ECS-II | MySQLUnit-2

Performing Operation on Table Data

Creating table, creating a table from a table,
Populating tables with data, inserting data into a table from another table
 Retrieving data from tables
Sorting data in a table
Deleting data from table
 Updating data in tables
 Altering table- Adding new columns, dropping columns, Modifying existing columns, Rename
existing column, Renaming table, Changing a table type
 Displaying a table structure
Finding out the tables created by user
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 Create Table
CREATE TABLE statements used for define the structure of a table. A table is used to organize
data in the form of rows and columns. It is used for storing and displaying records. In a table
structure you should define various fields, their data types and constraints. Each column uniquely
defined in the table. Each column has a minimum of three attributes, a name, data type and size (i.e.
column width). Each column definition is separated from other column definition by a comma (,).
Rules for Creating Tables
1. A name of the table can have maximum up to 30 characters
2. Alphabets from A-Z, a-z and numbers from 0-9 are allowed
3. Name should start with an alphabet
4. A special characters is allowed (Special characters like _, $, # etc.).
5. SQL word is reserved and you cannot use. For example: create, select, and so on.
MySQL allows us to create a table into the database mainly in two ways:
1. MySQL Command Line Client
2. MySQL Workbench
MySQL allows us to create a table into the database by using the CREATE TABLE command.
Syntax: create table [if not exists] table_name ( Example: create table emp( id int ,
column_definition1, name varchar(30),
column_definition2, occupation varchar(25),
........, table_constraints ); age int);
 To see the newly created table: show tables;
 See the table structure: describe emp;
 Creating a Table from Previously Created Table
Syntax: create table <tablename1><columnname1>,< columnname2>... <columnname n>) as select
<columnname1>,<columnname2>...<columnnamen> from <tablename2> where <condition>;
If the ‘TableName2’ is having records then the target table ‘TableName1’ will be occupied with the
same records.
Example
1. create table emp1 as select * from emp;
2. To Change column name at table creation time. For example-CURBAL to BALANCE.
create table emp2 (eno, enmae, eaddress) as select eno,enmae,eadd from emp;
 Create Table without Records (AS SELECT statement)
To create a new table without records from the existing table (i.e. create structure only).AS
SELECT statement used with WHERE clause condition that cannot be satisfied.(i.e. It will just
retrieve the table structure not records. Thus, new table will be created empty.)
Syntax Example
create table <new table name> as select * from create table emp3(eno, enmae, eaddress)
<old tablename> where 1=2; as select eno, enmae, eadd from empwhere eno=1;

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 Alter Table (Modifying structure of Table)
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to change the structure of an existing table. It is used to add,
modify or delete columns an existing table. It is also used to rename a table name and column
names. You can also add and drop various constraints on an existing table.

