UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO ING.

CIVIL

“AÑO DEL BICENTENARIO DEL PERU: 200

AÑOS DE INDEPENDENCIA”
UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO

ALUMNO: LOPEZ GUEVARA Jheysson Raphael

FACULTAD: INGENIERÍA

ESCUELA INGENIERÍACIVIL

SEDE : CHIMBOTE

CODIGO : 1115200108

DOCENTE: ING. ALFARO RODRIGUEZ JUAN

ASIGNATURA: ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL1

2021 -1
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STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Chapter 7. The Force Method
Problems 7.1 through 7.6 are to be solved by superposition principle. The flexural rigidity, EI, is constant
for each beam.

7.1. Continuous two-span beam supports the uniformly distributed load q (Fig.P7.1a). Find the reaction of
supports and construct the bending moment diagram.
5
Ans. RB  ql ; M B  0.125ql 2 .
4

Solution
Let us consider support B as a redundant constraint. The primary unknown X is reaction of support B, i.e
X=RB. The primary system is shown in Fig. P7.1b. The vertical displacement at support B is yB=0.
Principle of superposition is y B  y B q  y B  X  . Compatibility equation is y B  y B q   y B  X   0 .
In primary system displacements yB(q) and yB(X) of point B due to load q and unknown reaction X=RB are

5 q2l 4 q
y B q  
384 EI a) A C
B
X 2l 3
yB  X   l l
48EI

Compatibility equation in expanded form Primary system

q
5 q2l 4 X 2l 3
  0. b) A C
384 EI 48EI B
5
Primary unknown X  RB  ql . X=RB
4
q
Computation of reactions (Fig. P7.1d) A C
B
2ql  1.25ql yB(q)
R A  RC   0.375ql c) yB(X)
2
A C
Calculation of bending moments (Fig. P7.1e) B

X=RB
qx 2
M x   R A x  q
2
d) A C
ql 2 B
M B  0.375ql  l   0.125ql 2
2
x RB=1.25ql
Qx  
dM
 0.375ql  qx; RA RC
dx
0.125ql2
Q  0  x0  0.375l
q0.375l 2 e) A C
M 0.375l   0.375ql  0.375l   0.0703ql 2 B
2
x0 0.0703ql2
P7.1
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7.2. A clamped-pinned beam is subjected to couple M0 at the roller support B (Fig. P7.2). Find the reaction
of supports and construct the bending moment diagram.
3 M0
Ans. M A  0.5M 0; R A  RB 
2 l M0

A B
MA RA RB
l
P7.2

Solution: Two versions of primary system are considered.

Version 1 Primary unknown X is a moment at the clamped support A, i.e. X=MA (Fig. P7.2a).
Compatibility condition A=0.
In primary system angular displacements  A M 0  X=MA M0
and  A  X  at point A due to given couple M0 A B
and unknown moment X= MA are
 A M 0   0
M l M0
6 EI A B
 A X  
Xl
, X  MA A(M0)
3EI
Compatibility condition: X=MA A(X)
 A   A M    A  X  
M 0l Xl
 0 A B
6 EI 3EI
X  M A  0.5M 0
0.5M0
M 0  0.5M 0 3 M0 M0
RA   
l 2 l A B
3 M0
RB   P7.2a M0
2 l RA
RB

Version 2 Primary unknown X is a reaction of rolled support B, i.e. X=RB (Fig. P7.2b).
Compatibility condition yB =0.
In primary system linear displacements yB M 0  M0
and yB  X  at point B due to given couple M0
A B
and unknown moment X= RB are
M l2
y B M 0   0 RA X=RB
2 EI
Xl 3
y B X   yB(M0) M0
3EI
Compatibility condition: A B
2 3
y B  y B M 0   y B  X  
M 0l Xl
 0
2 EI 3EI A B
Reactions of supports yB(X)

X  RB 
2 l

3 M0
 P 7.2b X=RB

RA 
3 M0
2 l
 
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7.3. Fixed-pinned beam is subjected to concentrated force P at the midspan (Fig. P7.3). Find the reaction of
3 5 5
supports and construct the bending moment diagram. Ans. M A   Pl; M C  Pl; RB  P.
16 32 16
P 0.5l
Solution:
Primary unknown X is a reaction of rolled support B, i.e. X=RB.
Compatibility equation yB =0. A B
C
In primary system linear displacements yB M 0  MA
l
and yB  X  at point B due to given couple M0 RA RB
and unknown moment X= RB are
5 Pl 3
y B P   A B
48 EI
Xl 3
yB X   P X=RB
3EI
Compatibility equation B
A
5 Pl 3 Xl 3 yB(P)
y B  y B P   y B  X    0
48 EI 3EI
yB(X)
5
Primary unknown X  RB  P .
16 A B
Reaction RA and bending moments at specified sections
5 11
RA  P  P  P X=RB
16 16 3 P
Pl
l 3 16
M A  RB  l  P   Pl
2 16
A B
l 5
M C  RB  Pl 5
2 32 P7.3 Pl
32

7.4. The beam AB with clamped support A and elastic support B is subjected to uniformly distributed load
q; the stiffness coefficient of elastic support is k (Fig.P7.4). The deflection  of support B, reaction RB of
R
this support and stiffness coefficient k are relates as   B . Determine the reaction of supports. Consider
k
3 1 3EI
two special cases: k=, k=0. Ans. RB  ql  ,  3
8 1  kl q
A B
Solution: 
Primary unknown X= RB. k
l
Compatibility equation yB=λ q
Settlement of elastic support due to unknown reaction RB
A B
RB X
  RB=X
k k q

Displacements due to the given load q and unknown reaction X A B

ql 4 yB(q)
y B q  
8 EI yB(X)
Xl 3
yB X  
A B
3EI
P7.4 RB=X
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Compatibility equation y B  y B q   y B  X   
ql 4 Xl 3 X
 
8 EI 3EI k
3 1
Primary unknown X  RB  ql 
8 3EI
1 3
kl
Special cases:
1. k    fixed  pinned beam : X  RB 
3
ql; 2. k  0 : X  RB  0.
8

7.5. Calculate the reaction and bending moment at the support B (Fig. P7.5), if the vertical settlement
6 EI 3EI
of this support . Ans. RB  ; M B  R Al  
l3 l2
Solution: A C
Primary unknown X= RB. B
l l
Compatibility equation yB  X   
X 2l 3 
yB X    A C
48EI
B
6 EI
Primary unknown X  RB  3   
l
yBX
Reactions and bending moment at the support B
R A  RC 
X 3EI
2
 3   A
B
C
l
3EI
M B  R Al  2  P7.5
X=RB
l

7.6. Pinned-pinned-pinned uniform beam is subjected to distributed load q (Fig. P 7.6). Construct the
bending moment diagram. Consider three versions of primary system. Primary unknown is:
1. Reaction R1; 2. Reaction R2; 3. Bendig moment at support 1. Calculate the deflection at the middle of the
ql 2 7 ql 4
first span. Ans. M 1   , yk 
16 768 EI
q
0 1 2

l l
P7.6
Solution
Version 1 Primary system is shown in Fig. P7.6a. Primary unknown is reaction of support 1, i.e X=R1
Compatibility equation y1  0 , or y1  y1 q  y1  X   0 .
Vertical displacements at point 1 in primary system due to given load q and primary unknown X=R1

y1 q  
5 ql 4
48 EI

 (This formula may be derived using initial parameter method)

X 2l 3
y1  X   
48EI
 
5 ql 4 X 2l 3
Compatibility equation  0
48 EI 48EI
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Primary unknown X  R1 
5
8
ql . Reaction at the right support R2  M 0  0 R2 
ql
16



ql 2
Bending moment at support 1 M 1   R2l  
16
q
0 1 2

X=R1
y q

y1(q)
y1(X)
0

X=R1
R0=X
q
0 1 2

5
ql
8 R2
R0
P7.6a. Version 1 of primary system

Version 2
Primary system is shown in Fig. P7.6b. Primary unknown is reaction of support 2, i.e X=R2
Compatibility equation y2  0 , or
y2  y2 q  y2  X   0 (a).
3
Slope at support 1 in primary system due to given load q equals 1 q  
ql
, so for linear displacement
24 EI
ql 4
at point 2 in primary system we get y 2 q    1 q   l 
24 EI
q
0 1 2
k
l l
q
0 1 2

Straight line
X=R2
q
y2(q)

0 1(q)
y2(X)
0

X=R2
R0=X R1=2X
y
P7.6b Version 2 of primary system
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Displacement y2  X  may be calculated by initial parameter method. Universal equation of elastic curve of
the beam
 X x  03 2 X x  l 3 
EIyx   EIy 0  EI 0 x    
 3! 3! 
X 3 2 X x  l 3
EIyx   EI 0 x  x  (b)
6 6
X l3 X l2
At x=l (support 1) y=0, i.e. EIyl   EI 0 l   0  0 
6 6 EI
Equation (b) becomes
X l2 2 X x  l 3
EIyx  
X
x  x3 
6 6 6

