Translation

theory class

TRANSLATION THEORY
CHAPTER 1 QUIZ
1. Who said “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language
by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language?”
A. Hatim and Mason B. Bell C. Catford D. Newmark
2. Who said “translation is defined as “a communicative process that takes place within a
social context?”
A. Hatim and Mason B. Bell C. Colina D. Munday
3. Colina believes that “In sum, the working definition above adds a fourth component – a
significant degree of ________________ or correspondence with respect to the source text
– to the three core elements (i.e., transfer, written text, from one natural language to
another).”
A. faithfulness B. resemblance
C. similarity D. communication
4. Rearrange these writing activities on the correspondence continuum
Free translation, version, literal translation, interlinear translation, adaptation

5. Do this exercise

6. Rearrange the following genres on the resemblance to the ST continuum.

Poetry, Legal texts, Advertising, Business Letters, Linguistics/Interlinear, Scientific and
Technical texts

7. Colina claimed that “translation can be understood as the process or the product of
transforming a written text or texts from one h___________ language to another which
generally requires a significant degree of resemblance or correspondence with respect to
the source text.”

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Translation theory class

8. What are the three elements in translation? They are…

i) a written text

ii) transfer

iii) ____________________________________________________

9. The word “translation” can be understood as a…

i) product
ii) process
iii) ______________________________________________________

10. Indicate whether the term “translation” is being used to refer to the process, product or
field. Write the word in the given blank.
• The company was offering free translation services to non-profit corporations.
_____
• An English translation of the Koran is available for all those attending the class.
_____
• The Open Translation Project offers subtitles, interactive transcripts and the ability
for any talk to be translated by volunteers worldwide. ______
• The student decided to switch his major from literature to translation. _____
• I was not too happy with the first draft of the translation, so I decided to have
someone else go over it. ______

11. Find three sentences (from books, the Internet, dictionaries, etc.) in which the term
“translation” is used to mean a process, product or field.
a. __________________________________________________ (process)
b. __________________________________________________ (product)
c. __________________________________________________ (field)
12. Find three definitions of translation (two of which must be from translation or
translation studies publications) and write them down along with their sources. Indicate
whether they refer to translation as a process or a product.
13. Compare and contrast the following pairs of activities/fields:
• MT/CAT
• Internationalization/software localization
• Revising/reviewing

• Terminology management/Language for Specific Purposes
14. Are you aware of any additional terms (along the lines of dynamic/formal,
communicative/semantic, etc.) that are commonly used (even among lay people) to refer to
the degree of correspondence between the source text and target text? Define them. Give
examples. How similar to or different from the above terms are they?
15. Western societies translations of legal texts tend to be closer to the source text than
business letters or scientific texts.

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Translation theory class

A. TRUE B. FALSE
16. Business letters and scientific texts are more away from the source than the translation
of a poem or even an advertisement
A. TRUE B. FALSE
17. We can achieve perfect equivalence within a translation.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
18. The way readers relate to and read a text is intricately related to their experiences of the
world, which are never exactly the same.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
19. Types of equivalence
____________ ____________
Textual equivalence
Syntactic equivalence
Functional equivalence

20. By “translation” we understand the process or the ____________ of transforming

written text(s) from one human language to another that generally requires a (necessary)
degree of resemblance or ______________ with respect to the source text.

21. Who postulated the terms communicative translation and semantic translation?
A. Colina B. Nida C. House D. Newmark
22. Communicative translation focuses on the ____________ of the translation, while
semantic translation focuses on the ___________ of the ST.

23. Dynamic and Formal Translation are two terms invented by…
A. Nida B. Levy C. Newmark D. Dryden
24. House (1977) suggested there are two methods of translation; one is ____________
and the other is ______________ translation.
25. Dryden (1680) claimed that there are two ends in translation continuum. The lower end
is function and the other end is _____________.

26. What is this translation method? ___________

This is a kind of word-for- word, and at times morpheme-by-morpheme, translation,
sometimes used in linguistics, but this is not “typical” translation.

27. What is this translation method? _____________

This provides a structural translation that renders the structure of the source into the
target; it is often used in foreign- and second-language teaching to test a student’s
understanding of the grammar of the language under study.

28. Which one is covert and overt?

A. a user’s guide that goes with a photocopier to be sold around the world. _________
B. a copy of academic transcript/ university diploma. _____________

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Translation theory class

29. What is this translation method? ____________________

This is an activity that tries to convey the main idea of the source text in the target
language, without concern for preserving form. Unimportant content may be left out.

