Introduction To Modeling and Simulation Techniques

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Introduction to Modeling and Simulation Techniques
Chenggang Yin*1 and Alison McKay2

*1
Department of Mechanical Design and Manufacture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
E-mail: cgyin@cau.edu.cn
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
E-mail: A.McKay@leeds.ac.uk
Abstract: Modeling and simulation techniques are simulation (DES) method [5], and Macal and North
becoming an important research method for proposed an agent-based simulation (ABS) tutorial [4].
investigating operational and organizational systems. Siebers et. al. presented advantages and disadvantages
Many literatures report different aspects and views of between DES and ABS, Sargent considered different
modeling and simulation but there is little literature that approaches for simulation model verification and validation
covers a full cycle of modeling and simulation, including [7], Hughes et. al. reported modeling and simulation
both model design & development and model applications to organizational systems [8], and Abar et. al.
verification & validation, for use in industrial product provided a review of agent-based simulation methods and
development systems. This paper introduces modeling development [9].
and simulation concepts, methods and tools, and Many researchers work on modeling and simulation
discusses approaches that can be used for model methods, procedures, strategies and applications in different
verification and validation. A modeling and simulation scientific research areas. However, there is little literature
procedure, designed for use in understanding industrial that covers a full cycle of modeling and simulation,
product development systems, is introduced that including both model design & development and model
accommodates both model creation and verification & verification & validation, for use in industrial product
validation. The overall goal of the research is to bridge development systems. As a result, it can be difficult for
the gap between model design & development and model practitioners to determine the validity of given simulation
verification & validation in a modeling and simulation models and so the reliability of results from simulation
procedure which, as a whole, is essential for the experiments.
application of modeling and simulation techniques to This paper introduces a procedure (see Section 5) that
understand any real-world system. covers a full cycle of modeling and simulation, including
both model design & development and model verification &
Keywords: Modeling and Simulation, Modeling and validation, for use in industrial product development
Simulation Procedure, Model Verification and systems. The procedure was evaluated through application
Validation, Agent-Based Simulation (ABS), Discrete- to a real-world new product development process case study
Event Simulation (DES) as part of a PhD research project [48]. The procedure is
based on modeling and simulation concepts discussed in
Section 2; and modeling and simulation domains and
methods that are introduced in Sections 3 and 4 respectively.
1. BACKGROUND Section 6 considers model verification and validation
methods in more details and Section 7 concludes the paper.
Modeling and simulation techniques are being widely
applied in organizational and operational systems, in
2. MODELING AND SIMULATION CONCEPTS
addition to their success in physical system design,
manufacture, analysis and improvement. Modeling and Two definitions of modeling and simulation were used as
simulation involves a process of designing a model of a real- the basis of this work. Modeling and simulation is defined
world or anticipated system such as a design concept, then by Bratley et. al. as a process of driving a model of a system
conducting experiments with the model for the purposes of with suitable inputs and observing the correspondingly
understanding the performance of the system under outputs [10] and by Shannon as the process of designing a
different operating conditions and evaluating alternative model of a conceptual system and using it to conduct
management strategies and decision-making processes [1, experiments for the purpose of understanding the
2]. Modeling and simulation technology is increasingly performance of the system and/or evaluating alternative
considered to be a third scientific research methodology, in management strategies and decision-making processes
addition to the traditional deductive and inductive using simulation results [1, 2].
approaches [3, 4]. The purpose of modeling and simulation includes
Many researchers have contributed to modeling and performance assessment, proof, prediction, discovery,
simulation technologies. For example, Shannon gave a training, entertainment and education [3]. Simulation
definition of simulation and predictive modeling [1], techniques are applied in various research fields including
Klingstam and Gullander introduced the discrete-event computer systems, manufacturing processes, societal
The 8th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Applications (ISCIIA2018)
The 12th China-Japan International Workshop on Information Technology and Control Applications (ITCA2018) 1
Binjiang International Hotel, Tengzhou, Shandong, China, Nov. 2-6, 2018
systems, business organizations, government systems, additional time resources for design iteration across
ecology environment systems, and other complex processes different stages in the process with a view to identifying
and systems [1, 2]. Modeling and simulation methods have improved management strategies, with an overall goal to
also been applied to interdisciplinary research fields such as shorten product development duration and so improve
design system decision-making mechanisms [11, 12], the time-to-market performance. The focus of the rest of this
management of integrated product teams [13], new product paper is on process and system modeling and simulation.
development processes [14, 15, 16], and organizational
management [8]. Application of modeling and simulation
methods to understand the performance of complex socio-
technical systems is becoming a promising research area [3,
8].
3. MODELING AND SIMULATION DOMAINS