EIy2l   
3

2 Xl 3

Compatibility equation (a) becomes
ql 4

2 Xl 3
24 EI 3 EI
 0  X  R2  
ql
16
 
ql 2
Bending moment at support 1 is M 1   R2 l  
16

Vertical displacement at the point k

M l2 5 ql 4 ql 2 l 2 5 ql 4 7 ql 4
yk  ykM 1   ykq   1    
16 EI 384 EI 16 16 EI 384 EI 768 EI

For next problems the Canonical equations of the force method should be used
7.7-7.8. The uniform beam is subjected to concentrated force P (Fig. P7.7-7.8). Calculate the reaction of
supports and construct the internal force diagrams. Show the elastic curve of the beam.
P
  Plu 2
 
2
Ans. 7.7. R A  3  2 , M C  3  u , M A   Pl  1   2 . 7.8. RB  Pu 3  u  1 ,   3EI3
2 2 2 2 1  kl

P P
A C B A C B
k
P7.7 ul l ul l
P7.8

P7.7. Solution:
The structure has one unknown of the force method.
Primary unknown is reaction at support B i.e. X1  RB (Fig. P7.7a).
Canonical equation of the force method

 11 X 1   1P  0  X 1   1P
 11
Unit bending moment diagram M 1 and bending moment diagram M P0 in primary system due to given load
are shown in Fig. P7.7b and Fig. P7.7c.
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Unit displacement and free term P

M1  M1 1 1 2 l3 A C B
11   1 l  l  1 l 
EI EI 2 3 3EI
M 1  M P0 ul l
1P  
ul
2  1  l  Pul  l  Pul  
EI 6 EI P
Pu 2l 3 2 3
 2      Pu l 3  u  a) A B
6 EI 6 EI
Pu 2 X1
Primary unknown X 1  R B  3  u  .
2 b) M1
Bending moments at specified points 1l l
Plu 2
MC  3  u  X1=1
2 P
Pul
Pl
M A    1 2
2
  c) M P0
Reaction at fixed support P
RA  P  X 1 
P
2

3  2 .  d)
MA
C MP
*
Special case:
Inflection MC
3 11
If u    1 2 , then M A   Pl , R A  P. point
P7.7
16 16

P7.8. Solution
Let the primary unknown be, as in Problem P7.7, the reaction of the support B, i.e X=RB.
Canonical equation of the Force method
X
11 X 1  1P     .
k
Unit displacement and free term, as in Problem 7.7, are following
M1  M1 l3
11  
EI 3EI
M1  MP 0
Pu 2l 3 2 3
1P   2      Pu l 3  u 
EI 6 EI 6 EI
Canonical equation
l3 Pu 2l 3
X 2      X
3EI 6 EI k
Primary unknown
Pu 2
X  RB  3  u  1 ,   3EI3 .
2 1  kl
Bending moment at fixed support A
u2 
M A  Pl  3  u 
1
 u .
 2 1  
Special cases:
Pl
1. If k=∞, we get M A    1   2 .
2
 
1 3Pl
2. If k=∞, and   then M A   .
2 16
3. If k=0, then M A  Pul .
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7.9-7.10. The uniform beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load q (Fig. P7.9-7.10). Calculate the
reaction of supports and construct the internal force diagrams. Show the elastic curve. For problem 7.10 use
the following relationship R  k , where k is a stiffness coefficient of elastic support, R and  and reaction
5 ql 2 3 1 3EI
and deflection of support B. Ans. 7.9. R A  ql; M A  ; 7.10. RB  ql ,  3.
8 8 8 1  kl
q q

B B
A A
l k
P7.9 P7.10 l

Solution P7.9. B
Primary unknown is reaction at support B i.e. X1  RB . A
l
Canonical equation of the force method
 q
 11 X 1   1P  0  X 1   1P .
 11 B
Unit displacement and free term A
X1
M1  M1 1 1 2 l3
11   1 l  l  1 l 
EI EI 2 3 3EI M1
M1  MP 0
1 1 ql 2
3 ql 4 1l
1P     l  1  l   . 3
EI EI 3 2 4 8EI 1  l X1=1
4
Primary unknown q
3
X 1  R B  ql .
8
ql 2
Bending moments at support A
3 l ql 2
2 
MA  ql  l  ql    M P0
8 2 8 A
Reaction at clamped support A
ql 2
R A  ql  X 1 
5ql
8


8
MP
B
A

P7.9
Solution P7.10.
Let the primary unknown being reaction of the rolled support, i.e. X=RB.
X
Canonical equation of the Force method 11 X 1  1P    
k
Unit displacement and free term, as in Problem 7.7, are following
M1  M1 l3 M 1  M P0 ql 4
11   ; 1P  
EI 3EI EI 8EI
3 4
l ql X
Canonical equation X  .
3EI 8EI k
4
3ql 1 3EI
Primary unknown X  RB  ,  3
8EI 1   kl
Bending moment at support A
l ql 2  3 1 
M A  X  l  ql     1
2 2  4 1  
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ql 2 ql 2
Special cases: 1. k=∞, M A  ; 2. k=0, M A 
8 2

7.11. Continuous beam with clamped left support and cantilever at the right is presented in Fig. P7.11a.
Compute the bending moments at the supports 1 and 2. Ans. M1  8.013kNm, M 2  15.975kNm

Solution
The structure has two redundant constraints. Lets the primary unknowns are the bending moments at the
clamped support 1 and at the intermediate support 2. The primary system presents a set of two simply
supported beams (Fig. P7.11b).

P=12kN F=1kN
q=2kN/m
1 2 3
a) n
EI=const
a=ul=6m b=υl=4m c=2m
u=a/l=0.6
l1=8m l2=10m υ=b/l=0.4

X1 X2 P=12kN
q=2kN/m
M=2kNm
b)

P7.11a,b. Design diagram of continuous beam and primary system

Canonical equations of the force method become

11 X 1  12 X 2  1P  0
 21 X 1   22 X 2   2 P  0
These equations show that for the adopted primary system the slope at the support 1 and mutual angle of
rotation at support 2 caused by primary unknowns X1, X2 and the given load are zero.
Bending moment diagrams in unit states are shown in Fig. P7.11c,d. Bending moment diagram in the
primary system caused by given load is shown in Fig. P7.11e. Force F=1kN at the extreme right point of
the beam is shown as equivalent couple M  2  1  2kNm at right support.
X1=1
c) M1

1
X2=1

d) M2
1
M=2kNm
q=2kN/m P=12kN

e) 2 M P0

ql2/8= 16kNm 27.6

P7.11c,d,e. Bending moment diagrams in primary system
due to unit primary unknowns and given loads

Coefficients and free terms of canonical equations are calculated using graph multiplication method.
Unit displacements are
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M1  M1 1 1 2 2.667
11   1 8  1 
EI EI 2 3 EI
M1  M 2 1 1 1 1.333
12   21   1 8  1 
EI EI 2 3 EI
M2M2 1 1 2 1 2  6
 22     1  8   1   1  10   1 
EI EI  2 3 2 3  EI
Load terms
M 1  M P0 1 2 42.667
1P    8 16  0.5 
EI EI 3 EI
M 2  M P0
 2P  
1 2
 8 16  0.5 
6
2  0.4  27.6  1 27.6  4 2  0.4  27.6  0.4  2 
EI EI 3
  6 EI 6 EI

portion 1 2 portion 2  n portion n  3
1
42.667  51.84  15.36  3.333  106.534
EI EI
Canonical equations become
2.667 X 1  1.333 X 2  42.667  0
1.333 X 1  6 X 2  106.534  0
Primary unknowns, i.e. the bending moments at supports 1 and 2 are
X1  M1  8.013kNm, X 2  M 2  15.975kNm .

The negative signs mean that concavity in vicinity of supports 1 and 2 are directed downward, or extended
fibers are located above the neutral line of the beam. Bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. P7.11f;
elastic curve is presented by dashed line. The sign * means the point of inflections.
2kN/m
15.975 12kN 1kN
8.013
2.0
* * * *
1 2 3
8m 6m 4m 2m

P7.11f. Final bending moment diagram (kNm) and elastic curve

7.12. The frame is subjected to uniformly distributed load q, as shown in Fig. P7.12a. Construct the internal
force diagrams. Calculate the reactions of supports. Show the elastic curve of the frame. Determine the
qa 2 qa 4
horizontal displacement of the joint C. Ans. M B  , RA 
15
qa, hor
C   .
32 32 64 EI
Solution:
Primary unknown X1 is reaction at the left support A..