30. Who said "Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by
equivalent textual material in another language?”
A. Catford B. Nida C. House D. Levy

31. "Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms
of style" is a definition by…
A. Munday B. Bell C. Colina D. Nida

32. “Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has
been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic differences”
is a definition suggested by…
A. Bell B. Catford C. Newmark D. Nida

33. Machine translation (MT) is the translation produced by a software program with the
intervention of a human translator.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
34. Translators must prioritize some equivalence(s) over other ones.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
35. In CAT (Computer-assisted Translation), TMs are the most important tool which stands
for…
A. Translation Machines B. Translation Methods
C. Translation Memories D. Technique Modifications
36. Besides the three elements in translation (a text, transfer, from one language into
another), what is the fourth element? ____________________.

37. Could you tell the difference between English for Specific Purposes and Terminology
Management? (refer to the answer key in the textbook)

38. What is included in the concept of Translation Competence? (à transfer/strategic,

knowledge and linguistic competence)
_______________
_______________
_______________

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Mr Khanh ‘s translation theory class

CHAPTER 2: QUIZ
1. Skopos theory (from Greek skopos, meaning “purpose,” and also known as
functionalism) is the theory of translation that argues that the translation process is guided
by ____________________ ____________________ , more specifically by the function
of the translation. à extra linguistic factorsslation brief
2. Who produces the translation instructions?
A. the translator C. the commissioner
B. the editor D. translation teacher
3. Source text situational features
• Function
• _______________
• Medium
• Time of reception
• Place of reception
• _______________ for production
4. A translator can do nothing about the translation brief he/she is given. T / F
5. Extra-linguistic elements of the source text are always applicable for the target text. T / F
6. Translation brief and situational features are one concept. T /F
7. If the client knows little about translation and isn’t able to provide information about the
situational factors, the translator should use his/her experience (e.g. similar past
translations) and knowledge of _____________ and _____________
___________.ultural and translational norms
8. Norms are explicitly agreed-upon rules that regulate behavior in many spheres of human
activity, from culture and social realms to professional contexts. T / F
9. What kind of translation brief that requires a translator to use translational norms?
A. linguistic brief C. incomplete brief
B. situational brief D. extra-linguistic brief
10. What is the factor that decides whether a particular text is a translation or an adaptation?
___________________. à cultural norms
12. _______________________ refers to the degree of correspondence between the source
and the target text, whereas ________________________ involves the relationship between
the customer and the translator regarding translation expectations. à faithfulness , loyalty
13. Norms play a role in relation to deciding e_____________________ and
l________________. à equivalence and loyalty
14. What is this translation method? ___________ à interlinear transl.
This is a kind of word-for- word, and at times morpheme-by-morpheme, translation,
sometimes used in linguistics, but this is not “typical” translation.
15. What is this translation method? _____________ à grammar transl.
This provides a structural translation that renders the structure of the source into the
target; it is often used in foreign- and second-language teaching to test a student’s
understanding of the grammar of the language under study.
16. Which one is covert and overt?
A. a user’s guide that goes with a photocopier to be sold around the world.
_________covert

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Mr Khanh ‘s translation theory class
B. a copy of academic transcript/ university diploma. _____________ overt
17. What is this translation method? ____________________ gist transl.
This is an activity that tries to convey the main idea of the source text in the target
language, without concern for preserving form. Unimportant content may be left out.
18. Who said "Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent
textual material in another language?”
A. Catford B. Nida
C. House D. Levy
19. "Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent
of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style" is a
definition by…
A. Munday B. Bell
C. Colina D. Nida
20. Who said “By translation we understand the process or the product of transforming written
text(s) from one human language to another that generally requires a necessary degree of
resemblance.”
A. Colina B. Catford
C. Bell D. Newmark
21. Translation brief and translation instructions are one concept T / F
22. The audience of the original text is the same as that of the translation T / F
23. The function of the original text is the same as that of the translation T / F
24. The text type of the original text is the same as that of the translation T / F
25. A translator can choose either communicative or semantic (covert/over; dynamic/formal)
translation approach, depending on the purpose of the text. T / F
26. How many kinds of norms are mentioned in this chapter? ________ à translational norms,
cultural norms, professional norms
27. What is the adjective of the word “functionalism” ? _____________ à functionalist
28. Legal texts require a lot of adaptation in the target language to make it more reader-oriented.
T/F
29. The situational features defined for the target text are normally referred to as the
_________________ __________________ or translation instructions. à extra-linguistic f
30. Write a translation brief for this translated song
Just like sharp pains that I can’t bear You just left and that is all
And all this weight on my shoulders. I’m still here
I wander lonely just where have you gone? The memories haunt my mind.
All those tears, and where are you right
now? Without you my heart’s winter
This loneliness is killing me, you know. Or a rainy afternoon.
What can I do just to be with my girl? Without your warm gentle hands heart’s like
Years by your side but now I’m all alone. a storm.
I just wish I’d never have let go. Look into your hopeless eyes
I’d go to the end of earth, Tears fall like the rainy skies
All the way and just for you. You left me,
But now what should I do to bury sadness? And what else can I do
Summer slowly fades to fall

