REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (RAC)

Three (3) Classifications of RAC

1. Domestic RAC (NCII)
▪ Household single/ double door refrigerator
2. Commercial RAC (NCIII)
▪ Supermarket ice cream
3. Industrial RAC (NCIII)
▪ Ice Plant
▪ Centralized Air Condition in supermarket

Refrigeration (Purpose)
▪ Main purpose is cooling
▪ Cooling of foods
▪ Preservation
▪ Lower temperature to decrease the time of spoilage of foods
▪ Increase the shelf life of Medicine and Drugs (Pfizer vaccines)
▪ Stabilize unstable chemicals (Uranium)
▪ Medical Purposes (Human Transplant/ Heart Transplant)

Air-conditioning (Purpose)
▪ Main purpose: For Human Comfort
1. Cooling the air
― Not too cold (40 to 45℉)
2. Filtering the Air
― Remove unwanted germs/ pollen in the air
3. Circulate the air (ventilation)
4. De-humidificating the air (De-humidification)
― Humidity (Water Content on Air)
― Absorb Sweat for Human Comfort (when high humidity, sweat can’t precipitate)
― Relative Humidity (50% to 60% water content)
― Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual moisture content of the air compared with the
moisture content of the air required for saturation at the same temperature.
5. Heating the air (only in cold region, some cars have “heater”)

HVAC- Heating/Ventilation/Air-Conditioning

COURSE OUTLINE
▪ Basic of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
▪ Refrigeration System
▪ Mechanical Parts of Refrigerator
▪ Electrical Parts of Refrigerator
▪ Tubing/Soldering
▪ Re-processing of Refrigerator
▪ (Charging / Evacuation/ Flushing)
▪ Troubleshooting & Repair

Refrigeration
▪ process of transferring HEAT from one area to another. It is the removal of unwanted HEAT from a
selected space, substance or objects and its transfer to another space, substance, or objects.
▪ Artificial (human-made) cooling. Its main purpose is to lower the temperature of objects or substance for
preservation.
Refrigeration Cycle
▪ explain how this transferring of heat from one area to another take place.

Thermodynamics
▪ Thermo came from Greek word “therme” means heat
▪ Dynamics means how it work or in motion
▪ Thermodynamics means heat in motion or study of heat or how heat works
▪ First law of thermodynamics states Law of Conservation of Energy that energy cannot be created nor
destroy; it can only transform from one form to another
▪ Second Law of Thermodynamics heat travels from warm area to a " cold area"
▪ Heat in motion
▪ Internal combustion in engine

What is Hot?
▪ Heat is an energy
▪ it is the intensity movement of the molecules

What is Cold?
▪ all molecular movement stops
▪ absolute zero (– 460 °F; – 273.15°C)
▪ Cold means no heat

Thermometer
▪ instrument use to measure the hotness or "coldness" of a body
Enthalpy
▪ is a measure of heat or internal energy in the system. BTU/lb or KJ/lb
Sensible heat
▪ is heat added or removed in a substance whose temperature changes but the state of the substance remains.
Latent heat (hidden heat)
▪ is heat added or removed in a substance whose states changes without changing its temperature

Pressure
▪ Force/Area
▪ directly proportional to temperature.
▪ If pressure increases, temperature also increases. and vice versa.
▪ Refrigeration is pressurized
▪ Higher altitude, Lower Pressure, Lower temperature, Less time to boil
▪ Chippy (sitsirya is mas lumulobo sa manila than baguio)
▪ Submarine, screws tend to unfasten

Four Stages of Refrigeration Cycle

1. Evaporator
▪ Coil of tube where the refrigerant absorbs heat from the food placed inside the refrigeration cabinet
▪ Heat is being absorb in evaporator
▪ Composed of coil of tube (commonly aluminum tube, ¼ diameter)
▪ “Shell Type Evaporator” (term for evaporator in common refrigerator)
▪ Composed of ALUMINUM
2. Compressor
▪ Main function: Circulate the refrigerant (“Heart”); to compress the refrigerant (“Pressurized”)
▪ “Heart” of the refrigeration system
▪ Acts as the pump that moves the refrigerant through the system (Circulate the refrigerant)
▪ Temperature sensors start the compressor's action
 ▪ Refrigeration systems cool objects through repeated refrigeration cycles
▪ Gas can be compressed; Liquid can’t be compressed (Hydraulic)
▪ Compress the refrigerant by piston cylinder
3. Condenser
▪ Coil of tube where heat absorb by the refrigerant is being discharge into the atmosphere
▪ Function in a refrigeration system is to transfer heat from the refrigerant to another medium, such as
air and/or water. By rejecting heat, the gaseous refrigerant condenses to liquid inside the condenser.
▪ Composed of coil of tube (commonly has the diameter of ¼)
▪ Composed of METAL ALLOY
4. Expansion Valve
▪ Metering device the controls the flow of the refrigerant (example is Capillary tube)
▪ PSIG – pound per square inch gauge
▪ Capillary tube: Diameter (gating-ting); Hole (Butas ay gakarayom); two to three meters of length
▪ Pressure gauge = Pressure Absolute – Pressure Atmospheric
▪ Only after exiting the expansion valve that the pressure of refrigerant will be decreases (only time for
the refrigerant to expand)
5. Refrigerant
▪ “Blood” of the system
▪ Refrigerant is pressurized in refrigeration system
▪ Refrigerant is a kind of fluid that boils at lower temperature
▪ Fluid is neither liquid nor gas (sometimes called as saturated
refrigerant)
▪ Saturated means mixture of liquid and gas
▪ Mostly used are R134a and R600a
▪ The old refrigerant is called R12 (already phase out, harmful for the ozone)
▪ R600a is flammable

Two Pressure/Temperature Side

▪ Low Pressure/Temperature side (Blue Gauge)
▪ High Pressure/Temperature side (Red Gauge)
▪ Manifold Gauge is used to measure the low/high pressure/temp side
▪ Mainly used to determined whether the load for refrigerant is correct or
already enough

When asked why No Temperature difference in Latent heat

▪ First law of thermodynamics, Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be converted from
one form to another.
▪ The absorb heat (thermal energy) by material is used to break the bonds and to change the phase of the
said material, instead of increasing its kinetic energy (temperature). Thus, the temperature is constant.

How Expansion valve decreases from High pressure/temperature to Low pressure/temperature

▪ From the Law of conservation of Mass, the Continuity Equation was derived. When an incompressible,
frictionless fluid is in motion, it must move in such a way that mass is conserved (𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 )
▪ Velocity is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional Area. (As the area decreases, its velocity
increases)
▪ Bernoulli's Principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid
decreases.
▪ Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute
temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant.
▪ Smaller the cross-sectional area, the velocity increases, the pressure decreases, the temperature decreases
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

REFRIGERATION CYCLE
ANO NGA BA ANG SUPERHEAT, SUBCOOLING, SATURATION, LATENT HEAT AT SENSIBLE HEAT
/ LUCERO 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I0coI3mi4A

Two types of Heat Present in Refrigeration Cycle: Latent Heat & Sensible Heat

Latent Heat
▪ Latin word “Latens” means hidden
▪ it is the heat added or removed that causes change in phase without causing change in temperature amount
of energy needed for phase change

Sensible Heat
▪ Sensible Heat Exchange - the temperature will only increase or
decrease if the substance is completely gas or liquid
▪ heat that we can feel, can be measured with a thermometer and
reflected by a thermostat.
▪ it is the heat added or removed that causes change in temperature
without causing change in phase

Saturation Point
▪ also called boiling point
▪ “saturated” refers to the refrigerant that is in a process of
changing phase
▪ takes place on evaporator and condenser
▪ Saturated Refrigerant - mixture of gas and liquid refrigerant

Superheat
 ▪ superheat occurs when a refrigerant is heated above its boiling point
▪ superheated refrigerant - a refrigerant above its boiling point

Sub-Cooling
▪ sub-cooling occurs when refrigerant is cooled below its boiling point
▪ sub-cooled refrigerant - a refrigerant below its boiling point

Refrigeration Cycle - PH and TH diagram | Alonica 2020 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUcVh6bLHa0

REFRIGERATION CYCLE
▪ Refrigeration is the process of transferring heat from one area to another.

