API RP-1102 - Highway Crossing Design Over Bored Pipeline

Initial Design Information:

Pipe & Operational Characteristics:

Outside Diameter, D (in.): 40.00 in.

Operating Pressure, p (psi): 585.00 psi
Steel Grade X65 From Table 3
Type of Weld (ERW or SAW): ERW From Table 3
Design Factor, F: 0.72
Longitudinal Joint Factor, E: 1.00
Installation Temperature, T1 (°F): 38.00 °F
Maximum or Minimum Operating Temperature, T2 (°F): 38.00 °F
Temperature Derating Factor, T: 1.00
Wall Tickness, tw (in.): 0.34 in.
Installation and Site Characteristics:
Depth, H (Feet): 10.00 = 120.0 in
Bored Diameter, Bd (in.): 48.00 = 4.0 Feet
Soil Type A
Modulus of Soil Reaction, Es (Ksi): 0.50 Ksi From Table A-1
Resilient Modulus, Er (Ksi): 10.00 Ksi From Table A-2
Unit Weight, g (Lb/ft3): 120.00 = 0.069 Lb/in3
Type of Longitudinal Weld: ERW
Design Wheel Load from Single Axle, Ps (Kips): 20.00 kips
Design Wheel Load from Tandem Axle, Pt (Kips): 44.00 Kips
Type of Pavement ( Flexible F, Rigid = R, No Pavement = NP) = F
Other Pipe Steel Properties:
Young Modulus, Es (Ksi): 30,000.00 Ksi
Poisson Ratio, vs: 0.30 From Table A-3
Coefficiente of Thermal Expansion, at (per °F): 6.50E-06 per °F

Check Allowable Barlow Stress

For Natural Gas: SHi (Barlow) = pD/2tw <= FxExTxSMYS 34,011.63 psi
FxExTxSMYS = 46,800.00 psi OK!
For Liquid & Other Products : SHi (Barlow) = pD/2tw <= FxExSMYS 34,011.63 psi
FxExSMYS = 46,800.00 psi OK!

Circunferential Stress Due to Dead Load

tw/D = 0.009
Es= 0.500 Ksi
Stiffness Factor for Earth Load Circumferential Stress, KHe = 6,928.201
H/Bd = 2.500
Type of Soil = A
Burial Factor for Earth Load Circumferential Stress, Be = 0.694
Bd/D = 1.200
Excavation Factor for Earth Load Circumferential Stress, Ee = 1.190
Earth Load = SHe = Khe Be Ee g D 15,891.63 psi

Stress Due to Live Load

Type of Pavement ( Flexible F, Rigid = R, No Pavement = NP) = F
Critical Axles Tandem Axle
Axle Load (kips) = 44.00 Kips
Pt (Kips) = 11.00 Kips
Contact Area over the Eheel load is Applied, Ap (in2) = 144 in2
Applied Design Surface Pressure , w = 76.39 psi

Cyclic Stress
Ciyclic Circumferential Stress:
Recommended Impact Factor, Fi = 1.35
tw/D = 0.009
Et= 10.00 Ksi
KHh = 12.80
GHh = 0.47
Pavement Type Factor, R = 1.00 From Table 2
Axle Configuration Factor, L = 1.00 From Table 2
Ciclyc Circumferential Stress Due to Highway Vehicular Load, DSHh = 618.64 psi
Cyclic Longitudinal Stress:
tw/D = 0.009
Et= 10.00 Ksi
KLh = 9.68
GLh = 0.35
Ciclyc Longitudinal Stress Due to Highway Vehicular Load, DSLh = 349.84 psi

Circumferential Stress Due to Internal Pressurization

Circumferential Stress Due to Internal Pressurization, SHi = 33,719.13 psi

Principal Stresses, S1, S2, S3

S1 = SHe + DSH + SHi = 50,229.40 psi
S2 = DSLh - EsaT(T2-T1) + vS(SHe+SHi) = 15,233.07 psi
S3 = - p = - MAOP or -MOP = -585.00 psi
Effective Stress, Seff = 45,039.20 psi

Check for Allowable Effective Stress

Design Factor, F = 0.72
Specified Minimum Yield strength, SMYS (psi): 65,000.00 psi
Effective Stress, Seff = 45,039.20 psi
Allowable Effective Stress = SMYS*F = 46,800.00 psi OK!

Check Fatigue
Design Factor, F = 0.72
Fatigue Endurance Limit of Girth Weld, SPG (psi) = 12,000.00 psi
Ciclyc Longitudinal Stress Due to Highway Vehicular Load, DSLh = 349.84 psi
Girth Weld Fatigue, SPG F = 8,640.00 psi OK!
Fatigue Endurance Limit of Longitudinal Weld, SPL (psi) = 23,000.00 psi
Ciclyc Circumferential Stress Due to Highway Vehicular Load, DSHh = 618.64 psi
Longitudinal Weld Fatigue, SPL F = 16,560.00 psi OK!
 Determining Traffic and Soil Loading Pressure on Existing Pipes
Vertical Stress Due to Conventional Traffic above Existing Pipeline
Initial Analysis Information:
Vehicle Type: HS20-44
Axle Load (lb): 44,000 Lb
Impact Factor: 1.50
Depth to Top of Pipeline, H (in): 120.00 = 3.05 m (10.00 Feet)
Quantity of Lanes in Highway: 2