Canonical equation  11 X 1   1P  0  X 1   1P . The bending moment diagrams in primary system
 11
due to unit primary unknown and given load are shown in Fig. P7.12a
Unit displacement and free term
M1M1 1 1 2  4 a3
11    a a a  a a a  ,
EI EI  2 3  3 EI
M 1  M P0 1  1 qa 2 3 qa 2  5 qa 4
1P   a  a aa   .
EI EI  3 2 4 2 
 8 EI
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q
q q qa 2
A a 2
C
EI a
X1 X1=1
a EI Primary system

B M1 M P0
a a

P7.12a
 1P 15
Primary unknown is X 1    qa . The bending moment at points C and B are
 11 32
a qa 2
M C  M B  X 1a  qa
 .
2 32
Internal force diagrams MP, QP, NP, reactions of supports, equilibrium of the portion AC and joint C are
shown in Fig. P7.12b.
q
qa 2 15 Reactions of supports
qa 17 q
32 32 qa
Extended fibers + 32 A

17 Elastic curve
7 qa
qa 2 32
64 
15
qa
MP QP NP 32
qa 2 B
32
q 17 17
qa 2 qa qa
32 32
A C 32 C
17 2
N Bk   qa
32
15 17
qa qa NBC
32 32
P7.12b

Extended fibers and elastic curve are shown by dotted lines.

Horizontal displacement of the joint C

Unit state is shown for any statically determinate structure (Fig. P7.12c) (Textbook, page 244).
P1=1
M M1

MP M1
 hor  ds  P 
EI EI
1 1 qa 2 qa 4
a 1  a   .
EI 2 32 64EI
M1
P7.12c 1·a
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7.13. The frame is subjected to uniformly distributed load q, as shown in Fig. P7.13a; parameter n is any
positive number. Construct the bending moment diagram. Explain relationship between moments at
extreme left and right points of the cross-bar. Show the elastic curve of the frame. Explain the influence of
3 qh 2
parameter n. Ans. R A  .
4 l
Solution
 1P
Primary unknown is X1 (Fig. P7.13b).. Canonical equation is  11 X 1   1P  0  X 1   .
 11
qh 2
a) b) c) d) 2

q nEI B q
l
q
EI Primary
h
system
M1 M P0
A
l X1 X1=1

P7.13

Bending moment diagrams in primary system due to unit primary unknown and given load are shown in
Fig. P7.13c,d.
Unit displacement and free term are qh 2
M1  M1 l 3
M1  MP
0 2 2
qh l 2
11   , 1P   *
EI 3nEI EI 4nEI
1P 3 qh 2 qh 2
Primary unknown is X 1    . q 4
 4 l
11
Final bending moments at specifid points
M P  M 1 X1  M P0 . MP
3 qh 2 qh 2 qh 2
Point B: M  
l    .
M1
4 l 
 2 4
X1 M P0 P7.13e

Bending moment diagram MP is shown in Fig. P7.13e. Elastic curve is shown by dotted line. Inflection
point is a focus (Textbook, pp.575-576).

7.14. The portal frame is loaded by uniformly distributed load q, as shown in Fig. P7.14. The flexural
stiffness for vertical elements, EI, is equal. Calculate the axial force X1 in the member AB. The section n is
located at the middle of the member AC. Construct the bending moment diagram. Determine the horizontal
3 5 3 qh 4
displacement of the cross-bar. Ans. X 1   qh, M C  qh 2 , M D  qh 2 ,  
16 16 16 16 EI

Solution
The primary unknown X1 is an axial internal force in member AB. Canonical equation

 11 X 1   1P  0  X 1   1P .
 11
Unit displacement and free term
M 1  M 1 2h 3 M 1  M P0 qh 4
11   , 1P  
EI 3EI EI 8EI
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A B X1 X1=1

q q q
n Primary
EI h system
C D M1 M P0
h h qh 2
P7.14
2

1P 3 A B
Primary unknown X 1    qh .
11 16
q
Final bending moment diagram MP Mn
M P  M 1 X1  M P0 .
MP
Bending moment at specified points C D
 3  qh 2 5 5 3 2
MC  h    qh    qh 2 , qh 2 qh

M 1 
16  

2 16 16 16
0
X1 MP

3 2 1
MD  qh , M n  qh 2 .
16 32
Kinematical control (mutual linear displacement of points A and B):
M M1

MP M1 h  5 2 1 h  1 1 3 2 2
ds  P   qh 1  h  4 qh 1   0  
2
qh  h  1  h 
EI EI 6 EI  16 32 2  EI 2 16 3
qh 4  5 1 
    1  0.
16 EI  6 6 

7.15. The portal frame is subjected to horizontal force P. The stiffness of vertical members is EI, and
horizontal member is nEI, where n is any positive number (Fig. P7.15a). Calculate horizontal reaction H at
support B. Construct the internal force diagrams. Analyze the influence parameter n on distribution of
internal forces. Ans. H=P/2.

Solution:
Primary unknown X1 is horizontal reaction at support B. Canonical equation is

11 X1  1P  0  X 1   1P .
11
1 1 2 1 2h 3  3 a
Unit displacement 11  2   1  h  h  1  h  1  h  a 1  h  1  .
EI 2 3 nEI 3EI  2n h 
1 1 2 1 1 Ph3  3 a
Free term 1P     Ph  h  1  h    Ph  a 1 h   1  .
EI 2 3 nEI 2 3EI  2n h 

P C D P 1h 1h P Ph

nEI Ph

h Primary
EI system M M P0
X1 X1=1
A B
a
P7.15a
UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO ING. CIVIL

Ph Ph
P
Primary unknown X  . P 2 2
2
Final bending moment diagram
M P  M X 1  M P0 (Fig. P7.15b)
Point C
P Ph MP
MC    h   Ph
1
  .
2
 M0 2
M1 P
X1
P Ph P7.15b
Shear forces Q AC  QBD  , QCD   .
2 a

7.16. Construct the bending moment diagram for beam (EI=const) with clamped ends, subjected to
uniformly distributed load q (Fig. P7.16). Calculate maximum deflection.
ql 2 l ql 4
Ans. M A   , y  
12  2  384EI
Solution:
The number of unknowns of the Force method is equal to three.
Canonical equations of force method are q
11 X 1  12 X 2  13 X 3  1P  0 A B
 21 X 1   22 X 2   23 X 3   2 P  0
l
 31 X 1   32 X 2   33 X 3   3P  0
Primary unknowns are reactions at the fixed support B.
Bending moment diagrams due to unit primary unknowns X1=1 q X2
and X2=1 are shown in Fig. P7.16. Ordinates of bending moments
due to unknown X3=1 are zeros. X3
Unit displacements
X1
M1M1 l3 l
11   ,
EI 3EI M1
M1M 2 l 2
M 2 M 2 l
12   21   ,  22   , X1=1
EI 2 EI EI EI
13   31   23   32  0.
Free terms 1
M2
M 1  M P0 ql 4
1P   ,
EI 8 EI q X2=1
M 2  M P0 ql 3
 2P   ,  3P  0
EI 6 EI ql 2
Primary unknowns 2 M P0
ql ql 2
X1   , X 2  , X3  0 q
2 12
 l  ql
2
Bending moment at the middle point M    ql 2
 2  24 MP
12
Equation of elastic curve 2
 ql 2 x  02 ql 3 x  03
ql
EIyx      q
x  04 , ql
24
 12 2! 2 3! 4!  2
ql 4  x 2 x 3 x 4 
y x  
P7.16
 2  ,
24 EI  l 2 l 3 l 4 
l ql 4
y   .
 2  384EI
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7.17. The beam with clamped supports is subjected to force P as shown in Fig. P7.17a. Construct the
bending moment diagram. Calculate the deflection at point C. The bending stiffness is EI.
Pb 2 a 3b 3
Ans. R A  3a  b ; M A  Plu 2 , M C  2 Plu 2 2 , fC  P .
l3 3EI l 3
Solution: P
Degree of statical indeterminancy is equals to three.
Canonical equations of force method are A C
B
11 X 1  12 X 2  13 X 3  1P  0 a)
a=ul b=l
 21 X 1   22 X 2   23 X 3   2 P  0
l
 31 X 1   32 X 2   33 X 3   3P  0
Primary unknowns are reactions at the clamped support B (Fig.P7.17b). P X2
Bending moment diagrams M 1 and M 2 due to unit primary
X3
unknowns X1=1 and X2=1 are shown in Fig. P7.17c,d. b)
Unit displacements
X1
M1  M1 l3
11   , l
EI 3EI M1
c)
M1  M 2 l2
12   21   , X1=1
EI 2 EI
M2M2 l 1
 22   M2
EI EI d)
13   31   23   32  0 X2=1
Bending moment diagram M P0 to given load P is shown P
Pa
in Fig. P7.17e. Free terms
e) M P0
M 1  M P0 Pa 2l
1P   2   , a=ul
EI 6 EI
M 2  M P0 Pa 2 Bending moment diagram
 2P  
EI 2 EI and reactions of supports
Primary unknowns P
Pa 2 MA MB
X1   2
1  2 ,
l f) MP
X 2  Pu l , 2
X 3  0.
MC
Reactions of supports RA RB
Pa 2
RB  X 1  a  3b,
l3 Unit state for yC
Pb 2
RA  3a  b. P=1
l3 ul =
Reactive moments (Fig.P7.17f) M P 1
g)
M B  X 2  Plu2, M A  Plu 2 a=ul
Bending moment at point C is M C  2Plu 2 2
Vertical displacement at point C P7.17
Unit state is shown for arbitrary statically determinate structure (Fig. P7.17g)
M P  M P1 3 3
yC  
a
2M A  ul  M C  ul   Pa b3
EI 6 EI 3EIl
Special case:
Pl Pl 3
a  b  l 2. MA  MB  , yC  .
8 192EI
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7.18. The frame in Fig. P7.18a is subjected to concentrated force P and uniformly distributed load q within
the vertical element. The relative flexural stiffnesses are shown in circle; P=8kN, q=4KN/m. Construct the
bending moment diagram using different primary systems. Provide the kinematical verification. Calculate
shear and axial forces and determine the reactions of supports.
Trace the elastic curve and show inflection points. Ans. M1  10.842kNm, M 2  13.93kNm

