A

Micro-Project Report
ON
MAKE A CHART ON BOLT
DIAGRAM (2D VIEW)
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Diploma in mechanical engineering

By
1)Nagare Harshal [2114660156]
2) Kale Sampat [2114660157]
3) Pathare Aadesh [2114660158]

Guided By
Prof.

Shree Samarth Academy’s

Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Mhasane Phata, Ahmednagar
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
(2021-2022)

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 Shree Samarth Academy’s
Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Department of Computer Engineering.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
MAKE A CHART ON BOLT
DIAGRAM (2D VIEW)

Is
Submitted by

1)Nagare Harshal [2114660156]

2) Kale Sampat [2114660157]
3) Pathare Aadesh [2114660158]

in the partial fulfillment of Diploma in mechanical engineering has been Satisfactory carried
out under my guidance as per the requirement of Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education, Mumbai during the academic year 2021-2022
Date:
Place:

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

(Prof. ) (Prof. Jadhav. M.B) (Prof. Anarse B.V.)

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 3.0 Action plan:

Planned Planned Name of Responsible

Sr.no. Details of activity
start date Finish date Team Member
SEARCHING
1. INFORMATION
ABOUT TOPIC
FINDING
2.
INFORMATION
DISCUS WITH
3.
SUBJECT TEACHER
4. MAKING PROPOSAL
5. MAKING REPORT
SUBMIT TO SUBJECT ALL GROUP
6.0
TEACHER. MEMBERS

4.0 Actual Resources Used:

S.NO Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks

1 MS OFFICE 2013 Application 1 -

2 Google Search engine 1 -

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 ABSTRACT

Hexagonal bolts and nuts are the most important and common fasteners
used for various mechanical devices. Their production either by machining,
casting or forging process required selection of accurate technical
parameters and precisioned equipment for their effective and quality
production. The world is going out of paper documentation towards a
computer data-based system to increase productivity, reduced space and
quick management of stored data. This research identified nominal size,
thread pitch, thread length(R); washer face thickness(W); fillet transition
diameter(T); under head fillet maximum(U); minimum washer face
diameter(E); the maximum and minimum head height(H); maximum and
minimum width across the flat(F); minimum width across the corner(G);
and minimum wrenching height(K) of hexagonal bolts found in designed
manual, journals and textbook and create a data-based for all these
parameters using Grade “A” Hexagonal bolts and nut only as a case study
due to variance and complexity of different bolts and nuts. A software
model Expert System was developed for decision making by providing all
the required parameter for Grade “A” Hexagonal bolts and nuts production
the moment the nominal size required is supplied. This software (HexES)
used this data to generate graphic picture of the hexagonal bolts and nuts
with their specification and the hard copy printed out for the production
department of the manufacturing industry for the production of the required
nominal size of the bolt and n

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 Micro-Project Proposal

MAKE A CHART ON BOLT DIAGRAM (2D VIEW)

1.0 Brief Introduction:

An expert system is a computer programme capable of using knowledge

base embedded system to solve problems, making decision or gives an
advice like a human expert in situations where need be. “Fasteners are
mechanical devices used to join two parts together for easy disassembling
and reassembling”. [1] A Bolt is a strong fastener with external threading
designed to go through holes in assembly parts. A nut is a type of fastener
with an internal threading (hole), often used with a mating bolt to join
assembly parts together. The choice of type of fastenings and its location
are very important. The fastenings should be located in such a way so that
they will be subjected to tensile and or shear loads and bending of the
fastening should be reduced to minimum [2]. The bending of the fastening
due to misalignments, tightening up loads, or external loads is responsible
for many failures. [3] In order to relieve fastenings of bending stress, the
use of clearance spaces, spherical seat washers, or other devices may be
used [4]. Landgraf (1998) listed stresses in screw fastening due to static
loading as: internal stress due to screwing up forces; stresses external forces
and stresses due to the combination of the aforementioned stresses and
expressed the initial tension in a bolt, based on experiments [5]. Landgraf
expression may be found by the relation: Pi = 2840 dN (1) Where Pi=Initial

