SOLVED

PROBLEMS
Statics

1. The hook is subjected to three forces A, B and C as shown. A = 35 kN, B = 45 kN.

a) If the resultant of the forces is 80 kN and is acting along the positive x-axis,
find the angleα .
b) If α =60 ° , what is the value of force C such that the resultant of forces A,B
and C acts along x-axis?
c) For the forces A, B and C to be in equilibrium, what is the magnitude of the
resulting force C?

Solution:

a) Angle α so that the resultant of the forces is 80 kN and is acting along the positive x-
axis:

C cos α 45 cos 60 ° −35=80

C cos α =92.5

C sin α =45 sin 60°

C sin α =38.97

38.97
tan α=
92.5
α =22.85 °

b) Value of C if α =60 ° :
C sin 60 °=45 sin 60°

C=45 kN

c) Value of C for A, B and C to be in equilibrium:

C cos α 45 cos 60 ° −35=80

C cos α =12.5

C sin α =45 sin 60°

C sin α =38.97
 38.97
tan α=
12.5

α =72.2 °

C sin 60 °=45 sin 60°

C=40.9 kN

2. A concrete block is supported by two guy wires attached to an anchor ring as shown.
Determine the following:
a) Resultant force on the anchor ring.
b) Angle of resultant force with respect with the horizontal.
c) Weight W of the block with a factor of safety of 1.25 to prevent uplift.

Solution:

a) Resultant force on the anchor wires:

Ʃ F v =7 sin15 °+3.5 sin 30 °
Ʃ F v =3.56 kN

Ʃ F h=3.5 cos 30 ° −3.5 cos 15°

Ʃ F h=−3.73 kN

R=√ (3.56)2+(−3.73)2
R A =5.156 kN

b) Angle of resultant from the horizontal:

3.56
tanθ=
3.73

θ=43.7 °

c) Weight W to prevent uplift with a factor of safety of 1.25:

 W =¿

W =4.45 kN

3. Six steel cables are supporting a circular heavy molding of diameter 2 m. from an overhead
point. If the molding weighs 2.5 kN/m and the attachment point is 3 m. above it.
a) Find the tension in each steel wire.
b) What is the diameter of the wire that will not
exceed the allowable stress of 124 MPa
c) If the wire is 10 mm. ∅ , find the vertical
displacement of the molder.

Solution:

a) Tension in each wire:

total load =2.5 π (2)
total load =15.71 kN

Ʃ F v =0
6 T sin θ=15.71
6 T (3)
=15.71
√10
T =2.76 kN

b) Diam. Of wire so that it will not exceed the allowable stress of 124 MPa:
T = As f s
π 2
2760= d ( 124 )
4
d=5.32mm
use d=6 mm

4. A load W = 30 kN is lifted by a boom BCD making an angle, α =60 ° from the vertical axis.

Neglect the weight of the boom.

 a) Determine the angle β between the cables AC and AD.
b) Determine the horizontal reaction at B.
c) Determine the tension in the cable AC.

Solution:

a) Value of angle β :
Triangle ADC is an isosceles triangle,
therefore the base angles are equal.
β=30 °

b) Horizontal reaction at B:
4
tan60 °=
AB
AB=2.31 m

Ʃ M A =0
30 ( 4 )=2.31 B h
Bh=51.95 kN

c) Tension in the cable AC:

Ʃ M B=0
2.31 A h=30 ( 4 )
Ah =51.95 kN
AC cos 30 °+ 30=51.95
AC=25.35 kN (tension)

5. Three cylinders are piled in a rectangular ditch

as shown. Neglecting friction R1=5 cm ,
R2=6 cm, R3=4 cm , W 1=20 kN , W 2=40 kN ,
W 3 =15 kN , L=18

a) Determine the reaction at A.

