SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 Module 1
(Week 1)
Random Variables and Probability Distributions
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Quarter 3 Module 1 (Week 1): Random Variables and Probability Distributions
Revised Copy 2021

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Development team of the Module

Developers/Compilers:
ROLANDO G. EMBUDO – MT I, Don Sergio Osmena SMNHS

Content Editors:
ROY C. GENARES – Principal I, Sirao Integrated School
VIVIAN G. INOCANDO - School Head, Bonbon National HS
Language Editors:
MARIA FE S. MACUL – MT II/School Head, Buhisan Night HS
JESUSSIMA B. JUMALON – Principal I, Punta Princessa Night HS

Reviewer:
MARITES V. PATINO EdD – EPSvr, Mathematics

Management Team:
RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD EdD – School Division Superintendent
BERNADETTE A. SUSVLLA EdD – Asst. School Division Superintendent
GRECIA F. BATALUNA – Chief EPS, CID
MARITES V. PATINO EdD – EPSvr, Mathematics
VANESSA L. HARAYO – EPSvr, LRMS

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 Module 1
(Week 1)
Random Variables and Probability Distributions

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Introductory Message
Welcome to the Statistics and Probability on Random Variable and Probability
Distribution.

This module was designed to provide you with opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
content of the learning resources while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

(Pre - test) check what you already know about the
lesson to take.
W What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
(Ojectives) competencies you are expected to learn in
the module
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you
( (Review / Springboard) link the current lesson with previous one.

What’s new In this portion, the new lesson will be

(( (Presentation of the Lesson) introduced to you in various ways; a story,
a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of
(Discussion) the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
W What’s More This section provides activities which will
(Application) help you transfer your new knowledge or
skills into real life situation or concern.
What I Need to Remember This includes key points that you need to
(Generalization) remember.

W What I Can Do This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
(Enr (Enrichment Activities)
skill of the topic.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
(Post – Test) level of mastery in achieving the learning
competencies.
Answer Key This contains answer to all activities in the
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References - This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

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The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the task and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the task in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it.

About the Module

This module was designed and written with you, students, in mind. It is here to help
you understand the random variable and probability distribution.The language used
to recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the Most Essential Lerning Competencies (MELC’S) released by the
Department of Education(DepEd) for this school year 2020 – 2021.

This module is divided into three lessons, namely;

• Lesson 1 – Discrete and Continuous Random Variable
• Lesson 2 – Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable
• Lesson 3 – Constructing Probability Distribution

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• illustrate a random variable ( discrete and continuous );
• distinguish between a discrete and continuous random variable;
• find the possible values of a random variable; and
• illustrate and compute a probability distribution for a discrete random
variable.

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 What I Know (Pre Test)
C
Instruction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?

A. number of patients in a hospital
B. average weight of female athletics
C. average amount of electricity consumed
D. amount of paint used in repainting a building

2. If two coins are tossed, which is NOT a possible value of the random variable
for the number of heads?
A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3
3. Which formula gives the probability distribution shown by the table?

X 0 1 3
P(X) 1 1 1
2 3 6

1 6
A. P(X) = C. P(X) =
𝑋 𝑋
𝑥 1
B. P(X) = D. P(X) =
6 6

4. Which of the following statements is Not true?

A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could be zero.
C. The probability of the value of random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is always
equal to one.

𝑋
5. If P(X) = , what are the possible values of x for it be a probability
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distribution?
A. 0,2,3 C. 2,3,4
B. 1,2,3 D. 1,1,2

6. The following random variable are examples of discrete, EXCEPT the_______.

A. number of voters favoring of candidate
B. number of siblings in a family of a region
C. number of accidents per year at an intersection
D. time needed to finish the test

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7. A function that associates a real number to each element in the sample space
is called _______.
A. continuous C. random variable
B. discrete D. constant and variable

8. Suppose two coins are tossed. How many possible outcomes?

A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8

9. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be
equal to____.
A. 1 C. -1
B. 0 D. -2

10. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the_______.

A. domain C. range
B. function D. sample space

For number 11-15 refer to the table shown below.

X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1 3 3 1
8
8 8 8

11. How many possible outcomes in the table?

A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8

12. Which of the following numbers are the random variables of x?

A. 2,3,3,8 C. 0,1,2,3
B. 1,3,3,1 D. 0,0,1,2

13. What is the sum of P(X)?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3

14. X is referred to what?

A. Discrete C. random variable
B. Probability D. unknown

15. Does the table above belong to probability distribution?

A. yes C. maybe
B. no D. uncertain

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 Lesson
Discrete and Continuous Random Variable
1

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected:
• illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous); and
• distinguish between a discrete and continuous random variable.