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Mr Khanh ‘s translation theory class

Chapter 2 3
Translation theory class- Mr Khanh Pham

CHAPTER 3 – QUIZ

1. Pragmatics is a discipline that investigates language use in its s________________ and
c_________________ context. à social, cultural
2. In particular, pragmatics studies how language is translated by users beyond the literal meaning of the
actual words used. T / F (translated à interpreted)
3. Most practitioners and individuals involved in translation often refer to the importance of cultural
_________________ and awareness in the process.
A. knowledge B. curiosity C. ability D. beliefs
4. Pragmatics serves to highlight cultural requirements that may conflict with translation and linguistic
purposes: It shows that in most cases some level of ___________________ will have to be compromised in
favor of a more important demand on the target text (e.g., function, social adequacy, politeness). à
A. understanding B. knowledge C. extra linguistic factors D. equivalence
5. The term “speech act” refers to the ______________ we perform with words .
A. Preferences B. actions C. implications D. demands
6. match the statements with the speech acts given in the box
i) requesting ii) stating facts iii) declaring
iv) ordering v) advising vi) promising

7. speech acts consist of: ______________________________ ; illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.

8. Which act refers to the effect of an utterance? ______________ à perlocutionary
9. Which act refers to the form of an utterance? _______________ à locutionary
10. Which act refers to the function of an utterance? _________________ à illocutionary
11. Presupposition refers to knowledge _______________ between the writer and the reader that is marked as
given in the text.
A. matched B. reached C. shared D. gained
12. In cross-cultural situations, presuppositions rooted in the source culture that do not match those of the
recipient culture may result in misunderstandings or incomplete comprehension. T / F
13. Is there a presupposition in this picture? Y / N à there is non-100% fresh milk

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14. What’s this textual genre and what’s the presupposition? Home-made milk tea is of higher quality than
mass produced one

16. The question asked by (A) below could be answered in various ways. Each of the answers provided (i–iii)
corresponds to a different illocutionary force for the speech act performed by (A). Indicate what the illocutionary act
is for each answer (i–iii).
A: Do you know what time it is? B: _______________
(i) Yes, I know. à checking a fact
(ii) Five thirty. à asking about the time
(iii) I am sorry: I was so busy that I forgot to check my watch. à complaint
17. Identify the presuppositions in the following sentences:
a. Survey your child’s allergy risk. à you have a child
b. Sleep better on a bed that adjusts to both of you. à you don’t sleep very well now
c. You can’t protect your kids from an unsupervised pool. à you have kids
d. Can your life insurance help pay for his dream of college? à you have life insurance

18. 18. In particular, pragmatics studies how language is interpreted by users beyond the l_______________
m______________of the actual words used. à literal meaning

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19. Pragmatics is relevant to translation because it: emphasizes the importance of the f_____________ of the
translation; helps articulate why and how c________________ is crucial to the translation process; and
contributes to a better understanding of the role of e_____________ in translation. à function, culture,
equivalence
20. Lack of awareness of pragmatic functions often results in that _____________ can alter the pragmatic
meaning of a sentence.
A. interlinear translation B. literal translation
C. free translation D. adaptation
21. What is this definition? ”What is suggested or implied in an utterance or speech act.” ____________ à
implicature
22. If the speaker/writer formulating a speech act does not say e___________ what he/she is trying to achieve,
these speech acts are known as i___________ speech acts. à explicitly , indirect
23. Some are c____________ in that they resort to conventionalized, formulaic, language-specific expressions,
while others depend on extra-linguistic knowledge and i___________ to obtain their illocutionary force
(function), e.g. “Do you have the time?” à cultural , implication
24. Pragmatic variation within the same language and among native speakers causes no difficulty for translators
because know that the same language is spoken by all. T / F
25. Skopos theory (from Greek skopos, meaning “purpose,” and also known as functionalism) is the theory of
translation that argues that the translation process is guided by ____________________
____________________ , more specifically by the function of the translation.
24 The situational features defined for the target text are normally referred to as the _________________
__________________ or translation instructions.
25 Who produces the translation instructions? ________