b) Determine the reaction at B.
c) Determine the reaction at C

Solution:

a) Reaction at:
7
cos θ=
11
θ=50.48°
 8
cos β=
10
β=36.87 °

Ʃ F v =0
R1 sin 50.48° =20
R1=25.93 kN

Ʃ F v =0
R2 sin 36.87° =40+25.93 sin 51.48 °
R2=100 kN

Ʃ F h=0
R A =100 cos 36.87 °+25.93 cos 50.48 °
R A =96.50 kN

b) Reaction at B:
Ʃ F h=0
R B=100 cos 36.87 °
R B=80 kN

c) Reaction at C:
Ʃ F v =0
RC =15+ 100 cos 36.87 °
RC =75 kN

Dynamics:

1. Two cars A and B have a velocity of 25m/sec. in the same direction. A is 73.5 m. behind B
when the brakes are applied to car B, causing it to decelerate at a constant rate of 3 m/sec 2.
a) In what time will A overtake B?
b) How faar will car A travel?
c) How faar will car B travel?
 Solution:
a) Time car A overtakes B:
1
S=V o t ± a t 2
2
for A :
S A =25 t

for B :
1
S B=25 t− (3)t 2
2
S B=25 t−1.5 t 2

S A =73.5+ S B
2
25 t=73.5+25 t−1.5 t
1.5 t 2 =73.5
2
t =49
t=7 seconds

b) Distance car A has traveled:

S A =25(7)
S A =175 m

c) Distance car B has traveled:

S B=25(7)−1.5(7)2
S B=101.5 m

2. A block having a mass of 50 kg is subjected to a horizontal force appied 0.5 m. above the
horizontal surface causing it to have an acceleration of 1 m/sec 2. If the coefficient of friction
between the block and the horizontal surface is 0.40.
a) Find the horizontal force.
b) Find the distance traveled after 10 sec. if it has an initial velocity of 5 m/s.
c) Find the velocity after 5 sec.

Solution:

a) Horizontal force:
P=ma+ F
P=50 (1)+50(9.81)( 0.4)
P=246.20 N

b) Distance traveled after 10 sec.

 1
S=V 1 t ± a t 2
2
1
S=5 ( 10 )+ (1)(10)2
2
S=100m

c) Velocity traveled after 5 sec.

V 2=V 1 + at
V 2=5+ 1(5)
V 2=10 m/ s

3. A stone was dropped from a balloon which is

ascending at a rate of 6 m/s when the balloon was
70 m. above the ground.

a) Which of the following gives the velocity of

the stone afte 3 seconds.
b) Which of the following gives the time
required for the stone to attain a
downward velocity of 15 m/s.
c) How long did it take the stone to hit the
ground.

Solution:

a) Velocity of the stone afte 3 sec:

V =V 0+ at
V =6+(−9.81)(3)
V =−23.43 m/s (the negative sign indicates that the velocity is downward)

b) Time required for the stone to attain a downward velocity of 15 m/s:

V =V 0+ at
−15=6+ (−9.81 ) t
t=2.14 sec

c) Time it takes the stone to hit the ground:

1
S=V 0 t ± a t 2
2
1
−70=6 ( t ) + (−9.81)t 2
2
2
4.905 t −6 t−70=0
6 ± √(6) −4 ( 4.905)(−70)
2
t=
2(4.905)
t=4.44 seconds
4. Two blocks A and B are released from rest on a 30 ° incline when they are 15 m apart. The
coefficient of friction under the upper block A is 0.20 and that under the lower block B is
0.40.
a) Compute the acceleration of block A.
b) Compute the acceleration of block A.
c) Compute the elapsed time until the block touch.

Solution:

a) Acceleration of
block A:
N 1=W cos 30° =0.866 W
F 1=0.20 N 1
F 1=0.20 ( 0.866 W )=0.1732W
W
F 1+ a1=Wsin 30 °
g
W
0.1732 W + a 1=0.5 W
g
2
a 1=3.2 m/ s

b) Acceleration of block B:
N 2=W cos 30°=0.866 W
F 2=0.40 N 2
F 2=0.40 ( 0.866 W )=0.3464 W
W
0.3464 W + a2=0.5W
g
2
a 2=1.50 m/s

c) Elapsed time until the block touch each other:

S=distance traveled by B
S+15=distance traveled by A
1 2
S= a2 t
2
1
S= (1.5)t 2
2
2
S=0.75t
1 2
S+15= a1 t
2
2
15=0.85 t
t=4.2 seconds
5. A projectile is fixed at a certain angle to reach a maximum range with a velocity of 10 m/s.
a) Which of the following gives the time to reach the ground surface.
b) Which of the gives the maximum height reached by the projectile.
c) Which of the following gives the distance traveled by the projectile.

