 + 1S2 gen
Process: Pv1n = P2v2n Eq.6.27
State 1: (T1, P1) State 2: (T2, P2)
Thus the unknown is the exponent n.
m = P1V1 /(RT1) = 1100.1/(0.287298.15) = 0.1286 kg
The relation from the process and ideal gas is in Eq.6.28
n-1 n-1
500 800 n-1
T2/T1 = (P2/P1 )n => 298.15 = 110 n
n = 0.260573
1
110 0.73943
n = 1.3524, V2 = V1(P1/P2)n = 0.1 800 = 0.02306 m3
The work is from Eq.6.29
P2V2 - P1V1 800 0.02306 - 110 0.1
1 2
W = PdV = = = -21.135 kJ
1-n 1 - 1.3524
Heat transfer from the energy equation
1Q2 = mCv(T2 - T1) + 1W2
= 0.12860.717(500 – 298.15) - 21.135 = -2.523 kJ
Entropy change from Eq.6.16
s2 - s1 = CP0 ln(T2/T1) - Rln(P2/P1)
500 800 kJ
= 1.004ln298.15 - 0.287ln110 = -0.0504 kg K
From the entropy equation (also Eq.6.37)
1S2,gen = m(s2 - s1) - 1Q2/T0
= 0.1286(-0.0504)+(2.523/298.15) = 0.00198 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.131
A room at 22oC is heated electrically with 1500 W to keep steady temperature. The
.
outside ambient is at 5oC. Find the flux of S ( = Q/T) into the room air, into the ambient
and the rate of entropy generation.
CV. The room and walls out to the ambient T, we assume steady state
. . . .
Energy Eq.: 0 = Wel in – Qout => Qout = Wel in = 1500 W
. .
Entropy Eq.: 0 = – Qout/T + Sgen tot
.
Flux of S into room air at 22oC: Q/T = 1500 / 295.15 = 5.08 W/K
.
Flux of S into ambient air at 5oC: Q/T = 1500 / 278.15 = 5.393 W/K
. .
Entropy generation: Sgen tot = Qout/T = 1500 / 278.15 = 5.393 W/K
Comment: The flux of S into the outside air is what leaves the control volume and since
the control volume did not receive any S it was all made in the process. Notice most of
the generation is done in the heater, the room heat loss process generates very little S
(5.393 – 5.08 = 0.313 W/K)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.132
A mass of 3 kg nitrogen gas at 2000 K, V = C, cools with 500 W. What is dS/dt?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.133
A heat pump, see problem 5.43, should upgrade 5 MW of heat at 85oC to heat
delivered at 150oC. For a reversible heat pump what are the fluxes of entropy in and out
of the heat pump?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.134
Reconsider the heat pump in the previous problem and assume it has a COP of
2.5. What are the fluxes of entropy in and out of the heat pump and the rate of entropy
generation inside it?
C.V. TOT.
W
. . . QL QH
Energy Eq.: QL+ W = QH
. . o HP o
QL QH . 85 C 150 C
Entropy Eq.: 0 = T T + Sgen tot
L H
. .
QH QL
Definition of COP: HP = = 2.5; REF = HP - 1 = = 1.50
. .
Win Win
. .
Win = QL/REF = 5/1.50 = 3.333 MW
. . .
QH = QL+ W = 5 MW + 3.333 MW = 8.333 MW
.
QL 5 MW
TL = 273.15 + 85 K = 0.01396 MW/K
.
QH 8.333 MW
TH = 273.15 + 85 K = 0.01969 MW/K
From the entropy equation
. .
. QH QL MW
Sgen tot = T T = (0.01969 – 0.01396) K = 5.73 kW/K
H L
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.135
A heat pump with COP = 4 uses 1 kW of power input to heat a 25oC room,
drawing energy from the outside at 15oC. Assume the high/low temperatures in the heat
pump are 45oC /0oC. Find the total rates of entropy into and out of the heat pump, the
rate from the outside at 15oC, and the rate to the room at 25oC?
