Lesson 04: Thermochemistry Unit 02: Thermochemical Equations Learning Objectives

LESSON 04: THERMOCHEMISTRY
Unit 02: Thermochemical Equations
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
 Write and balance thermochemical equations

 Understand Aspects of Thermochemical Equations
 Manipulate thermochemical equations
 Define enthalpy of reaction
 Interpret thermochemical equations
Introduction:
Understanding Aspects of Thermochemical Equations

Enthalpy (H) is the transfer of energy in a reaction (for chemical reactions it is in the form of
heat) and ΔH is the change in enthalpy. ΔH is a state function. In other words, it does not matter
what steps we take to get from initial reactants to final products—the ΔH will always be the
same. ΔHrxn, or the change in enthalpy of a reaction, has the same value of ΔH as in a
thermochemical equation, but is in units of kJ/mol being that it is the enthalpy change
per moles of any particular substance in the equation. Values of ΔH are determined
experimentally under standard conditions of 1atm and 25 °C (298.15K).
A Thermochemical Equation is a balanced stoichiometric chemical equation that includes the

enthalpy change, ΔH. In variable form, a thermochemical equation would look like this:
A+B→C
Thermochemical equations can be changed, as mentioned above, by multiplying by any
numerical coefficient. All agents must be multiplied, including ΔH. Using the thermochemical
equation of variables as above, one gets the following example.
A+B→C
ΔH = (±) #
Assume that one needs to multiply A by two in order to use the thermochemical equation (as in
addition, below). One must then multiply all the agents in the reaction by the same coefficient,
like so:
2A + 2B → 2C
2ΔH = 2[(±) #]
 This is again logical when the First Law of Thermodynamics is considered. Twice as
much product is produced, so twice as much heat is removed or given off.
Division of coefficients works in the same way.
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
As discussed earlier, ΔH can have a positive or negative sign. A positive sign means that the
system uses heat and is endothermic. The negative value means that heat is produced and the
system is exothermic.
Endothermic: A + B + Heat → C, ΔH > 0 (positive sign)
Exothermic: A + B → C + Heat, ΔH < 0 (negative sign)
Since enthalpy is a state function, the ΔH given for a particular reaction is only true for that
exact reaction. Physical states (of reactants or products) matter, as do molar concentrations.
 Thermochemical equation’s multiplicative property is largely due to the First Law of
Thermodynamics, which says that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, a
concept commonly known as the conservation of energy. It holds true on a physical or
molecular scale.
Hess’s Law: Addition of Thermochemical Equations

Hess’s Law states that the sum of the energy changes of all the thermochemical equations
included in an overall reaction is equal to the overall energy change. Since ΔH is a state
function and so is not dependent on how the reactants become the products, we can use
several steps (in the form of several thermochemical equations) to find the ΔH of the overall
reaction.
Example:
Reaction (1) C(graphite, s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
This reaction comes about via two steps (a reaction sequence):
C(graphite, s) + ½O2(g) → CO(g)

ΔH = −110.5 kJ
CO(g) + ½O2(g) → CO2(g)

ΔH = −283.0 kJ
We want to add these two reactions together to get Reaction (1) so that we can find ΔH, so we
check to make sure that agents in the reaction sequence not present in (1) cancel each other. In
this example, CO(g) is not in (1) and cancels. We add the reaction sequence together.
C(graphite, s) + ½O2(g) + ½O2(g) → CO2(g)
or
C(graphite, s) + O2(g) → CO2(g), Reaction (1)
To figure out ΔH, we add the ΔH of the two equations in the reaction sequence:
(−110.5 kJ) + (−283.0 kJ) = (−393.5 kJ) = ΔH of Reaction (1)
 A thermochemical equation is a chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change of