Analysis:
Tire Load, P (Kips): 33.00 Kips
Tire Area (in2): 330.00 in2
Tire Width, w (in): 11.49 in
Tire Length, l (in): 28.72 in
Surcharge Pressure at Top of Pipeline (psi): 1.69 psi
Allowable Surcharge Presure (psi): 3.38 psi

Vertical Stress Due to Heavy Equipment Above Existing Pipeline

Initial Analysis Information:
Vehicle Type: G47G Scraper
Capacity (Yd3): 44.00 Yd3
Front Axle Loaded (Kips): 128.30 Kips
Rear Axle Loaded (Kips): 133.50 Kips
Tires Type: 40.5/75 R39
Tire Width (in): 40.50 in

Analysis:
Impact Factor: 1.50
Depth of Top of Pipeline, H (in): 120.00 in
Max. Tire Load plus Impact, P (Kips): 100.13 Kips
Tire Area (in2): 1,001.25 in2
Tire Length, l (in): 24.72 in
Surcharge Pressure at Top of Pipeline (psi): 4.31 > 3.38 psi , Need to Reduce Load Pressure

To decrease the tire load It is neccesary to increase the soil cover over the surface and use Steel Plates to distribute the load

Additional Soil Cover Material (in): 10.00 in

Assumed Pressure of Additional Soil Cover (psf): 120.00 = 0.83 psi
Plate Length (feet) 2.00 = 24.0 in
Plate Width (feet): 14.00 = 168.0 in
Plate Tickness (in) 2.00 in

Analysis:
Assumed Span of Plate (in): 63.75 in
Plate Footprint Length , l (in): 152.22 in
Plate Footprint Width, w (in): 168.00 in
Total Surcharge Pressure at Top of Pipeline (psi): 3.21 < 3.38 psi , OK!

Steel Plate Checking:

Cantilever Plate Bending (in-Lb): 6,531.69 in-Lb
Section Modulus of Steel Plate (in3): 0.67 in3
For A36 Steel Plate, Fb (ksi): 27.00 ksi
Bending Stress of Plate, Fv, (ksi): 9.80 < 27.00 ksi , OK!
 Pesos de Equipos Pesados
MINIEXCAVADORAS
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en orden de trabajo
301.6C 18.1 hp / 13.5 kW 1.610 kg
301.8C 18.1 hp / 13.5 kW 1.680 kg
302.5C 24.9 hp / 18.6 kW 2.745 kg
303C CR 30 hp / 22 kW 3.435 kg
303.5C CR 39 hp / 29 kW 3.790 kg
304C CR 42 hp / 31 kW 4.800 kg
305C CR 47 hp / 35 kW 5.200 kg
EXCAVADORAS CHICAS
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en orden de trabajo
307C 54 hp / 41 kW 7.210 kg
307C SB 54 hp / 41 kW 8.390 kg
308C CR 54 hp / 41 kW 8.040 kg
311 C Utility 79 hp / 59 kW 11.980 kg
312C L 90 hp / 67 kW 13.140 kg
314C LCR 90 hp / 67 kW 14.810 kg
315C L 110 hp / 82 kW 16.750 Kg
318C L 125 hp / 93 kW 19.650 kg
EXCAVADORAS MEDIANAS
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en orden de trabajo
320C L 138 hp / 103 kW 21.000 kg
320C L Utility 138 hp / 103 kW 23.000 kg
321C LCR 137 hp / 102 kW 24.000 kg
324D L 188 hp / 140 kW 24.790 kg
325D L 204 hp / 152 kW 29.240 kg
330D L 268 hp / 200 kW 36.151 kg
EXCAVADORAS GRANDES
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en orden de trabajo

345B L Series II UHD 321 hp / 239 kW 50.420 kg

345C L 345 hp / 247 kW 44.970 kg
365C L 404 hp / 302 kW 65.960 kg
385C L 513 hp / 382 kW 84.980 kg

TOPADORAS CON ORUGAS - CHICAS

Modelo Motor Peso en orden de trabajo Capacidades de la hoja

D3G Cat 3046 7.351 kg 1.44 m3
D4G Cat 3046 7.855 kg 1.92 m3
D5G - XL Cat 3046 T 8.919 kg 2.19 m3
 D5G - LGP Cat 3046 T 9.260 kg 2.34 m3
TOPADORAS CON ORUGAS - MEDIANAS

Modelo Motor Peso en orden de trabajo Capacidades de la hoja

D5N Cat 3126B DITAAC 12.738 kg 2.6 m3
D6N Cat 3126B DITAAC 15.586 kg de 3.16 m3 a 4.28 m3
D6N FA Cat 3126B DITAAC 17.288 kg de 3.16 m3 a 4.28 m3
D6R Series II Cat C9 ACERTTM 18.322 kg de 3.18 m3 a 5.68 m3
D6R Series III Cat C9 ACERTTM 18.669 kg de 3.18 m3 a 5.68 m3
D7R Series II Cat 3176C 25.304 kg de 3.89 m3 a 8.34 m3

