TRAINING REPORT OF SONAKLIKA

INTERNATIONAL
HOSHIARPUR
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE SUMMER TRAINING

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERIG

SUBMITTED BY
SURINDER PAL SINGH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERIG
BATCH-2019
1916426

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

IKGPTU HOSHIARPUR CAMPUS
Hoshiarpur-14006
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is always said that efficient work is nothing but mutual coordination between two or more people.
For me, it was a very difficult real time project without the help of people surrounding me.

It is a great pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my report guide and referred
mentor MR.ANKUR BHARATWAJ(General Manager-Quality Assurance Chain Supply Line) for his
valuable support and guidance that geared the work into a proper channel that is demanded. The
knowledge offered was from the repository of his vast experience. He gave me much needed valuable
advice, positive, criticism, suggestions and constant encouragement through discussions.

I would also like to thank MR. MANJEET SINGH (Team membar Quality Assurance) and
MR.RANDHIR SINGH (Team membar Quality Assurance) for the knowledge provided and
marketing assistance, that helped me to sharpen my skills and inspired me to work on this project.

Finally, I thankful to all of them who directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the report
successfully, for without their help, this project would not have seen the “LIGHT OF THE DAY…”.

SURUINDER PAL SINGH

 PREFACE

th
The Practical Training after 8 year of B.Tech curriculum of an Engineering College is of great
significance.

The Training provides:

a) Aims at making one aware of industrial environment which means that one gets to know the
limitation, constraint and freedom under which the engineer works.

b) Exposure to Industrial Environment, Marketing and Management Technique.

c) An opportunity to undertake project work relating to real technical problems.

d) To check the relationship between the theory and the practice

e) An opportunity to watch from close quarter that indicates manager relation.

f) This also helps the trainee to know how to work on a particular segment to get the best
environment.

SURINDSER PAL SINGH

 WELCOME TO SONALIKA INTERNATIONAL

SONALIKA INTERNATIONAL, Established in 1969, Sonalika group from the very beginning
hastried to understand customer need so that they get better value for their money, hard earned. Sonalika
has stateof manufacturing, spread in acres, located at Hoshiarpur and tax free zone at AMB in Himachal
Pradesh.

Sonalika is the one of the top 3 tractor manufacturing companies in India, other products include of,
Multi utility vehicles, engines and various farm equipments. Today the group stands tall with an
approximate turnover of 3200 Core INR. An average growth of 30% makes it one of the fastest
growing corporate in India. Its is also one of the few debt free companies.

Group has strength of about 2000 employee & technocrats. History reveals that innovation is the key
to continued progress and when applied to technology that touches human life, it can unfold a whole
new economic phenomenon that has the power to change the world.

With unique initiatives like the Thought leadership Forum, Leadership Forum, sonalika have been
able to create a unique platform for learning through success stories of industry leaders.

“No, doubt that the sonalika products has created a niche for themselves not only in India but
also in foreign market. To maintain quality have any defect even at micro level is been taken
care of and rectified. The technology for which they use, is of the high quality and world-class
quality standards.”
The industry has gradually transformed itself into a world-class player involved in building state-of-
the-art products, solutions and technologies. As an industry, they are very conscious of responsibility
to society.

Sonalika Foundation intends to become a catalyst, encouraging our members to do more, capturing
best practices for quality and harnessing a greater range of resources, from the industry and beyond,
to make a major impact on the development.

It has been their vision to cater to the needful agriculture and auto industry with quality products
through untiring dedication and activities. As they step in to their fifth decade of existence, it continue
to lead the development.

Tractor and car plants work in 2 to 3 shifts depending upon volume of work for maximum production.
It Continue to march ahead on road to success and glory driven by the force of initiative and
determination to have a leading position in the tractor industry in the days to come . They have
ventured in to automobile sector also with the launching of Rhino –MUV- to write another success
story.
 INTRODUCTION OF TRACTOR INDUSTRY

International Tractors Limited was incorporate on October 17, 1995 for the manufacture of
Tractors and has since then built a distinct position for itself in the Tractor industry. ITL is manufacturing
various Tractors of Sonalika brand between 30 H.P to 90 H.P, and CLASS brand between 70 hp to 90hp.
The tractors manufactured by company have secured a reputation of performance, quality and reliability
in the market because of their maximum pulling power, minimum fuel consumption and low emission.
All this makes ITL one of the top three tractor selling companies in India. These tractors are also exported
to various countries including South Africa, Australia, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, Canada, Bangladesh,
Algeria, Zambia, Senegal, Ghana etc

ITL has entered into strategic alliance with YANMAR of Japan for joint manufacturing tractors in
India. ITL has a marketing arrangement with TATA International for development of selected South
American and African market. The company’s marketing efforts are promoted by dealer network of
600, and 450 subdealers. Such a networking has enabled the company to grow like a well-knit family
whose roots lie in its customers, who have providing constant feedback and support to allow the
company to turn their dreams into products.