COMPRESSOR
▪ It is referred to as the "heart of the system.
▪ circulates the refrigerant in the refrigerator system
▪ The compressor compresses the low-pressure gas refrigerant into high-pressure gas refrigerant, thus
increasing the temperature: it also lowers the pressure in the evaporator, and keeps the refrigerant
moving in the system.

REFRIGERANT
▪ “the blood of the system”. A refrigerant is a fluid that easily boils at a lower temperature. It absorbs heat
in the evaporator and discharges it into the condenser.

EVAPORATOR
 ▪It is a coil of tubes where heat is being absorbed in order that it may be moved and transferred to the
condenser. It is known as freezer. cooling coil, or chilling unit. It can be found on the low-pressure side
of the system.
CONDENSER
▪ It is also a coil of tubes where heat being absorbed in the evaporator discharges into the atmosphere. It
can be found in the high-pressure side of the system.
▪ a black-colored component found at the back of the refrigerator.

EXPANSION VALVE
▪ It is the metering device that controls the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator. It reduces the high-
pressure liquid refrigerant to a low pressure liquid refrigerator in the correct quantities to operate the
system at maximum efficiency and without overloading the compressor.
▪ Capillary tube - as a tiny diameter, like the size of a needle hole, and it is about more or less 2 meters
long. The purpose of the capillary tube is to reduce the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

STRAINER DRIER
▪ the word "strainer" refers to filtering out the impurities that are classified as dirt in the system. The
"drier" contains silica gel that absorbs the moisture or water content of the system.

PH and TH Diagram

Paano Lumalamig ang Refrigerator | Fronda 2020 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uBC8bA2fjk

REFRGERATION CYCLE
▪ Evaporator - 0°F at 6.5 psig
▪ Accumulator
― separates portion of liquid that did not converted into gas
― liquid refrigerant cannot be compressed so it should not flow into the compressor or the compressor
will be damaged
― only pure gas refrigerant should flow in the accumulator
― Ensure oil return and ensure that only refrigerant is returning to the compressor.
▪ Sanction Line
▪ Compressor - 125°F at 185 psig
▪ Discharge Line
▪ Condenser
― discharge heat because it has 125°F and the ambient heat is 95°F
― heat transfers from high temperature to lower temperature.
▪ Strainer Drier
▪ Expansion Valve
▪ The cycle continues
STANDING PRESSURE | CHARGING PRESSURE R600a, R32, R454b |

Standing Pressure & Charging Pressure of Different Refrigerants

What is Refrigerant?
▪ If the compressor is called “the heart of the refrigeration system”, the refrigerant is the “blood” of the
system.
▪ It is the fluid that flows through the whole refrigeration system, and is the one that cools the refrigerator
and air-conditioned room, via absorbing and discharging heat in the atmosphere

Ozone layer
▪ Exosphere
▪ Thermosphere
▪ Mesosphere
▪ Stratosphere
▪ Troposphere

What is Ozone depletion and Global Warming, and their connection to the refrigerants?
▪ Refrigerants are one of the chemicals that damage the ozone layer and furthers the causes of global
warming
▪ The earth is covered by the ozone layer, it is the shield of the atmosphere that protects us from heat and
UV light/radiation from the sun
― It also absorbs harmful gasses from the earth that leaves the atmosphere
― The harmful gasses, for example, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), comes from refrigerants and
plastics
▪ When the ozone layer absorbs these gasses, in time, it causes the phenomenon ozone depletion
― Ozone Depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer due to the ozone layer not being able to handle
the heat it absorbs
― Because of this the heat and UV light/radiation from the sun can now pass through the ozone layer
easier, and the harmful gasses are trapped in the atmosphere
▪ As heat enters and gets trapped in the atmosphere, global warming occurs
― Global warming is the rise in the overall average temperature in the world
― Aside from refrigerants, other sources of the cause of global warming are smoke from vehicles,
from factories, from burning waste/garbage
― Because of this, scientists ensure that new products are ozone friendly and avoid contributing to
global warming

What is Standing Pressure, Charging Pressure and the two sides: Low Pressure and High Pressure?
▪ Charging Pressure is based on pressure temperature chart of various refrigerants
▪ Standing Pressure is based on the average pressure of the surrounding environment
▪ In the Philippines:
― during January, the average temperature is 21 °Celsius/ 69.8 °Fahrenheit
― during May, the average temperature is 32 °C/ 89.6 °F
 Charging Pressure
Boiling Standing
Refrigerant Chemical Formula Low pressure High Pressure Remarks
Point Pressure
Side Side
Currently in
R600a -11°C -2psig 82psig used
C4H10 31psig to
or to to Replacement
(Isobutane) (methylpropane) 47psig
10.94°F -4psig 88psig for:
R134a
Replacement
-52°C 205psig 123psig 430psig
CH2F2 for: R410a
R32 or to to to
(difluoromethane) To be phase
-61.6°F 280psig 130psig 455psig
out
68.9% CH2F2 Replacement
R454b (difluoromethane) -50.9°C 95psig 145psig 445psig
for:
and or to to to
32.1% C3H2F4 R410a
(XL41) -59.62°F 115psig 155psig 455psig
(tetrafluoropropene) R407
Air conditioner
180psig
35psig
to
to
-26.3°C 71psig 184psig
CH2FCF3 40psig Phased out by
R134a or to
(tetrafluoroethane) Refrigerator: 2024
-15.3°F 103psig 180psig
4psig
to
to
184psig
7psig
50% CH2F2
R410a (difluoromethane) -48.5°C 200psig 118psig 430psig
Phased out by
and or to to to
(AZ-20) 50% CHF2CF3 2024
-55.3°F 270psig 130psig 445psig
(pentafluoroethane)
Replacement
R22 -40.8°C 122psig 68psig 270psig
CHClF2 for: R410a
or to to to
(chlorodifluoromethane) To be phase
(Freon) -41.44°F 169psig 75psig 280psig
out
32°C
C2H3Cl2F
R141b (dichlorofluoroethane)
or
89.6°F
Commonly used refrigerants for “flushing” and cleaning
refrigeration systems
-195.8°C
R728 N2 (nitrogen) or
-320.44°F

R12- Phase out, replaced by R134a (dichlorodifluoromethane) (CCl2F2)

R22- To be phase out, replaced by R410a
Ano ang Charging Pressure ng Refrigerator at Air Conditioner | Janelle 2020

▪ R12- wala nang mabibili, phase out na, masama ito sa ozone layer, pinalitan na R134a at iba pa
▪ R134a
▪ R22- malapit na ring maphase out, papalitan na ng R410a
▪ R410a
Boiling point
Water 100°C or 212°F
R134a -15.3°F
R12 -21.7°F
R22 -41°F
R410a -55.3°F
Pressure – Temperature Chart
▪ Dito magbabase ng karga/charge ng refrigerator or air conditioner
Column contains
▪ Temperature unit – Degree Fahrenheit (°F)
▪ Pressure Unit – pounds per square inch gauge (psig)

Gage pressure is used because it is the unit that gage manifold gage can read

▪ Ambient temperature (95°F) “Heat can only temperature from high to low”

Refrigerator R12 R134a

Evaporator
6.7psig to 9.2psig 4psig to 7psig
(0 to -5°F)
Condenser 183.6psig
170psig
(125°F) *180 to 184psig*

Air-Conditioner R22 R410a R134a (in Cars)

Evaporator 35 to 40psig
68.5psig to 76.0psig 118 psig to 130psig
(40 to 45°F)
Condenser 183.57psig
278psig 446psig *180psig to 184psig*
(125°F)