TOPADORAS CON ORUGAS - GRANDES

Peso en orden de
Modelo Motor Potencia en el volante
trabajo
D10T Cat 3508B 580 hp / 433 kW 65.760 kg
D11R Cat 3508B 850 hp / 634 kW 104.372 kg
D11R CD Cat 3508B 850 hp / 634 kW 112.763 kg
D8T Cat 3508B 310 hp / 231 kW 38.488 kg
D9T Cat 3508B 410 hp / 306 kW 47.900 kg

TOPADORAS - CONFIGURACION PARA RELLENOS SANITARIOS

Peso en orden de
Modelo Motor Potencia en el volante
trabajo
D10R WH Cat 3412E HEUI 580 hp / 433 kW 65.760 kg
D10T WH Cat 3412E 580 hp / 433 kW 65.764 kg
D6N WH Cat 3126B 145 hp / 108 kW 17.338 kg
D6R Series II WH Cat C-9 185 hp / 138 kW 20.600 kg
D7R Series II WH Cat 3176C 240 hp / 179 kW 27.920 kg
D8T WH Cat C15 ACERTTM 310 hp / 231 kW 38.660 kg
D9T WH Cat 3408E 410 hp / 306 kW 49.567 kg

CARGADORES CON ORUGAS CHICOS

Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad de la pala
939C Hystat 90 hp / 67 kW 9.484 kg 1.2 m3

CARGADORES CON ORUGAS MEDIANOS

Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad de la pala
953C 128 hp / 95 kW 15.145 kg 1.85 m3
CARGADORES CON ORUGAS GRANDES
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad de la pala
963C 158 hp / 118 kW 19.589 kg 2.45 m3
973C 242 hp / 178 kW 26.373 kg 3.20 m3

CARGADORES CON ORUGAS PARA RELLENOS SANITARIOS

Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad de la pala
953C WH 128 hp / 95 kW 16.656 kg 2.30 m3
 963C WH 158 hp / 118 kW 20.639 kg 4.20 m3
973C WH 239 hp / 178 kW 27.481 kg 4.70 m3
CARGADORES CON RUEDAS - COMPACTOS
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad del balde
904B 52 hp / 39 kW 4.450 kg 0.6 m3
906 68 hp / 51 kW 4.960 kg 0.8 m3
908 76 hp / 57 kW 6.040 kg 1.0 m3
914G 95 hp / 71 kW 7.950 kg 1.4 m3
IT14G 95 hp / 71 kW 8.450 kg 1.4 m3
CARGADORES CON RUEDAS - EQUIPOS CHICOS
Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad del balde
924G 129 hp / 96 kW 11.340 kg 1.70 m3 / 2.80 m3
924GZ 129 hp / 96 kW 10.850 kg 1.70 m3 / 2.10 m3
928GZ 143 hp / 107 kW 12.310 kg 2.00 m3 / 5.35 m3
930G 149 hp / 111 kW 13.029 kg 2.10 m3 / 5.00 m3

CARGADORES CON RUEDAS - EQUIPOS INTERMEDIOS

Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad del balde
938G - Series II 134 hp / 180 kW 13.452 kg 3.8 m3 / 4.6 m3
950H 197 hp / 147 kW 18.338 kg 2.5 m3 / 3.5 m3
962H 211 hp / 158 kW 19.365 kg 3.8 m3 / 4.6 m3
966H 262 hp / 195 kW 23.698 kg 3.4 m3 / 4.2 m3
972H 287 hp / 214 kW 25.148 kg 3.8 m3 / 4.6 m3
980H 318 hp / 237 kW 31.370 kg 3.8 m3 / 6.1 m3
IT38G - Series II 180 hp / 134 kW 14.583 kg 3.8 m3 / 4.6 m3
IT62H 211 hp / 158 kW 19.397 kg 3.25 m3 / 4.25 m3

CARGADORES CON RUEDAS - EQUIPOS GRANDES

Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad del balde
988H 501 hp / 373 kW 49.546 kg 6.3 m3 / 7.0 m3
990 - Series II 625 hp / 466 kW 77.141 kg 8.4 m3 / 9.2 m3
990H 627 hp / 468 kW 77.842 kg 8.4 m3 / 9.2 m3
992G 800 hp / 597 kW 94.927 kg 11.5 m3 / 12.3 m3
994D 1250 hp / 933 kW 191.200 kg 15.0 m3 / 31.0 m3
994F 1577 hp / 1176 kW 195.434 kg 14.0 m3 / 36.0 m3

CARGADORES CON RUEDAS - CONFIG. PARA RELLENOS SANITARIOS

Modelo Potencia neta Peso en trabajo Capacidad del balde
924Gz WHA 121 hp / 90 kW 11.011 kg 1.7 m3
928G WHA 131 hp / 98 kW 12.808 kg 2.9 m3
938G WHA 160 hp / 119 kW 14.262 kg 4.2 m3
950G WHA 180 hp / 134 kW 19.407 kg 4.0 m3
966G WHA 235 hp / 175 kW 24.643 kg 6.5 m3
980G WHA 300 hp / 224 kW 31.570 kg 8.6 m3
IT28G WHA 131 hp / 98 kW 12.691 kg 2.6 m3
IT38G WHA 160 hp / 119 kW 13.340 kg 4.01 m3
Tipo Vehículo
1