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tension in a bolt, and d=Nominal diameter of bolts in mm. He added that
above relation are used for making a joint fluid tight like steam engine
cylinder joints. When the joint is not required as tight as fluid-tights joint,
then the initial tension in a bolt may be reduced to half of the above value.
Pi = 1420 dN (2) The small diameter bolts may fail during tightening,
therefore bolts of smaller diameter (less than M16 or M18) are not
permitted in making fluid tight joints [6]. Blake and Kurtz (2007) said the
stress could be obtained using the relation: [7] Stress area [ ] 2 (3) Where
dp=Pitch diameter, and dc=Core or minor diameter Many other parameters
than these are to be design for in bolts and nuts production. But all these
have been factored into design chart made available in production manual
which this model used as data-based for supplying production details
required for the Hexagonal Bolts and Nuts Grade “A”. According to
America Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the bolt threads and
those of the matting nut are designed to be complementary [8]. Turning the
mating nut normally tightens or releases the bolt. Apart from difference in
height; hexagonal bolt and nut are of the same dimensions.

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 Format for MicroProject
Report
MAKE A CHART ON BOLT DIAGRAM (2D VIEW)

1.0 Brief Description:

Bolt

Bolt with a nut

Bolts vs. screws

The distinction between a bolt and a screw is poorly-defined. The academic

distinction, per Machinery's Handbook,[2] is in their intended design: bolts
are designed to pass through an unthreaded hole in a component and be
fastened with the aid of a nut, although such a fastener can be used without

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a nut to tighten into a threaded component such as a nut-plate or tapped
housing. Screws in contrast are used in components which contain their
own thread, or to cut its own internal thread into them. This definition
allows ambiguity in the description of a fastener depending on the
application it is actually used for, and the terms screw and bolt are widely
used by different people or in different countries to apply to the same or
varying fastener.

Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut
applying an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a
dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces. For this reason,
many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called the grip length) as this
makes for a better, stronger dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank
has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws,[3] but this is
incidental to its use, rather than defining.[citation needed]

Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it
is called a screw.[2] This is most obviously so when the thread is tapered
(i.e. traditional wood screws), precluding the use of a nut,[2] or when a
sheet metal screw or other thread-forming screw is used. A screw must
always be turned to assemble the joint. Many bolts are held fixed in place
during assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such
as a carriage bolt, and only the corresponding nut is turned.

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Bolt heads

Screw joint

Bolts use a wide variety of head designs, as do screws. These are designed
to engage with the tool used to tighten them. Some bolt heads instead lock
the bolt in place, so that it does not move and a tool is only needed for the
nut end. Common bolt heads include hex, slotted hex washer, and socket
cap.
The first bolts had square heads, formed by forging. These are still found,
although much more common today is the hexagonal head. These are held
and turned by a spanner or socket, of which there are many forms. Most are
held from the side, some from in-line with the bolt. Other bolts have T-
heads and slotted heads. [4]
Many bolts use a screwdriver head fitting, rather than an external wrench.

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Screwdrivers are applied in-line with the fastener, rather than from the side.
These are smaller than most wrench heads and cannot usually apply the
same amount of torque. It is sometimes assumed that screwdriver heads
imply a screw and wrenches imply a bolt, although this is incorrect. Coach
screws are large square-headed screws with a tapered wood screw thread,
used for attaching ironwork to timber. Head designs that overlap both bolts
and screws are the Allen or Torx heads; hexagonal or splined sockets.
These modern designs span a large range of sizes and can carry a
considerable torque. Threaded fasteners with screwdriver-style heads are
often referred to as machine screws whether they are being used with a nut
or not.

Bolt types
See also: List of screw and bolt types

Terminology of a bolt

 Anchor bolt - Bolt designed to allow objects to be attached to concrete.

The bolt head is usually placed in concrete before it has cured or placed
before the concrete is poured, leaving the threaded end exposed.
 Arbor bolt - Bolt with a washer permanently attached and reversed
threading. Designed for use in miter saw and other tools to auto tighten
during use to prevent blade fall out.

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 Carriage bolt - Bolt with a smooth rounded head and a square section to
prevent turning followed with a threaded section for a nut.
 Elevator bolt - Bolt with a large flat head used in conveyor system
setups.
 Hanger bolt - Bolt that has no head, machine threaded body followed by
a wood threaded screw tip. Allow nuts to be attached to what is really a
screw.
 Hex bolt - Bolt with a hexagonal head and threaded body. Section
immediately under head may or may not be threaded.
 J bolt - Bolt shaped like the letter J. Used for tie downs. Only the non
curved section is threaded for a nut to be attached.
 Lag bolt - Also known as lag screw. Not a true bolt. Hex bolt head with
thread screw tip for use in wood.
 Rock bolt - Used in tunnel construction to stabilize walls.
 Sex bolt or Chicago Bolt - Bolt that has a male and female part with
interior threads and bolt heads on either end. Commonly used in paper
binding.
 Shoulder bolt or Stripper bolt - Bolt with a broad smooth shoulder and
small threaded end used to create a pivot or attachment point.
 U-Bolt - Bolt shaped like the letter U where the two straight sections are
threaded. A straight metal plate with two bolt holes is used with nuts to
hold pipes or other round objects to the U-bolt.
 Cane bolt - Also called a drop rod, a cane bolt is not a threaded fastener.
It is a type of gate latch that consists of a long metal rod with a curved
handle and attaches to a gate by one or more fasteners. This type of bolt