Restrictions on the ALTER table

1) User cannot change the column name
2) User cannot decrease the size of column if record in the column.
Syntax: alter table table_name ADD new_column_name column_definition [FIRST| AFTER column_name ];
 Adding New Columns
 Add single column in table
Syntax: alter table table_name add (column_name <datatype>(size));
Example: alter table emp add (city varchar(20));
 Add multiple columns in table
Syntax: alter table table_name add (column1 column_definition, column2column_definition,…
column_n column-definition);
Example: alter table emp add (email_id varchar (20), gender char(6));
 Add multiple columns in table with column position.
alter table emp add salary int(10) after name, add age int after gender age ;
 Dropping a Column: remove column from the table.
Syntax: alter table <table_name> drop column <column_name>;
Example: alter table emp drop column city;
 Modifying Existing Columns
 Modify an existing column in table
Syntax: alter table table_name modify (<column_name><new data_type><size>);
Example: alter table emp modify (ename char(40));
 Modify multiple columns in table
Syntax: alter table table_name modify (<column_name1><new data_type><size>,
<column_name2><new data_type><size> ... <column_name n><new datatype><size>);
Example: alter table emp modify (email_id varchar(30), eadd varchar(25));
 Rename Column in table: rename column name
Syntax: alter table table_name rename column <old column_name> to <new column_name>;
Example: alter table emp change column eadd to empaddress;
 Rename table: rename column name
Syntax: alter table table_name rename to <new column_name>; or
rename <old table_name> to <new table_name>;
Example: alter table emp rename to workers; or
rename emp to workers;
 Alter Table To Add / Remove Constraints
 To add a primary key/Composite Primary Key constraint after creation of a table
Syntax: alter table <table_name> add <constraints_name> (columns);
Example: alter table emp add primary key (eno);
alter table emp add primary key (id, name); //Composite Primary Key
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alter table emp modify salary decimal(18, 2) not null;
 To add a foreign key constraint after creation of a table
Example: alter table emp add foreign key (deptno) references dept (deptno);
 To remove primary key constraint
Syntax: alter table <table_name> drop <constraints name>;
Example: alter table emp drop primary key;
It will remove primary key constraint from a table.
 To add user defined constraint
Example: alter table emp add constraint myuniqconstraint unique(age);
 To remove user defined constraint
Syntax: alter table <table_name> drop constraints <const_name>
Example: alter table emp drop constraint myuniqconstraint;
It will remove the constraint, which was defined on the table.
 Drop Table ( Drop a table from the database)
Drop command is used to remove any object such as table, index, view, package and function, all
data, indexes, triggers, constraints and permission specifications. If a table is dropped, all records
within table are lost and cannot be recovered. Use very careful this command.
Syntax: drop <object><object_name>; or drop database <Database_Name>;
Example: drop table emp; or drop view vw_empdept;
Note: 1.DROP statement removes the table.
2. It deletes all its data.
3. It deletes constraints and indexes associated with it.
4. Any views and synonyms are remain but are invalid.
5. Any pending Transaction is committed.
6. Only the creator (user) of the table DROP ANY TABLE privilege can remove a table.
 Truncate Statement
It is used to delete the entire table data permanently and free the containing space. But table
structure will be remains present but records cannot be ROLLBACK.
Syntax: truncate table <table_name>;
Example: truncate table emp;
 Difference b/w DROP and TRUNCATE statements
When you drop a table:
 Table structure will be dropped
 Relationship and Integrity constraints will be dropped
 Access privileges will also be dropped
When we TRUNCATE a table, the table structure remains the same.
 Truncate operations drop and recreate table faster than deleting rows one by one.
 It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the containing space.
 DESC (View Structure of table) : It used to view structure of a table.
Syntax: describe <Table_Name> OR desc <Table_Name >
Example: desc emp;
 Difference between Drop, Delete and Truncate
Drop Delete Truncate
1. Whole structure and data will 1. Structure will not drop, 1. Structure will not drop, all
drop. data will drop. data will drop.
2.can’t Rollback 2.can Rollback 2.can’t Rollback
3.can’t use where clause 3.can use WHERE clause 3.can’t use WHERE clause
4.All data and structure 4.Row by Row data Delete 4. Truncate operation drop and
drop simultaneously recreate the table.

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 Insert Statement
INSERT statement is used to store or add data in MySQL table within the database. We can perform
insertion of records in two ways:
1. Insert record in a single row
2. Insert record in multiple rows
1. Single Row:
Syntax:insert into table_name (field1, field2,…..fieldn ) values ( value1, value2,…..valuen );
Example:insert into emp (id, name, occupation, age) values (101, 'Ravi', 'engineer', 32);
2. Multiple Rows:
Syntax:insert into table_name values (val1, val2,...valn ), (val1, val2,...valn).....(val1,val2,...valn);
Ex:insert into emp values (102, 'Joseph', 'Developer', 30), (103, 'Mahi', 'Leader', 28), (104,'Sam','Scientist', 45);
3. If we want to store records without giving all fields, we use the following partial field statements
insert into emp (name, occupation) values ('satish', 'scientist'), ('binod', 'actor');
 Insert into Select Statement
We want to insert data of one table to other table in the same or different database.It is not easy to
enter these data using the insert query manually. We use of insert into select query. It allows us to
fill tables quickly.Query copies data from one table and inserts them in the other table.
o The data types in source and target tables must be the same.
o The existing records in the target table should be unaffected.
 Adding single or multiple from one table into another table
Syntax: insert into table_name2 select * from table_name1; or insert into table2 table table1;
insert into person select * from emp; or insert into person table emp;
 Copy only specific records from one table into another table using ‘where clause’
Syntax: insert into table_name2 select * from table_name1 where condition;
insert into person select * from empwhereoccupation='Developer';