In engineering, modeling and simulation techniques are
applied to two distinct types of system: physical
Fig. 2 Process and system simulation
mechanisms whose performance is governed by the laws of
physics and process-based systems whose performance are
governed by human, group and organizational behaviors. 4. MODELING AND SIMULATION METHODS
3.1. Mechanism Simulation Two common simulation methods applied in operational
management systems are agent-based simulation (ABS) [6]
Mechanism simulation relates to the simulation of physical
and discrete-event simulation (DES) [22]. These can be used
systems, through which movement, degree of freedoms
in conjunction with other simulation methods such as
(DOFs), velocities and component stresses can be simulated
mathematical simulation and Monte Carlo simulation.
and analyzed for whole machine optimization. Fig. 1
displays an example kinematic simulation of 3D CAD 4.1. Agent-Based Simulation (ABS)
model. Agent-based simulation (ABS) is a fast-developing
modeling and simulation method [9, 23, 24, 25] that can be
used to model and simulate industrial process and complex
scientific systems [26, 27]. Agent-based simulation builds
up its models using a bottom-up architecture [4, 23]. It
comprises a series of autonomous agents that act and
interact with each other complying with defined simulation
specifications in a simulation world. Key characteristics of
agent-based simulation are as follows [15, 23]:
• bottom-up modeling architecture;
• focus on modeling individual agents and interactions
between them;
Fig. 1 Mechanism simulation • a decentralized simulation model architecture, i.e.,
each agent has its own thread of control;
Fig. 1 shows an assembly of a spatial linkage mechanism
• The modeled system performance is not defined in the
that includes different mechanical parts. Simulation
simulation model but emerges from the autonomous
purposes are specified, for example, to examine whether it
agents’ actions, interactions and decision-makings;
can produce three spatial degrees of freedoms (DOFs), and
the strength of the materials is sufficient when external force • queueing issues are not defined;
applies. • model inputs are often based on theories and subjective
data related to the agents’ behaviors; and
3.2. Process and System Simulation • individual agents can use their own initiative and make
Process and system simulation relates to the simulation of decisions that influence the behavior of the overall
different organizational and operational systems, including system.
but not limited to manufacturing systems [17], industrial Within agent-based simulation models, autonomous agents
production processes, business service systems [3], complex act and interact with each other complying with defined
problem-solving process [18], business organizations [19], simulation rules in a simulation world. Micro-level
socio-technical systems [8], human systems [20], and individual agent’s actions and behaviors influence and
automotive assembly systems [21]. Fig. 2 gives an example determine macro-level system performance which, as a
of a new product development process simulation case study whole, can be observed and analyzed by users of the
conducted by the authors. simulation model [23].
In Fig. 2, the simulation model is developed to mimic a new Agent-based simulation is becoming an important problem-
product development process that includes four work teams, solving approach for many situations where overall system
i.e. preliminary design, detail design, manufacturing and behaviors emerge from micro-level behaviors [9, 27, 28].
service. The purpose of the simulation was to understand the There are many for agent-based simulation software tools,
operational processes and find out which teams consume each suited to particular kinds of application. Agent-based
simulation tools include, but are not limited to: NetLogo,