Solution:
C.V.TOT.
W
. . . QL QH
Energy Eq.: QL+ W = QH
. . HP
QL QH . 15oC 25oC
Entropy Eq.: 0 = T T + Sgen CV tot
L H
. .
From definition of COP: QH = COP W = 4 × 1 kW = 4 kW
. . .
From energy equation: QL = QH W = (4 – 1) kW = 3 kW
.
o
QL 3 kW
Flux into heat pump at 0 C: T = 273.15 K = 0.0110 kW/K
L-HP
.
Q H 4 kW
Flux out of heat pump at 45oC: TH-HP = 318.15 K = 0.0126 kW/K
.
Q H 4 kW
Flux out into room at TH = 25oC: TH = 298.15 K = 0.0134 kW/K
.
Q L 3 kW
Flux from outside at 15oC: TL 288.15 K = 0.0104 kW/K
=
Comment: Following the flow of energy notice how the flux from the outside at
15oC grows a little when it arrives at 0oC this is due to entropy generation in the
low T heat exchanger. The flux out of the heat pump at 45oC is larger than the
flux in which is due to entropy generation in the heat pump cycle (COP is smaller
than Carnot COP) and finally this flux increases due to entropy generated in the
high T heat exchanger as the energy arrives at room T.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.136
An amount of power, say 1000 kW, comes from a furnace at 800C going into
water vapor at 400C. From the water the power goes to a solid metal at 200C and then
.
into some air at 70C. For each location calculate the flux of s through a surface as (Q/T).
What makes the flux larger and larger?
Solution:
3
T1 => T2 => T3 => T4 2
furnace vapor metal air 1 4
FURNACE AIR FLOW
.
Flux of s: Fs = Q/T with T as absolute temperature.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.137
Room air at 23oC is heated by a 2000 W space heater with a surface filament
temperature of 700 K, shown in Fig. P6.137. The room at steady state looses the power
to the outside which is at 7oC. Find the rate(s) of entropy generation and specify where it
is made.
Solution:
For any C.V at steady state the entropy equation as a rate form is Eq.6.43
dSc.v. . .
= 0 = dQ /T + S gen
dt
C.V. Heater Element
. .
Sgen = – dQ/T = -(-2000/700) = 2.857 W/K
C.V. Space between heater 700 K and room 23C
. .
Sgen = – dQ/T = (-2000 / 700) – [-2000 / (23+273)] = 3.9 W/K
C.V. Wall between 23C inside and 7C outside
. .
Sgen = – dQ/T = [-2000 / (23+273)] – [2000 / (7 + 273)] = 0.389 W/K
.
Notice biggest Sgen is for the largest change in 1/T.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.138
A car engine block receives 2 kW at its surface of 450 K from hot combustion gases at
1500 K. Near the cooling channel the engine block transmits 2 kW out at its 400 K
surface to the coolant flowing at 370 K. Finally, in the radiator the coolant at 350 K
delivers the 2 kW to air which is at 25 C. Find the rate of entropy generation inside the
engine block, inside the coolant and in the radiator/air combination.
For a C.V at steady state we have the entropy equation as a rate form as Eq.6.43
dSc.v. . .
= 0 = dQ /T + S gen
dt
CV1. Engine block receives 2 kW at 450 K and it leaves at 400 K
. . –2000 –2000
Sgen1 = – dQ/T = 450 – [ 400 ] = 0.555 W/K
CV2. The coolant receives 2 kW at 370 K andf gives it out at 350 K
. . –2000 –2000
Sgen2 = – dQ/T = [ 370 ] – [ 350 ] = 0.309 W/K
CV3 Radiator to air heat transfer.
. . –2000 –2000
Sgen3 = – dQ/T = [ 350 ] – [ 298.15 ] = 0.994 W/K
.