 SELECT (Retrieving Data Using Query)

SELECT Statement used to fetch data from database table which returns data in the result sets of table.
SELECT command is used to retrieve rows selected from one or more tables.
 All Rows and All Columns
Syntax: select * from <Table_Name>;
Example: select * from emp;
It will display data with all rows and columns from the table.
 Filtering Table Data
When we retrieves specific rows and columns data from a table. SQL provides a method of filtering
table data with following ways:
1. Selected columns and all rows
2. Selected rows and all columns
3. Selected columns and selected rows
1. Selected Columns and All Rows
It will display all records with specific fields that user has specified with SELECTcommand.
Syntax: select <col_name1>,<col_name2>,…..<col_name n> from < table_name >;
Example: select eno, ename from emp;
2. Selected Rows and All Columns
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <condition>;
Example: select * from emp where eno=10;
displays only those records that satisfy the specified condition after WHERE clause.

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 Where clause applies a filter on the retrieved rows. When a WHERE clause is added to the
SQL query, the Oracle engine compares each record in the table with specified condition. All
operators such as logical, arithmetic, etc. can be used in the condition of WHERE clause.
3. Selected Columns and Selected Rows
Syntax: select <col_name1>,<col_name2>,.<col_name n> from <table_name> where <condition> ;
Example: select eno, ename from emp where eno=10;
It will display all records with specific fields after specified condition WHERE will be true.
 Eliminating Duplicate Rows
In a table, there may be a chance to exist a duplicate value. DISTINCT command is used to retrieve
only unique data. SELECT UNIQUE & SELECT DISTINCT statements are same.
Syntax: select distinct <Col_Name1>,<Col_Name2>,…<Col_Name n> From <Table_name>;
or
select distinct * from <table_name>;
Example: select distinct eno, ename from emp;
or
select distinct * from emp;
 Distinct clause- allows removing duplicates data from the result set. This clause only used with
SELECT statement. It scans all the values of the specified columns and display only unique values. It
eliminates rows that have exactly same contents in each column.
 Arithmetic calculation
Example: Select employee name, salary and compute salary * 0.05 for each row retrieved:
Select ename, sal, sal * 0.05 “Salary” from emp;
Here the default output column sal*0.05 is renamed with Salary.
 Delete (Deleting Data)
 Delete statement is used to delete one or more rows from a table.
 Delete query use following two way,
o Remove all rows
o Remove only specific rows
 Delete statement does not free containing space by the table.
Syntax: delete from <table_name> where <condition>;
 If condition is not specified then it will be delete all rows.
Example: delete from emp; // it will delete all the records from a emp table.
 If condition is specified then it will delete all rows that satisfy the specified condition.
Example: delete from emp where eno>10;
It will delete all the records for which ENO is greater than 10.
 UPDATE (Updating a Contents of Table)
The UPDATE statement changes in existing rows data either adding new data or modifying existing
data.User can update
 all rows from table (update all table rows)
 selected rows from table (update only specific data/rows)
Syntax: update <table_name> set <columnname1>=<expression1>, <columnname2>=
<expression2>……, <columnnamen>=<expressionn> where <condtion>;
OR
update <table_name> set <column_name=expression> where <conditions>;
Example: update emp set city=‘sangola’;
 All rows from table: If condition is not specified then it will be update entire table rows.It can
update multiple fields at the same time.
update emp set salary=500;

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update emp set address='pune', salary=1000;
 Selected rows from table: If condition is specified then it will be update only specific table
rows.It can update single fields at the same time.
update emp set city=‘sangola’ where eno=10;

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