W What’s In

To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following
activity.

Activity 1.1: Counting Nouns

Instructions: Classify the following nouns into countable or uncountable. Write
your answer on the separate paper.

1. school bags of the students 4. Water in the pond

2. sugar in a jar 5. Cars in the parking area
3. oil in a can

What’s New
D
A random variable is a function that associate a real number to each element in the
sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance (Belecina et al.,
2016).
Classification of variables according to continuity of values

a. Discrete variables : These are variables that cannot take the form of
decimals.

b. Continuous variables: These are variables that can take the form of
decimals (Batacan et al., 2006).

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 What Is It

Random variable in the preceding activities is called discrete random variable

because the set of possible outcomes is countable. Mostly discrete random variables
represent count data, such as the number of defective tables produced in a factory,
number of teachers, number of houses, and size of the family (Belecina et al., 2016).

Random variable is a continuous random variable if it takes on values on a continuous

scale. Often continuous random variables represent measured data such as heights,
length, weights, and temperature (Belecina et al., 2016).

What’s More

Activity 1.2: Understanding Random Variable

Instruction: Which of the following statements is consider discrete or continuous data,
then write your answer on separate sheet of paper.
1. The harvest package received second week was 4.3 kilos.
2. The maximum temperature in Metro Manila on Jan. 21,2018 according to the
weather newscaster was 34.20C.
3. In the city of Cebu, a total of 25 fires were reported by the Cebu City Fire
Department to have occurred during the year 2015.
4. Dr. Cano’s reported income for the past year was P 530,855.43 per annum.
5. Only 345 applicants passed the College of Education Entrance Test in Cebu
Normal University.

W What I Need to Remember

Instru
• A random variable is a function that associate a real
number to each element in the sample (Belecina et al.,
2016).
• Discrete variables. These are variables that cannot
take the form of decimals (Batacan et al., 2006).
• Continuous variables. These are variables that can
take the form of decimal (Batacan et al., 2006).

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 Lesson Finding of Possible Values of a Random

2 Variable

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:
• determine the sample space; and
• find the possible values of a random variable.

What’s In

Activity 2.1: Sample Space

Instructions: Complete the table below by writing sample space of each experiment.
Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.

Experiment Sample Space

1. Tossing two coins TT , HT, HH , HT

2. Rolling a die and tossing a coin

simultaneously

3. Drawing a heart from a deck of

cards

4. Drawing a card greater than 8 from

a deck of cards.

What’s New
• Recall that a variable is a characteristic that can assume different values.
We use capital letters to or represent a variable. In this lesson, we shall discuss
variables that are associated with probabilities, called random variables (Belecina
et al., 2016).

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 What is It
St

Steps in finding possible outcome of random variable:

1. To determine the sample space/number possible outcome, use 2n where n is
refers to number of an object.
2. Make a table
3. Identify the possible values of the random variable.
Example: Drawing Balls from Basket

Two balls are drawn in succession without replacements from a basket, contains 4
yellow balls and 6 blue balls. Let X be the random variable representing the number of
blue balls, Find the values of the random variable X.

Solution:
A. Sample space/Number of possible outcomes 22 = 4. There are 4 possible
outcomes in drawing of balls from an urn.

B. Complete the table.

Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable X
(number of blue balls}
YY 0
YB 1
BY 1
BB 2
C. The possible values of the random variables X are 0,1,2.

What’s More
Ac

Activity 2.2: Tossing Three Coins

Instructions: Suppose three coins are tossed. Let P be the random variable representing
the number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable P.
Complete the table below.
Possible Values of the Random Variable P
Outcomes (number of tails)

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 What I Need to Remember?

Steps in finding possible outcome of random variable:

1. To determine the sample space/number possible outcome, use

2n where n is refers to number of an object.
2. Make a table
3. Identify the possible values of the random variable.

Lesson 3 Constructing Probability

Distribution

What I Need To Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• apply the properties of a probability distribution; and
• illustrate and compute a probability distribution for a discrete random variable.

W What’s In

Activity 3.1: Probability of Events

Instructions: Find the probability of the following events. Write your answer on
separate sheet of paper.

1. Getting an odd number in a single roll of a die.

2. Getting a sum of 6 when two dice are rolled.
3. Getting an ace when card is drawn from a deck.
4. Getting a sum of 11 when two dice are rolled.
5. Getting a black queen when a card is drawn from a deck.