the reaction.
Note: a. If you have to reverse a reaction to get things to cancel, the sign of ΔH must also be
reversed.
b. If you have to multiply an agent to get it to cancel, all other agents and ΔH must also
be multiplied by that number.
c. Generally ΔH values given in tables are under 1atm and 25 °C (298.15 K), so be
aware of what conditions your reaction is under.
Example 1: Writing Thermochemical Equations
When 0.0500 mol of HCl(aq) reacts with 0.0500 mol of NaOH(aq) to form 0.0500 mol of
NaCl(aq), 2.9 kJ of heat are produced. Write a balanced thermochemical equation for the
reaction of one mole of HCl.?
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Solution
For the reaction of 0.0500 mol acid (HCl), q = −2.9 kJ. The reactants are provided in
stoichiometric amounts (same molar ratio as in the balanced equation), and so the amount of
acid may be used to calculate a molar enthalpy change. Since ΔH is an extensive property, it is
proportional to the amount of acid neutralized:
ΔH = 1mol HCl × −2.9 kJ 0.0500mol HCl = −58 kJ
The Thermochemical Equation is then
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = −58 kJ
Exercise 1: When 1.34 g Zn(s) reacts with 60.0 mL of 0.750 M HCl(aq), 3.14 kJ of heat are
produced. Determine the enthalpy change per mole of zinc reacting for the reaction:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⟶ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Example 2: Writing Thermochemical Equations
A gummy bear contains 2.67 g sucrose, C 12H22O11. When it reacts with 7.19 g potassium
chlorate, KClO3, 43.7 kJ of heat are produced. Write a thermochemical equation for the reaction
of one mole of sucrose:
Solution
Unlike the previous example exercise, this one does not involve the reaction of stoichiometric
amounts of reactants, and so the limiting reactant must be identified (it limits the yield of the
reaction and the amount of thermal energy produced or consumed).
The balanced equation indicates 8 mol KClO3 are required for reaction with 1 mol C12H22O11.
Since the provided amount of KClO3 is less than the stoichiometric amount, it is the limiting
reactant and may be used to compute the enthalpy change:
Exercise 2: When 1.42 g of iron reacts with 1.80 g of chlorine, 3.22 g of FeCl 2(s) and 8.60 kJ of
heat is produced. What is the enthalpy change for the reaction when 1 mole of FeCl 2(s) is
produced? Answer: ΔH = −338 kJ
Watch the following videos for further education, information and review:
ASSIGNMENTS, EXAMINATIONS and QUIZZES will be based from these VIDEOS…
 Thermochemical Equations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDrcHR4tSdE
 Thermochemical Equations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iCEi0vA_lI
 Thermochemistry Equations & Formulas - Lecture Review & Practice Problems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsqKL3pBVMA
Activities and Assessments: ASSIGNMENT (SUBMIT your answers at EDMODO
ASSIGNMENT SECTION )
Multiple Choice:
1. A reaction is allowed to take place in an insulated container containing 100 mL of water. If the
reaction is exothermic, what happens to the temperature of water?
a. The temperature of the water goes down.
b. The temperature of the water goes up.
c. The temperature of the water does not change.
2. The thermochemical equation showing the formation of ammonia (NH3) from its elements is:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) —> 2 NH3 (g) ΔH = -92 kJ
This equation shows that 92 kJ of heat is:

a. Lost to the surroundings when one mole of hydrogen is used up in the reaction.
b. Absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of nitrogen reacts.
c. Absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of ammonia is formed.
d. Lost to the surroundings when 2 moles of ammonia is formed.
3. Given the hypothetical thermochemical equation:

A + B —> C + D ΔH = - 430 kJ
Which among the following statements is correct about this reaction?
a. The reaction is endothermic.
b. The equation may be written as A + B + 430 kJ C + D
c. The heat content of C and D is greater than the heat content of A and B.
d. The heat content of A and B is greater than the heat content of C and D.
4. An oxyacetylene torch is a tool that mixes and burns oxygen and acetylene to produce an
extremely hot flame. This tool is used to cut steel or weld iron and other metals. The
temperature of the film can reach 3480 oC. The burning of acetylene is given by the
thermochemical equation:
C2H2 (g) + 3/2 CO2 (g) —> CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ΔH = - 1301.1 kJ
For the reaction,
2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) —> 2 C2H2 (g) + 3 CO2 (g)
what is the ΔH for the reaction?
a. ΔH = 1301.1 kJ
b. ΔH = - 1301.1 kJ
c. ΔH = 2602.2 kJ
d. ΔH = - 2602.2 kJ

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LESSON 04: THERMOCHEMISTRY

Unit 02: Thermochemical Equations

 Write and balance thermochemical equations

Understanding Aspects of Thermochemical Equations

A Thermochemical Equation is a balanced stoichiometric chemical equation that includes the

Hess’s Law: Addition of Thermochemical Equations

C(graphite, s) + ½O2(g) → CO(g)

CO(g) + ½O2(g) → CO2(g)

 A thermochemical equation is a chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change of

Example 1: Writing Thermochemical Equations

The Thermochemical Equation is then

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = −58 kJ

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⟶ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Example 2: Writing Thermochemical Equations

 Thermochemistry Equations & Formulas - Lecture Review & Practice Problems

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) —> 2 NH3 (g) ΔH = -92 kJ

This equation shows that 92 kJ of heat is:

3. Given the hypothetical thermochemical equation:

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