Spread sheet, Repast, Starlogo, Swarm, Matlab, Seila proposed another modeling and simulation process
Mathematica, Anylogic, and others [6, 8, 9, 23, 26, 29, 30]. [33], which includes thirteen steps:
4.2. Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) • Problem Statement and Objectives
Discrete-event simulation (DES) is a more mature • Systems Analysis
simulation method than agent-based simulation [6]. • Analysis of Input Distribution
Discrete-event simulation is one way to build up models in • Model Building
a top-down architecture and observe time-based behaviors • Design and Coding of the Simulation Program
within a system. Formal methods have been developed to • Verification of the Simulation Program
construct discrete event simulation models and ensure that • Output Data Analysis Design
the models are credible [6]. Arena and Witness are two • Validation of the Model
examples of discrete-event simulation tools [5, 31].Primary • Experimental Design
characteristics of discrete-event simulation are as follows • Making Production Runs
[6]: • Statistical Analysis of Data
• top-down modeling approach; • Implementation
• focus on modeling overall system processes in detail; • Final Documentation
• a centralized simulation system architecture, i.e., a 5.2. Modeling and Simulation Procedure
given simulation has one thread of control;
Fig. 3 shows a simulation procedure designed by the authors,
• the modeled system performance is related to the
to guide research activities and experiments in a real-world
defined system process;
problem solving case study. The process was evaluated
• the identification of queues is a key consideration in through application to a case study where the research intent
overall system performance; was to explore the time-related performance of a new
• model inputs are often based on objective data, e.g., product development process, with a view to identifying
that has been collected from the system that is being time resource used by work teams in the process and
modeled; and proposing improved management strategies that would
• Entities in the simulation model are process steps reduce product development cycle times. The thirteen-step
related to other steps but with no capacity to act procedure, shown in Fig. 3, and each step is described in the
independently; the performance of the overall system remainder of this section.
depends on relationships between process steps.
5. MODELING AND SIMULATION