Notice the biggest Sgen is for the largest change [1/T]
Radiator
.
Remark: The flux of S is Q/T flowing across a surface. Notice how this flux
increases as the heat transfer flows towards lower and lower T.
T [K] 1500 450 370 298.15
.
Q/T [W/K] 1.33 4.44 5.40 6.71
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.139
A farmer runs a heat pump using 2 kW of power input. It keeps a chicken
hatchery at a constant 30oC while the room loses 15 kW to the colder outside ambient at
10oC. Find the COP of the heat pump, the rate of entropy generated in the heat pump and
its heat exchangers, and the rate of entropy generated in the heat loss process?
Solution:
W = 2 kW
QL QH Q loss
HP
cb
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Review problems
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.140
An insulated cylinder/piston has an initial volume of 0.15 m3 and contains steam at
400 kPa, 200oC. The steam is expanded adiabaticly, and the work output is measured very
carefully to be 30 kJ. It is claimed that the final state of the water is in the two-phase
(liquid and vapor) region. What is your evaluation of the claim?
Solution:
C.V. Water.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T
Process: 1Q2 = 0 and reversible
State 1: (T, P) Table B.1.3
v1 = 0.5342, u1 = 2646.8, s1 = 7.1706 kJ/kg K
T P1
1 V1 0.15
m = v = 0.5342 = 0.2808 kg
1
o
130 C u = 2540
7.0259 s
State 2 given by (u, s) check Table B.1.1: sG (at uG = 2540) = 7.0259 < s1
State 2 must be in superheated vapor region.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.141
The water in the two tanks of Problem 3.161 receives the heat transfer from a
reservoir at 300oC. Find the total entropy generation due to this process.
Two rigid tanks are filled with water. Tank A is 0.2 m3 at 100 kPa, 150oC and
tank B is 0.3 m3 at saturated vapor 300 kPa. The tanks are connected by a pipe with a
closed valve. We open the valve and let all the water come to a single uniform state while
we transfer enough heat to have a final pressure of 300 kPa. Give the two property values
that determine the final state and heat transfer.
Take CV total A + B out to reservoir (neglect kinetic and potential energy)
Energy Eq.: m2 u2 mAuA1 mBuB1 = 1Q2 – 1W2 = 1Q2
Entropy Eq.: m2 s2 mAsA1 mBsB1 = 1Q2/Tres + 1S2 gen
State A1: u = 2582.75 kJ/kg, v = 1.93636 m3/kg, s = 7.6133 kJ/kg-K
=> mA1 = V/v = 0.2/1.93636 = 0.1033 kg
State B1: u = 2543.55 kJ/kg, v = 0.60582 m3/kg, s = 6.9918 kJ/kg-K
=> mB1 = V/v = 0.3 / 0.60582 = 0.4952 kg
The total volume (and mass) is the sum of volumes (mass) for tanks A and B.
m2 = mA1 + mB1 = 0.1033 + 0.4952 = 0.5985 kg,
V2 = VA1 + VB1 = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5 m3
=> v2 = V2/m2 = 0.5 /0.5985 = 0.8354 m3/kg
State 2: [P2, v2] = [300 kPa, 0.8354 m3/kg]
=> T2 = 274.76°C and u2 = 2767.32 kJ/kg, s = 7.60835 kJ/kgK
From energy eq.
1Q2 = 0.5985 2767.32 – 0.1033 2582.75 – 0.4952 2543.55 = 129.9 kJ
From entropy equation
1S2 gen = m2 s2 mAsA1 mBsB1 1Q2/Tres
= 0.5985 7.60835 – 0.1033 7.6133 – 0.4952 6.9918
– 129.9 / (273.15 + 300) = 0.0782 kJ/K
B A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.142
A steel piston/cylinder of 1 kg contains 2.5 kg ammonia at 50 kPa, -20oC. Now it
is heated to 50oC at constant pressure through the bottom of the cylinder from external
hot gas at 200oC, and we assume the steel has the same temperature as the ammonia.