Gage Manifold (Composed of Blue and Red gage)

▪ Compound Gauge (Blue gauge)
― blue hose, connected to low-pressure/low-temperature side of refrigerator or air conditioner
― Charging Line/ Process line/Access valve or Suction Line
― Can Read Gauge Pressure and Vacuum Pressure
― can read positive (0 to 550 psig) and negative (0 to -30 inches mercury) pressure
▪ Pressure Gauge (Red gauge)
― red hose, connected to high-pressure/high-temperature side of refrigerator or air conditioner
― can read 0 to 700 psig
▪ Yellow Hose connected to vacuum pump and refrigerant tank
▪ Pressure is amount of force exerting per unit area
▪ Compound gauge is the one identified with a blue color in a gauge manifold since it has two sides of
pressure
▪ Two sides of pressure of Compound gauge (blue color in a gauge manifold)
1. Positive side – (0 to 250 psig)
2. Negative side – (0 to -30 inHg)
▪ Barometer is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure/barometric pressure. T
▪ Subcategorized:
1. aneroid barometer
2. mercurial barometer
▪ Aristotle (384-322 BC)
― impossible to have an empty space or vacuum,
― all space is surrounded/ occupied by matter (solid, liquid, gas, etc.)
― during the 17th century, several mining sites in Italy encountered a problem whereas the water from their
water pumps was not reaching a height of 10.3 meters, meaning, the water cannot reach their water pumps.

▪ Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who is the Father of Modern Science,

▪ sucking air out of a tube is what makes the water rise to the surface.
▪ But this force was limited by a maximum altitude of 10.3 meters. This was why the question
regarding the existence of vacuum remained.

▪ Gasparo Berti (1600-1643)

▪ conducted an experiment to prove that vacuum does exist
▪ On his method, he filled a long tube with water that has a cover on its end.
▪ The covered part was flipped upside down on a shallow pool. After removing its cover to get in
contact with the pool water
▪ It was discovered that the water's height in the tube was reducing until it earned a measurement of
10.3 meters relative to the tube.
▪ An empty space was discerned in what was considered to be the vacuum.

▪ Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)

▪ former student and a friend of Galilei, had an interest to the controversy on why did not the rest of
the water pour out of the tube.
▪ As attested by him, it is due to the atmospheric pressure that prevents the rest of the water from
pouring out.
▪ Water pours out until the atmospheric pressure and the pressure that the water from the tube exerts
reaches an equilibrium. and thus, the rest of the water stops from pouring out.
▪ try same method using mercury (Hg)–heavier and denser than water. Then, it revealed that there
was 76 centimeters of Hg in the tube, which is equivalent to 29.9 inches of Hg, or simply, 30 inches
of Hg.
▪ atmospheric pressure and the pressure that the mercury exerts in the tube are in equilibrium and
have same pressure
▪ This is why 30 inches of Hg is being used in a compound gauge because this is the vacuum pressure
inside the tube that is as big as the atmospheric pressure at sea level.

▪ Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

▪ a scientist who invented Pascaline (an ancient calculator), supported Torricelli with his verdict.
▪ While climbing up the mountain, carrying a tube with mercury, Pascal observed that the level of
mercury was decreasing as he went higher up to the mountain
 ▪ was verified that the amount of air pressure at sea level or the standard atmospheric pressure is
equivalent to 29.92 inches of Hg, or 30 inches of Hg in a compound gauge. These values are
approximately equivalent to 14 psig or 101.325 kiloPascals (kPa).

▪ 30inHg as the vacuum pressure is being used in a compound gauge because it has the equivalent
atmospheric pressure at sea level. Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Refrigerator Fahrenheit Celsius R134a R600a

Evaporator 0 to -5°F -17.8 to -20.6°C 4.1 to 6.5psig -2psig to -4psig
Condenser 125°F 51.7°C 184.5psig 88.7psig

Air-Conditioner Fahrenheit Celsius R22 R410a

Evaporator 40 to 45°F 4.4 to 7.2°C 68.6 to 76.1 118.9 to 130.7
Condenser 125°F 51.7°C 278.1 448.4

Troubleshoot:
▪ Burned Out Compressor
― water is entering the compressor (damage accumulator)
― high ampere, exceeds the rated current (patay-buhay ang compressor)
― as temperature exceeds, overload protector fails
― Starting winding doesn’t turn off (instead of main winding)

▪ No cooling (blockage of refrigerant before entering the expansion valve)

― Present of water in the expansion valve (damage strainer drier)
― Present of leak of oil

▪ Loose compression (in compressor)

― No suction nor discharge (Damage Flapper Valve, Unclean or dented)

― Process line/Access valve/Charging Line

― Suction line (mataba na tubo)
― Discharge line (payat na tubo)

― Whenever the refrigerator has been repaired, the strainer drier must always be replaced
― Every refrigerant has its own compatible oil, if not, chemical reaction occurs
― Air compressor (nakahiwalay ang compressor, nakabit ang b-belt sa compressor)
― Dome (takip sa compressor, welded)
― Charging line and suction line are the same

▪ How to distinguish Start winding between Main winding

― Main winding (makapal, unti ang winding/turns)
― Starting winding (manipis, maraming winding/ turns)

▪ Reciprocating compressor (All motors have lubricant oil, dahil magagasgas,)

― Refrigerant is sucked in a chamber and compressed with the help of a reciprocating piston
1. Hermetic type compressor (sealed/welded compressor, electrical parts are placed inside)
2. Open type compressor (have bolts and knots, not welded)

▪ Electrical Pin Type Connector (CSR)

 ― C- Common Terminal
― S- Starting Winding
― R- Running Winding

▪ Reprocess
― Changing of oil
― Charging of refrigerant
― Vacuum

Pressure
▪ Pressure is the force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object.
▪ Pressure = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒⁄𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
▪ Standard Atmospheric Pressure at sea level:
14.7 psia = 101325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa
= 29.9 in Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 1 atm
= 1.0135 Bar
= 760.21 Torr

▪ Atm pressure (Patm) = 14.7psi

▪ Gauge Pressure (Pg)
▪ Absolute Pressure = Patm + Pg
▪ Both Metric system & English system are being used

Refrigerator (Types)
▪ Domestic Refrigerator (Pangbahay)
― “Freezer” is Evaporator
― Not all entire refrigerator is the evaporator (usually at the top most of the refrigerator)
― No refrigerator that has one/main evaporator is located at the bottom
― Hot Air Rises, Cold Air Sinks (Convection current)
― Design temperature of 0 to -5°F
― Can be a Single or Two Door Refrigerator
― Evaporator may located both top and bottom
― Shell Type Evaporator
― evaporator with an aluminum shell around it. to hold everything, we put inside together
and hold.
▪ Upright Freezer
― The evaporator is the entire refrigeration cabinet
― Design temperature of 0 to -5°F or -17.8°C to -20.6°C
― Soft drinks
▪ Chest Type freezer
― The evaporator is the entire refrigeration cabinet
― Ice cream
Ice Plant
― Huge evaporator
― Solely purpose of making Ice
▪ Walk-in Freezer
― Evaporator is incorporated within the walls
 ― Human can enter or leave inside the Evaporator or Freezer
― Restaurant

― Evaporator can be enlarged

― Main purpose is preservation
9
― ℉ = 5 ℃ + 32

▪ Charging of refrigerant
― Refers to adding/loading/replenishing of refrigerant to its required amount or its specified
standard/specification whenever repair has been done or leaks have been noticed

▪ How to know what kind of refrigerant inside of a cylinder tank and of a refrigerator or aircon
1. Read the Tag/Labelled specification in the compressor or cylinder tank (may contained color
codes)
2. Determine the Standing Pressure and Temperature of the surroundings, and using the PT-chart as
the guide

▪ Saturated Refrigerant
― term used when a vapor and liquid refrigerant coexist in the cylinder tank

▪ Saturated temperature
― The temperature reading outside (room/ambient temperature)

▪ Cylinder Tank
― Maximum load of a cylinder tank is 20% Gas & 80% Liquid
― Liquid refrigerant that has load more than 80%, limits the refrigerant to expand when expose to
heat during transportation, and also increases the risk of a hydrostatic pressure which eventually
may cause explosion for the tank
― Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within
the fluid, due to the force of gravity.
― Overfilled storage containers may explode due to liquid refrigerant expanding when heated.