PROCEDURES
Modeling and simulation procedures guides modeling and
simulation activities, including creating a problem
statement, conceptual model development, simulation
model construction, and model verification & validation.
Specific procedures used to simulate real-world problems
may vary for a range of reasons, such as differences in
problem statement, purpose of simulation experiments,
experimenters’ preferences, and limitation of the simulation
technologies that are used.
5.1. Modeling and Simulation Processes
Contributions to modeling and simulation process
development include [1, 28, 32, 33]. For example,
Shannon’s simulation procedure includes the following
steps [1]:
• System Definition
• Model Formulation
• Data Preparation Fig. 3 Modeling and simulation procedure
• Model Translation
1. Define research problem: research interests from case
• Validation study owners are elaborated, the real-world problem is
• Strategic Planning identified, and expectations of the research outcomes
• Tactical Planning are agreed.
• Experimentation 2. Specify purpose: the purpose of the simulation
• Interpretation experiments, in the form of an aim & objectives, is
• Implementation specified.
• Documentation
3. Collect data & information: the data and information enhances confidence for users applying the model to
needed for the definition of both conceptual and solve the real-world problems. In the case study used to
simulation models is specified and collected as input evaluate this process, a user manual for operating the
data for the simulation experiment. It should be noted simulation model was developed.
that this is typically an iterative negotiation process
between the research team and case study owners 6. MODEL VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
because the necessary data needs to exist in an
The purpose of model verification and validation is to make
appropriate form and be accessible. If it is not then case
the simulation model meaningful in a real-world context.
study owners might work with the research team to
For this reason, the modeling and simulation procedure
develop a synthetic data set.
includes model verification and validation, in addition to
4. Build up conceptual model: a conceptual model is
model design and development. Fig. 3 gives an example of
defined and built up with respect to specified research
full vision of a model verification and validation
purpose using data and information collected, in order
architecture. Model verification and validation activities
to represent relationships that are relevant to the
include validation of the simulation model with respect to
research problem.
the real-world situation and the conceptual model.
5. Select simulation method: a modeling and simulation
method is selected to represent the defined research 6.1. Model Verification and Validation Concepts
problem. Selection of the simulation method includes Model verification concerns the identification and removal
consideration of both suitability and feasibility. of errors in the simulation model by comparing simulation
6. Choose simulation tool: the software tool in which the results from the model to analytical solutions from the real-
simulation model will be implemented is selected. This world situation [34]. In this way, the model verification
selection process includes consideration of both tool process deals with the mathematical relationships and
availability and adaptability. simulation specifications associated with the model [35, 36].
7. Develop simulation model: a computer-based Model verification ensures that the model is as complete and
simulation model of the conceptual model is developed correct as is necessary to give a sufficiently accurate
using the selected simulation method and tool. representation of the real-world situation [37, 38]. In this
8. Conduct verification experiments: verification way, model validation ensures that the simulation model is
experiments are conducted with the simulation model, useful for real-world problem-solving [35]. Model
with a focus on checking whether the simulation model validation processes are concerned with quantifying the
gives reliable and anticipated outputs for given inputs accuracy of the model by comparing simulation results to
in scenarios with which the case study owners are experimental or operational outcomes in the real world [36].
familiar. Contributors to model verification and validation
9. Verify the simulation model: simulation results from knowledge domains include [7, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45].
verification experiments are reviewed; the simulation
model and results are verified against specified 6.2. Verification and Validation Architecture
verification methods and indicators. If necessary, steps Fig. 4 illustrates a model verification and validation
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 may be revisited. By addressing architecture for the implementation of relevant activities in
comments, feedbacks, and suggestions from different Fig. 3.
perspectives, the simulation model is improved and
upgraded for the next stage.
10. Conduct validation experiments: validation
experiments are conducted using revised simulation
model. Validation experiments are to check whether the
simulation model possesses sufficient accuracy to
represent and then address the research problem, with
respect to the specified research purpose.
11. Validate the simulation model: results from the
validation experiments are validated against specified
validation methods and indicators. If necessary, earlier
steps may be revisited.
12. Simulation experiments: simulation experiments are
conducted to simulate real-world operational scenarios.
Simulation results are analyzed and discussed. Potential
management solutions are considered to address the
specified research problems. Fig. 4 Model verification and validation architecture
13. Documentation: instructions and documents
supporting the simulation model and simulation The oblongs in Fig. 4 represent outcomes from three
experiments are developed, e.g. how to operate the primary steps in Fig. 3: the definition of the research
simulation model, how to set input data values, and how problem from the research problem definition (Step 1), the
to analyze model results. This step is necessary for other conceptual model (from Step 4) and the simulation model
users or clients to understand, modify, or further (from Step 7).
improve the simulation model if necessary. It also
As shown in Fig. 4, three verification and validation Different model verification and validation methods have
activities are needed. Firstly, conceptual model verification different advantages and limitations, which means, again,
ensures that the conceptual model is an accurate that different methods are suitable for different real-world