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 What’s New

Many decisions are made by assigning probabilities to all possible outcomes

pertaining to the situation and then evaluating the results. For example, a
banking firm might be able to assign probabilities to the number of cars a family
own. This information will help the firm in making decision regarding future
financial situation. This situation requires the use of random variables and
probability distribution (Belecina et al., 2016).

What is It
A
Discrete probability distribution or a probability mass function consists of the values a
random variable can assume and corresponding probabilities of the value (Belecina et
al., 2016)
Properties of a Probability Distribution (Belecina et al., 2016)

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to 0
and 1.
2. The sum of the probability of all values of the random variable must be equal to 1.

Example: Drawing Balls from Urn

Two balls are drawn in succession without replacements from an urn that contains 5
red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of red
balls, construct the probability distribution of the random variable Z.

Solution:
A.
Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z
(number of red balls}
RR 2
RB 1
BR 1
BB 0
B.

Number of Blue Balls Probability P(Z)

Z
0 1
4
1 2 1
𝑜𝑟
4 2
2 1
4
C.Get the sum of P(Z): ¼+½+¼=1

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 What’s More

Activity 3.2: Tossing Three Coins

Instructions: Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing
the number of heads that occur. Construct the probability distribution. Complete the
table below:

Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Probability P(Y)

Variable Y
(number of heads)

What I Need To Remember

Properties of a Probability Distribution (Belecina et al., 2016)

• The probability of each value of the random variable

must be between or equal to 0 and 1.
• The sum of the probability of all values of the random
variable must be equal to 1.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 3.3: Problem Solving

Instructions: Solve the problem

The daily demand for copies of comics at a variety store has the probability distribution
as follows. Answer the questions below the table in separate sheet of paper.

Number of Copies x Probability P(X)

0 0.10
1 0.06
2 0.04
3 0.15
4 0.03
5 0.06
6 0.08
7 0.04
8 0.09
9 0.03
10 0.09
1. What is the probability that four or more copies will be demanded in a
day?

2. What is the probability that at least three but not more than five will be
demanded in a day?

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 Assessment (Post Test)
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?

A. package received last week was 4 kilos
B. can of young corn which weighs 1.45 kg
C. maximum temperature in Leyte was 32.20 C
D. car Corp. reported, sold 458 cars the past 8 months

2. If three coins are tossed, which is NOT a possible value of the random variable
for the number of heads?
A. 4 C. 2
B. 3 D. 1

3. Which formula gives the probability distribution shown by the table?

X 2 3 6
P(X) 1 1 1
2 3 6
1 6
A. P(X) = C. P(X) =
𝑋 𝑋
𝑥 1
B. P(X) = D. P(X) =
6 6

4. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could not be zero.
C. The probability of the value of random variable could not be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is always
equal to one.

𝑋
5. If P(X) = , what are the possible values of x for it to be a probability
4
distribution?
A. 0,2,3 C. 2,3,4
B. 1,2,3 D. 1,1,2

6. The following random variables are examples of continuous, EXCEPT

the_______.
A. speed of the car
B. time needed to finish the test
C. amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
D. number of siblings in a family of a region

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 7. A function that associates a real number to each element in the sample space
is called _______.
A. continuous C. random variable
B. discrete D. constant and variable

8. Suppose three coins are tossed. How many possible outcomes?

A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
9. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be
equal to____.
A. 1 C. -1
B. 0 D. -2
10. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the_______.
A. domain C. range
B. function D. sample space

For number 11-15 refer to the table shown below.

X 0 1 2
P(X) 1 1 1
4 2 4

11. How many possible outcomes in the table?

A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
12. Which of the following numbers are the random variables of x?
A. 2,3,3 C. 0,1,2
B. 1,3,3 D. 0,0,1

13. What is the sum of P(X)?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3

14. X is referred to what?

A. discrete C. random variable
B. probability D. unknown

15. Does the table above belong to probability distribution?

A. yes C. maybe
B. no D. uncertain

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References

Batacan,MC.A.,Agcaoili,Z.A.,Salamat,L.G.,Sta.Maria, A.C. and Cabero, J.B. ,

Statistics for Filipino Students:2nd ed. Mandaluyong City: National Book
Store, 2006, pp 5 and 11.

Belecina,R.R., Baccay, E.S. and Mateo, E.B., Statistics and Probability:1st ed.
Sampaloc Manila: Rex Book Store Inc., 2016, pp 2-13.

Cover page. retrieved from www.prezi.com, on July 12,2020.

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

▪ Name
▪ Grade and Section
▪ Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you and return them at the end of the school year or
whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

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