How to use PT-chart (Pressure and temperature chart of refrigerants)

1. When the saturated pressure reading and the ambient temperature reading are aligned/matched in a row
of a PT-chart, the designated column for a specific refrigerant wherein the pressure reading is located, is
also the name of the refrigerant in the cylinder tank.

2. When the saturated pressure reading nor the ambient temperature reading doesn’t match in the given PT-
chart column of the said refrigerant, it is not a pure refrigerant anymore, thus the cylinder tank is already
contaminated. The Air or Nitrogen (N2) may have been entered the cylinder tank. The refrigerant must be
disposed and not be used because it may destroy the refrigeration unit.

3. Alternatively, when the saturated pressure reading of the Recovered Cylinder and the ambient temperature
reading match in the given PT-chart column of the said refrigerant, then it is a pure refrigerant

4. When the tag/label of the specification of an aircon or refrigerator unit is cannot be found, it is the same
process to determined the name of operating refrigerant.
a. Turned off the ref or aircon unit then connect the manifold gage
 b. Connect the compound gage in the low side, and pressure gauge in the high side
c. Wait for the pointers to become steady, then only time to read its pressure
d. The readings for compound gage and pressure gauge must be the same
― The unit is turn off therefore it is ambient temperature, thus same pressure reading
e. The equivalent temperature for the pressure reading using the PT-chart of the specified refrigerant,
and the ambient temperature reading must correspond to each other

― Standing Pressure (pressure when the compressor is turned off)

― Saturated Pressure (pressure when the compressor or unit is turn on, liquid and vapor coexist)
― Saturated Temperature (corresponding temperature of a saturated pressure reading, liquid and vapor
coexist)
― Manifold Gauge can be used for different refrigerant, which is located at the center line
― Pressure/Temperature Chart can also be seen in the Inner Scale (in a ℃)
― Pressure Reading can also be seen in the Outer Scale
― Manifold Gauge determined the corresponding Pressure and Temperature of a Specific Refrigerant
Flushing

▪ Air composed of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.9% Carbon, and 0.4% of different gasses

▪ R141b - C2H3Cl2F (dichlorofluoroethane)

▪ Alcohol like
▪ Easily evaporated if placed on the atmosphere
▪ More or less liquid

▪ Do not let the R141b continuously flow while “flushing” the coil of tube to prevent it from going to the
compressor
1. Dis-assemble the coil of tube to assure no liquid R141b enters the compressor
2. From the discharge line to the end of condenser (do not include the strainer drier)
3. Dis-assemble the suction line, and capillary tube (expansion valve)
4. Use funnel (embodo) to let liquid refrigerant enter the coils of tube
5. The liquid refrigerant must in a higher elevation for the liquid refrigerant to flow into the coil of
tube
6. Soak it under 5minutes or 10 minutes
7. Flush it with Nitrogen, all the dirt and the liquid refrigerant leaves the coil of tube

Type Refrigeration System

1. Absorption refrigeration system (Uses a LPG)
2. Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (Uses a compressor)

Electrical Parts of Domestic Refrigerator

▪ Electricity is the presence and flow of electric charge. It is the flow of electrons through conductors such
as copper wire.
▪ Electromotive force is the forces that pushes the
electrons to flow in a circuit. Voltage (E)
▪ Current is the flow of electrons. Ampere (I)
▪ Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current.
Ohm (R)
▪ Circuit is the path for transmitting electric current
▪ Power (P) = Current (I) × Voltage (V); Power (P)
has a unit of Watt
▪ Voltage (E)= Current (I) × Resistance (R)
Thomas Alva Edison
▪ 1879, invented long practical and long lasting electric Incandescent light bulb (warm, red-colored light)
▪ Mr. Flores, inventor of fluorescent lamp (according to sir but definitely a myth)

Two forms of electricity

1. Static electricity
2. Dynamic electricity (Moving electric charges)

Two types of Electric charges

1. Positive denoted by (+) sign
2. Negative denoted by (-) sign

▪ Like charges, repel. Unlike charges, attract

▪ Charges are carried by a subatomic particle
▪ positive charges are carried by protons, negative charges are carried by electrons
▪ objects like metals electrons can move randomly while in nonmetals their position is kind of fixed and
hence, they cannot move freely
▪ negatively charged electrons are moving in the wire in one direction
▪ electric current (unidirectional motion of electrons in a wire)
▪ Dynamic electricity is flow of electric charges through conductors
▪ Ohm’s law Voltage (E)= Current (I) × Resistance (R)
▪ Series circuit, as the total resistance increases the overall current decreases

Instrument in reading electrical voltage, current,

1. Analog Multi-tester (knob to adjust the ranges, and to calibrate the needle/ pointer to zero)
2. Digital Multi-tester (can read up to three digits)
3. Analog Clamp Ammeter
4. Digital Clamp Ammeter

Multi-tester normally used in getting the resistance and voltage

▪ Range (Range selector can be set to ×1, ×10, ×1k, and ×10k)
▪ Initial Reading must be multiplied to the multiplier
▪ Alternating Current (for measuring the Meralco output)
▪ Direct current (have positive and negative terminals)
▪ Alternate current (the currents are alternating)
▪ Must set to a higher range of the actual specification of the device to avoid breakage of the multi-tester
▪ Test probe, (Black for negative, Red for positive)
▪ Ohm scale can read from 0 to 2k ohms and to infinity
▪ AC volts scale can read from 0 to 10V, 0 to 50V, and 0 to 250V
Electrical parts of refrigerator
1. Compressor
2. Over load Protector (O.L.P.)
3. Current Relay
4. Thermostat
5. Cabinet heater
6. Defrost heater
7. Defrost timer
8. Door switch
9. Interior Light
10. Thermo Fuse
Schematic Wiring Diagram of Refrigerator,
11. Evaporator Fan Motor Combination of Series and Parallel Connection

▪ C – Common Terminal
▪ S – Starting Winding Terminal
▪ R – Running Winding Terminal

▪ Common Terminal (C), Starting Winding Terminal (S),

and Running Winding Terminal (R) are connected in
parallel Schematic Wiring Diagram of Compressor,
▪ Relay is connected in S Combination of Series and Parallel Connection
▪ Current will enter at C, from C to S and R,

▪ Starting relay
― an electrical device that switches electrical current to Starting Winding
▪ Over load Protector (O.L.P.)
― Electrical device that protects the compressor from high current Current relay Electronics relay
▪ Thermostat
― Electrical device that controls the temperature of the refrigerator cabinet
― contains a refrigerant, if the refrigerant sense the coldness, the pressure
decreases, then turn off the compressor Mechanical O.L.P. Electrical O.L.P.
― If the refrigerant sense the hotness, the refrigerant pushes to the thermostat,
then turn on the compressor
― Set the range of coldness
▪ Defrost timer Thermostat
― Electrical device that turned OFF the compressor as well as the fan motor while
turning ON the defrost heater, Device to inhibit the frost to occur
― contains a timer, run the compressor for 12 hours, then turns off, the heater will
then turn on
Defrost timer
― After 15 to 20 mins, the compressor will then turn on and starts running
▪ Evaporator Fan Motor
― Device to circulate the cool air through the food compartment of refrigerator for
efficient cooling
Evaporator Fan
― Commonly found on two door refrigerator
Motor
▪ Defrost heater
― Electrical device that melts frost in the evaporator
▪ Door switch
― Electrical device that switches ON and OFF the cabinet bulb for lighting Door switch
Defrost heater
― Pressed down, the lights will turn off

How to Troubleshoot a Reciprocating Compressor | Camba 2019

Types of Compressors
1. Rotary Compressor
2. Reciprocating Compressor
3. Centrifugal Compressor
4. Helical Rotary Compressor
5. Scroll Compressor

Reciprocating compressor
▪ Hermetic compressor is called because it is sealed and closed in one unit, also the piston and the electrical
motor are placed inside it

Tubing of a Reciprocating Compressor

▪ reciprocating compressor have tubes that can be represented by process line, suction line, and discharge
line.
▪ Suction line and process line can be interchange because they are both located at low pressure and low
temperature side
▪ Diameter of the process line and suction line is larger compared to discharge line
▪ The reciprocating compressor contains oil.
▪ If the reciprocating compressor will be tilted, the tube where the oil exits must be the suction line or the
process line. No oil must exist at the discharge line.