Solution:

a) Time to reach the ground surface:

2
gx
y=x tanθ− 2 2
2V cos θ
when y=0 ; x=R
2
gR
R tanθ= 2 2
2V cos θ
sinθ gR
=
cosθ 2 V cos 2 θ
2

2 V 2 sinθcosθ
R=
g
2
V sin 2θ
R=
g
2
dR V (−c 0 s 2 θ)(2)
= =0
dθ g
cos 2 θ=0
2 θ=90
θ=45 °
2
V sin 2θ
R=
g
2
(10) sin 90
R=
9.81

R=10.19 m
V x t=R
10 cos 45° t=10 19
t=1.44 sec .
 b) Max. height reached by the projectile:

V 22=V 12−2 gh
2
0=(10 sin 45 °) −2 ( 9.81 ) h
h=2.55 m

c) Distance traveled by the projectile:

D=V cosθ t
D=10 cos 45 ° (1.44)
D=10.19 m

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1

1. CE BOARD MAY 2004

From the given shown
a) Which of the following gives the deviation of B relative to the tangent drawn at
A?
b) Which of the following gives the deviation at D relative to the tangent drawn at
A?
c) Which of the following gives the deflection at D?

Solution:

Ʃ M B=0

4 R A =500 ( 3 )+100

R A =400
 R A + R B =500

R B=500−400

R B=100

a) Deviation of B relative to the tangent at A.

3
1200(3)(1+ )
t B/A=
2 EI
3 100 ( 1 ) 2
+
2 EI 3 ()
( 1 )−
1000 (2 )
2 EI
2
(1+ )
3

1967
t B/A=
EI

b) Deviation at D relative to the tangent A.

3
1200(3)(1+ )
t D / A=
2 EI
3
−
2 EI ()
1000 ( 2 ) 2
3

1133
t D / A=
EI

c) Deflection at D.

DE t B / A
=
3 4
3 1967
DE= ( )
4 EI

1475
DE=
EI

δ D =DE−t D / A
1475 1133
δD= −
EI EI
342
δD=
EI
2. CE BOARD NOV. 2000
A beam AB is hinged at B and fixed at A. The beam is 6m. long and with a flexural
rigidity of EI = 1200kN.m2.
a) Which of the following gives the moment that must be applied at B to produce
a unit rotation at B?
b) Which of the following gives the reaction at B?
c) Which of the following gives the moment at A?

Solution:

a) Moment that must be applied at B to produce a unit rotation at B.

t B / A =0
1
M B ( 6 ) ( 3 )− (6 R B )(6)(4 )
2
=0
EI
MB
R B=
4
6 R ( 6)
( 6 ) M B− B
2
θ B=1.0=
EI

MB
( 6 ) M B −18( )
4
1.0=
1200
M B =800 kN . m

b) Reaction at B:
MB
R B=
4
800
R B=
4
R B=200 kN

c) Moment at A:
M A =M B−6 R B
M A =800−6 (200)
M A =−400 kN . m
3. CE BOARD MAY 1999
A propped beam having a span of 20m. carries a triangular load which varies from
10kN/m at the fixed end to zero at the other support.
a) Which of the following gives the reaction at B?
b) Which of the following gives the location of max. deflection from the propped
end?
c) Which of the following gives the max. deflection of the beam?
Solution:

a) Reaction at B:
t B / A =0
1 20 R ( 20 ) ( 13.33 ) 666.67 ( 20 )( 16 )
. t B/ A= ( − )
EI 2 4

20 (20 )( 13.33 ) R 666.67 ( 20 )( 16 )

