Cambridge IGCSE™

* 8 5 0 9 4 9 6 0 7 4 *

CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/42

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2021

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 120.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LK/CT) 205287/3
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) State the balanced equation for photosynthesis.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of an aquatic
plant.

The student counts the number of bubbles produced per minute at different temperatures.

The number of bubbles produced per minute is an indication of the rate of photosynthesis.

The results are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

temperature / °C number of bubbles produced per minute

0 0
5 6
10 9
15 13
20 16
25 18
30 17
35 9
40 0

(i) State the temperature that resulted in the fastest rate of photosynthesis.

..................................................... °C [1]

(ii) Place ticks (3) next to all the statements that explain the results between 0 °C and 10 °C.

The kinetic energy of the particles increases.

There are more frequent collisions between the substrate and enzyme.
Fewer substrate molecules fit into the active site of enzymes.
The temperature affects the pH of the enzymes.
The number of bubbles increases as more substrate is produced.
[2]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 3

(iii) Explain the results at 40 °C from Table 1.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain why the light intensity is kept constant during this investigation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 4

2 (a) Table 2.1 shows some information about the charges and relative masses of three subatomic
particles.

Table 2.1

particle A particle B particle C

charge +1 no charge –1

1
relative mass 1 1
1840

Use the information in Table 2.1 to state the names of particles A, B and C.

particle A ...................................................................................................................................

particle B ..................................................................................................................................

particle C ..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of an atom of magnesium.

– –
–
nucleus

– 12 protons –
– 12 neutrons
–
– –

–
– –

Fig. 2.1

(i) State why this atom of magnesium has a proton number (atomic number) of 12 and a
nucleon number (mass number) of 24.

proton number of 12 because ...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

nucleon number of 24 because .........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the electronic structure of this atom of magnesium.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 5

(c) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide, MgO.

Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound with a melting point of 2852 °C.

Oxygen reacts with hydrogen to form water, H2O.

Water is a covalent compound with a melting point of 0 °C.

Explain the difference in the melting points of magnesium oxide and water in terms of
attractive forces.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Magnesium oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl.

Magnesium chloride, MgCl 2, is made.

The balanced symbol equation for the reaction is shown.

MgO + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H2O

In an experiment, 2.0 g of magnesium oxide reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that can be made.

Show your working.

[Ar : Cl , 35.5; H, 1; Mg, 24; O, 16]

mass of magnesium chloride = ...................................................... g [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a tennis player throwing a ball in the air before the player hits the ball.

Fig. 3.1

(a) The ball has a mass of 56.25 g and is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 8.0 m / s.

(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the ball immediately after it leaves the player’s hand.

kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) The tennis player notices that the ball has a velocity of zero when it reaches its maximum
height.

Name the form of energy stored by the ball at its maximum height.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 3.2 shows the tennis player hitting the same ball with the racket.

Fig. 3.2

This causes the ball to accelerate at 1600 m / s2.

Calculate the force applied to the ball by the racket.

force = ..................................................... N [2]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 7

(c) A student removes one of the nylon strings from the racket to investigate how it deforms
when tensile forces are applied.

Fig. 3.3 shows the equipment used.

ruler

nylon string
pointer

mass hanger

Fig. 3.3

The student adds masses to the mass hanger and records the extension of the nylon string.

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 8

Fig. 3.4 shows the results from this investigation.

70

60
force / N
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
extension / mm

Fig. 3.4

(i) Use Fig. 3.4 to find the force required to give an extension of 3 mm.

force = ..................................................... N [1]

(ii) State Hooke’s law.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Describe how the graph in Fig. 3.4 shows that the nylon string does not obey Hooke’s
law.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 9

4 (a) A person monitored the concentration of glucose in their blood for 12 hours.

The results are shown in Fig. 4.1.

10

6
concentration
of glucose
4
in the blood
/ mmol per dm 3
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time / hours

Fig. 4.1

(i) The concentration of glucose in the blood increases rapidly after a meal is eaten.

Suggest the number of meals the person had during the 12 hours.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the sentences to explain the results between 2 and 3 hours.

The brain detects an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood.

The ....................................................... releases insulin.

The insulin stimulates the ....................................................... to convert glucose to

....................................................... and store it.

This lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood.

[3]

(b) Name two hormones that increase blood glucose concentration.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Name the term used to describe the mechanism that is used to return blood glucose
concentrations to a normal level.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 10

(d) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine.