Electrical Motor
― Sa likod na bahagi ng reciprocating compressor ay makikita ang Over Load Protector (OLP), Relay at
Terminals
― Electrical parts:
▪ Over load Protector (O.L.P.)
― overload protector, Protect the compressor to high amperes
― Dahil mabilis ang pasok ng current tuwing high ampere, ito ay nagdudulot ng
pagkasunog ng compressor
― Bumibigay kung sobrang taas ng amperes ang dumadaloy para protektahan ang
compressor

▪ Relay
― nagpapagana ng motor and nagbibigay ng charge sa buong compressor para sa starting
winding and para mas maganda ang takbo ng compressor
HOW TO DETERMINE CSR – Common Terminal (C), Starting winding (S), Running winding (R)
▪ Terminal
― nakaayos sa triangular configuration, maari ang isa sa tatlo ay Common Terminal
(C), Starting Winding (S), or running winding (R)
― Gamit ang multi tester, malalaman ang CSR sa tatlo
― Dalawang uri ng multi tester, analog multi tester at digital multi tester.
▪ Dalawa and test rod, (red for positive, and black for negative)
▪ kung hindi nakatutok ang pointer sa zero-resistance ng tester
▪ Malalaman na hindi nakatutok ang pointer sa zero-resistance ng tester sa
pamamagitan ng pagtutok ng range sa ×1
― Pagdikitin yung dalawang test rod, kung hindi nakatutok sa zero, pwede itong
iadjust gamit ang Zero Adjuster ng Tester.
― Kung nakatutok na ang pointer/needle sa zero, pwede na ito gamitin.

▪ Para makuha ang CSR

▪ kailangan ng papel, ballpen, at tester. Magdrawing ng tatlong points.
1. Para makuha ang point one (1) and two (2)
― ididkit ang red rod sa one, ang black rod sa two. (26 ohms)
2. Para makuha ang point one (1) and three (3)
― ididkit ang red rod sa three, ang black rod sa one. (16 ohms)
3. Para makuha ang point two (2) and three (3)
― ididkit ang red rod sa three, ang black rod sa two. (40 ohms)
4. Pagkatapos kunin ang resistance reading ng point one, two, and three pwede na malaman ang CSR.
5. Ang highest reading (40 Ohms), tatakpan ang dalawang point na bumubuo sa reading na iyon. Ang
natitirang terminal ay ang Common Terminal (C)
6. Ang secong highest reading (26 Ohms), tatakpan ang dalawang point na bumubuo sa reading na iyon.
Ang natitirang terminal ay ang Running winding (R)
7. Ang natitirang terminal ay ang Starting winding (S)
 DEFECTS OF A COMPRESSOR
1. Grounded Compressor
― gumamit ng tester para malaman if grounded yung compressor.
― Kailangan malaman kung pumapalo or gumagalaw ang indicator/pointer sa multi-tester kapag dinikit
ang test rod sa parte ng reciprocating compresser na wala nang pintura o metal part sa kada isang
terminal.
― Not grounded (kapag hindi pumalo ang indicator/needle ng multi-tester)
― Grounded (kapag gumalaw ang indicator/needle, nagkaroon ng reading sa multi-tester)

2. Open Compressor
― magiging open circuit ang isang compressor if may isa or dalawang terminal na open or walang reading.

3. Shorted Compressor
― Magkadikit ang starting winding at running winding ng terminals ng compressor. Nagshoshort circuit
ang isang compressor.
― Sa pagchecheck ng terminals ay malalaman kung ito ay short circuit o hindi
― Kung magkaparehas ang reading ng terminals 1-2 at 1-3 (shorted compressor)

4. High Amperage Compressor

― Kung ang lumalabas na reading gamit ang clamp ammeter ay mas mataas sa nakalagay na specification
ng amperage sa compressor.
― Kailangan ng dalawang Aligator Clip, Electric Plug, Power Source, Clamp Ammeter, and Multimeter
or Tester para malaman kung high amperage ang compressor.
1. Idikit ang line one (1) at line two (2) sa dalawang alligator clip, ang isa ay sa Over load Protector
(O.L.P.) at ang isa sa Relay.
2. Icheck ang electric plug kung Shorted or Grounded,
a. idikit ang black and red test rod sa magkabilang plug
b. Kung pumapalo o may reading ang multimeter, ang electric plug ay hindi Shorted nor
Grounded
3. Icheck kung Grounded ang Compressor
a. pagkaskas o pagdikit ng black test rod sa parte na walang pintura
b. paglagay ng red rod sa plug
c. Kung pumalo o may reading ang multimeter, posibleng grounded ang compressor.
d. Kung ito ay hindi gumalaw, hindi ito grounded.
4. Iclamp ang ammeter either sa line 1 or line 2 basta wag lang pagsabayin

― Paano Gumamit ng Clamp Ammeter

1. Pwede sa line 1, then line 2, Mali kung pagsasabayin ang line 1 at line 2
2. I-set ang clamp ammeter sa 8 at isaksak ang electric plug sa powersource
3. Tignan kung saan pumapalo ang clamp ammeter, dapat ito ay nasa 0.6-0.7
lamang
4. Kapag chinarge ito at nilagyan ng refrigerant, tataas pa ito at magiging 1.0
5. Hindi dapat mas mataas sa amperage na nakalagay sa compressor ang
reading ng clamp ammeter. Ibig sabihin ay hindi High Amperage ang
compressor.
5. Stuck-Up Compressor
― Kapag natutuyuan ng oil ang isang compressor sa loob ng electric motor, ito ay
nagiging stuck-up compressor.
― Nagkakaroon ng impurities sa loob kaya nahihirapang gumalaw ang cylindrical
piston sa loob ng compressor.
― Nagreresulta sa malakas na tunog mula sa compressor at sa mataas na amperes
mula sa compressor

6. Loose Compression
― Nakabukas ang compressor
― Pagcheck sa Discharge line kung ito ay loose compression
a. Kapag napipigilan ang hangin na lumalabas sa discharge line, hindi na maayos ang discharge
line, ang compressor ay may loose compression
b. Kapag hindi napipigilan ang hangin na lumalabas sa discharge line, maayos pa ang discharge
line.
― Pagcheck sa Suction line kung ito ay loose compression
a. Tinatakpan ang papel ang Suction line.
b. Dapat hinihigop ng suction line ang papel tuwing inangat ang papel upang masabi na ayos pa
ang compression ng compressor
― Kapag maayos ang discharge line at suction line, ibig sabihin ay maayos ang compressor at walang
loose compression.