Find the heat transfer from the hot gas and the total entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Ammonia plus space out to the hot gas.
Energy Eq.3.5: mNH3(u2 - u1) + msteel(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
= 0.555 kJ/K
P T
1 2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.143
Water in a piston/cylinder is at 1 MPa, 500C. There are two stops, a lower one at
which Vmin 1 m3 and an upper one at Vmax 3 m3. The piston is loaded with a mass
and outside atmosphere such that it floats when the pressure is 500 kPa. This setup is now
cooled to 100C by rejecting heat to the surroundings at 20C. Find the total entropy
generated in the process.
C.V. Water.
Initial state: Table B.1.3: v1=0.35411 m3/kg, u1=3124.3, s1 = 7.7621
m =V/v1 = 3/0.35411 = 8.472 kg
P T
v=C
1000 1 1
500 2
2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.144
A piston/cylinder contains air at 300 K, 100 kPa. A reversible polytropic process
with n = 1.3 brings the air to 500 K. Any heat transfer if it comes in is from a 325oC
reservoir and if it goes out it is to the ambient at 300 K. Sketch the process in a P-v and a
T-s diagram. Find the specific work and specific heat transfer in the process. Find the
specific entropy generation (external to the air) in the process.
Solution:
Process : Pvn = C
n/(n-1)
P2/P1 = (T2 /T1) = (500/300) 1.3/0.3 = 9.148
P2v2-P1v1 R
w = P dv = = ( T -T )
1 2 1-n 1 - n 2 1
0.287
= 1 - 1.3 (500 - 300) = -191.3 kJ/kg
Energy equation
1q2 = u2 – u1 +1w2 = Cv ( T2 –T1 ) + 1w2
= 0.717 (500 - 300) – 191.3 = -47.93 kJ/kg
The 1q2 is negative and thus goes out. Entropy is generated between the air and ambient.
s2 - s1 = 1q2/Tamb+ 1s2 gen
500 – 47.93
1s2 gen = 1.004 ln (300) – 0.287 ln 9.148 – ( 300 )
= 0.51287 – 0.635285 + 0.15977
= 0.03736 kJ/kg K
P T
2 Notice:
915 2
500 n = 1.3, k = 1.4
1
100
v 300 1 s n<k
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.145
A closed tank, V 10 L, containing 5 kg of water initially at 25C, is heated to
150C by a heat pump that is receiving heat from the surroundings at 25C. Assume that
this process is reversible. Find the heat transfer to the water and the work input to the heat
pump.
C.V.: Water from state 1 to state 2.
Process: constant volume (reversible isometric)
State 1: v1=V/m=0.002 x1 = (0.002 - 0.001003)/43.358 = 0.000023
u1 = 104.86 + 0.0000232304.9 = 104.93 kJ/kg P
s1 = 0.3673 + 0.0000238.1905 = 0.36759 kJ/kg K
2
Continuity eq. (same mass) and V = C fixes v2 T
1
2: T2, v2 = v1
v
x2 = (0.002 - 0.001090)/0.39169 = 0.0023233
u2 = 631.66 + 0.00232331927.87 = 636.14 kJ/kg T
s2 = 1.8417 + 0.00232334.9960 = 1.8533 kJ/kg K
2
Energy eq. has W = 0, thus provides heat transfer as
1
1Q2 = m(u2 - u1) = 2656 kJ
s
Entropy equation for the total (tank plus heat pump) control volume gives
for a reversible process:
m(s2 - s1) = QL/T0
QL = mT0(s2 - s1) = 5 298.15 (1.8533 – 0.36759) = 2214.8 kJ
and then the energy equation for the heat pump gives
WHP = 1Q2 - QL = 2656 – 2214.8 = 441.2 kJ
1Q 2
HP Water
WHP
QL
T amb
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.146
A resistor in a heating element is a total of 0.5 kg with specific heat of 0.8 kJ/kgK.