A. the translator B. the commissioner C. the editor D. translation teacher

26 Source text situational features

• Function:
• _______________
• Time of reception
• Place of reception
• _______________ for production

27 A translator can do nothing about the translation brief he/she is given. T / F

28 Extra-linguistic elements of the source text are always applicable for the target text. T / F

29 Translation brief and situational features are one concept. T /F

30 If the client knows little about translation and isn’t able to provide information about the situational factors,
the translator should use his/her experience (e.g. similar past translations) and knowledge of
_____________ and _____________ ___________.

31 Norms are explicitly agreed-upon rules that regulate behavior in many spheres of human activity, from

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culture and social realms to professional contexts. T / F

32 What kind of translation brief that requires a translator to use translational norms?

A. linguistic brief

B. situational brief

C. extra-linguistic brief

D. incomplete brief

33 What is the factor that decides whether a particular text is a translation or an adaptation?
___________________.

34 F_______________________ refers to the degree of correspondence between the source and the target text,
whereas l________________________ involves the relationship between the customer and the translator
regarding translation expectations.

35 Norms play a role in relation to deciding e_____________________ and l________________.

Chapter 3 4
 CHAPTER 4 – QUIZ

Student’s name ______________________, Date _________, Total ________/40

TRUE-FALSE purpose for it are considered as its
1. Heritage speakers refer to young or adult c__________.
native speakers of a certain language. T / F 16. A coherent text is one that enables its
2. Young learners can acquire textual readers to find referents and topics
competence by self-study. T / F throughout the text and follow the flow of
3. Translation challenges never come from i__________.
restraints in word order of languages in 17. Textual features refer to topic maintenance
respect to thematic positions. T / F and continuity, information s__________,
4. A text may turn into a non-text or a defective and coherence and cohesion.
text due to a lack of functions. T / F 18. Topic is defined as the point of
5. Information flow in a text develops from o__________of a text and the way it is
new information to old information. T / F developed and maintained from the
6. Cohesive devices vary cross-linguistically. beginning to the end of the text.
The variation of cohesive devices in 19. Languages are different from their
languages impact linguistic marker forms expressing topic continuity, using different
and their usage. T / F syntactic and morphological structures, due
7. Translating source-text cohesive markers to differences in sentence structure, word
simply using dictionary equivalents or order, use of e__________pronouns, verb
lexical equivalents will help improve the agreement, etc.
cohesive relations and coherence of the 20. Old information is to set up a common
target text. T / F g__________ for the addition of new
8. Text types and genres result in differences information.
in textual features, textual markers and 21. L__________ repetition is a common
textual organization in languages. T / F linguistic marker of reference to mark old
9. Genres serve labels for classification of information in a text.
texts in certain contexts. T / F 22. Information s__________ and its progress
10. Parallel-text analysis helps to set apart through the text create coherence in the text.
common features of organization and 23. Unintentional differences in information
textual markers. T / F structure in translation are due to
11. Heritage speakers often have better textual s__________ in word order and other
competence than translators. T / F markers.
12. Parallel texts can be a valuable resource for 24. In the translation process, f__________ to
the acquisition of textual competence. T / F take textual features into account and follow
GAP FILLING target-language norms generally lead to
13. Due to poor t__________ proficiency, a deficient target texts.
heritage speaker is usually be good at oral 25. Text types, usually related to the writers’
forms of his language by may produce intentions, may be argumentative,
defective texts. expository, expressive, i__________, or
14. Without reconstruction of textual features, a operative.
target text may not achieve appropriate 26. In the translation process, translators should
functional and/or pragmatic meanings adapt textual markers and their organization
because of no c__________ in textual to those of the t__________ culture so that
features among languages. target readers of a particular text type are
15. The meaning and pragmatic relations that able to understand textual functions.
underlie a text and bring unity, meaning and