7. Relay of a Compressor, Defect (electrical parts problem)

― Kung walang reading ang multimeter tuwing pinapasok ang test rod sa dalawang butas ng relay,
Defected na ang Relay
― Pinapasok ang Relay sa terminal two (2) bilang Starting winding (S), at terminal three (3) bilang
Running winding (R)
― Dapat magkaparehas o specific ang relay ng compressor kung ito ay papalitan
― How To Troubleshoot a Relay (Paano malaman kung maayos pa ang relay ng compressor)
a. Gumamit ng multi-tester,
b. Ilagay ang selector knob sa ×1
c. Pagdikitin and red and black rod tapos pindutin ang zero adjuster para maging zero ang tester.
d. Kunin ang relay
e. Ipasok ang isang test rod sa isang butas
f. Then sunod naman sa kabilang butas
g. Kapag umangat o nagkaroon ng reading ang tester, maayos pa ang relay

8. Over load Protector (O.L.P.), Burn out (electrical parts problem)

― Overload protector, Protect the compressor to high amperes
― Dapat magkaparehas o specific ang Over load Protector (O.L.P.) ng
compressor kung ito ay papalitan
― How To Troubleshoot an Over load Protector (O.L.P.)
a. Ilagay ang isang test rod (Red) sa terminal ng OLP at ilagay naman ang pangalawang test rod
(Black) sa kabilang line or wire, for continuity
b. Kung pumalo o nagkaroon ng reading na Zero ang OLP, ito ay maayos pa
 c. Kung hindi pumalo o hindi nagkaroon ng reading na Zero ang Over load Protector (O.L.P.),
burn-out na ang Over load Protector (O.L.P.). Sunog na ang likod.

Starting A Compressor Using Jumper (Without Using OLP and Relay)

▪ May pagkakataon na nasa labas ang problema or nasa electric motor (OLP, relay, and terminals)
▪ Kailangan ng alligator clip, electric plug, powersource, and clamp ammeter
1. Pagdikitin ang alligator clip at kunin ang electric plug na may dalawang line
2. Idikit ang isang red alligator clip sa common terminal (C) at ang isa pang red alligator clip sa
pinagsamang black alligator clip (Y- shape)
3. Kapag magkadikit na, dalawang black alligator clip ay para sa Starting winding terminal (S),
at sa Running winding terminal (R)
4. Pagkakagat ng isang black alligator clip sa starting winding and yung isa sa Running winding
5. Ilagay ang clamp ammeter sa C (common) or sa R (Running Winding),
6. Huwag ilagay ang clamp ammeter sa starting winding at sa pinaka electrical plug.
7. Isset ang clamp ammeter sa A and isaksak sa power source
8. Kapag hawak mo na ang dalawnag electrical plug, magbilang ka ng tatlo tapos ay hatakin ang
clip sa starting winding.
9. Ito ay magreresulta sa spark at sa pagpalo ng amperage reading sa clamp ammeter.

Electrical Wiring Diagram | One Door and Two Door No Frost Refrigerator | Mayvilyn 2020

Refrigeration System has two parts:

a. Mechanical Side (The control of the heat flow of refrigerator)
b. Electrical Side (Responsible to make the mechanical side work)

Parts of Electrical Side (primary parts of electrical side of a single door refrigerator)
1. Compressor and Terminals
2. Overload Protector (OLP)
3. Relay
4. Thermostat
5. Cabinet Switch and Bulb

▪ Compressor
― The heart of the refrigeration cycle and also the one who is responsible for circulation of the
refrigerant throughout the cycle
▪ Refrigerant
― The blood of the refrigeration cycle. this is the one who absorb the heat from the meat, fish,
water and whatever is inside our refrigerator and discharge it outside the refrigerator
 ▪ Compressor Has Three Terminals
1. The C-Terminal for Common
2. The S-Terminal for Starting Winding
3. The R-Terminal for Running Winding
▪ Relay
― The Starting Winding and the Running Winding is connected to the Relay
― The relay is the supplier of electricity to the starting winding until it reaches the running speed.
▪ Overload Protector or OLP
― The one who protects the compressor from high a that flows on it to avoid the overheating that
may cause the burning and damage of the compressor
▪ Thermostat
― An electrical device that controls the temperature of refrigerator. it has a sensing bulb in it. if the
bulb sense that the refrigerator is cold, the compressor will turn off automatically.
― The periodic turn on and off happened because:
1. For The Compressor to Rest
2. To Control the Temperature and Avoid Frost
― Always remember that when the compressor is running, the electric meter is also running and also
increase in electric bill.
▪ Cabinet Bulb and The Switch
― This is the bulb that switch on when you open the refrigerator because the switch is not pressed so
it is switched on and switch off when close the door of refrigerator because the switch is pressed.

The parts discussed above are the primary parts of electrical side in refrigerator in single door.

▪ Wiring Diagram of Single Door (No Frost Refrigerator)

1. Start with the compressor terminal.
2. The common terminal is connected to the overload and thermostat by one series connection then
it is continued to the line 1.
3. The starting winding and running winding is connected to the relay but they are in parallel
connection.
4. Once the compressor is turned on the starting winding is going to run for at least two to three
seconds before it stops and one left running is the running winding.
5. From the relay, it is connected to the line 2.
6. Line 1 and line 2 is the connection to the power source and they are in parallel connection in push
button and cabinet bulb.
7. Once the door of the refrigerator is open the bulb will light up because the push button is released.
8. But once the door is closed, the push button will back to its position that will lead to the bulb to
turn off.

 Start here in the

compressor terminal
Additional Parts of a Two Door Refrigerator to the Usual Primary Parts of the Electrical Side
1. Defrost Timer
2. Defrost Thermostat
3. Defrost Heater
4. Plate Heater
5. Thermofuse
6. Fan Motor

▪ Defrost Timer
― control in temperature if going cold or going defrost the refrigerator it is noticeable that it has
terminals
― Defrost Timer is used to close the compressor and fan motor.
― It opens the different system in a regular interval to reduce the defrost that form inside the
refrigerator usually the depressed happen 1-2 times everyday
▪ Defrost Heater
― Will on the compressor in a span of 10 to 12 hours. if the time set in defrost timer is done the
compressor will cut off/ close automatically and the defrost heater will open.
― One to two times a day
― Once the heater is open the different will begin. the different heater will run for 20 minutes.
― Once the heater timer is done it will close and the compressor will open again and this cycle will
keep on going.
― If this not work possible that it breaks the timing and affect the air flow because it didn't defrost
properly, it affects the absorption and whole heat flow in refrigerator.
▪ The defrost heater and defrost thermostat are connected to each other
― better first heater is installed in evaporator or freezer. if the system heat is higher than the set
temperature usually 5 degrees Celsius, the thermostat will trigger to control the defrost heater
to regulate the temperature in the system
▪ Fan Motor
― One who control the air flow circulation of refrigerator. the fan motor also the reason to have a
cold air once the refrigerator is open. it helps taking the heat from the objects inside the refrigerator
because the fan motor absorbs the heat
▪ Plate Heater/ Cabinet Heater
― A device that makes the case of refrigerator hot. the inside part of the refrigerator is cooler than
the outside part that's so why it probably has moist that leads to rest of the case of the refrigerator
and the plate heater is the one who stop this.
▪ Thermofuse
― A safety device that disconnects electricity from heaters when it malfunctions. if it disconnected,
the term of use should be replaced before the heater of the refrigerator will operate again.
Wiring Diagram of Two Door
1. Compressor terminal, the common terminal (C) is connected to overload protector by series connection
and connected to fan motor by parallel connection. The line from the overload protector will continue up
to the terminal 4 of the defrost timer.
2. From terminal 1 and terminal 2 of defrost timer, it is connected to the defrost thermostat by a parallel
connection. Then it will be continued to the plate heater and the frost heater by parallel connection, and it
will continue to thermofuse.
3. Terminal 3 is connected to the thermostat by series connection. Then it will be a parallel connection in the
live wire and to the series of the door switch and bulb.
4. The starting and the running winding is connected to the relay in a parallel connection.
5. The flow of electricity is from the live wire (L) up to the neutral wire (N) that will complete the electrical
circuit. Ground (E)

Comparison of Single Door Refrigerator and Double Door Refrigerator:

1. The two-door refrigerator has the defrost timer while the one door refrigerator has none
2. The two-door refrigerator has automatic defrosting while the one door refrigerator has manual defrosting

May CSR Terminals ba ang Inverter Compressor? Danielle 2021

How to determine if the compressor is an Inverter Compressor or Non-Inverter Compressor

▪ Pagtingin sa terminals
▪ Pagtingin sa tag
▪ Electrical Components
▪ Energy Consumption

1. Pagtingin sa Terminals
▪ May CSR terminals ang Non-Inverter Compressor
▪ Walang CSR ang Inverter compressor
▪ To determine whether a compressor has CSR is to find the resistance of each terminals using
Multimeter
▪ Using Analog Multimeter (Must calibrate the needle to point at zero mark)
― I-set muna ang resistance sa zero sa pamamagitan ng pagdikit ng dalawang testing rods
sa isa’t isa.
― Iadjust ang readings sa zero gamit ang zero adjuster knob.
▪ Using Digital Multimeter (Non-inverter Compressor):
― mas accurate kaya highly recommended
a. Non-inverter Compressor
 ▪ Iba’t iba at magkakalayo sa isa’t isa ang readings ng mga terminals
▪ May CSR
▪ Alternating Current kaagad ang dumadaloy sa compressor
b. Inverter Compressor
▪ Iba’t iba ngunit hindi magkakalayo sa isa’t isa ang readings ng mga terminals
▪ Walang CSR
▪ UVW ang tawag sa terminals
▪ Parehas sa wiring connections ng isang Three phase compressor
▪ Hindi kailangan ng iba’t ibang resistance dahil hindi direktang tumatanggap ang UVW ng
Alternating Current
▪ May electric board panel o Printer Circuit Board (PCV)
▪ Tumatangap ng alternating current para gawing direct current
▪ Alternating Current (current na walang positive at negative)
▪ Direct Current (current na may positive at negative)

2. Pagtingin sa Tag o labeled specification ng isang compressor

▪ Inverter Compressor
― tumatakbo gamit ang iba’t ibang speed (have more or less 7 different speeds)
― Reach the desired temperature na nakaset sa thermostat, hindi ito titigil at babagalan lamang
ang takbo ng compressor
― Have a high range of running voltage (110V -220V)
― Have a high range of frequency (40Hz- 120Hz)
― Hindi titigil kung naabot na ang desired temperature sa thermo stat, babagalan lamang ang
speed ng compressor
▪ Non-inverter Compressor
― Always run at one maximum speed
― Either on or off
― tumigil at namamatay lamang tuwing naabot na ang desired temperature na nakaset sa
thermostat
― kapag tumaas ang temperature, muli itong mabubuhay at tatakbo
― Only have a minimum range of running voltage (220V -240V)
― Can only handle specific frequency

3. Electrical Components
▪ Inverter Compressor
― May Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
― PCB ay may thermal sensor na nagaadjust ng speed ng compressor ayon sa temperature
― pag nasira ang PCB, hindi na makakatakbo ang inventor compressor
― Bawal gamitan ng jumper dahil masisira ang PCB o Wiring Diagram:
▪ Non-inverter Compressor
― May Overload Protection (OLP) at Relay
― Maaaring gamitan ng jumper para i-start ang compressor
 Wiring Diagram of Inverter Compressor Wiring Diagram of Non-Inverter Compressor
4. Energy Consumption
▪ Mas nakakatipid ang Inverter Compressor kaysa sa Non-inverter Compressor
― ang non-inverter compressor ay
▪ Inverter Compressor
― mamatay, kung uminit muli, tatakbo muli ang compressor kapag na reach na ang desired
temperature
― Ang pag-adjust ng bilis (speed) ng pagtakbo para i-maintain ang nakaset na temperature ang
dahilan ng mababang energy consumption
― Mababa ang enegy consumption ay nangunguhulugan ng mababang babayaran sa kuryente
▪ Non-inverter Compressor
― babagalan lamang speed nito para ma-maintain ang desired temperature
― Ang dalas (frequency) ng pagtigil at pagtakbo ang dahilan ng mataas na energy consumption
― Mataas ang enegy consumption ay nangunguhulugan ng mataas ang babayaran sa kuryente

Pros and Cons of fixing an Inverter Compressor and Non-inverter Compressor

▪ Non-inverter Compressor
― Madaling i-troubleshoot nang magisa
― madali icheck kung gumagana dahil napapatakbo ito gamit ang jumper
― madali rin ipaayos dahil lahat ng technician ay alam paano ito ayusin o mas mura ang parts
― pwedeng ikabit ang parts ng non-inverter compressor kahit iba ang brand
― ang naburnout na OLP ng Samsung ay pwedeng gamitan ng LG o American Home
basta pareho sila ng specifications
▪ Inverter Compressor
― mas mahirap i-troubleshoot dahil sa Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
― mahirap malaman kung gumagana dahil bawal gamitan ng jumper
― mahirap ipaayos dahil kaunti ang technician na may alam kung paano ikumpuni
― mahal ang service fee
― dahil sa makabagong teknolohiya, di mabibili kung saan saan ang parts dahil kailangan na sa
direktang sa manufacturer bumili
― Bawal gamitin ang parts ng ibang brand pag nasira
Inverter Compressor Non-inverter Compressor
▪ Ang terminal ay walang CSR. Ito ay may UVW ▪ Ang terminal ay may CSR
▪ Pare-pareho ang resistance ng mga terminal. ▪ Iba’t iba at malalayo ang agwat ng mga resistance
▪ May varying speed ang pagtakbo ▪ Naka-fix ang speed ng pagtakbo.
▪ May varying range and volts at hertz ▪ Limitado and range ng volts at fixed ang hertz
▪ May PCB, walang OLP at Relay ▪ May OLP at Relay, walang PCB
▪ Mas nakakatipid sa pagkonsumo ng kuryente ▪ Mas malaki ang pagkonsumo ng kuryente
▪ Mahirap i-troubleshoot mag-isa ▪ Madaling i-troubleshoot mag-isa
▪ Mahal ang pagpapagawa sa mga technician ▪ Mura lang ang pagpapagawa sa mga technician
▪ Mahal ang parts at limitado ang pagbibilhan ▪ Mura ang parts at maraming maaaring pagbilhan

ANO ANG LRA, RLA, FLA, HP AT TON OF REFRIGERATION | SAMANTHA JOI 2020

LRA, RLA, FLA, HP AT TON

▪ Lock Rotor Amperage (LRA)

▪ Pinakamataas na ampere na kayang tanggapin ng compressor
▪ Kung saan hindi malolock down ang motor at mag stock up
▪ This Ampere is the current that flows in the starting winding and run winding for the first one
second to start up the compressor
▪ After the two or three second, the start winding will cut off, what will be left is the run winding
▪ This will achieve the maximum torque of the compressor

▪ Rated Load Amperage/ Run Load Amperage (RLA)

▪ Natitirang ampere pagkatapos ma cut-off and starting winding
▪ Ampere is the current that flows in the compressor under normal conditions, after the start-up of
the compressor
▪ For the Compressor in a Refrigeration Unit
▪ Full Load Amperage (FLA)
▪ This Ampere is the current that flows in the Fan Motor of an Air-Conditioning Unit
▪ For Air-Conditioning Unit

▪ Paano malalaman kung nakaayon sa dapat na reading ng ampere ng LRA, RLA, at FLA sa Tag or labeled
specification ng unit
― Kailangan ng Clamp Ammeter (Digital or Analog)
― I-set ang selector knob sa 50 ampere
― Clamp the line 1 using the Clamp Ammeter
― Patakbuhin ang air-conditioning unit
― Gagalaw ang needle/pointer ng Ammeter
― Read the scale, ang unang palo ng needle ang siyang LRA