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 was named after the shape of a cane, similar to the shape of a candy
cane or walking cane.

Nut (hardware)

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always
used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The
two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction
(with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and
compression of the parts to be held together.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various
locking mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, eccentric
double nuts,[1] specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid such as Loctite,
safety pins (split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts,
nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be
the most common largely because they were much easier to manufacture,
especially by hand. While rare today[when?] due to the reasons stated
below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally used in
some situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a
given size: the greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied
with a larger surface area and more leverage at the nut.

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The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt
head: six sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from
(good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to
being rounded off. It takes only one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next
side of the hexagon and grip is optimal. However, polygons with more than
six sides do not give the requisite grip and polygons with fewer than six
sides take more time to be given a complete rotation.

Conclusion

The purpose of this project, which is to assist the design of a hexagonal-

metric bolt and nut Grade-A product with the use of computer was
achieved. Algorithm was developed to assist the development of a reliable
and accurate expert system. A standard table that captures all the
parameters needed for drafting and design of Grade-A hexagonal bolts was
adopted and translated to a logical set of programs (software). The bolt was
drafted neatly to dimension and tables produced by the computer are better
than the manually prepared drawings. Hexes is user friendly, menu driven
and runs on Microsoft windows operating system. The software was found
to be reliable and accurately select bolt types from the database attached to
it. It is efficient, intelligent, maintainable, cost effective, time saving and
supports the use of mouse as an additional input device. Above all, it is
flexible and can be easily modified to meet future changes. HexES is
recommended for use in industries, as this will assist in the design and
drafting of hexagonal bolts and nuts, thereby improve productivity of their

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design department.

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 Skill developed/learning out of this micro-project

The Union Budget 2015 paved way for the launch of a much-awaited >National
Skills Mission to complement Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Skill India’ and
‘Make in India’ exhortations. However, much work needs to be done on the
ground for the government to prove that this step is a departure from rhetoric lip
service.
The magnitude of the problem has been analysed by numerous experts: for a
country that adds 12 million people to its workforce every year, less than 4 per
cent have ever received any formal training. Our workforce readiness is one of
the lowest in the world and a large chunk of existing training infrastructure is
irrelevant to industry needs.
This is not as much due to lack of monetary investment as it is a predicament
about grossly inefficient execution. The government already spends several
thousand crores every year on skill development schemes through over 18
different Central government Ministries and State governments. The need of the
hour is to improve resource utilisation and find solutions that can address the
systemic and institutional bottlenecks constraining the sector.
Keeping in mind the revised National Skill Development Policy due to be
announced in a few months that will also outline the contours of the National
Skills Mission, we present an analysis of three priority areas that the government
needs to address.

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 Teacher Evaluation Sheet
Name of Student………………………………………………………………………………………
Enrollment No………………………………………………...….………...….………...….………...
Name of Program…………………………………………………….….....….………...….………...
Semester……………………………………………………………….…....….………...….………..
Course Title…………………………………………………………….…...….………...….………..
Code………………………………………………………………………...….………...….………...
Title of the Micro-Project……………………………………………………………………………...
Course Outcomes Achieved
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
…………………………………………………………………

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent
No. assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4- (Marks 6- (Marks 9-10)
5) 8)
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literature survey/
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the
Target as per project
proposal
5 Analysis of Data &
Representation
6 Quality of
Prototype/Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total
Part A- Project Part B-Project Individual Marks
Project Methodology Report/Working Model Presentation/Viva 10
Proposal (2 mark) (2 marks) (4 mark)
(2 marks)

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Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4th
columns for each group of students as per rubrics

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any).

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Any other comment:

......................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
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Name and designation of the faculty member........................................................

Signature...................................................................

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THANK YOU

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