TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Group Members: Section: 12MarA1

1. Avilla, John Ivan C. 6. Leopardas, Archie C.
2. Baltazar, Khim Michael Edreal U. 7. Mariano, Gabriel S.
3. Dacanay, Leo Vincent F. (Leader) 8. Mariano, Yvan Ryan B
4. Fonacier, Rommuel Christian S. 9. Raquel, James Owen F. <WALANG GINAWA>
5. Gepiala, Jay Cyril Z. <WALANG GINAWA> 10. Taopo, Justine P.

Limiting and Excess Reactant

Experiment No.4
Objectives:
To determine the stoichiometric ratio of reactants that generates a gas.

Discussion:

A limiting reactant is the reagent that is completely consumed during a

chemical reaction. Once this reagent is consumed the reaction stops. An excess
reagent is the reactant that is left over once the limiting reagent is consumed. The
maximum theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is dependent upon the limiting
reagent thus the one that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent.

Materials:
Vinegar sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
6 mineral bottle (same size) funnel
Measuring cup ruler
Balloon
Procedure:

1. Weigh the following six amounts of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate,

NaHCO3): 1 tsp, 2 tsp, 3 tsp, 4 tsp, 5 tsp, and 6 tsp.
2. Label the balloons 1-6. Put the six different masses of baking soda into six
balloons using a small plastic funnel. Make sure the baking soda goes to the
bottom of the balloon.

3. Using the measuring cup, accurately measure and transfer 10.0 mL vinegar
(5% acetic acid, CH₃COOH) into each of the 6 mineral bottle. This volume
-3
contains 8.3 x 10 moles.

4. Attach the filled balloons to the mouth of the test tubes. Make sure that the
contents of the balloon and mineral bottle are not mixed.

1|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

5. Before mixing the contents of the balloons and test tubes, make a prediction
Prediction:
The Balloons will expand depending to the amount of baking soda
placed and mixed inside the test tubes/ water bottles with the vinegar, the
least the amount the smaller the balloon diameter when it expands.
6. After the balloons are securely attached to the test tubes, each group
member needs to lift a balloon on one of the test tubes so that the contents
of the balloon mix with the test tube contents. Make sure the balloons are
held on tightly to the test tube. All six test tubes should be reacted
simultaneously.

7. Observe, paying special attention to the size of the balloons after the
reactions. You can measure the diameter of each balloon. Hold a ruler
horizontally and measure the largest diameter across each balloon, being
careful not to change the shape of the balloon
8. Record your observations for each mineral bottle on the table below.

Balloon # 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mass of the baking soda 5g 10g 15g 20g 25g 30g

Mass of the baking soda and 6.5g 11.5g 16.5g 21.5g 26.5g 31.5g
balloon
Mass of the baking soda balloon 26.5g 31.5g 36.5g 41.5g 46.5g 51.5g
and water bottle
Mass after the reaction 26.5g 31.5g 36.5g 41.5g 46.5g 61.5g

Diameter of balloon (mm) before 38.1mm 38.1mm 38.1mm 38.1mm 38.1mm 38.1mm
the reaction
Diameter of balloon (mm) after the 50.8mm 55.88m 72.2mm 48.26m 48.26m 68.50m
reaction m m m m

NOTE:
1ml = 1g 1 tsp. = 5g Each balloon approximately 1.5 g

2|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Set-Up:

Tools used in the simulation -

3|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Balloon #1 Before: After:

Balloon #2 Before: After:

4|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Balloon #3 Before: After:

Balloon #4 Before: After:

5|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Balloon #5 Before: After:

Balloon #6 Before: After:

6|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Analysis and Conclusions

Baking soda and vinegar react chemically because one is a base and
the other is an acid. Baking soda is a basic compound called sodium
bicarbonate. Vinegar is a diluted solution that contains acetic acid. The baking
soda and vinegar reaction is actually two separate reactions. The first reaction
is the acid-base reaction. When vinegar and baking soda are first mixed
together, hydrogen ions in the vinegar react with the sodium and bicarbonate
ions in the baking soda.
The result of this initial reaction is two new chemicals: carbonic acid and
sodium acetate. The second reaction is a decomposition reaction. The carbonic
acid formed as a result of the first reaction immediately begins to decompose
into water and carbon dioxide gas. Just like carbon dioxide bubbles in a
carbonated drink, the carbon dioxide (that formed as the carbonic acid
decomposed) rises to the top of the mixture. This creates the bubbles and foam
you see when you mix baking soda and vinegar.
The balloon diameter without the reaction are all the same, it changes
when the reaction happens the larger the amount of baking soda used in the
water bottles mixed with the vinegar creates a larger diameter when the balloon
expands, The reaction between the vinegar and baking soda is called sodium
bicarbonate, it creates gas that leads to the inflation of the balloon.
Data Analysis