Solution. Degree of redundancy is equal to one. Figure P7.18a presents different versions of the primary
system. Bending moment diagram M 1 for all versions of primary system are similar (Textbook, page 227).
P
2 B h X1=1 l
1 2 l
l/h
q 3 h=5m h/l X1=1
1 Version 1 Version 2
A 1 l/h
a=4m b=6m
1
l=10m h/l
X1=1
h 1 l l/h 1 1/ h

1
h/l 1
X1=1 Version 3 Version 4 Version 5
1/ l
l/h 1/ h
X1=1 1/ l
h/l
P7.18a. Design diagram and different versions of the primary system

The primary unknown X1 for version 5 is a bending moment at the rigid joint 2. The canonical equation of
Force method 11 X1  1P  0 means that for the adopted primary system the mutual angular displacement
of the two sections at joint 2 on the both sides of the hinge is zero.
The unit displacement 11 is obtained by “multiplying” the graph M 1 by itself:
M1M1 l  2h   rad 

M 1M 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
11  ds    1  l  1   1  h  1  1   
EI EI 2 EI 2
 3 EI 2 3 6 EI  l   kNm 
portion 2 B portion A2

Bending moment diagram M P0

in the primary system caused by given load is shown in Fig. P7.18b.
Displacement in primary system due to applied load is

M 1  M P0 l   a   Pal  a 

M 1M P0 1 2 qh 2 1
1P  ds     h  1   2    0  
6  2 EI  

EI EI EI
 3 8
 2 l l

portion A  2 portion 2  B , Textbook , TableA 2, page 552, line 5
3
Pa2l  a   l  a 

qh
 rad .
24 EI 12 EI  l
 1P
qh 3 Pa   2l  a    l  a 
The primary unknown X 1    
11  2h   2h 
4l  1   2l 2  1  
 l   l 
For given parameters the primary unknown X 1  13.93 kNm .
The ordinates of the resulting bending moment diagram are M  M 1  X 1  M P0 .
UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO ING. CIVIL

The term M 1  X 1 presents the bending moment diagram caused by actual moment X 1  13.93 kNm .
Pa l  a  84 6
Specific ordinates of bending moment diagram M P0 at points 1 and 3 are   19.2 kNm
l 10
qh 2 4  5 2
and   12.5kNm , respectively. Therefore, specific ordinates of resulting bending moment
8 8
diagram M at points 1 and 3 are 19.2 - 8.358=10.842 kNm and 12.5 - 6.965=5.535 kNm.
Pa l  a 
P P
8.358
2 1 l 13.93 13.93

3 *
*
q 6.965 q 10.842
qh 2 + M 1  X1 5.535
M P0 = M kNm
8


P7.18b Construction of bending moment diagram

Elastic curve is shown by dotted line. A crossbar has no horizontal displacement and elastic curve within
the both member has points of inflection.

Kinematical test The resulting bending moment diagram M and unit bending moment diagram due to unit
primary unknown must satisfy the orthogonality condition, i.e. the result of their multiplication must be
equal zero. In our case, multiplication of bending moment diagrams M and M 1 for the version 5 yields
M  M1
 
5
0  4  5.535  0.5  13.93  1.0 
EI 
6 1  
portion A  2

4
 2  13.93  1.0  2  10.842  0.6  13.93  0.6  10.842  1.0  1  1  10.842  6  2  0.6  23.681  23.681  0
6  2
    2 2  3 
portion 2 1 portion 1 B

This means that the mutual angle of rotation of two sections taken on the members 2-B and 2-A infinitely
close to the point 2 equals to zero indeed.
It is obvious that multiplication of the final and unit bending moment diagram for each version will
be equal to zero, since all unit bending moment diagrams may be obtained from unit bending moment
diagram for version 5 using conversion factor; for example, bending moment diagram for version 1 may be
obtained from bending moment diagram for version 5 using conversion factor (h). However, meaning of
these multiplications will be different. For example M  M vers1  0 means, that horizontal displacement at
point B is zero; M  M vers2  0 means, that vertical displacement at point B is zero; M  M vers3  0
means, that horizontal displacement at point A is zero, etc.

dM 10.842
Shear forces Portion 1-B Q1 B    1807
. kN
dx 6
dM 13.93   10.842
Portion 1-2 Q1 2    6193
. kN
dx 4
13.93
Portion A-2
2 H2 HA  M 2  0  H A  7.214kN  QA  7.214kN
q H2 M A  0  H2  12.786kN  Q2  12.786kN
A HA
 UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO ING. CIVIL

Shear force diagram Q is presented in Fig. P7.18c.

6.193 6.193 12.786

+ 
2 N2-B

1.807 12.786
12.786  6.193
Q kN N2-A N kN
7.214

P7.18c Shear and normal force diagrams

P=8kN
Normal forces q=4kN/m
The free-body diagram of joint 2 is presented in Fig. P7.18c;
corresponding equilibrium conditions are 12.786

X  0 N 2 B  12.786kN

Y  0  N 2 A  6193
. kN 7.214 1.807

The normal force diagram N is presented in Fig. P7.18c.

Internal force diagrams allow finding reactions 6.193 P7.18d. Reactions of supports, kN
of support (Fig. P7.18d).

7.19. Design diagram of the frame is shown in Fig. P7.19a. The flexural stiffnesses EI for all members are
equal. Construct the internal force diagrams and trace the elastic curve.
Ans. M DA  56.1 kNm, M DB  24.2 kNm, M DC  31.9 kNm
Q A  32.99 kN , QDA  47.01 kN , QDB  3.02 kN , QCD  5.32 kN
N A D  0, N DB  5.32 kN , N CD  50.03 kN

Solution:
A structure has two redundant constraints. The primary unknowns are reactions at support B (Fig. P7.19b).
q=10kN/ q
A m D B D B
A X2

6m X1
a) C b) C
8m 8m
q=10kN/
6 m
X2=1
8 X1=1 80kNm

M1 c)
M2 M P0
d)

Bending moment diagram in the unit and loaded states are shown in Fig. P7.19c,d.
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Unit displacements are

M1  M1

M 1M 1 1 1 2 341.33
11  ds    88 8 2  ,
EI EI EI 2 3 EI
M1  M 2 1 1 2 128
12   21    68 8   ,
EI EI 2 3 EI
M2M2 1 1 2 1 2  168
 22     8  6   6   6  6   6 
EI EI  2 3 2 3  EI
Free terms are 56.1
M 1  M P0 1 2 24.2
1P     8  80  4  1706.6 EI , q
EI EI 3 B
A
M 2  M P0 1 2 * D
 2P     8  80  3   1280 EI 31.9
EI EI 3 52
Primary unknowns
X 1  3.02 kN , X 2  5.32 kN. M (kNm)
Final bending moment diagram is presented in Fig. P7.19e. e) C
Elastic curve is shown by dotted line.
P7.19.

7.20. Symmetrical structure is subjected to load P, as shown in Fig. P7.20a. The cross-sectional area
of the vertical member is A, and for inclined members are kA, where k is any positive number. The length
P
of inclined members is l. Calculate the internal force in the vertical member. Ans. N vert 
1  2k cos3 
Solution
Let a primary unknown is internal force in the vertical member (Fig. P7.20b).

N1 N P0
A
X1 X1=1
kA
 
kA, l P/2cos P/2cos
-1/2cos -1/2cos
a) A b) c) d)
A A A A A
P A P A PA
P7.20
Canonical equation of the force method is 11 X1  1P  0
A
forces N 1 in unit state areAshown in Fig. P7.20c. Axial internal forces N P0 in primary system
Axial internal A
due to given load are shown in Fig. P7.20d. The unit displacement and free term are

11  
N1  N1 l
EA

 2 
 2
1  
cos 

  2
1
cos 
 l

 kEA

1 1  l cos
EA

l
2kEA cos 2 
 
1  2k cos3  ,

N 1  N P0  l

P  1  l Pl
1P  2    .
EA 2 cos  2 cos  kEA 2kEA cos 2 
1P P
Primary unknown X 1  N vert    .
11 1  2k cos3 

7.21. The structure consists of the truss, which is supported at points 1 and 7, and the above truss
construction (Fig.P7.21a). The structure carries five concentrated loads P, which are applied at joints 2-6
of the upper chord of the truss. Axial stiffness for upper and lower chords of the truss is 2EA, for vertical
and diagonal elements of the truss and the above truss construction is EA. Provide a kinematical analysis.
Determine internal force in the member 4-c. Ans. X1  0.916P .
UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO ING. CIVIL

Solution
Kinematical analysis. Degree of freedom is W=2JSS0=217323= 1, where J=17 is a number of
joints, S=32 is a number of the hinged member of the structure and S0=3 is a number of support constrains.
The structure is internally statically indeterminate of the first degree.