=
2 4
R=20 kN
b) Location of max. deflection:
θ B=θ CB

1 20 (20 )( 20 ) 666.67 ( 20 )
θ B= ( − )
EI 2 4

666.65
θ B=
EI

y 10
=
x 20

x
y=
2
1 20 x ( x ) x ( x )
3
θCB = ( − )
EI 2 12 4

1 x4
θCB = (10 x 2− )
EI 48
θ B=θ CB

4
666.65 1 2 x
= ( 10 x − )
EI EI 48

4
x
10 x 2− =666.65
48

Let a= x 2
2
a
10 a− =666.65
48
2
a −480 a+ 31999.2=0
a=80
 2
x =80
x=8.94 m. ¿ B

c) Max. deflection:
δ c =t B /C

1 178.8 ( 8.94 ) 59.54 ( 8.94 )

δ c= [ (5.96 )− ( 7.152 )]
EI 2 4

3812
δ c= ¿
EI

4. CE BOARD MAY 2010

A 6m. cantilever retaining wall, with an active pressure which varies from zero at the
top of 35kN/m at the bottom. Assume EI is constant.
a) Compute the maximum shear.
b) Compute the maximum moment.
c) If the wall is laterally supported at the free end and fixed at the base,
w l2
determine the moment at the foundation. Use end moment equations at
30
w l2
the top and at the base.
20

Solution:

a) Maximum shear:
35(6)
P=
2
P=105 kN
b) Max. moment:

h
M=P( )
3
6
M =105( )
3
M =210 kN . m

c) Moment at the foundation if the wall is fixed at the free end:

t B / A =0
6 R (6 ) 210 ( 6 ) 4
(4)− ( ) (6 )=0
2 4 5
 R=21 kN
35 ( 6 ) 6
M =21 ( 6 ) − ( )
2 3
M=126−210
M =−84 kN . m

5. CE BOARD NOV. 2000

From the given frame shown compute the following:
a) Which of the following gives the reaction F if the reaction at B is 100kN?
b) Which of the following gives the reaction at A?
c) Which of the following gives the angle which the resultant reaction at A makes
with the horizontal axis measured counterclockwise.

Solution:

a) Reaction F if the reaction at B is 100kN:

Ʃ M A =0
5 F=100(6)
F=120 kN

b) Reaction at A:
Ʃ F x =0
R Ax = 100
ƩFy = 0
120=R Ay
R A =√ (R Ax )2 +( R Ay )2
R A =√ (100)2 +(120)2
R A =156.20 kN

c) The angle which the resultant reaction at A makes with the horizontal axis
measured counterclockwise:
120
tan α =
100
α = 50 °
θ = 80+50
θ=230 °

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

1. A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 600 mm has a
spacing of 2.5 m. on centers supports of a slab 100 mm in thickness. The super imposed
dead load = 3 kPa (includes floor finish, ceiling fixtures..etc). live load = 4.8 kPa. Columns E
and H are omitted such that the girder BEHK support beams, DEF at E and GHI at H.

a) Compute the ultimate load (kN) at E induced by the beam DEF.

b) Compute the ultimate load (kN) at H induced by the beam GHI.
c) Compute the maximum positive moment of girder BK assuming full fixity at B and K.
Pa b2
use FEM = 2
L

Solution:

a) Ultimate load (kN) at E induced by the beam DEF:

L 6.0
= =2.4 >2.0
S 2.5

This is a one way slab:

Live load:

¿=4.8(2.5)

¿=4.8(2.5)

Dead load:

slab=2.4 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.1 ) ( 2.5 )=5.886 kN /m

be am=0.3 ( 0.5 ) ( 2.4 ) ( 9.81 )=3.532 kN /m

super imposed=3 ( 2.5 )=7.500 kN /m

DL=16.918 kN /m
 Ultimate load at E=¿

Ultimate load at E=[1.4 ( 16.918 ) +1.7 ( 12 ) ](6)

Ultimate load at E=264.51 kN

b) Ultimate load at H:

Ultimate load at H =¿

Ultimate load at H =[ 1.4 ( 16.918 ) +1.7 ( 12 ) ](6)