(i) Define the term absorption.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 11

5 Petroleum is a fossil fuel.

Petroleum can be separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

Fig. 5.1 shows a fractionating column.

cool (25 °C)

refinery gas

gasoline

naphtha

kerosene

diesel oil

fuel oil
heated
petroleum
bitumen
hot (350 °C)

Fig. 5.1

(a) Explain why it is possible to separate the substances in petroleum by fractional distillation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Table 5.1 shows the uses of some of the fractions.

Complete Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

fraction use

refinery gas bottled gas for heating

gasoline fuel (petrol) in cars

naphtha
.................................................

diesel oil
.................................................

bitumen
.................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 12

(c) Butane is a hydrocarbon found in the refinery gas fraction.

Complete Fig. 5.2 to show the structure of a butane molecule.

Show all the covalent bonds.

H
C
H
Fig. 5.2
[2]

(d) Methane, CH4 , is also a hydrocarbon found in the refinery gas fraction.

Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

Construct the balanced symbol equation for the burning of methane.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) When methane burns, an exothermic reaction takes place.

State what is meant by an exothermic reaction.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(f) The reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to make water is another exothermic reaction.

Look at the equation for this reaction. It shows all the atoms and all the bonds.

O O
H H + H H + O O +
H H H H

(i) Put a circle around each of the bonds which are broken when the reaction takes
place.
[1]

(ii) Explain why the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen is exothermic.

Use ideas about bond breaking and bond making.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 13

6 (a) Electricity may be obtained using the sources listed.

fossil fuels

geothermal

solar

tidal

wind

(i) State which of the sources of energy is non-renewable.

............................................................... [1]

(ii) State which two of the sources of energy are not dependent on the Sun.

............................................................... and ............................................................... .[1]

(b) Many types of power station use steam to turn a turbine attached to a generator.

Explain, in terms of the forces and distances between molecules and the motion of molecules,
why steam is able to fill its container.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 14

(c) Fig. 6.1 shows a diagram of a simple a.c. generator.

coil

N S

a.c. output

Fig. 6.1

(i) Explain why the generator produces an a.c. output.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) On the grid provided in Fig. 6.2, sketch a graph of voltage output against time for this
generator.

You must show at least one full cycle.

voltage
output

0 time

Fig. 6.2
[1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 15

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 16

7 Fig. 7.1 is a diagram of a cross-section of a leaf.

D
B

Fig. 7.1

(a) Identify the letter that represents the part in Fig. 7.1:

where most photosynthesis takes place .......................................

which transports water from roots to leaves .......................................

which controls gas exchange. .......................................

[3]

(b) Draw an X on Fig. 7.1 to identify a spongy mesophyll cell. [1]

(c) The part labelled B in Fig. 7.1 is responsible for translocation.

(i) Name the part labelled B.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the two main substances transported by the part labelled B.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 17

(d) Table 7.1 compares the processes of transpiration and translocation.

Place ticks (3) in the boxes to show the correct features of transpiration and translocation.

Table 7.1

transpiration translocation
transports substances to regions of storage
transports water
movement of substances is in one direction only
transport is from source to sink
[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 18

8 A scientist investigates the reaction between marble chips (calcium carbonate) and dilute
hydrochloric acid.

The scientist uses 20 g of marble chips and 40 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.

The temperature of the acid is 25 °C.

Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus used.

beaker
40 cm3 dilute
marble hydrochloric acid
chips
146.2 g balance

Fig. 8.1

The scientist measures the mass every 20 seconds until the reaction stops.

The scientist calculates the loss in mass.

Fig. 8.2 shows the results.

0.6

0.5

0.4

loss in
mass
/g 0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
time / seconds

Fig. 8.2
© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21
 19

(a) (i) Use Fig. 8.2 to state the loss in mass after 40 seconds.

loss in mass = ....................................................... g [1]

(ii) Use Fig. 8.2 to state how long it takes for the reaction to stop.

time = ........................................... seconds [1]

(b) The scientist does the experiment again.

This time the scientist uses dilute hydrochloric acid which is less concentrated than in the
first experiment.

The reaction is slower.

Explain why reactions are slower when reactants are less concentrated.

Explain your answer in terms of collisions between particles.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Carbon dioxide gas is made in the reaction.

State the chemical test and its positive result for carbon dioxide gas.

test ............................................................................................................................................

result .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) In this experiment, 0.47 g of carbon dioxide gas is made.