2EA - upper and lower chords c Design diagram

EA - web members and above b d 1m
truss construction 2
a 1 e 2m
P P P P P
3m
1 2 3 4 5 6  7
4 4 4 4
3m

2 3 4 5 6
4m
P7.21a

Let the primary unknown be internal force in the member c-4; the primary system is shown in Fig. P7.21b.
c
b d
Primary system
a e
X1
P P P P P
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 4 4 4

2 3 4 5 6
P7.21b.

Canonical equation of the force method and primary unknown are


11 X 1  1 P  0  X 1   1P
11
Unit displacement and free term are
N 1  N 1 l N 1  N P0  l
11  
EA
,  1P 
EA 
For given parameters of the structure, lcd =4.123m, lde =4.472m, and
sin   0.6 sin 1  0.447 sin  2  0.243
cos   0.8 cos 1  0.894 cos  2  0.970
1
The results of calculations are presented in Table 7.21. Columns 1, 4, 5, and 8 contain parameter for
EA
all members of the truss.

Unit state
The truss is loaded by only unit primary unknown X=1. Using equilibrium equations X 0 and

Y  0 for joints c, b, a, we will define internal forces in the above truss members and after that -
internal forces in all members of the truss. Internal forces due to X=1 are presented in Table, column 2.
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Loaded state
The structure is loaded by five forces P. Vertical reactions at supports 1 and 7 are equal to 2.5P. Internal
forces in all members of the structure due to applied loads P are calculated using the appropriate equation
of equilibrium and presented in Table 7.21, column 3. Columns 3, 6, and 7 contain parameter P for all
members of the truss.

Table 7.21. Calculation of internal forces in all members of the statically indeterminate structure
l N l
0 l 2 l N1  N
Members N1 N 0 N  N N1  N  X
EA P 1 P
EA EA 1 1 N P  N1 X
0
EA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1-a 5.0 -2.495 0 0 31.125 -2.285 -2.285 28.505
of chain
Members

a-b 4.472 -2.233 0 0 22.299 -2.045 -2.045 20.421

b-c 4.123 -2.058 0 0 17.462 -1.885 -1.885 15.994
c-d 4.123 -2.058 0 0 17.462 -1.885 -1.885 15.994
d-e 4.472 -2.233 0 0 22.299 -2.045 -2.045 20.421
e-7 5.0 -2.495 0 0 31.125 -2.285 -2.285 28.505

a-2 3 0.499 0 0 0.747 0.457 0.457 0.684

members
Vertical

b-3 5 0.498 0 0 1.240 0.456 0.456 1.136

c-4 6 1.0 0 0 6.00 0.916 0.916 5.496
d-5 5 0.498 0 0 1.240 0.456 0.456 1.136
e-6 3 0.499 0 0 0.747 0.457 0.457 0.684

1-2 2 3.992 -3.333 -26.611 31.872 3.657 +0.324 +2.584

Upper chord

2-3 2 5.323 -5.333 -56.775 56.669 4.876 -0.457 -4.867

3-4 2 5.323 -5.333 -56.775 56.669 4.876 -0.457 -4.867
4-5 2 5.323 -5.333 -56.775 56.669 4.876 -0.457 -4.867
5-6 2 5.323 -5.333 -56.775 56.669 4.876 -0.457 -4.867
6-7 2 3.992 -3.333 -26.611 31.872 3.657 +0.324 +2.584
Lower chord

2-3 2 -1.996 3.333 -13.305 7.968 -1.828 1.504 -6.007

3-4 2 -3.993 6.0 -47.916 31.888 -3.658 2.342 -18.707
4-5 2 -3.993 6.0 -47.916 31.888 -3.658 2.342 -18.707
5-6 2 -1.996 3.333 -13.305 7.968 -1.828 1.504 -6.007

2-2 3 1.497 -2.5 -11.227 6.723 1.371 -1.129 -5.069

members
Vertical

3-3 3 0.498 -1.0 -1.494 0.774 0.456 -0.544 -0.812

4-4 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5-5 3 0.498 -1.0 -1.494 0.774 0.456 -0.544 -0.812
6-6 3 1.497 -2.5 -11.227 6.723 1.371 -1.129 -5.069

1-2 5 -2.495 4.167 -51.983 31.125 -2.285 +1.882 -23.473

Diagonals

2-3 5 -1.663 2.5 -20.787 13.828 -1.523 +0.977 -8.121

4-3 5 0.833 -0.833 -3.469 3.469 +0.763 -0.070 -0.291
4-5 5 0.833 -0.833 -3.469 3.469 +0.763 -0.070 -0.291
6-5 5 -1.663 2.5 -20.787 13.828 -1.523 +0.977 -8.121
7-6 5 -2.495 4.167 -51.983 31.125 -2.285 +1.882 -23.473

Factor 1 - P P 1 P P P
EA EA EA EA
 1P  11  +144.144
580.684 P 633.716 -144.428

EA EA

Free term, unit coefficient, and primary unknown.

Column 4 presents multiplication of the columns 1, 2, and 3. The sum of all members of this column
presents the free term of canonical equation
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N 1  N P0  l

580.684
 1P   P.
EA EA
The columns 1 and 2 allow filling out the column 5. The member c-4 should be taken into account in
calculation of unit displacement. The sum of all members of this column presents the unit displacement
N 1  N 1  l 633.716
11   EA

EA
.

 1P
The primary unknown X 1    0.916P .
 11
Internal forces of entire structure
Column 6 presents the internal forces in all members of the truss due to primary unknown X1=0.916P kN.
Column 7 contains the sum of columns 3 and 6 and presents the internal forces in all members of the given
statically indeterminate truss.

Control of calculation.
Column 8 presents the multiplication of columns 7, 2, and 1. This column serves the control of calculation.
The sum of values of this column equals to 144.144 – 144.428  0. The relative error equals to 0.2%.

7.22. Uniform semicircular arch with fixed ends is loaded by uniform load q (Fig. P7.22). Calculate
reactions of supports. Construct the internal force diagrams. Ans. RA  qR,H  0.56012qR, M A  0.10658qR 2
q q

y ds
f
MA d R MB X3
y
H
 H Primary system
O x
x X2
x
RA l=2R RB X1
P7.22. Semicircular uniform arch. Design diagram and primary system

Solution
The equation of the neutral line is
2
l  f l2
y R 2    x  R  f , R  
2  2 8f
Since f=R, then
2
l  l  2x y
y R 2    x , sin   , cos 
2  2R R
The arch is statically indeterminate three times. One version of the primary unknowns is the reactions of
the support A. Canonical equations of the force method are
 11 X 1   12 X 2   13 X 3  1P  0
 21 X 1   22 X 2   23 X 3   2 P  0
 31 X 1   32 X 2   33 X 3   3P  0

The reader is invited to draw arch in unit and loaded states separately and indicate all unit  ik and load iP
displacements.
For calculation of coefficients and free terms of canonical equations we will assume that deflection of the
arch is caused by the bending moments only. Upon this assumption, the unit coefficients and free terms are
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Mi Mk M i  M P0
 ik  

s
EI
ds,  iP  

s
EI
ds

The expression for bending moments in a primary system for unit and loaded states are presented in the
Table 7.22.
Table 7.22. Expressions for bending moments due to unit primary unknowns and given load
M1 M2 M3 M P0
Bending 1 x  1  y  x2
  R 2 1  cos  2
q
q
moment 1  R1  cos    R sin  1
2 2

For calculation of unit coefficients and free terms of canonical equations the Maxwell-Mohr integral will be
used. The polar coordinates: ds  Rd , x  R1  cos , y  R sin
Unit coefficients
R 
R 2 1  cos 
2
M1  M1 3 R 3
11  0
EI
ds 

0
EI
Rd 
2 EI
R 
M1  M 2 R1  cos     R sin   2 R3
12  0
EI
ds 

0
EI
Rd  
EI
R 
M1  M 3 R1  cos   1 R2
13  0
EI
ds 
0
EI
Rd 
EI
R 
M2  M2  R sin 2 Rd  R3
22  0
EI
ds 
 0
EI 2 EI
R 
M2  M3  R sin    1Rd   2 R2
23  0
EI
ds 