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27. The recipe is a genre associated with a(n) 35. One of the common cohesive English
i_________ text type but a textbook is markers is _________.
categorized as the informative text type. a. tense
28. Translators are advised to widely b. preposition
experience with similar types of text to gain c. parallel structure
an i__________ feeling of textual features d. word order
29. The Internet is a valuable resource for 36. The academic abstract is a genre using the
translation students to collect parallel texts passive voice widely because it focuses
thanks to its countless samples of more on findings than _______.
o__________ texts. a. writers
30. Thanks to the alternative forms of b. doers
expression in parallel texts, a translator can c. readers
avoid unjust b__________ toward the form d. users
in immediate recognition. 37. Translators can search word use and
MULTIPLE CHOICE collocations through ______ parallel texts
31. Textual features should be _______ in line and corpora.
with the translation instructions and textual a. registered
norms and features for the target language. b. online
a. reconstructed c. offline
b. replaced d. professional
c. maintained 38. Background texts are useful to translators in
d. modified dealing with content and _______ for
32. The language use word order to point out specialized texts.
informational structure is _______. a. format
a. English b. translation
b. Spanish c. terminology
c. French d. analysis
d. Vietnamese 39. In respect to text types, it is necessary for
33. The strategy translators use to make __________ to be aware of the culture-
information more direct for better specific features attached to a genre and
understanding in the target text is their implications for their performance.
_________. a. translators
a. replacement b. heritage speakers
b. omission c. target readers
c. addition d. source readers
d. explicitation 40. Translated corpora are not the same as
34. Cohesion means the explicit marking of the parallel texts because they are collections of
links between a sequence of distinct translated texts with __________ between
sentences that _________ those particular the source and target texts.
sentences. a. comparison
a. unite b. combination
b. separate c. contrast
c. differentiate d. alignment
d. select

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 CHAPTER 5 – QUIZ
Student’s name ______________________, Date _________, Total ________/30

TRUE - FALSE 10. It is advisable that translators conceive that

1. In the bottom-up model of reading dictionary equivalents may not fit across
comprehension, a reader processes a text via languages. T / F
constructing meaning using background 11. Background knowledge, schemata, world
knowledge, contextual information and other knowledge, prior knowledge and expert
strategies. T / F knowledge are similar. T / F
2. Background knowledge provides a reader 12. Words (frames) do not have meaning per se,
with understanding of a certain culture and only potential meanings (scenes), which are
language. T / F realized through context activation. T / F
3. In the bottom-up reading model, a reader can 13. When context activates the relevant meaning
find it easy to recognize idiomatic of the word to fit a particular scene, this
expressions, grammatical structures and word meaning is suppressed or deactivated and the
order for a specific language. T / F
others are foregrounded or activated. T / F
4. Schemata aren’t a part of background
knowledge. T / F MULTIPLE CHOICE
5. Defective comprehension may result from the 14. In spite of no difficulties in comprehension,
combination of the two both top-down and different translators may have different
bottom-up models of reading. T / F mental images when reading a source text
6. In an interactive model of comprehension, a due to _______.
reader can grasp the meaning of a text based a. choosing different comprehension models
on his interaction with the text rather than
exploit the reality hidden in the text. T / F b. different mother cultures
7. In spite of different background knowledge c. using different techniques
and experiences, readers face no variability in d. experiencing the world differently
their interactive model of comprehension. T /
F 15. To achieve a complete interactive reading,
translators should care about the author of the
8. In translation, it is thanks to a common core text and his ______ respecting the reader.
of representation shared by the reader and the
writer that translators may be affected in a. gene
finding equivalence. T / F b. role
9. In spite of a range of frame available in c. language
bilingual dictionaries, a translator may not
d. culture
easily select the most common one(s)
associated with the proper context for the 16. Assumptions about the knowledge and
translated text. T / F schemata of a reader of a translation will not

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 _______ well because the writer does no could find that world knowledge provide
prepare the original text for him/her. useful __________.
a. be made a. aid
b. suit b. equivalence
c. be predicted c. solutions
d. work d. translation
17. Translation difficulties can result from 22. There is a close ________ between the
translators’ ________ purpose of the reading of the ST to the
a. language proficiency translation brief.