Calculate the volume occupied by 0.47 g of carbon dioxide gas.

The molar gas volume at 25 °C is 24 dm3.

Show your working.

[Ar : C, 12; O, 16]

volume = .................................................. dm3 [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 20

9 Visible light is a transverse wave and is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(a) State what is meant by a transverse wave.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a ray of visible light from a torch (flashlight) shining into a rectangular glass
block.

glass
air

Fig. 9.1

(i) Complete Fig. 9.1 to show the path the ray takes through and out of the block. [2]

(ii) State the term used to describe what happens to the ray of light as it enters the glass
block.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why this happens to the ray of light.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 21

(c) Fig. 9.2 shows the electrical circuit used in the torch.

Fig. 9.2

When the switch is closed, the current in the lamp is 1.8 A and the potential difference across
the lamp is 3.0 V.

Calculate the power output of the lamp.

power = ..................................................... W [2]

(d) Fig. 9.3 shows two lamps, identical to the torch lamp, connected in parallel.

Fig. 9.3

(i) When the switch is closed, the ammeter reads 2.6 A.

State the current in each lamp.

current = ...................................................... A [1]

(ii) Calculate the quantity of charge passing through one of the lamps in Fig. 9.3 when it is
switched on for 30 seconds.

Give the correct unit for your answer.

charge = ....................................... unit = .................. [3]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 22

10 (a) The blood groups of some people are recorded.

Fig. 10.1 shows the results.

40

35

30

25
number of
people 20

15

10

0
A AB B O
blood group

Fig. 10.1

(i) State the total number of people who had their blood group recorded.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the evidence in Fig. 10.1 that shows blood group is an example of discontinuous
variation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Complete this sentence about discontinuous variation.

Discontinuous variation is mostly caused by ...................................... alone. [1]

(iv) Name one example of continuous variation in humans.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 23

(b) Blood contains four main components.

The boxes on the left show the components of blood.

The boxes on the right show the functions of each component.

Draw lines to link each component with its function.

component function

plasma antibody production

platelet blood clotting

red blood cell transport of ions, soluble nutrients and hormones

white blood cell transport of oxygen

[3]

(c) Describe two ways the structure of a red blood cell is adapted to its function.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 24

11 Sodium, Na, is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Sodium has the electronic structure 2.8.1.

(a) Sodium atoms can form sodium ions, Na+.

Chlorine atoms can form chloride ions, Cl –.

Describe, in terms of electrons, how a sodium atom forms a sodium ion and a chlorine atom
forms a chloride ion.

sodium atom .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

chlorine atom ............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Sodium ions, Na+, form ionic bonds with chloride ions, Cl –.

Describe how ionic bonds form between sodium ions and chloride ions.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Solid aluminium chloride is another ionic compound.

Aluminium chloride contains aluminium ions, Al 3+, and chloride ions, Cl –.

Determine the formula of aluminium chloride.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 25

(d) Fig. 11.1 shows the apparatus used to extract aluminium from aluminium ore.

+
carbon anode –

steel case

carbon cathode

molten aluminium

Fig. 11.1

Describe how aluminium is extracted from aluminium ore.

Include the starting materials and the essential reaction conditions.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(e) Copper is extracted from copper ore by heating the copper ore with carbon.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2

Carbon is the reducing agent in this reaction.

Define, in terms of electrons, what is meant by the term reducing agent.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

 26

12 Fig. 12.1 shows a speed-time graph for a train.

35

30
speed
m/s
25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
time / s

Fig. 12.1

(a) Use Fig. 12.1 to calculate the distance travelled by the train in the first 100 s.

distance = ..................................................... m [2]

(b) Use Fig. 12.1 to calculate the acceleration of the train from 0 s to 100 s.

acceleration = ................................................ m / s2 [2]

(c) Use Fig. 12.1 to describe the motion of the train from 100 s to 200 s.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21
 27

(d) Fig. 12.2 shows the forces acting on the train when it is travelling at constant speed.

1.96 × 106 N

P 2.60 × 104 N

1.96 × 106 N

Fig. 12.2

(i) State the magnitude of the force P.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the mass of the train.

The gravitational field strength on Earth, g, is 10 N / kg.

mass = .................................................... kg [1]

(e) The train is made of steel painted dark grey.

On sunny days, the inside of the train can get very hot.

Explain why painting the train white would reduce the heating effect.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2021 0654/42/F/M/21

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2021
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
28

rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131

0654/42/F/M/21
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).