1. Does each balloon inflate to some degree? Why?

According to the data, the inflation of balloon is directly proportional to

the amount of baking soda, it means, the larger amount of baking soda is the
larger the balloon would inflate. In the Experiment we did the balloon inflated as
large as 72.2mm depending to the amount of baking soda placed inside the
water bottle. All the balloons inflated but not all have the same diameter.
2. Make a graph of the diameter vs. balloon number. Make balloon number
the independent variable.
DIAMETER

1 DIAMETER VS BALLOON NUMBER

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
7|Experim0 ent 4: Limiting a n Balloon
d E x3c e s sBalloon
R e 4a c t a Balloon
nt
Balloon 1 Balloon 2 5 Balloon 6

BALLOON NUMBER
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

3. Use your observations and the graph to compare the degree to which each
balloon inflated.

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

(Draw your graph on the space provided)

4. What does the degree of inflation of the balloon tell you about the reactions in the
test tube?

According to the experiment, the inflation of balloon depends on the

amount of baking soda which reacts to the vinegar that creates gas which
occupies the space inside the balloon creates a larger diameter and inflating the
balloon. The gas molecules are widely spread creating shapes depending on the
spade of the balloon.

8|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

5. What is the pattern of inflation in test tubes 1-4?

Each succeeding balloon inflates more than the one in the previous test
tube. First test tube presents a smaller balloon diameter compared to the other
test tubes, it varies to the amount of baking soda that reacts with the vinegar.
Compared to other test tubes with greater amount of baking soda, test tube
number 1 has the least amount of baking soda among all test tubes.

6. Noting that in these three test tubes the mass of bicarbonate increases, what effect
does this have on the reaction?

The fact the succeeding balloon is inflated more than the previous one
must be the result of a greater mass of sodium bicarbonate reactant being added
to the constant mass of vinegar in each test tube. The more the reactant
proceeds to make product, the more bicarbonate that is used. The gas created in
the test tubes/ Water Bottles inflated the balloon creating and expanding a larger
diameter.

7. What is the pattern of inflation in test tube 4-6?

The pattern of inflation in the last test tubes shows also that the more
added tsp. of the baking soda the more the balloon gets bigger in the time of
reactions also the test tube 5 and 6 have similarities in the rate of inflation, as
shown in the table almost both have the same size after the reaction.

8. Noting that in these four test tubes the mass of bicarbonate increases, what
effect does this have on the reaction?

The effect of the increase in mass is the continuous growth of their

respective balloon's diameter, in which is shown from the graph above. Also, all
four test tubes resemble data that make them quite close to one another. The
reaction always remains the same once acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate
come in contact with each other; both inflate almost immediately after said
contact.

9|Experiment 4: Limiting and Excess Reactant

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

Additional Questions
Calculate the number of moles of bicarbonate and acetic acid (vinegar) in each test tube
in the inquiry activity. Using the following information. Assume that the density of the
vinegar is 1.0 g/mL and that the solution is 5% acetic acid. The molar mass of acetic
acid is 60 g/mL and the molar mass of sodium bicarbonate is 84 g/mol

Bottle Moles of Acetic Acid Moles Sodium Bicarbonate

1 8.3 x 10-3mol CH3COOH 0.06 mol NaHCO3

2 8.3 x 10-3mol CH3COOH 0.12 mol NaHCO3

3 8.3 x 10-3mol CH3COOH 0.18 mol NaHCO3

4 8.3 x 10-3mol CH3COOH 0.24 mol NaHCO3

5 8.3 x 10-3mol CH3COOH 0.30 mol NaHCO3

6 8.3 x 10-3mol CH3COOH 0.36 mol NaHCO3

2. What is the mole ratio of Sodium Bicarbonate to acetic acid in test tube #4?

1:1 Ratio

3. Write the balanced equation for the reaction that takes place in each test tube.
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH = CH3COOHa + CO2 + H2O

4. How does the vinegar-bicarbonate mole ratio in the test tube #4 fit into the
equation you wrote?

The mole ratio of the vinegar-bicarbonate in test tube number 4 is similar to tha
balance equation in other numbers which is 1:1

5. The mass of NaHCO3 increases in each of the test tube. Does this follow the
inflation pattern shown in your graph? If not, how do your account for the
difference?

The Graph shows increase moles of NaHCO₃ throughout the test tubes, we
conclude that in the reaction presented to the bottles, the NaHCO₃ is called
the limiting reactant.

10 | E x p e r i m e n t 4 : L i m i t i n g a n d E x c e s s R e a c t a n t
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERALCHEMISTRY 1
1st SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

“We affirm that we have not given or received any unauthorized help on this assignment, and
that this work is our own."
"We accept responsibility for our role in ensuring the integrity of the work submitted by the group
in which we participated."

11 | E x p e r i m e n t 4 : L i m i t i n g a n d E x c e s s R e a c t a n t