It is now receiving 500 W of electric power so it heats from 20oC to 160oC. Neglect
external heat loss and find the time the process took and the entropy generation.
. .
∆t = m(u2 - u1) / Welectrical in = m C (T2 - T1) / Welectrical in
= 0.5 kg × 800 J/kg-K × (160 – 20) K / 500 (J/s) = 112 s
T2 160 + 273
1S2 gen = m(s2 - s1) = m C ln T = 0.5 kg × 0.8 kJ/kg-K × ln ( 20 + 273 )
1
= 0.156 kJ/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.147
Two tanks contain steam, and they are both connected to a piston/cylinder as
shown in Fig. P6.147. Initially the piston is at the bottom and the mass of the piston is
such that a pressure of 1.4 MPa below it will be able to lift it. Steam in A is 4 kg at 7
MPa, 700C and B has 2 kg at 3 MPa, 350C. The two valves are opened, and the water
comes to a uniform state. Find the final temperature and the total entropy generation,
assuming no heat transfer.
Solution:
Control mass: All water mA + mB.
Continuity Eq.: m2 = mA + mB = 6 kg
Energy Eq.3.5: m2u2 - mAuA1 - mBuB1 = 1Q2 - 1W2 = - 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m2s2 - mAsA1 - mBsB1 = 1S2 gen
B.1.3: vA1 = 0.06283, uA1 = 3448.5, sA1 = 7.3476 , VA = 0.2513 m3
B.1.3: vB1 = 0.09053, uB1 = 2843.7, sB1 = 6.7428, VB = 0.1811 m3
P T A1
1400 B1
2 2
V s
The only possible P, V combinations for state 2 are on the two lines.
Assume V2 > VA + VB P2 = Plift , 1W2 = P2(V2-VA-VB)
Substitute into energy equation:
m2h2 = mAuA1 + mBuB1 + P2(VA + VB)
= 43448.5 + 22843.7 + 14000.4324 = 20 086.8 kJ
State 2: h2= m2h2/m2 = 20 086.8 kJ /6 kg = 3347.8 kJ/kg, P2=1400 kPa,
v2=0.2323 m3/kg, s2=7.433 kJ/kg-K, T2 = 441.9 C,
Check assumption: V2 = m2v2 = 1.394 m3 > VA + VB OK.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.149
A device brings 2 kg of ammonia from 150 kPa, -20oC to 400 kPa, 80oC in a
polytropic process. Find the polytropic exponent, n, the work and the heat transfer. Find
the total entropy generated assuming a source at 100oC.
Solution:
C.V. Ammonia of constant mass m2 = m1 = m out to source.
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.37: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1Q2/T + 1S2 gen
Process: P1v1n = P2v2n Eq. (8.27)
State 1: Table B.2.2
v1 = 0.79774 m3/kg, s1 = 5.7465 kJ/kg K, u1 = 1303.3 kJ/kg
State 2: Table B.2.2
v2 = 0.4216 m3/kg, s2 = 5.9907 kJ/kg K, u2 = 1468.0 kJ/kg
ln (P2/P1) = ln (v1/v2)n = n ln (v1/v2)
400 0.79774
ln ( 150 ) = n ln ( 0.4216 ) = 0.98083 = n 0.63773
n = 1.538
The work term is integration of PdV as done in text leading to Eq.6.29
m
1W2 = 1 n ( P2v2 - P1v1)
2
= ( 400 0.4216 – 150 0.79774) = –182.08 kJ
1 1.538
Notice we did not use Pv = RT as we used the ammonia tables.