― After two seconds, baba ang needle

― I-set ang selector knob sa 10 ampere
 ― Ang reading na makukuha ang siyang RLA

― Para malaman kung tama ang reading ng ampere sa FLA or sa Fan Motor
― I-clamp ang isa sa mga linya ng kuryente gamit ang Clamp Ammeter na nakakabit sa Fan Motor
― Patakbuhin ang unit
― Basahin ang reading
― Dapat ito ay nakaayon sa Tag or labeled specification ng unit
―
▪ Concerns in LRA, RLA, and FLA
― If mas mataas ang nakuhang reading ng LRA kaysa sa Tag or labeled specification ng unit, ito ay
malolock down ang motor at mag stock up
― Kung ito ay tumaggal, bibigay ang Over Load Protector (OLP)
― Mamatay then tatakbo, then repeat
― Kung hindi na nakakayanan ng compressor, ito ang sanhi ng pagka-burnout
▪ Burn out
― Ang pagkasunog ng OLP dahil sa sobrang ampere kaysa sa nararapat na ampere ng LRA
― Kung pasok o mas mababa ang nakuhang ampere habang tumatakbo ang compressor, nasa maayos
at magandang kalagayan ang takbo ng compressor
― Kung equal ang nakuhang reading sa tag ng compressor, maayos pa rin ngunit nanganganib sa
burn out ang compressor dahil sa katagalan ay maaring uminit ng husto at tumaas ang ampere,
kung hindi parin bumigay ang OLP, maaring Burnout na ang compressor
▪ Charging of Refrigerant
― Ang pag-chacharge ay nakabatay sa pressure-temperature of the refrigerant sa low side, at sa high
side ng refrigeration cycle
― Hindi nakabatay sa ampere ang pag-chacharge ng refrigerant
― Ang amepere ay para sa motor ng compressor
▪ Fan Motor
― Ang RLA ay tinatawag na FLA kung ito naman ay nasa Fan Motor
― Kung lalagpas ang reading ng FLA sa Tag ay posibleng uminit at masunog ang Fan Motor
― Fan Motor ay mahalaga sa Air-conditioning Unit
― Humihigop ng mainit na hangin sa room
― Ito rin ang cicirculate ng cold air sa room
― Kung ito ay masira, walang dadaloy na hangin sa room, at magyeyelo ang aircon unit
― Takbo o bilis ng Fan motor ay may kinalaman sa ampere. Mas mataas na takbo, mas mabilis na
daloy ng ampere
― Three range of speed sa fan motor, low, medium, high
▪ Total Ampere na masusukat sa line 1 o line 2 sa electric plug ay ang sum ng reading ng RLA at FLA
IT =RLA +FLA
▪ Ang pamantayan sa pagsukat ng power or trabahong nagagawa kada oras na tumutukoy sa output ng mga
makina o motor ay tinatawag na HorsePower

𝑅𝐿𝐴 × (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝐻𝑃 =
(756)
1 HP=746 Watts, E= 220 Volts (supplied voltage in the Philippines)
 ▪ Domestic Windows Air-conditioning unit (0.5 HP to 2.5 HP)
▪ Ang cooling capacity o kapasidad na makapagpalamig ng ating AC unit ay tinatawag na Tonnage
▪ Singe Phase (karaniwang gamit na Domestic Air-conditioning unit)
𝐿𝑅𝐴
𝑇𝑜𝑛 =
32
1 Ton = 4.1762 HP

RAC RECITATION: COMPRESSORS (*ocr galling sa reviewer ng seniors)

Compressor is considered as the heart of the refrigeration system. There are many types of compressors, these
are: Rotary Compressor, Reciprocating Compressor, Centrifugal Compressor, Helical Rotary Compressor, and
Scroll Compressor.

In this discussion I will discuss about the Reciprocating Compressor. The widely used type of compressor is the
Hermetically Sealed Reciprocating Compressor. Hermetically Sealed — meaning it is sealed and enclosed as one
unit. This makes the whole compressor and the motor a single compact and portable unit.

In the reciprocating compressor, there are 3 kinds of tubes: Discharge Line, Suction Line, and Process Line.
Suction Line and Process Line can be interchanged because they are both located at the low pressure-low
temperature side. There is a difference in the diameter of the three tubing. The Discharge line has a smaller
diameter compared to the Process Line and Suction Line.

We can quickly identify the suction line in the compressor if we tilt the compressor sideways and oil comes out
from the tube. The oil found in the compressor is used for the lubrication of moving the metal parts of the said
compressor.

In the back part of the Reciprocating Compressor, the OLP or Overload Protector, Relay, and Terminal can be
found. The OLP protects the compressor from high current. High current means there could be compressor
burnout or overheating of the compressor. The Relay is the one who enables the motor to work. It also gives
charge to the whole compressor for the starting winding and running winding for the compressor to run more
efficiently.

In the Terminal of the Compressor, it is arranged in triangular configuration. It can be C for Common, S for
Starting Winding, or R for Running Winding. We can determine if it is C, S, or R by using a multi-meter.

One of the common problems encountered in the Compressor is a Grounded Compressor. We can troubleshoot
if a compressor is grounded by using a test rod and multi-meter. If the indicator in the multi meter moves while
you place the two test rods in the metal part and the terminals.

Another problem that you will encounter is an Open Circuit Compressor. The compressor is said to be open circuit
if one or two sides of terminal is open or does not have reading. You can check it by using the multi meter and
test rods.
Another common problem for the compressor is Shorted Compressor. The compressor is said to have short circuit
if the running winding and the starting winding terminals have the same reading after checking it with the use of
the multi meter and test rods.

Another problem of the compressor is High Amperage Compressor. We can determine if the compressor has
high amperage if the readings on the clamp meter is higher than the normal amperes required for the compressor.
If high amperage persists, it can cause compressor burnouts. To check this, we can use alligator clips, electric
plug, power source, clamp meter, and the multi meter.

Another problem encountered is a Stuck-up Compressor. A compressor is said to have this problem if the oil
inside is dry of if there are impurities stuck inside. In this case, if there is dried oil or impurities inside, the
cylindrical piston will have difficulty to function. We can easily detect this if we hear loud humming or strange
noises from the compressor and if it has high amperage.

Another problem is Loose Compression We can say that there is a loose compression [in the compressor] that if
we restrict the air in the discharge line, for example placing our thumb in the discharge line, it will stop the air
inside. To check with the suction line, we can place a piece of paper in the suction line and see if there is still
suction. If both the discharge line and suction line is in good condition, then our compressor does not have loose
compression.

There will be times that the problem of our compressor is not located inside, but in the outside of the compressor
or in its electric motor.

For the Relay, we can troubleshoot if its still good to use by using the multi meter and test rods. If there is a
movement or the indicator in the multi meter moves from 0 to any number, then we can say that our Relay is still
good to use. In cases where our relay is damaged or can't be used, we can easily replace this by going to the
nearest store that sells refrigerator parts.

For the OLP or Overload Protector, we can also troubleshoot if its still good to use by using the multi meter and
test rods. If the indicator in the multi meter reads as 0 ohm, then that means that our OLP is still good to use. If
the reading is not 0 ohm, then there is a possibility that there is burnout in our OLP.

There is way to start a compressor without the use of OLP and the Relay. It is done by using a jumper. To do that
we will need a pair of alligator clips, electric plug with line 1 and line 2 alligator clip, power source, and clamp
meter. First get your alligator clips and stick the two loose ends with one another. After that, place the line 1 of
your alligator clip to the C or Common Terminal, and the other line to the alligator clips that you previously tied
to one another. The other end of the alligator clips should be placed to the S and R Terminals or the Starting
Winding and Running Winding. Then place your Clamp Meter to either the R or C terminals. Note that you cannot
place the Clamp Meter on the Starting Winding or the Electric Plug. Turn on your Clamp Meter and place it to
the power source. While holding the plug, count 3 seconds before removing the clip placed in the Starting
Winding. You will notice that there will be a spark if you have done this successfully.