Ultimate load at H =264.51 kN

c) Max. positive moment of girder BK assuming fixed at B and K:

 2
−Ʃ Pa b
M B =M K = 2
L

[ ]
2 2
264.51(2.5)(5) 264.51(5)(2.5)
M B =− 2
+ 2
(7.5) (7.5)

M B =−440.85 kN . m

Positive moment on girder BK:

M =−440.85+264.51(2.5)

M =+220.425

2. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. it is
reinforced with a total steel area of 1875 mm 2 placed at an effective depth of 375 mm.
fc ' =27.6 MPa , f y =414.7 MPa .
a) Determine the depth of compression block.
b) Determine the moment capacity reduction factor.
c) Determine the safe live load that the beam could carry in addition to a dead load of
20 kN/m if it has a span of 6 m.

Solution:

a) Depth of compression block:

Assuming steel yields:

T =C
'
A s f y =0.85 fc ab

1875 ( 414.7 )=0.85(27.6)(a)(250)

a=132.58 mm

b) Moment capacity reduction factor:

a=β c
132.58=0.85 c
c=155.98
εt 0.003
=
219.02 155.98
ε t=0.0042125> 0.002but <0.005
fs
ε y=
Es
414.7
ε y=
200,000
ε y =0.0020735<0.0042125
 Since ε t is between 0.002 and 0.005, this value is within the transition range
between compression controlled section and tension controlled section.
250
use ∅=0.65+(ε t −0.002)( )
3

250
∅=0.65+(0.0042125−0.002)( )
3

∅=0.834

c) Live load it could support:

a
M u=∅ A s f y (d− )
2

132.58
M u=0.834 (1875)(414.7)(375− )
2
6
M u=200.2 ×10 N . mm

M u=200.2 kN . m

W u L2
M u=
8

W u (6)2
200.2=
8

W u =44.48 kN /m

W u =1.4 DL+1.7≪¿

44.48=1.4 ( 20 ) +1.7≪¿

¿=9.69 kN /m

3. The typical T-section shown results from the monolithic construction of the slab and its
supporting beams.
Effective flange width b f =1250 mm
Slab thickness t=120 mm
Web width b w =350 mm
Total depth below the slab h=480 mm
Top replacement 3−25 mm ∅
Bottom replacement 3−25 mm ∅
Concrete cover to the centroid of reinforcements = 70 mm
Balanced steel ratio ρ b =0.021

Using the strength design method

 a) Determine the nominal bending strength for positive moment.
b) Find the nominal bending strength for negative moment.
c) What is the resulting shear stress in the beam if it is subjected to a factored shear
force V u=180 kN

Solution:

a) Nominal bending strength for positive moment:

Assume N.A. is on the flange.
π 2
A s= ( 25 ) (5)
4
A s=2454.4 mm2

C=T
'
0.85 f c ab=A s f y
0.85(20.7)(a)(1250)=(2454.5)(415)
a=46.31 mm<120 mm ok

a
M n=¿ A s f y (d− )
2
46.31
M n=¿ (2454.4)(415)(530− )
2
M n=¿ 516.2 kN . m

b) Nominal bending strength for negative moment:

π
A s= ( 25 )2 (3)
4
2
A s=1472.6 mm

C=T
0.85 f c' ab=A s f y
0.85(20.7)( a)(350)=(1472.6)( 415)
a=99.24 mm

a
M n=¿ A s f y (d− )
2
46.31
M n=¿ (1472.6)(415)(530− )
2
M n=¿ 293.6 kN . m

c) Resulting shear stress in the beam if it is subjected to a factored shear force

V u=180 kN :
 Vu
ʋ=
∅ bd

180000
ʋ=
0.85(350)(530)

ʋ=1.14

4. The figure shows a one way slab having a total depth of 200 mm with a 25 mm clear
covering at the bottom. The steel reinforcement is 20 mm diameter. Spacing of steel
'
reinforcement is 125 mm on centers. fc =30 MPa , f y =400 MPa . considering 1 m. width
of slab.

a) Determine the depth of stress block for a strip of slab.

b) Determine the moment capacity of a strip of a slab.
c) Determine the working live load per sq. m. if the slab were used on a 3 m. simple
span. Concrete mass maybe taken at 2500 kg/m 3 which includes the weight of thr
reinforcement. Use NSCP load factors.