C-2 4.00

C-3 5.50

C-4 5.50

C2-P2 4.00

C2-P3 4.00

C3-P2 5.50

C3-P3 5.50

T2-S1 5.50
 T2-S2 5.50

T2-S3 5.50

T3-S1 5.50

T3-S2 5.50

T3-S3 5.50

T2S1-P2 5.50

T2S2-P2 5.50

T3S1-P2 5.50
1 2 2-3 2-3-4

8,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 16.40 32,800

11,000 22.00 44,000

8,000 10.00 20,000

8,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 16.40 32,800

11,000 16.40 32,800

11,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 16.40 32,800

11,000 16.40 32,800

11,000 16.40 32,800

11,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 10.00 20,000

11,000 16.40 32,800

 Ministerio de Obras P
Dirección Nacional de Tránsito y T
Límite de Pesos y Dimensiones par
Carga Axial Máxima por Eje o Grupo d
3 3-4 4 3-4-5

8.00 16,000 8.00 16,000

8.00 16,000

8.00 16,000

8.00 16,000

10.00 20,000
 16.40 32,800

22.00 44,000

10.00 20,000

10.00 20,000 8.00 16,000

16.40 32,800

10.00 20,000
o de Obras Públicas
e Tránsito y Transporte Terrestre
ensiones para Vehículos de Carga
Eje o Grupo de Ejes (Ton , Lbs)
4-5 4-5-6 5 5-6

14.50 29,000

8.00 16,000

14.50 29,000
16.40 32,800

22.00 44,000

8.00 16,000

8.00 16,000

8.00 16,000
6 6-7 7 7-8
8.00 16,000

8.00 17,637
 Carga Máxima Dimensiones Máximas (m)

(Ton) (Lbs) Largo Altura Ancho

14.00 28,000 11.00 4.15 2.50

21.90 43,800 12.00 4.15 2.50

27.50 55,000 12.00 4.15 2.50

30.00 60,000 16.70 4.15 2.50

36.50 73,000 16.70 4.15 2.50

37.90 75,800 16.70 4.15 2.50

44.40 88,800 16.70 4.15 2.50

25.50 51,000 16.70 4.15 2.50

31.90 63,800 16.70 4.15 2.50

37.50 75,000 16.70 4.15 2.50

31.90 63,800 16.70 4.15 2.50

38.30 76,600 16.70 4.15 2.50

43.90 87,800 16.70 4.15 2.50

41.50 83,000 20.00 4.15 2.50

47.90 95,800 20.00 4.15 2.50

47.90 95,800 20.00 4.15 2.50

Es (ksi) = 0.5 0.2 < Es < 2
tw (in) = 0.34 API RP 1102 - Fig 3.
14,000
D (in) = 40.00
tw/D = 0.01
KHe = 6,928.20
12,000

10,000

8,000

2; 6928.20

KHS 6,000

4,000

2,000

0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0
API RP 1102 - Fig 3. - Stiffness Fator for Earth Load Circumferentia Stress, KHe

KHS (E=
0.2)
KHS (E=
0.5)
KHS (E=
1.0)
KHS (E=
2.0)

; 6928.20

01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

tw/D
 KHS = a+
E = 0.2
a Stress, KHe a=
b=
c=
d=
e=
f=
g=

tw/D0.2
0.0075
0.0080
0.0082
0.0085
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0130
0.0148
0.0170
0.0200
0.0240
0.0300
0.0315
0.0400
0.0600
0.0800

E
0.08 0.09
0.2

0.5

2
 KHS = a+b/x+c/x2+d/x3+e/x4+f/x5+g/x6 , x = tw/D
E = 0.2 E = 0.5 E = 1.0 E = 2.0
-451.570638 a= -1186.18882 a= -444.531695 a= 2000.49583
43.2836392 b= 146.75341 b= 29.7659417 b= -414.089082
-1.61984618 c= -6.49598524 c= -0.12330303 c= 29.2921785
0.08827393 d= 0.19486964 d= 0.04353689 d= -0.86819792
-0.00122784 e= -0.00253115 e= -0.00091636 e= 0.01311078
6.73407E-06 f= 1.48371E-05 f= 6.86273E-06 f= -9.7355E-05
-1.2416E-08 g= -3.243E-08 g= -1.7487E-08 g= 2.79669E-07

KHS (E= 0.2) Equation x = tw/D0.5 KHS (E= 0.5) x = tw/D1.0 KHS (E= 1.0) x = tw/D2.0 KHS (E= 2.0)
11600 11,720
11000 10,438
10000 10,062
9000 9,593
8400 8,093
8000 7,716 0.0065 8000
7000 7,359 0.0085 6995
6000 6,047 0.0105 6020 0.0065 6000
5000 5,018 0.0130 4982 0.0085 4999
4000 3,984 0.0156 3929 0.0115 4004 0.0085 4000
3000 2,934 0.0180 3118 0.0165 2980 0.0110 3000
2000 2,005 0.0230 1972 0.0218 2037 0.0190 2001
1200 1,205 0.0300 1146 0.0300 1150 0.0300 1152
1000 1,072 0.0315 1035 0.0315 1042 0.0315 1062
650 581 0.0400 616 0.0400 608 0.0400 629
100 142 0.0600 181 0.0600 157 0.0600 109
0 -19 0.0800 -44 0.0800 -27 0.0800 -3

x y y y m b
0.2 9457.37 0.00
0.00 -8430.55976 11143.4806
0.5 6928.20 6928.20
0.00 -3988.44555 8922.42349
1 4933.98 0.00
0.00 -1414.19639 6348.17434
2 3519.78 0.00
Point Coordinates
x y
0 6928.20
0.01 6928.20
0.01 0.00
0.01 6928.20
Soil Type = A
H (in) = 120.00 1.60
BD (in) = 48.00 API RP 1102 Fig. 4 - Burial
H/BD = 2.50
Be = 0.69 1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80
Be
2; 0.69