“Our Manufacturing Process, Quality Control systems and Research & Development
facilities are ISO-2000 certified, by the joint Accreditation system Of Australia and New
Zealand. We are the first Tractor manufacturing company in the country to be
accredited with ISO-14001. It bears testimony to fact that company is having world-class
R&D facilities, maintaining controls and systems of international Standard and
Environment norms.”

They are also manufacturing tractors, meeting norms of Smoke & Mass Emission, Tested and
certified by ARAI, Pune. United States Environmental Norms Agency, Washington DC has also
certified our Engines. These certifications enabled SONALIKA Tractors to enter into world Market.
All the Models of Tractors and Combines Harvesters manufactured by us are tested & approved by
central Farm Machinery and Tractors Training & Testing Institute, Bundi (MP) India, (the
Government of India Institute authorized for issuing test reports).
 WELCOME TO KEY SURVEY AND STUDY

A. WHAT IS TRACTOR
A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds,
for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most
commonly, the term is used to describe the distinctive farm vehicle: agricultural implements may be
towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the
implement is mechanised.

The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere "to pull". The first recorded
use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs" occurred in 1901,
displacing the earlier term traction engine (1859).

Tractors are used extensively in mowing and land-clearing applications. In fact, the common
suburban riding mower is basically a scaled-down tractor. They're also used in construction,
landscaping, livestock operations, and industrial settings.

B. BASIC OF CHOOSING A TRACTOR

Getting the right tractor is important: it's an expensive purchase and one that you can easily last 10,
20, or 30 years or more. This Buyer Zone Tractors Buyer's Guide will help you through the process,
answering questions such as:

 How much horsepower do you need?

 What features are most important?
 Which attachments are the most useful?
 How can you choose the right dealer?
 How much you can expect to pay?

Start choosing a tractor by determining if one is actually right piece for you. There are three main
points to consider when choosing which type of equipment is right for you:

FLEXIBILITY Skid steer loaders and tractors are designed to power many kinds of attachments,
while excavators and loader/backhoes are dedicated to the specific tasks of digging and loading. As a
result, the specialized machines are more efficient at their specific jobs, but the generalists are useful
in more ways.

SURFACE IMPACT Skid steers and excavator tracks can wreak havoc on grass or loose surfaces.
In contrast, even fairly substantial tractors equipped with the right tires can work on these types of
surfaces without doing noticeable damage.

OVERAGE AREA Since they can move at faster speeds, tractors are more appropriate than skid
steers for work that involves covering a lot of ground: mowing or plowing large fields.
C. WHAT ARE OUR KEY CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Once you decide that a tractor is the right purchase for you, think through the specifics of what you'll
need it do and the environment you'll be using it in. Some points to consider:

 What kinds of surfaces will you be using it on? Landscaped grass, loose gravel, muddy fields,
pavement?
 Will it be used mainly on flat ground, or hilly terrain?
 What attachments will you use? (More on choosing attachments in Features.)
 Are there any limiting factors on the size or weight of the tractor? (Gates, garage doors, narrow
paths, small bridges, trailers.)
 Do you need to drive it on open roads or over long distances?
 Will the tractor be used day or night? In cold, hot, rainy, or all weather conditions?

Knowing the answers to these questions will help narrow your choices as you begin to talk to tractor
dealers.

D. HOW MUCH HORSE-POWER DO WE NEED.

Once you have a handle on the types of jobs your tractor will be tackling, you can work with a dealer
to determine what horsepower you need. Horsepower is the most basic distinction between tractor
models: it dictates what work the tractor can perform, what types of attachments it can run, and, to a
large degree, how much you'll pay.

Tractors with less than 25 HP make up the small end of the market. They're capable of handling most
basic lawn work, but often can't provide enough power for more demanding jobs like tilling or heavy
brush mowing. Between 25 and 65 horsepower is a comfortable middle ground that features tractors
with capabilities suited for ranchette communities, horse farms, nurseries, and many commercial uses.
Above 65 HP, you get into tractors designed for strenuous agricultural use, such as tilling fields and
baling hay. The largest tractors for commercial farming feature 200 HP engines or larger.

Be aware: in some tractors, the horsepower available to attachments through the power take off (PTO)
connection is less than the overall engine horsepower. Some attachments have more specific HP
requirements than others, so make sure you check these ratings carefully.