b. reading comprehension a. separation

c. mother language interference b. opposition

d. world experiences c. coherence

18. Any target text undergo _______ readings d. connection

before it becomes the final translation 23. Colina suggests that teachers provide
product. translation students with ______ activity in
a. editors’ class to improve their reading comprehension
in translation.
b. readers’
a. Multiple choice
c. manifold
b. Gap filling
d. translators’
c. True/false choice
19. The factor that helps first-language readers to
become good at reading is __________. d. Short answer

a. perfect comprehension GAP FILLING

24. The interactive nature of reading
b. language proficiency
comprehension provides meaningful
c. world experiences ____________ for translation. à
d. perception implications
20. When working with collections of texts, a 25. As a second-language reader, in addition to
translator will frequently have more linguistic issues (e.g., lexicon, syntax, etc.),
_________ than a monolingual reader. the translator, being a second-language
reader, may face issues in background
a. advantages knowledge relevant scenes for the _________
b. chances in the ST. à frames
c. difficulties 26. ____________ in the reading comprehension
can influence the notion of translation. à
d. understanding misunderstanding
21. When student translators are stumped by 27. A decoding operation automatically due to
unfamiliar words or linguistic structures, they defective language acquisition often cause
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 _______________ translation. à word for • Variation in textual comprehension
word • Interaction between reader and text
28. The intended readers of the target text may • Objective meaning
or may not recognize that the text is a • Equivalence
______________. à translation
• Meaning construction
29. Indicate whether the following statements are • Equivalence dependent on context
illustrations of bottom-up (BU) or top-down • Meaning hidden in the text
(TD) processing. • Fluid mental image of the text
(a) Individual handwritten letters are easier to 31. The term interpretation can be associated
decipher in a language we know than in one with various properties that activate related
we do not know because we can use _______ scenes: e.g., a. detailed, analytical,
processing. à TD explanatory; b. artistic and personal, work of
(b) When we type we sometimes miss some art, dramatic part, music, etc.; c. bilingual
commonly used short words, such as “a,” and professional. Indicate which scene is
“the.” If the writer reviews the writing, activated in each of the sentences below:
he/she is likely to continue to miss the word.
• The actor’s interpretation of the role of
This is due to excessive reliance on _______
Hamlet did not appeal to the public. àA
processing. à TD
• Constitutional interpretation, even with
(c) Computers have a hard time
seemingly clear passages with
discriminating between meanings of the same
straightforward language, is far more
word (e.g., polysemous words) because they
complicated than many seem to think.
have trouble accessing the information
àA
necessary for _____ processing. à TD
• The contestant was eliminated from the
(d) Looking up all unknown words in a text
competition because his interpretation of
in a bilingual dictionary, writing down their
the play was found to be too radical for
dictionary equivalents and proceeding with
the judges. àB
the text is an example of ______ processing.
• The exam on analysis and interpretation of
à BU
literature includes questions on passages
(e) A proofreader checking for typos is
taken from American and British
relying heavily on _____ processing. à BU
literature. à A
30. Which of the following attributes do you
associate with reading as an interactive • The judge questioned the reliability of the
process and/or with a translation process that interpretation on the basis of a series of
sees reading as interactive? Underline your mistakes made by the interpreter working
with the witnesses. àC
selections.
• Static meaning
• Decoding

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Name : __________________________ TRANSLATION THEORIES
Class : ___________________________

CHAPTER 6 – QUIZ
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Societies cannot avoid change in language use. T / F
2. Change in language often succeeds variation. T / F
3. Language users often have a positive attitude toward language change. T / F
4. Old English, Middle English and Modern English are just convenient terminological
labels for those who study the history of that period. T / F
5. Those who speak a non-contact variety of the same language regard them as a
normative form of language. T / F
6. The language used in a textbook is normative for the entire society and thus acceptable
for everyone. T / F
7. Normative varieties are often associated with the educated speakers with a higher
economic status. T / F
8. In a common sense for many non-professional people, dialect is often considered as a
superior variety of language. T / F
9. It is easier nowadays for communities of translators and linguistic experts in the world
to collaborate on a task and exchange ideas regularly. T / F
10. Different languages build specialized texts differently and use different language-
specific customs for a particular field. T / F
11. In translating a specialized text for an “outsider” group, some target cultures require
greater adaptations regarding technical content, terminology and textual features than
other cultures. T / F
12. It is easy to reproduce geographical dialects in translation because they don’t have the
same social meaning or connotations in their respective cultures. T / F
13. Heritage speakers usually have a wide range of language registers that consist of both
formal and informal oral variety of language. T / F
14. Bilingual proficiency never remains stable throughout someone’s life, as it can
increase or decrease through learning or through attrition, respectively. T / F
15. An engineer who has domain-restricted competence can translate an engineering
material well, but this second-language competence doesn’t help him to advertise this
product to the general public. T / F