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 5 10
P 1102 Fig. 4 - Burial Factor for Earth Load Circumferential Stress, Be

Be
(A)

10 15 20 25 30 35

H/BD
 Be = a+bx+cx2+dx3+ex4+fx5+gx6 , x = H/Bd
B A
a= 0.00086091 a= 0.00150701 Point Coordinates
Be b= 0.31463222 b= 0.36920743 x
c= -0.03424536 c= -0.04325645 0
d= 0.0019613 d= 0.00278795 2.5
e= -6.27E-05 e= -0.00010276 2.5
f= 1.07E-06 f= 2.02106E-06 2.5
g= -7.54E-09 g= -1.6377E-08

H/Bd Be (A) Equation Be (B) Equation

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.95 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.50
5.95 1.14 1.14 1.00 1.00
12 1.35 1.34 1.18 1.18
16 1.36 1.36 1.18 1.18
24 1.36 1.36 1.18 1.18
30 1.36 1.36 1.18 1.18
32 1.36 1.36 1.18 1.18

35
Point Coordinates
y
0.69
0.69
0.00
0.69
BD (in) = 48.00 API RP 1102 - Fig 5. Excavation
D (in) = 40.00 1.50

BD/D = 1.20
Ee = 1.19
1.40

1.30

1.20
Ee

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80
1.00 1.05 1.10 1
- Fig 5. Excavation Factor for Earth Load Circumferential Stress, Ee

2; 1.19

1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35

BD/D
 Ee = a+b/x+c/x2+d/x3+e/x4+f/x5 , x= Bd/D
l Stress, Ee a= 654.091956 Point Coordinates
b= -3642.16894 x
c= 8131.93139 0.00
d= -9068.62992 1.20
e= 5045.0832 1.20
f= -1119.47768 1.20

Bd/D Ee Equation
1.00 0.83 0.83
1.05 0.90 0.90
1.10 0.99 0.99
1.15 1.09 1.09
1.20 1.19 1.19
1.25 1.29 1.29
1.30 1.40 1.40

1.30 1.35
Point Coordinates
y
1.19
1.19
0.00
1.19
H (feet) = 10.00
F= 1.35
1.60 API RP 1102 - Fig. 7 - Reco

1.50

Impact Factor, F 1.40

1.30

1.20

1.10

1.00
0 5
P 1102 - Fig. 7 - Recommended Impact Factor Versus Depth

2; 1.35

10 15 20 2

H (Feet)
 Si F < 5, F = 1.5

SI H>= 5, F = (a+bH+cH2+dH3+eH4+fH5)0.5
Depth a= 2.24997139
b= 0.141029344
c= -0.0441537
d= 0.003928506
e= -0.00015954
f= 2.435018E-06

H F<5 F >= 5
0.00 1.50
5.00 1.50 1.50
10.00 1.35
13.50 1.25
15.00 1.21
20.00 1.05
21.75 1.00

20 25
H4+fH5)0.5
Point Coordinates
x y
0 1.35
10 1.35
10 0.00
10 1.35

Equation
1.50
1.50
1.35
1.25
1.21
1.05
1.00
 API RP 1102 - Fig
Et (ksi) = 10.00 5 < Es < 20
25.00
tw (in) = 0.34
D (in) = 40.00
tw/D = 0.009
KHh = 12.80
20.00

15.00

2; 12.80

KHh
10.00

5.00

0.00
0 0.01 0.0
 API RP 1102 - Fig. 14 - Highway Stiffness Factor for Cyclic Circumferential Stress, KHh

KHh
(Er=5)
2; 12.80
KHh
(Er=10)

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

tw/D
 KHh = a+bx+cx2+dx3+ex4+fx5+gx6+
E=5
Factor for Cyclic Circumferential Stress, KHh a= 25.5396696
b= -3118.11982
c= 506983.213
d= -35306575
e= 1248695658
f= -2.495E+10
g= 2.8702E+11
h= -1.78E+12
i= 4.6223E+12

tw/D KHh (Er=5)

KHh 0.010 20.00
(Er=5) 0.015 21.00
KHh 0.020 19.50
(Er=10) 0.025 17.00
0.030 13.50
0.035 10.50
0.040 8.50
0.045 7.00
0.050 6.00
0.055 5.00
0.060 4.30
0.065 3.50
0.070 2.80
0.075 2.00
0.080 1.50

0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 E x

5 5
/D
10 10

20 20

Point Coordinates
x y
0 12.80
0.0086 12.80
0.0086 0.00
0.0086 12.80
bx+cx2+dx3+ex4+fx5+gx6+hx7+ix8 , x = tw/D
E=10 E=20
a= 18.2541366 a= 10.9686036
b= -3027.78584 b= -2937.45186
c= 497382.792 c= 487782.371
d= -34371772 d= -33436969
e= 1229266214 e= 1209836771
f= -2.5108E+10 f= -2.5265E+10
g= 2.9672E+11 g= 3.0641E+11
h= -1.8931E+12 h= -2.0061E+12
i= 5.054E+12 i= 5.4858E+12