0
EI EI
R 
M3  M3 1 1 R 
33  0
EI
ds 
 EI Rd 
0
EI

Free terms
R 
M 1  M P0 R1  cos  qR 2 5 qR 4
  1  cos  Rd  
2
1P  ds   
EI EI 2 4 EI
0 0
R 
M 2  M P0 R sin  qR 2 4 qR 4
  1  cos  Rd 
2
2 P  ds  
EI EI 2 3 EI
0 0
R 
M 3  M P0 1 qR 2 3 qR 3
  1  cos  Rd  
2
3P  ds   
EI EI 2 4 EI
0 0

Canonical equations become

3 3 5
R X1  2 R 3 X 2  R 2 X 3  qR 4 ,
2 4

R 3 4
 2 R 3 X1  X 2  2 R 2 X 3   qR 4 ,
2 3
3
R X1  2 R X 2  RX 3  qR 3 .
2 2
4
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Since the structure is symmetrical then RA = X1=qR. The rest primary unknowns are
 
qR  1 1 
X2   0.56012qR, X 3  qR2     010658
. qR2
 4  4  4 
6    3    
2   2 
The reactions at support A are
RA  qR, H  056012
. qR, M A  010658
. qR2
Bending moment at any section is
qx 2
 qR  R1  cos   0.56012qR  R sin   010658qR 2  R 2 1  cos 
q 2
M x  R A x  Hy  M A  .
2 2

Bending moment at crown (   ) is
2
MC  0.04646qR2 .
Location of the section with maximum bending moment may be defined from the following equation

 1 
 qR 2   21  cos   sin   sin   0.56012 cos   0 , or
dM 1
sin 2  0.56012 cos  0
d  2  2
The root of this equation is
0  3410  sin0  0562
. , cos0  0827
. ,
and the maximum bending moment equals
 1 
M max  qR 2  1  0.827  1  0.827  0.56012  0.562  010658
2
  0.05017qR
2
.
 2 
The bending moment diagram is presented in Fig. P7.22b (factor qR2).

0.04646
0.05017 0.05017

M
3410 (factor qR2)
0
0.10658 0.10658
P7.22b.

The location of the extended fibers of the arch is obvious from the diagram.

Discussion
The arch under investigation is a symmetrical structure subjected to a symmetrical load. Therefore, the entire arch may
be substituted by its equivalent half-arch with sliding support at the crown. This structure has two unknowns instead of
three unknowns. Analysis of symmetrical structures is shown in Chapter 8. Furthermore, it is possible to choose the
primary system using an elastic center. Elastic center is a point, where primary unknowns should be applied in order to
all secondary coefficients of canonical equations will be reduced to zeros. In this case the canonical equations become
 11 X 1  1P  0
 22 X 2   2 P  0
 33 X 3   3P  0
The solution of the problem using elastic center helps in simplifying canonical equations. However, modern
technology provides easy solutions for any complicated system of algebraic equations. Therefore, the problem of
finding the elastic center is not considered in this book and the optimal primary system using an elastic center is not
discussed.
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7.23. Design diagram of a two-hinged parabolic arch with the tie is presented in Fig. P7.23. The equation
4f
of the neutral line of the arch is y  xl  x  . The cross-sectional moments of inertia vary by law
l2
I x  IC cosx [m4]. The flexural stiffness in the highest section of the arch is EIC. The cross section area of
the tie is At [m2]. Modulus of elasticity of the material of the arch and the tie are E [kN/m2} and Et,
8558.67 EI
respectively. Calculate internal axial force in the tie. Ans. X 1  ,  C
517.082  24 Et At
Solution
Primary system The arch under investigation is statically indeterminate of the first degree. The primary
system of the force method is shown in Fig. P7.23a; the primary unknown X1 is the internal force in the tie.
1P
Canonical equation of the force method is 11 X1  1P  0 . The primary unknown X1   .
11
Simplified model of the arch The feature of this structure is a non-uniform cross section of the arch. The
span of the arch is divided into several equal parts.

P=8kN q=2kN/m q=2kN/m

y
xP=6m P=8kN
3 4 5
6
EIC f=6m
1 7
xq=12m 2

EtAt X1 X1
0 8
x
l=24m Primary system

P7.23a. Parabolic arch. Design diagram and primary system

Parameters of the arch for specified sections are presented in Table 7.23a; trigonometric functions of the
angle between the tangent to the arch and x-axis are:
4 f l  2 x  1
tan   y   2
, cos  , sin   cos tan 
l 1  tan2 x

Table 7.23a. Geometrical parameters of two-hinged arch

Coordinates, m EI(x)
Points x y tan cos sin (factor EIC)
0 0 0.0 1.00 0.7070 0.7070 0.7070
1 3 2.625 0.75 0.800 0.6000 0.8000
2 6 4.500 0.50 0.8944 0.4472 0.8944
3 9 5.625 0.25 0.9701 0.2425 0.9701
4 12 6.000 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0
5 15 5.625 -0.25 0.9701 -0.2425 0.9701
6 18 4.500 -0.5 0.8944 -0.4472 0.8944
7 21 2.625 -0.75 0.800 -0.6000 0.8000
8 24 0.0 -1.00 0.7070 -0.7070 0.7070

The simplified model of the arch is obtained from the given arch by changing the curve lines between two
adjacent points by straight line; the length of the chord between point n and n-1 equals

ln ,n 1   xn  xn 1 2   yn  yn 1 2 .
The moment of inertia of cross section for each chord is constant and equals the average value between the
moments of the inertia at the end points. Parameters of the simplified arch for each portion are presented in
Table 7.23b. The last column will be used later in Table 7.23f.
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Table 7.23b. Parameters of the arch portions

Moment of inertia
Portion Chord length at the ends of Average moment l
(m) portion of inertia EIaver 6 EI aver
0-1 3.9863 0.7070 - 0.8000 0.7535 08817
1-2 3.5377 0.8000 - 0.8944 0.8472 0.6960
2-3 3.2040 0.8944 - 0.9701 0.9323 0.5728
3-4 3.0233 0.9701 - 1.0000 0.9851 0.5115
4-5 3.0233 1.0000 - 0.9701 0.9851 0.5115
5-6 3.2040 0.9701 - 0.8944 0.9323 0.5728
6-7 3.5377 0.8944 - 0.8000 0.8472 0.6960
7-8 3.9863 0.8000 - 0.7070 0.7535 0.8817
Factor EIC EIC EIC

Calculation of unit displacement and free term of the canonical equation

Coefficient of canonical equation Assume that only bending of the arch itself and tension of the tie affect
the displacement, so the unit displacement should be calculated by formula

l
M1 M1 N 1t  N 1t
 11  
s 
EI
ds  
0
Et At
dx ,

where
M1 is bending moments in the arch in the primary system M1 N1
due to unit unknown X1=1;
N 1t is axial load in the tie in the primary system
due to unit primary unknown X1=1.  Q1 y
The positive directions of internal forces are 
shown in Fig. P7.23b. X1=1
P7.23b x

In the unit state, internal forces in any section of the arch and in the tie are

M 1  1  y; Q1  1  sin ; N 1  1  cos ; N 1t  1 .

Formulas for Q 1 and N 1 will be used for construction of the final shear and axial forces diagrams.
Internal forces at specified points in the unit state according to (d) are presented in Table 7.23c.

Table 7.23c. Internal forces of the arch in the unit state

Points M1 Q1 N1
0 0.0 -0.7070 -0.7070
1 -2.625 -0.6000 -0.8000
2 -4.50 -0.4472 -0.8944
3 -5.625 -0.2425 -0.9701
4 -6.00 0.0 -1.0000
5 -5.625 0.2425 -0.9701
6 -4.50 0.4472 -0.8944
7 -2.625 0.6000 -0.8000
8 0.0 0.7070 -0.7070

Corresponding internal force diagrams are shown in Fig. P7.23c.

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3 4 5
2 6
1 7
Unit state
X1=1 8
0

M1
2.625 m

5.625

5.625

2.625
4.50

6.00

4.50
0.4472

0.2425
0.707

0.600

+ Q1


0.2425

0.4472

0.600

0.707
 N1
arch
0.8944

0.9701

1.0000

0.9701

0.8944
0.707

0.707
0.80

0.80
1.0
+ N 1t

P7.23c. Internal force diagrams in primary system

due by unit primary unknown

Free term of canonical equation Loaded displacement in the primary system caused by applied load equals
M 1  M P0
1 P 
 EI
ds , where M P0 is bending moments in the arch in the primary system due to given loads P
 s
and q. The reactions of supports of the primary system in the loaded state are
R A0  M B  0   R A0  24  8 18  2 12  6  0  R A0  12kN , RB0  20kN .
In the loaded state the arch is divided into three portions, i.e. 0-2, 2-4, and 4-8. For each of these portions,
expressions for internal forces are presented in Table 7.23d.