Solution:

a. Depth of stress block:

1000
no . of bars=
125
no . of bars=8

π 2
A s= ( 20 ) (8)
4
A s=2513.27 mm2

C=T
'
0.85 f c ab=A s f y
0.85(30)( a)(1000)=(2513.27)( 400)
a=39.42 mm

b) Moment capacity of slab:

d=200−25−10
d=165mm

a
M u=∅ A s f y (d− )
2

39.42
M u=0.90 (2513.27)(400)(165− )
2
 6
M u=131.46 ×10 N . mm

M u=131.46 kN . m

c) Working live load per sq. m.

dead load=0.2(1)(2.5)(9.81)
dead load=4.905 kN /m

2
Wu L
M u=
8
W (3)2
131.46= u
8
W u =116.85 kN /m

W u =1.4 DL+1.7≪¿
116.85=1.4 (4.905)+1.7≪¿
¿=64.70 kN /m
¿=64.70 kN /m2

5. A 3 meter wide wall footing supports a 300 mm wall. It is reinforced with a 25 mm diameter
'
bars with concrete covering of 75 mm. strength of concrete fc =21 MPa , f y =415 MPa .
a) Which of the gives the available space for development.
b) Which of the following gives the development length required by the code?
c) When the required development length is smaller than the space available for
development, the practice is to increase the bar diameter and spacing of the bars.
Which of the following gives the maximum diameter to be used?

Solution:

a) Available space for development:

( Ld + 75 ) +300=3000
Ld =1275 mm

b) Available development length:

0.02 A b F y
La =
√f c'
for 32mm ¯¿ smaller ¯
¿

L a=
0.02
π
4 ()
( 25 )2 (415)

√ 21
La=889 mm
 c) Diameter of bar:
Ld =La

1275=
0.02 ( π4 ) d (415)
2

√21
d=3 0 mm

TIMBER DESIGN

1. CE BOARD MAY 2006

A timber beam having a simple span of 4m. carries a total load including its own weight of
10kN/m. it has a width of 200mm and a depth of 260mm, used dressed dimension by
reducing its dimensions by 10mm. the wooden section is made up of 80% grade Apitong.
Use table on figure TM-6.
Fb = 16.5MPa
Ew = 7310 MPa
fv = 1.75MPa
a) Which of the following gives the max. flexural stress of the beam?
b) Which of the following gives the max. shearing stress of the beam?
c) Which of the following gives the max. deflection of the beam?

Solution:
 w l2
M=
8
M =10 ¿ ¿
M =20 kN . m
6M
f b= 2
bd
6(20)(106 )
f b= 2
190 (250)
f b=10.105 MPa<16.5 M Pa
b) Max. shear stress:
3V
f v=
2 bd
10(4)
V=
2
V =20 kN
3(20000)
f v=
2(190)(250)
f v =0.63 MPa<1.73 MPa

c) Max. deflection of the beam:

5 w l4
δ=
384 EI

3
190(250)
I=
12

6
I =247.4 × 10
4 3
5(10000) ( 4 ) (1000)
δ= 6
384(7310)(247.4)(10 )

δ =18.43 mm

2. A rectangular wooden beam has a span of 6m. and carries a total uniform load of 25kN/m
including its own weight. The beam is made up of 80% stress grade Apitong with allowable
stress shown on table TM-6.
Allowable stress for Apitong 80% stress grade:
Allowable bending = 16.5 MPa
Compression parallel to grain = 9.56 MPa
Compression perpendicular to grain = 2.20 MPa
Shear parallel to grain = 1.73MPa
Modulus of elasticity = 7310 MPa
 a) Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of beam that will not exceed
the allowable bending stress?
b) Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the beam that will not
exceed the allowable shearing stress?
c) Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the beam that will not
exceed the allowable deflection?