Equation KHh (Er=10) Equation KHh (Er=20) Equation

20.01 13.40 13.40 6.80 6.79
20.93 15.00 14.98 9.00 9.03
19.68 14.65 14.71 9.80 9.74
16.82 13.10 13.01 9.20 9.21
13.51 10.80 10.84 8.10 8.17
10.61 8.85 8.89 7.20 7.17
8.46 7.45 7.39 6.40 6.32
6.99 6.25 6.27 5.50 5.55
5.94 5.35 5.35 4.70 4.76
5.07 4.52 4.52 4.03 3.96
4.27 3.75 3.75 3.20 3.23
3.52 3.10 3.09 2.70 2.66
2.77 2.44 2.45 2.08 2.13
2.02 1.75 1.75 1.50 1.48
1.50 1.28 1.28 1.05 1.05

y y y m b
19.53 0.00
0.00 -1.34685527 26.2644562
12.80 12.80
0.00 -0.67342764 19.5301799
6.06 0.00
H (feet) = 10.00 4 < H < 10 API RP 1102 - Fig. 15 - Highway
D (in) = 40.00
GHh = 0.47 1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

GHh
0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 5 10 15
2 - Fig. 15 - Highway Geometry Factor for Cyclic Circumferential Stress,
GHh

GHh
(H=3 a
4)
GHh
(H=6)
GHh
(H=8)

2; 0.47

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

H (Feet)
 GHh =a+bx+cx2+dx3+ex4+f
H = 3 to 4 H= 6
ircumferential Stress, a= 1.24848996 a=
b= 0.14651617 b=
c= -0.02808746 c=
d= 0.00207797 d=
e= -7.8156E-05 e=
GHh
(H=3 a f= 1.54768E-06 f=
4) g= -1.483E-08 g=
GHh
(H=6) h= 4.97733E-11 h=
GHh
(H=8)
D GHh (H=3 a 4) Equation
2.1 1.45 1.45
4 1.50 1.50
6 1.48 1.48
12 1.28 1.27
18 1.15 1.15
24 1.10 1.10
30 1.05 1.05
36 1.00 1.00
42 0.95 0.95
2; 0.47
H x y
GHh (3 a 4) = 4 0.97

GHh (6) = 6 0.71

GHh (8) = 8 0.60

GHh (10) = 10 0.47

35 40 45

Point Coordinates
x y
0 0.47
40.00 0.47
40.00 0.00
40.00 0.47
Hh =a+bx+cx2+dx3+ex4+fx5+gx6+hx7 , x = D
H= 6 H= 8 H= 10
0.91898443 a= 0.72787027 a= 0.47976483
0.14860794 b= 0.12240827 b= 0.15707903
-0.02970736 c= -0.0229291 c= -0.03295564
0.00256848 d= 0.00187547 d= 0.00319752
-0.0001226 e= -8.3577E-05 e= -0.00016848
3.33754E-06 f= 2.0894E-06 f= 4.91921E-06
-4.8492E-08 g= -2.7527E-08 g= -7.4712E-08
2.91259E-10 h= 1.48836E-10 h= 4.60241E-10

GHh (H=6) Equation GHh (H=8) Equation GHh (H=10) Equation

1.12 1.12 0.90 0.90 0.69 0.69
1.18 1.17 0.95 0.95 0.75 0.75
1.16 1.16 0.95 0.95 0.74 0.74
1.02 1.02 0.85 0.85 0.67 0.67
0.91 0.91 0.77 0.77 0.63 0.63
0.85 0.85 0.72 0.72 0.58 0.57
0.80 0.80 0.67 0.66 0.53 0.53
0.75 0.75 0.63 0.63 0.50 0.50
0.70 0.70 0.59 0.59 0.48 0.48

y y m b
0.00
0.00 -0.13333119 1.50585195
0.00
0.00 -0.05223956 1.01930214
0.00
0.00 -0.06621929 1.13113998
0.47
Er (ksi) = 10.00 5 < Er < 20
tw (in) = 0.34
16.00 API RP 1102 - Fig. 15 - H
D (in) = 40.00
tw/D = 0.009
14.00
KLh = 9.68

12.00

10.00
2; 9.68

KLh
8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
RP 1102 - Fig. 15 - Highway Stiffness Factor for Cyclic Longitudinal Stress, KHh

KLh
8 (E=5)
KLh
(E=1
0)

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

tw/D
 KLh =a+bx+cx2+dx3+ex4+fx5 , x = tw/D
E=5 E = 10
gitudinal Stress, KHh a= 6.76531624 a= 5.40879376
b= 1463.18622 b= 849.972817
c= -86239.0645 c= -50133.5581
d= 1970999.51 d= 1150084.28
e= -20372773 e= -12024180
f= 79376057.4 f= 47562200.8

tw/D KLh (E=5) Equation KLh (E=10)