representation of the research problem in real-world problem situations and research purposes. Regarding model
situation. Secondly, simulation model verification ensures verification and validation method selection, more
that the computer-based simulation model is a sufficiently information can be found in publications cited above.
accurate implementation of the concept model. And finally,
simulation model validation conducts a series of simulation 7. CONCLUSIONS
experiments which focus on checking the model’s
Modeling and simulation techniques are becoming an
efficiency and accuracy with respect to specific research
purpose. In addition, at the center of the diagram in Fig. 4, important research method for investigating operational and
all data used in all aspects of both model design & organizational systems. Existing literatures report different
development and model verification & validation needs to views and aspects of modeling and simulation techniques
be validated. with specified interests, but there is limited literature that
presents a full vision of modeling and simulation in a
6.3. Model Verification and Validation Strategies
procedure suitable for engineering design applications. The
Researchers have developed different model verification contribution of this paper is to bridge the gap between model
and validation strategies with their experience in either design and development, and model verification and
academic research or industry. Contributions to this
validation by providing such a modeling and simulation
knowledge domain include [7, 36, 39, 41, 46, 47]. There are
four primary strategies used to verify and validate procedure.
simulation models [7]: A modeling and simulation procedure was demonstrated
with focus on a real-world problem-solving case study. The
• Self-Validation: The simulation model development procedure accommodates model verification & validation
team itself makes the decision as to whether a activities into model design & development process which,
simulation model is valid or not;
as a whole, forms a full cycle of modeling and simulation.
• Co-Validation: The simulation team involves model
This paper discussed modeling and simulation concepts,
users within model development process; the model
validation process is integrated within the model domains, methods and processes. Two common modeling
development process; and simulation methods were discussed, i.e. agent-based
• Independent Validation: An independent third party simulation (ABS) and discrete-event simulation (DES). In
is employed to decide whether a simulation model is addition, model verification and validation concepts,
valid or not; and strategies and methods were evaluated. The research is
• Scoring Validation: A scoring model is used to expected to be helpful for researchers and practitioners
determine whether a simulation model is valid or not. working in modeling and simulation fields.
Each strategy has distinct features which means that
different strategies are suitable for different real-world
situations and simulation purposes. Detailed explanation of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
model verification and validation strategies is available in The research is supported by China 13th Five-Year National
references listed above. Key Research and Development Plan (Project No.:
6.4. Model Verification and Validation Methods 2017YFD0701102-1). The work reported in this paper was
part of a PhD project that was co-supervised by Professor
There are many model verification and validation methods
Chris W. Clegg (deceased).
developed for specific simulation situations. Contributions
to the model verification and validation methods
community include [7, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. A series
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[24] A. Garro and W. Russo, easyABMS: A domain-expert oriented Chenggang Yin is a Lecturer in Department of Mechancial Design and
methodology for agent-based modeling and simulation, Simulation Manufacture, China Agricultural University. He holes a PhD in Mechanical
Modeling Practice and Theory, 2010, 18(10), pp. 1453-1467. Engineering at University of Leeds, UK. He obtained M.Eng at Beijing
[25] C. Macal and M. North, Introductory tutorial: agent-based modeling Institute of Technology. He worked as a research fellow (internal team
and simulation, Winter Simulation Conference, Savannah, Georgia, leader) for H2020 RiserSure project at London South Bank Innovation
2014. Centre (LSBIC) in TWI Ltd between 2016 and 2017. He worked as a
[26] W. N. Robinson and Y. Ding, A survey of customization support in project engineer at InnoTecUK Ltd from 2014 to 2016. He has been a
agent-based business process simulation tools, ACM Transactions on visiting scholar at University of Alberta, Canada, between 2009 and 2010.
Modeling and Computer Simulation, 2010, 20(3), pp. 1-29. His research interests include product design and development, modeling
and simualtion, agent-based simulaiton, complex design system, decision-
[27] N. Seekhao, C. Shung, J. JaJa, L. Mongeau, and N. Y. K. Li-Jessen,
making mechanism, orgnizational behavior, and others.
Real-Time Agent-Based Modeling Simulation with in-situ
Visualization of Complex Biological Systems: A Case Study on Alison McKay is Professor of Design Systems at the University of Leeds
Vocal Fold Inflammation and Healing, IEEE International and director of the Leeds Socio-Technical Centre. She holds a PhD
Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing, Workshops and in Mechanical Engineering. Her research centres on socio-technical
PhD Forum, 2016, pp. 463-472. aspects of engineering design systems and the networks of organisations
that both develop and deliver products to market, and support them through
[28] J. Banks, Introduction to simulation, Winter Simulation Conference,
life to disposal or reuse. The focus of her personal research lies in the
Phoenix, Arizona, United States, 1999.
establishment of systematic and, where possible, well-founded
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environment, Artificial Life, 2007, 13(3), pp. 303-311. data.
[30] C.-G. Yin and Y.-S. Ma, Parametric feature constraint modeling and
mapping in product development, Advanced Engineering Informatics,
2012, 26(3), pp. 539-552.
[31] W. D. Kelton, R. P. Sadowski, and D. A. Sadowski, Simulation with
Arena, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2002.

Introduction To Modeling and Simulation Techniques

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Introduction to Modeling and Simulation Techniques

Chenggang Yin*1 and Alison McKay2

3. MODELING AND SIMULATION DOMAINS

simulation tools include, but are not limited to: NetLogo,

5. MODELING AND SIMULATION

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