Table 7.23d. Expressions of internal forces of an arch in the primary system due to applied load
First portion Second portion Third portion
Internal forces 0x6 6  x  12 12  x  24

Bending M P0  R 0A x  M P0  R 0A x  P x  x P   M P0  R 0A x  P x  x P q
 x  xq 
2


moment 2
12 x 12 x  8 x  6
12 x  8 x  6   x  12
2

Shear force QP0  R 0A cos

12 cos
 QP0   R 0A 
 P cos   
QP0  R 0A  P  q x  xq cos  
4 cos
4  2 x  12 cos
Normal force
N P0   R 0A sin  
 12 sin 

N P0   R 0A  P sin     
N P0   R 0A  P  q x  xq sin   
 4 sin 

 4  2 x  12 sin  
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Table 7.23e. Internal forces at specified points of an arch in the primary system due to applied load.
First portion Second portion Third portion
0x6 6  x  12 12  x  24
Points M 0 Q 0
N 0
M 0
Q 0
N 0
M 0
Q0 N0
P P P P P P P P P
0 0.0 8.4840 8.4840
1 36.0 9.6000 7.2000
2 72.0 10.7328 5.3664 72.0 3.5776 1.7888
3 84.0 3.8804 0.9700
4 96.0 4.000 0.0 96.0 +4.0 0.0
5 99.0 1.9402 0.485
6 84.0 7.1552 3.5766
7 51.0 11.200 8.400
8 0.0 14.1400 14.140

Corresponding internal force diagrams are shown in Fig. P7.23d.

y q=2kN/m
xP=6m P=8kN

xq=12m

Loaded state in primary system

R 0A =12 R B0 =20
36

72

84

96

99

84

51
R 0A M 0
P
 kNm
1.9402

7.155

11.20

14.14

+
5.3664 10.733
1.7888 3.5776
3.8804

 QP0
4.0
8.484

9.60

 kN 
8

3.5766
8.484

0.970

0.485

14.14
7.2

8.4
0

P7.23d. Internal force diagrams N P0

in primary system caused by given load    kN 

For calculation of unit displacement the multiplication of two bending moment diagrams in the Simpson
form is applied. Unit displacement
M1  M1
11  
l
a1a2  4c1c2  b1b2  ,
EI 6 EI
where l – base of two diagrams;
a1, a2 – ordinates of the bending moment diagrams at the extreme left end of the portion;
b1, b2 – ordinates of the bending moment diagrams at the extreme right end of the portion;
c1, c2 – ordinates of the bending moment diagrams at the middle point of the portion;
EI – average flexural stiffness of the portion.
Since bending moment diagram M 1 is multiplied by “itself”, then a1  a 2 ; b1  b2 ; c1  c 2 .
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M 1  M P0
Calculation of free term 1P  should be performed similarly. Calculation of the unit and load
EI
displacements is presented in Table 7.23f. This table contains the calculation of the displacements without
influence of the shear and normal forces.
Section “Unit state”, columns a1, c1, and b1 contain data from column M1 (Table 7.23c). Expression for
Q 1 and N 1 will be used later (Table 7.23g) for construction of shear and axial force diagrams, but not for
calculation of coefficient and free term of canonical equation. Section “Loaded state”, columns a1, c1, and
0
b1 contain data from columns M P for different portions of the arch (Table 7.23e).
As an example for portion 1-2, the entries of columns 6 and 10 are obtained by following way

0.6960   2.625  2.625  4 3.5625   3.5625   4.50  4.50  54.223
0.6960   2.625 36  4 3.5625  54   4.50 72  826.85.

Table 7.23f. Calculation of unit coefficient and free term of canonical equation

l Unit state M1M1 Loaded state M 1  M P0

Portion 6 EI aver a1 c1 b1 a2 c2 b2 EI
EI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0-1 0.8817 0.0 -1.3125 -2.625 12.151 0.0 18.0 36.0 -166.64
1-2 0.6960 -2.625 -3.5625 -4.500 54.223 36.0 54.0 72.0 -826.85
2-3 0.5728 -4.500 -5.0625 -5.625 88.444 72.0 78.0 84.0 -1360.97
3-4 0.5115 -5.625 -5.8125 -6.000 103.723 84.0 90.0 96.0 -1606.62
4-5 0.5115 -6.000 -5.8125 -5.625 103.723 96.0 97.5 99.0 -1738.97
5-6 0.5728 -5.625 -5.0625 -4.500 88.444 99.0 91.5 84.0 -1596.82
6-7 0.6960 -4.500 -3.5625 -2.625 54.223 84.0 67.5 51.0 -1025.73
7-8 0.8817 -2.625 -1.3125 0.0 12.151 51.0 25.5 0.0 -236.07

 11arch 
517.082
m / kN  1P  
8558.67
m
EI C EI C

Flexibility of the tie is taken into account by the term

l l
N 1t  N 1t 11
  E A dx  E A m / kN 
24
 11
tie
 dx 
Et At t t t t
0 0
The unit displacement becomes
 
m / kN 
517.082 24 1 EI
 11     517.082  24 C
 
EI C Et At EI C  Et At 

Canonical equation becomes

1  EI  8558.67
 517.082  24 C   X 1  0
 

EI C Et At  EI C

Let
EI C
Et At
 
 9.7 m 2 ; it leads to  11 
750.082
EI C
m / kN  , and primary unknown becomes X1  1141
. kN .

Final internal force diagrams

Internal forces, which arise in the entire structure, may be calculated by formulas
M  M 1 X 1  M P0
Q  Q 1 X 1  Q P0
N  N 1 X 1  N P0
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Calculation of internal forces in the arch due to given fixed load is presented in Table 7.23g; internal forces
M 1 , Q 1 , and N 1 due to unit primary unknown X1  1 are presented in Table 7.23c.

Table 7.23g. Calculation of internal forces at specified points of the arch

Points M 1 X1 Q1 X1 N 1 X1 M P0 QP0 N P0 M Q N
0 0.0 -8.067 -8.067 0.0 +8.4840 -8.484 0.0 +0.417 -16.551
1 -29.95 -6.846 -9.128 36.0 +9.60 -7.20 6.05 +2.754 -16.328
2 -51.34 -5.1025 -10.205 72.0 +10.7338 -5.366 20.66 +5.630 -15.571
+3.5776 -1.789 -1.525 -11.994
3 -64.18 -2.767 -11.069 84.0 +3.8804 -0.970 19.82 +1.113 -12.039
4 -68.46 0.0 -11.41 96.0 +4.0 0.0 27.54 +4.0 -11.41
5 -64.18 +2.769 -11.069 99.0 -1.9402 -0.485 34.82 +0.829 -11.554
6 -51.34 5.1025 -10.205 84.0 -7.1552 -3.576 32.66 -2.053 -13.782
7 -29.95 +6.846 -9.128 51.0 -11.20 -8.40 21.05 -4.354 -17.528
8 0.0 +8.067 -8.067 0.0 -14.14 -14.14 0.0 -6.073 -22.207

Corresponding internal force diagrams are presented in Fig. P7.23e.

P=8kN q=2kN/m

EAC

f=6m
EtAt

l=24m
19.82

27.54

34.82

32.66
20.66

21.05
6.05

M
(kNm)
2.754

5.630
1.113

0.829
4.0
0.417

2.053

4.354

6.073

+ +
Q

1.525

(kN)
16.55

16.33

12.04

11.41

13.78

22.21
15.57
11.99

11.55

17.53

 N
(kN)
P7.23e. Statically indeterminate arch.
Final internal force diagrams

Discussion
If the tie is non-deformable (the axial stiffness of the tie is equal to infinity), then  11
tie
 0 . In this case the
thrust X1 will be greater than in case of deformable tie.
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7.24. A rigid horizontal weightless beam is supported by three identical vertical rods at points 1-3. The
beam supports a load P, as shown in Fig. P7.24. The stiffness EA is constant for all vertical rods.
Determine the axial forces in members 1-3.
Ans. N1  0.833P; N 2  0.333P; N 3  0.167P

Solution:
Let select the internal force in member 1 as the primary unknown X1 (Fig. P7.24)
Primary system

d d l X1
1 2 3 2 3

P P7.24 P

Canonical equation is  11 X 1  1P  0 . Unit and loaded states are shown in Fig. P7.24a

N 2  2 N3  1 N2=2P N3= -P
X1=1
N1 2 3 N P0 2 3

P7.24a P

Unit displacement
N 1  N 1 1  l  1  2l   2 1  l  1 6l
11      .
EA EA EA EA EA
Free term
N 1  N P0  2l  2 P 1  l   P  5Pl
1P     .
EA EA EA EA
 5
Primary unknown X 1   1P  P .
11 6
Internal forces in the members 2 and 3
N2=0.333P N3=  0.167P

N1=0.833P
N2  M 3  0  N 2  0.333P,

N3  M 2  0  N 3  0.167 P.

Distribution of axial forces is shown in Fig. P7.24b.