0.0108 14.72 14.73 10.00
KLh 0.015 15.00 14.99 10.27
(E=5) 0.02 14.30 14.30 9.73
KLh
(E=1 0.03 11.67 11.69 8.25
0) 0.04 9.44 9.43 6.90
0.05 8.19 8.18 6.08
0.06 7.50 7.52 5.44
0.07 6.94 6.93 5.00
0.08 6.67 6.67 4.73

E x y y
5 5 14.12 0.00

10 10 9.68 9.68

20 20 5.63 0.00

Point Coordinates
x y
0.07 0.08 0.09 0 9.68
0.01 9.68
0.01 0.00
0.01 9.68
x4+fx5 , x = tw/D
E = 20
a= 1.51838252
b= 753.255478
c= -38234.797
d= 792477.666
e= -7598075.87
f= 27841943.5

Equation KLh (E=20) Equation

10.03 6.08 6.09
10.19 6.55 6.53
9.78 6.50 6.50
8.26 5.60 5.62
6.89 4.60 4.59
6.05 3.90 3.87
5.50 3.38 3.42
4.97 3.11 3.08
4.74 2.84 2.84

y m b

0.00 -0.88755434 18.5542076

0.00 -0.40463224 13.7249866

H (feet) = 10.00 4 < H < 10
D (in) = 40.00 3.00 API RP 1102 - Fig. 15 - Hig
GLh = 0.35

2.50

2.00

GLh
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0 5 10 15
RP 1102 - Fig. 15 - Highway Geometry Factor for Cyclic Longitudinal Stress, GHh

GLh (H= 3
a 4)
GLh (H= 6)
GLh (H= 8)
GLh (H=
10)

2; 0.35

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4

D (in)
 G
Para H = 3 a 4
a=
ry Factor for Cyclic Longitudinal Stress, GHh b=
c=
d=
e=
f=

D
2.5
6.0
12.0
GLh (H= 3 18.0
a 4) 24.0
GLh (H= 6)
30.0
GLh (H= 8)
GLh (H= 36.0
10)

GLh (3 a 4) =

GLh (6) =

GLh (8) =

GLh (10) =
2; 0.35
Point Coordinates
x
0
25 30 35 40 45
40.00
40.00
40.00
 GLh = e(a+bx+cx^2+dx^3+ex^4+fx^5) , x = D
Para H = 3 a 4 Para H = 6 Para H = 8 Para H = 10
1.583026787 a= 1.667749368 a= 1.768372269 a= 1.856186393
-0.31323608 b= -0.35454041 b= -0.40426627 b= -0.44209941
0.027838339 c= 0.031108421 c= 0.035356248 c= 0.036233825
-0.00124404 d= -0.00137689 d= -0.0015688 d= -0.00148257
2.67462E-05 e= 2.959386E-05 e= 3.423641E-05 e= 3.009287E-05
-2.23094E-07 f= -2.48798E-07 f= -2.95335E-07 f= -2.47536E-07

GLh (H= 3 a 4) Equation GLh (H= 6) Equation GLh (H= 8) Equation GLh (H= 10)
2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60
1.60 1.60 1.49 1.49 1.38 1.38 1.25
1.20 1.20 1.07 1.07 0.94 0.94 0.80
1.10 1.10 0.97 0.97 0.85 0.85 0.72
1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.78 0.78 0.70
0.90 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.71 0.71 0.63
0.80 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50

x y m b
4 0.67 0.00
0.00 -0.05530792 0.892828488
6 0.56 0.00
0.00 -0.06297428 0.938826647
8 0.44 0.00
0.00 -0.04221816 0.77277775
10 0.35 0.35

Point Coordinates
y
0.35
0.35
0.00
0.35
Equation
2.60
1.25
0.79
0.73
0.69
0.63
0.50
Table 1 - Critical Axle Configuration for Design
Wheel Loads of Ps = 12 Kips (53.4 KN) and Pt = 10
Kips (44.5 KN)

Depth H £ 4 feet (1.20 meters) and Diameter D £ 12

inches (305 milimeters)
Pavement Type Critical Axle Configuration
Flexible Pavement Tandem Axle
No Pavement Single Axle
Rigid Pavement Tandem Axle
Depth H £ 4 feet (1.2 meters) and Diameter D ≥ 12
inches (305 milimeters) or Depth H ≥ 4 feet (1.20
meters) for All Diameters
Pavement Type Critical Axle Configuration
Flexible Pavement Tandem Axle
No Pavement Tandem Axle
Rigid Pavement Tandem Axle

H (feet) = 10.00
D( in) = 40.00
Pavement Type = F
Critical Axle Configuration = Tandem Axle

Table 2 - Highway Pavement Type Factors, R, and Axle Factor Configuration Factor, L
Depth H £ 4 feet (1.20 meters) and Diameter D £ 12 inches (305 milimeters)
Pavement Type Design Axle Configuration R
Tandem Axle 1.00
Flexible Pavement
Single Axle 1.00
Tandem Axle 1.10
No Pavement
Single Axle 1.20
Tandem Axle 0.90
Rigid Pavement
Single Axle 0.90
Depth H £ 4 feet (1.20 meters) and Diameter D ≥ 12 inches (305 milimeters),
Depth H ≥ 4 feet (1.20 meters) for All Diameters
Pavement Type Design Axle Configuration R
Tandem Axle 1.00
Flexible Pavement
Single Axle 1.00
Tandem Axle 1.10
No Pavement
Single Axle 1.10
Tandem Axle 0.90
Rigid Pavement
Single Axle 0.90