MULTIPLE CHOICE
16. A translator who does not have a good insight into the nature of language variation and
change tends to base translation __________ on the social views and values of his own
society.
A. brief
B. norms
C. decisions
D. intentions
17. Translation decisions are often made with a consideration of ________ and their
characteristics.
A. readers

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 B. publishers
C. commissioners
D. translators
18. ________ variation is the type of variation we can recognize in language due to
geographical and sometimes political and demographic reasons.
A. socioeconomic
B. linguistic
C. situational
D. dialectal
19. The term “language” can refer to a variety which encompasses specific varieties or
dialects and is agreed upon as __________ and common for writing and speaking.
A. special
B. standard
C. conventional
D. traditional
20. ____________ play a role in relation to socioeconomic and educational factors and
their decision on the target-text translation because in some societies, whether
adaptation for different socioeconomic or educational levels should be done or not is
dependent on these.
A. extra-linguistic factors
B. translation norms
C. textual features
D. cultural norms
21. the field of activity is reflected in not only __________ but also in linguistic structures
and textual organization.
A. non-linguistic features
B. jargons
C. general terms
D. pragmatics
22. Politeness as an expression of formality is not limited to forms of address and titles but
also shows in lexical and ________ choice.
A. syntactic
B. semantic
C. pragmatic
D. schematic
23. Spanish formal writing, as Colina suggests, is characterized by heavy use of ________
and subordinated sentence.
A. simple
B. conditional
C. lengthy
D. complex (dưới hình 6.4)
24. Those who take formal education to learn another language are called _______.
A. elective speakers
B. circumstantial speakers
C. heritage speakers
D. multilingual speakers

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 25. ________ is the linguistic relation between two languages or language varieties where
one is restricted in use to some particular contexts.
A. Diglossia
B. Dyslexia
C. Dexterity
D. Colloquialism
26. Depending on the status of a language that is spoken in a specific society, translation
may be more or less a/an __________ activity and is appreciated as a matter of law
and policy.
A. legitimate
B. official
C. lucrative
D. common
27. When we can know about multilingual societies and the social role of a variety of
language in a specific society, we understand the social purpose of translation
alongside the basic _________ functions.
A. practical
B. communicative
C. translational
D. non-linguistic

GAP-FILLING
28. Language c__________ itself is neither good nor bad; it is an unavoidable aspect of
language in use. (CHANGE)
29. Language varieties usually coexist in various conditions across p___________ and
g__________ borders or even within them in the case of contact dialects.
(POLITICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL)
30. A dialect is defined as a language that is used in the spoken and/or written forms in a
particular t________ and p________ (TIME, PLACE)
31. A good translator should be aware of the origin and role of social p____________ on
dialects in order to make informed decisions within the context of the translation
function. (PERCEPTIONS)
32. Although it’s a good idea to make some textual adjustments to facilitate the
effectiveness and the accomplishment of the educational goal of a text, a r_______-
o_________ text may violate the cultural norms and result in unexpectedness to
readers. (READER-ORIENTED)
33. Subtitles in a television program or a movie is an example of the effect of _________
on a translated text. (MEDIUM)
34. A translator’s inability to use an appropriate level of formality is possibly because
he/she is r__________-restricted or the translator views translation as a word-
replacement activity. (REGISTER)
35. When written texts is put into translation, the output tends to be associated with a
standard norm that is often semiformal with formality being indicated by the word
choice, sentence structure and d__________ of paragraphs. (DENSITY, dưới ví dụ
6.7)

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 36. With the translation brief, translators should decide the level of formality required for
the target text and able to produce a text that shows appropriate formality in
accordance with the target-language c__________ (CONVENTIONS, xem paragraph
4, mục 6.5)
37. If translators produce a target text that is too formal or too informal, then there is
t___________ in___________ (TEXTUAL INADEQUACY) (xem paragraph 5, mục
6.5)
38. Those who acquire a language in a naturalistic environment are called h__________
s____________ (HERITAGE SPEAKERS)
39. As we cannot master all possible registers and dialectal varieties of a language, we
should be dialectal and register awareness together with r_________ and e__________
skills to compensate for this reality. (RESEARCH, EDITING)
40. The social, economic status and power relations among language communities and
social attitudes toward them play a decisive role in determining language p__________
and p___________. (POLICY, PLANNING)