1Q2 = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = 2 (1468 – 1303.3) – 182.08 = 147.3 kJ
From Eq.6.37
147.3
1S2 gen = m(s2 – s1) - 1Q2/T = 2 (5.9907 – 5.7465 ) – 373.15
= 0.0936 kJ/K
P T
2 2 Notice:
400 80 n = 1.54, k = 1.3
1
150
v -20 1 s n>k
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.150
A rigid tank with 0.5 kg ammonia at 1600 kPa, 160oC is cooled in a reversible
process by giving heat to a reversible heat engine that has its cold side at ambient 20oC,
shown in Fig. P6.150. The ammonia eventually reaches 20oC and the process stops. Find
the heat transfer from the ammonia to the heat engine and the work output of the heat
engine.
C.V. total W
NH 3 Ambient
HE
QH QL
C.V. Ammonia
Energy Eq.3.5: m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
Entropy Eq.6.3: m(s2 s1) = dQ/T (T not constant)
Process: v = constant 1W2 =0
State 1: (T, P) Table B.2.2: u1 = 1596.1 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.12662 m3/kg,
s1 = 5.7485 kJ/kgK
State 2: T2 and v2 = v1 Table B.2.1 as v2 < vg
2-phase, P2 = Psat = 857.5 kPa
x2 = (v2 – vf)/vfg = (0.12662 – 0.001638)/0.14758 = 0.846876
u2 = uf + x2 ufg = 272.89 + 0.846876 1059.3 = 1170 kJ/kg
s2 = sf + x2 sfg = 1.0408 + 0.846876 4.0452 = 4.4666 kJ/kgK
From the energy equation
QH = 1Q2 = m(u2 u1) = –0.5(1170 – 1596.1) = 213.05 kJ
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Now the CV heat engine can give the engine work from the energy equation
Energy H.E.: WHE = QH QL = 213.05 – 187.89 = 25.2 kJ
P T
1
1
v=
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.151
A piston/cylinder with constant loading of piston contains 1 L water at 400 kPa,
quality 15%. It has some stops mounted so the maximum possible volume is 11 L. A
reversible heat pump extracting heat from the ambient at 300 K, 100 kPa heats the water
to 300C. Find the total work and heat transfer for the water and the work input to the
heat pump.
Solution: Take CV around the water and check possible P-V combinations.
State 1: v1 = 0.001084 + 0.150.46138 = 0.07029 m3/kg
u1 = 604.29 + 0.15 1949.26 = 896.68 kJ/kg
s1 = 1.7766 + 0.15 5.1193 = 2.5445 kJ/kg K
m1 = V1/v1 = 0.001/0.07029 = 0.0142 kg
P
1Q 2 2
1
HP a
water
WHP
QL V
T amb
T v=C
State a: v = 11 v1 = 0.77319 m3/kg, 2
1 a
400 kPa
=> Sup. vapor Ta = 400oC > T2
s
State 2: Since T2 < Ta then piston is not at stops but floating so P2 = 400 kPa.
(T, P) => v2 = 0.65484 m3/kg => V2 = (v2/v1) V1 = 9.316 L
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
6.152
A small halogen light bulb receives an electrical power of 50 W. The small
filament is at 1000 K and gives out 20% of the power as light and the rest as heat transfer
to the gas, which is at 500 K; the glass is at 400 K. All the power is absorbed by the room
walls at 25oC. Find the rate of generation of entropy in the filament, in the total bulb
including glass and the total room including bulb.
Solution:
.
Wel = 50 W Radiation
leads g
. a
QRAD = 10 W s Conduction
. glass
QCOND = 40 W
We will assume steady state and no storage in the bulb, air or room walls.
C.V. Filament steady-state
. . .
Energy Eq.3.31: dEc.v./dt = 0 = Wel – QRAD – QCOND
. .
QRAD QCOND .
Entropy Eq.6.42: dSc.v./dt = 0 = – T – T + Sgen
FILA FILA
. . . . 50
Sgen = (QRAD + QCOND)/TFILA = Wel/TFILA = 1000 = 0.05 W/K
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