H (feet) = 10.00
D( in) = 40.00
Pavement Type = F
Axle Type = Tandem Axle
R= 1.00
L= 1.00

Table 3 - Fatigue Endurance Limits, SPG and SPL for Various Steel Grades
SPL (psi)
Minimum Ultimate
Steel Grade SMYS (psi) SPG (psi) Seamless and
Tensile Strength (psi)
ERW
A25 25,000 45,000 12,000 21,000
A 30,000 48,000 12,000 21,000
B 35,000 60,000 12,000 21,000
X42 42,000 60,000 12,000 21,000
X46 46,000 63,000 12,000 21,000
X52 52,000 66,000 12,000 21,000
X56 56,000 71,000 12,000 23,000
X60 60,000 75,000 12,000 23,000
X65 65,000 77,000 12,000 23,000
X70 70,000 82,000 12,000 23,000
X80 80,000 90,000 12,000 23,000
SPL (psi)
Steel Grade SMYS (psi) Minimum Ultimate SPG (psi)
Tensile Strength (psi) Seamless and
ERW
X65 65,000 77,000 12,000 23,000

Table A.1 - Typical Values for Modulus of Soil Reactio, E s

Soil Description Es , ksi
Soft To medium clays and silts with hight plasticities 0.20
Soft to medium clays and silts with low to medium plasticities; Loose
0.50
sands and gravels
Stiff to very stiff clays and silts; Medium dense sands and gravels 1.00
Dense to very sense sands and gravels 2.00

Table A.2 - Typical Values for Resilent Modulus, E t

Soil Description Et , ksi
Soft to medium clays and silts 5
Stiff to very stiff clays and silts; Medium dense sands and gravels 10
Dense to very dense sands and gravels 20

Table A.3 - Typical Steel Properties

Property Typical Range
Young Modulus, Es, psi (Kpa) 28-30 x106 (1.9-2.1 x108)
Poisson´s Ratio vs 0.25 - 0.30
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, aT, per °F (per °C) 6-7 x10-4 (1.6-1.9 x10-5)
Table C.1 - Minimum Nominal Wall Ticknesses for Flexible Casing
in Bored Crossings
Nominal Diámeter of Pipe (in.) Minimum Nominal Wall Tickness (in)
14 and Under 0.134
16 0.134
18 0.134
20 0.134
22 0.164
24 0.164
26 0.164
28 0.164
30 0.164
32 0.164
34 0.164
36 0.164
38 0.188
40 0.188
42 0.188
44 0.188
46 0.219
48 0.219
50 0.25
52 0.25
54 0.25
56 0.25
58 0.25
60 0.25
uration Factor, L
5 milimeters)
L
1.00
0.75
1.00
0.80
1.00
0.65
),

L
1.00
0.65
1.00
0.65
1.00
0.65
es
SPL (psi)

SAW
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
SPL (psi)

SAW
12,000

Es , Mpa
1.40
3.40
6.90
13.80

Et , Mpa
34
69
138

Typical Range
28-30 x106 (1.9-2.1 x108)
0.25 - 0.30
6-7 x10-4 (1.6-1.9 x10-5)
Depth H £ 4 feet (1.20 meters) and Diameter
D £ 12 inches (305 milimeters)
Pavement Type Critical Axle Configuration
F
NP
R

Depth H £ 4 feet (1.2 meters) and Diameter D Depth H £ 4 feet (1.2 meters) and Diameter
≥ 12 inches (305 milimeters) 12 inches (305 milimeters)

Pavement Type Critical Axle Configuration Pavement Type

F F
NP NP
R R

Depth H £ 4 feet (1.20 meters) and Diameter D £ 12 inches (305 milimeters)

Pavement Type Design Axle Configuration R
F Tandem Axle 0.00
F Single Axle 0.00
NP Tandem Axle 0.00
NP Single Axle 0.00
R Tandem Axle 0.00
R Single Axle 0.00

Depth H £ 4 feet (1.20 meters) and Diameter D ≥ 12 inches (305 milimeters)

Pavement Type Design Axle Configuration R
F Tandem Axle 0.00
F Single Axle 0.00
NP Tandem Axle 0.00
NP Single Axle 0.00
R Tandem Axle 0.00
R Single Axle 0.00
Depth H ≥ 4 feet (1.20 meters) for all diameters

Pavement Type Design Axle Configuration R

F Tandem Axle 1.00
 F Single Axle 1.00
NP Tandem Axle 0.00
NP Single Axle 0.00
R Tandem Axle 0.00
R Single Axle 0.00

Minimum SPL (psi)

Ultimate
SMYS (psi) SPG (psi) Seamless and
Tensile SAW
Strength (psi) ERW
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
65,000 77,000 12,000 23,000 12,000
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
 4 feet (1.2 meters) and Diameter D ≥
(305 milimeters)

Critical Axle Configuration

2

£ 12 inches (305 milimeters)

L Rf Lf
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00

≥ 12 inches (305 milimeters)

L Rf Lf
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
or all diameters

L Rf Lf
1.00 1.00 1.00
0.65 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00