P
P7.24b

7.25. A rigid horizontal beam is supported by four identical vertical rods and supports a load P (Fig.
P7.25a). The stiffness EA is constant for all vertical rods. Determine the axial forces in members 1-4.
Neglect the weight of the beam. Ans. N1  0.4P; N 2  0.3P; N 3  0.2P; N 4  0.1P

Solution:
The structure has two redundant constraints. Canonical equations are
11 X 1  12 X 2  1P  0
 21 X 1   22 X 2   2 P  0
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Let select the internal forces in members 1and 2 as the primary unknown X1 and X2 (Fig.P7.25b)
Primary system

d d d l X1 X2
1 2 3 4
3 4
a) b)

P Fig. P7.25a,b P

Internal forces in unit states are shown in Fig. P7.25c.

X1=1 N3= 3 N4= 2 X2=1 N3= 2 N4=1 N3=2P N4= P

N1 3 4 N2 3 4 N P0 3 4

c) d)
P
Internal forces in loaded state are shown in Fig. P7.25d.
Unit displacements and free terms
3l  3 2l  2 1  l 1 14l
N
l
11  1  N1     ,
EA EA    EA  EA
 EA
rod 3 rod 4 rod 1
 3l   2 2l 1 8l

l
12   21  N1  N 2    ,
EA EA EA EA
 2l   2 1  l 1 1  l 1 6l

l
 22  N2 N2     .
EA EA EA EA EA
 3l  2 P 2l   P 

l 8Pl
1P  N 1  N P0    ,
EA EA EA EA
 2l  2 P 1 l   P 

l 5Pl
 2P  N 2  N P0    .
EA EA EA EA

Canonical equations become

14 X 1  8 X 2  8P  0
8 X 1  6 X 2  5P  0
Primary unknowns are X 1  0.4P, X 2  0.3P
Calculation of other internal forces N1=0.4P N2=0.3P N3=0.2P N4=0.1P
N3  M 4  0  N 3  0.2 P,

N4  M 3  0  N 4  0.1P.

P
Distribution of axial forces is shown in Fig. P7.25e.
P7.25e
7.26. A beam with clamped support A and elastic support B is subjected to unity angular displacement of
clamped support (Fig. P7.26). The flexural stiffness EI is constant; stiffness of elastic support is k
( RB  k B ) and the length of the beam is l. Construct the bending moment diagram. Consider limiting cases
3EI 1 3EI
(k=0, and k=). Ans. M A   ,  3 .
l 1  kl

Solution
Primary unknown is reaction at the elastic support B, i.e. X1  RB .
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
Canonical equation is 11X1  1s   .
EI, l B
A 
Unit displacement
k
M1  M1 1 1 2 l3
 11   1 l  l  1 l  . 
EI EI 2 3 3EI
Loaded term (diplacement along X1 due to given settlement )
1s  l
l3 X
X1
Canonical equation X1   l   1 .
3EI k M1
Primary unknown 1l
3EI 1 X1=1
X1  2
. 
l 3EI
1 EI, l
kl 3
Bending moment at the fixed support 1s
3EI 1 3EI
MA   ,  3 . P7.26
l 1  kl
3EI
Special case: if k   then M A  .
l

7.27. The tie ab of a truss is subjected to thermal gradient t, degrees. Axial stiffness of the upper and
lower chords of the truss is 2EA; for all other members of the structure axial stiffness is EA (Fig. P7.27).
Calculate the axial force at the member ab.
Ans. X1  0.152  t  EA

Design diagram Primary system

2EA 2 3 4
EA
2m h=3m

2EA 1 5
1 2 3 4
EA
EA X1
a t b a b
d=4m

P 7.27. Statically indeterminate truss enforced by additional members. Design diagram

and primary system (sin 1=0.447, cos 1=0.894).
Solution.
The degree of freedom is W=2JSS0= 210183= 1. The primary system is obtained by cutting of the
tie a-b. The primary unknown X1 is internal force in the tie.
The results of calculation are presented in Table 7.27. Columns 1 and 2 contain lengths of all members of
the truss and their relative axial stiffness, respectively.
Internal forces in the primary system caused by unit primary unknown X1=1 are presented in the column 3.
Column 4 serves the calculation of free term of canonical equation if only member a-b of the truss is
subjected to temperature change t. In this case 1t= +8t.
52.692
Column 5 serves the calculation of unit displacement of canonical equation. In our case 11  .
EA
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Table 7.27. Calculation of internal forces in all members of the statically indeterminate structure
enforced by additional members. Temperature changes.
N
l l
Members  N 1  t  l
2
N1  N1  N
l EA N1 N1  X 1 EA
EA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
chord
Upper

2-3 4 2 0.667 0.0 0.890 -0.101 -0.135

3-4 4 2 0.667 0 0.890 -0.101 -0.135

1-2 4 2 -1.668 0 5.564 0.253 -0.844

2-3 4 2 -1.668 0 5.564 0.253 -0.844
Lower
chord

3-4 4 2 -1.668 0 5.564 0.253 -0.844

4-5 4 2 -1.668 0 5.564 0.253 -0.844
3 1 -0.50 0 0.75 0.076 -0.114
members

2-2
Vertical

3-3 3 1 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0

4-4 3 1 -0.50 0 0.75 0.076 -0.114

1-2 5 1 0.834 0 3.478 -0.127 -0.529

Diagonals

3-2 5 1 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0

3-4 5 1 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0
5-4 5 1 0.834 0 3.478 -0.127 -0.529

a-1 4.472 1 +1.119 0 5.60 -0.170 -0.851

a-2 2 1 -0.50 0 0.50 +0.076 -0.076
Additional
members

a-b 8 1 +1.0 8.00 8.0 -0.152 -1.216

b-4 2 1 -0.50 0 0.50 +0.076 -0.076
b-5 4.472 1 +1.119 0 5.60 -0.170 -0.851

Factor EA   t 1/EA   t  EA   t
1t=+8t 52.692 -8.002t
11 
EA

8  t  EA
 1t
The primary unknown X 1    .   t  EA .
 0152
11 52.692
Column 6 contains internal forces in all members of the structure caused by temperature changes of the tie
a-b only. These forces are equal to N  N1  X1 .
Column 7 serves for control of calculation: the sum of all terms of this column equals to 1t with opposite
sign.
In case of increasing the temperature, the internal force in the tie is compressive and equals
.   t  EA
N a b  0152
 2 EI
The Euler critical load equals to N cr  . Since both ends are pinned, then =1 and
  l 2
 2 EI
N cr  .   t  EA . The thermal gradient, which leads to the buckling of the tie, equals
 0152
l2
 2 EI  2
r2 I
t    , r ,
.   EA
l  0152 2 .  l2
0152 A
where r is radius of gyration.
Let slenderness ratio be l/r = 50 and coefficient of thermal expansion be =1310-6.
2 1
In this case the temperature gradient becomes t  6
 2  1995 .
0152
.  13  10 50
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Discussion
If the structure is internally statically indeterminate, then uniform temperature gradient related to all
members of the structure does not induce internal forces in all members of the structure. It is easy to check
that change of temperature related to all members of the truss, leads to the following free term:
1t= (31.68431.685)8t = 0; It means that X1=0.
Only non-uniform temperature gradient related to all members of the structure or gradient, related to some
members of the structure induce internal forces in all members of the structure.

7.28. The portal frame is subjected to settlements a, b, and  of support B (Fig. P7.28). Calculate the free
terms of canonical equation of the force method for three different versions of a primary system.

Design X3
h diagram Version 1 Version 2 Version 3

A B X1 X1
a
 X3
b X2 X3 X2 X1 X2
l

P7.28. Design diagram of the frame. Different versions of the primary systems

Solution: Let us consider the version 2 of primary system. The states of the frame, subjected to unit
primary unknown and corresponding reactions are shown in Fig. P7.28a.

H B1  1 H B2  0 H B3  0
X1=1
M B1  0 X2=1 M B2  1  l X3=1 M B3  1
R B1  0 R B 2  1 R B3  0
P7.28a. Version 2 of primary system. Unit primary unknowns and corresponding reactions.
Structure is subjected to X1=1
Reactions at support B, which is subjected to settlements, are R B1, H B1, M B1. . Free term 1s presents the
work of these reactions along the given settlements (with negative sign)
  
 1s   Ri1ci    R B1  a  H B1  b  M B1    0  a  1  b  0     b

Structure is subjected to X2=1

Reactions at support B, which is subjected to settlements, are R B 2, H B 2, M B 2. Free term 2s presents the
work of these reactions along the given settlements (with negative sign)
  
 2 s   Ri 2 ci   R B 2  a  H B 2  b  M B 2    1  a  0  b  1  l     a  l   .

Structure is subjected to X3=1

Reactions at support B, which is subjected to settlements, are R B3, H B3, M B3. Free term 3s presents the
work of these reactions along the given settlements (with negative sign)
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 3s   Ri 3 ci  
   R B 3  a  H B 3  b  M B 3    0  a  0  b  1      .

Free terms for different primary systems are presented in Table 7.28.

Table 7.28.
Version of 1s 2s 3s
primary system
1 -b +a -
2 +b -a+l +
b a b a b
3     
2h l 2h l h