Solution:

a) Dimension of bending governs:

w l2
M=
8
2
25(6)
M=
8

M =112.5 kN . m

6M
f b=
bd 2
try 220 x 440
6 ( 112.5 ) 10 6
f b=
220( 440)2
f b=15.84< 16.5 ok
Use 220 x 440 (smallest size)

b) By shear :

3V
f v=
2 bd

try 200 x 400 mm

 3 (75000)
f v=
2(200)(400)

f v =1.41<1.73 ok

try 150 x 300

3(75000)
f v=
2(150)(300)

f v =2.5<1.73 (fail )

Use 200 x 400 mm

c) By deflection:
4
5wl
δ=
384 EI
4 3
6000 5 ( 25000 ) ( 6 ) ( 1000 )
=
240 384 ( 7310 ) I

I =2308.5 ×106

try 300 ×500

300 ( 500 )3
I=
12

I =3125 ×106 <2308.5 ×10 6 ok

try 220 × 440

3
220 ( 440 )
I=
12

I =1562 ×106 <2308.5 ×106 ( fail)

try 250 ×500

3
250 (500 )
I=
12

I =2604 × 106 <2308.5× 106 ( fail)

Use 250 x 500 mm

3. From the figure shown, a uniform load of 112 kN/m is acting downward and supported by an
upward uniform pressure of q=48 kN / m .

a) Determine the maximum shear.

b) Determine the maximum moment.
c) Determine the distance from the left where the flexural stress is zero.

Solution:

a) Maximum shear:

Max . shear=48 kN

b) Maximum moment:
Max . moment=42 kN . m

c) Distance from the left where the flexural stress is zero:

x=3.5 m

4. A timber beam 250 mm x 300 mm is reinforced with steel plates 150 mm x 10 mm is rigidly
attached at the top and bottom of the beam. Allowable stresses of wood and steel are 8
MPa and 120 MPa respectively.
E s=300,000 MPa , E w =20,000 MPa , modular ratio(n)=15 .
a) Which of the following gives the moment capacity of the beam without steel
reinforcement?
b) Which of the following gives the moment capacity of the beam when
reinforced with steel?
 c) Which of the following gives the amount in which moment is increased by
the reinforcement?

Solution:

a) Before placing the reinforcement:

6M
f b= 2
bd
6M
8= 2
(250)(300)
6
M =30 ×10 N . mm

b) After placement of reinforcement:

[ ]
3 2
225 ( 10 ) 250 (300)
I NA = + 2250 ( 10 )( 155 )2 ( 2 ) +
12 12
6 4
I NA =1644 × 10 mm

For wood:

MC
f w=
I

M (150)
8= 6
1644 × 10
6
M =87.68 ×10 N . mm

For steel:
f s MC
=
n I
120 M (160)
=
15 1644 × 106
6
M s=82.2× 10 N . mm
6
safe M s=82.2 ×10 N .mm
 c) Change in moment capacity:
∆ M = ( 82.2−30 ) 106
∆ M =52.2 ×10 6 N . mm
∆ M =52.2 kN . mm

5. Allowable unit stresses in Newtons per square mm of cross sectional area of square
or rectangular simple solid columns shall be determined by the following formulas,
but such unit stresses shall not exceed values for compression, parallel to grain Fc as
shown in the tables adjusted in accordance with the provision of sections of 3.4 of
the national structural code.
1. Shortest columns (Le/d of 11 or less Fc’ =Fc)
2. Intermediate columns (Le/d greater than 11
but less than K)

K=0.671
√ E
Fc

[ ( )]
4
' 1 ¿ /d
F c =Fc 1−
3 K

3. Long columns (Le/d of K or greater)

' 0.30 E
Fc = 2
(¿ / d)
A timber column of square cross section has a length of 3
m. and a dimension of 140 mm x 140 mm. it is hinged at
the ends so that K = 1.0.
The relevant code on the compressive strength Fc is given on the specifications and also a
table of timber with their corresponding working stresses for visually stress-graded
unseasoned Apitong with 80% stress grade.
Modulus of elasticity, E = 7310 MPa compression parallel to the grain, Fc = 9.56 MPa.
a) Is the column:
I. Short column
II. Intermediate column
III. Long column
IV. Not allowed by the code
b) Which of the following gives the allowable compressive stress?
c) Which of the following gives the allowable axial load?

Solution:

a) Length of column:

L 3000
=
d 140
 L
=21.43
d

K=0.671
√ E
Fc

E = 7310 MPa from table for 80% stress grade Apitong.

Fc = 9.56 MPa (compression parallel to the grain from table)

K=0.671
√ 7310
9.56

K=18.55 MPa

L
>18.55 this is a long column
d

b) Allowable compressive stress:

' 0.30 E
Fc =
(¿ /d)2
0.30(7310)
F c'=
(21.43)2
'
F c =4.78 MPa

c) Allowable axial load:

P= A Fc '

P=140 (140)( 4.78)

P=33688 N

P=33.69 kN

Steel design

1. A staggered riveted connection has rivets arranged as shown. Diameter of rivets is 26 mm.
diameter of holes is assumed to be 2 mm bigger than that of the rivet. F y =248 MPa.
a) Which of the following gives the distance “b” so that the net area in chain 1-2-3-4 is
equal to the net area of the chain 1-2-4?
b) Using the computed value of “b”, solve for the net width.
c) Which of the following gives the maximum tensile force P that the riveted
connection could carry if the allowable tensile stress is 0.6 F y .

Solution:

a) Distance “b” :
 Considering chain 1-2-3-4:
Diameter of hole = 26 + 2 = 28 mm

( 45 )2 b
2
(60)2
net width=350−4 ( 28 ) + + +
4 ( 90 ) 4 ( 90 ) 4( 90)

b2
n et width=253.63+
360

(
net area= 253.63+
b2
360
(10) )
Considering chain 1-2-4:

( 45 )2 (60−b)2
net width=350−3 ( 28 )+ + net width=271.63+¿ ¿
4 ( 90 ) 4 ( 180 )

net area=¿

( )
2
b
253.63+ (10)=¿
360
2
b
−¿ ¿
360

2 b −( 3600−120 b+b )=12960

2 2

b 2+120 b−16560=0

b=81.99 mm say 82 mm

b) Net width:
2
82
net width=253.63+
360
net width=272.31 mm

c) Max. tensile force:

P= A net ×0.6 F y
P=272.31(10)( 0.6)(248)
P=405.20 kN

2) Two plates each thickness t= 16 mm are boiled together with 6-22mm ∅ bolts
forming a lap connection. Bolt spacing are as follows:
S1=40 mm , S 2=8 0 mm , S 3=10 0 mm
 Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm

Allowable stress:
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate
F t=0.60 F y
Tensile stress on net area of the plate
F t=0.50 F u
Shear stress of the bolt: F v =120 MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt: F p=1 .2 F u

Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the following conditions.

a) Based on shear capacity of bolts.

b) Based on bearing capacity of bolts.
c) Based on bloc shear strength.

Solution:

a) Based on shear capacity of bolts.

π 2
P= ( 22 ) (6)(120)
4
P=273696 N
P=273.70 kN

b) Based on bearing capacity of bolts.

P= A b F p

P=16 (22)( 6)(1.2)(400)

P=1013760 N

P=1013.76 k N

c) Based on block shear strength:

A v =(200−25−25−12.5)(16)(2)
2
A v =4400 mm

At =(100−12.5−12.5)(16)

At =12 00 mm2
P=0.30 F v A v +0.50 Fu At

P=0.30(400)(4400)+0.50 (400)(1200)

P=768,000 N

P=768 kN

Second possible failure in block shear:

A v =(200−25−25−12.5)(16)
2
A v =22 00 mm

At =(1 4 0−12.5−2 5)(16)

At =164 0 mm 2

P=0.30 F v A v +0.50 Fu At

P=0.30(400)(22 00)+ 0.50(400)(164 0)

P=592 , 000 N

P=592 kN

use P=542 k N