Once you know the general range of horsepower you're looking for, the best way to narrow it further
is to talk to a dealer who carries a wide range of different brands and models of tractor. The best
dealers, like those on the BuyerZone network, will ask you specific questions designed to help them
determine exactly how much power you need.

When it comes to tractor horsepower, there are problems associated with both overbuying and
underbuying. Buy a tractor that's too small and you may not be able to complete the jobs you have in
mind. Buy one that's too large, and you'll be wasting money, as well as increasing the turning radius,
clearance requirements, and damage to the ground.
E. FEATURES

Once you decide on a base model tractor, there are several important features you should consider .

FOUR WHEEL DRIVE(4WD)

Dealers estimate that 90% to 95% of the small to medium-sized tractors they sell are four-wheel drive
(4WD) models. The reasons are simple:

 4wd is critical if you want to use a loader on the front of the tractor
 Tractors with 4WD have substantially better resale values
 Tractors are often used on surfaces with poor traction, where 4wd is a huge benefit

For basic mowing on relatively level ground, 4WD doesn't really offer any advantages, and it may do
even more damage to finished lawns than 2-wheel drive tractors. The only time 2wheel drive is
clearly a better choice is when driving the tractor for long distances at road speeds. However, if you
need to transport your tractor over long distances on a regular basis, you'd be better off buying a
trailer and transporting it that way.

Performance and maintenance requirements are about the same in both options. In almost all cases,
the bigger price tag of 4WD tractors is worth the investment.

ENCLOSED CABS
As in other types of small construction equipment, enclosed cabs are becoming a more popular option
with new tractors. Enclosed cabs can greatly increase operators' comfort level when working in
scorching sun or freezing temperatures.
Like 4WD, cabs add a significant amount to your initial purchase price, but also boost the resale value
down the line. They can be fairly basic – an enclosure and a heater only – or totally decked out, with
air conditioning, a stereo, and other comforts.
Enclosed cabs are not available on all tractors. Because of the power draw of the AC units (3-4 HP),
they're less common on tractors under 25 horsepower. And not all manufacturers offer cabs on all
their models. But if your tractor will see a lot of use in very hot or cold weather, the extra investment
in an enclosed cab can greatly increase their comfort – and therefore their efficiency.

TRANSMISSION

While manual transmissions used to be the standard for tractors, other options are gaining in
popularity. In particular, the hydrostatic transmission, which allows clutch-free operation in a range of
speeds, has become far more common than in years past.
Hydrostatic transmissions are the best choice if the primary operators of the tractor aren't familiar
with using manual transmissions. However, they're more expensive, and they reduce the available
horsepower slightly when compared to manual transmissions.

If your operators are comfortable with using a clutch, you can save some money and get a little more
power out of your tractor by choosing a manual transmission.

SAFETY (ROPS)

All new tractors are required to come with rollover protection structures (ROPS) that greatly improve
safety. When used in conjunction with a seatbelt, ROPS prevent the tractor from crushing the operator
in a rollover accident.

Another safety feature to look for is an operator presence switch. These systems can detect the
operator's weight in the driver's seat – and if there's no one in the seat, they automatically shut off the
engine.

Most tractors will have basic lights and flashers for road operation, but you should check local
regulations for any rules about driving tractors on public roads to see if there are more specific
requirements.

TIRES
Your application will also determine what type of tires you should choose. Tractors can use many
types of pneumatic tires: agricultural tires for working in loose dirt; industrial tires for heavy mowing
and loader work, or turf tires that reduce damage when mowing finished lawns. Your dealer should
show you several types of tires that appropriate for your use.

F. TRACTOR ATTACHMENTS

While the tractor itself provides the power to get your job done, the attachments are what actually do
the work. As one dealer told us, a tractor without attachments is basically a slow ride to the mailbox.
Buying the right attachments for the job you need to do is an essential part of a tractor purchase. The
most common type of application is moving materials around, and for that job, a front-end loader is
a great choice. A simple scoop on two arms, a loader can be used for carrying dirt, rocks, mulch, or
other loose materials; for leveling and landscaping work; and for carrying heavy items. Unlike most
attachments, this popular tool connects to the front of the tractor, instead of the back, meaning it can
be left on while using the back end for other attachments.

Some popular attachments:

 Box blades are used to scrape or push earth, for grading, leveling, or bulldozing applications.
 Mowers come in many types: rough cut and brush mowers for cutting through heavy growth
and finish mowers for more detailed work.
 In agricultural use, tillers, plows, and disk harrows are excellent tools for preparing fields.
  If snow is an issue in your location, front-end plows and blowers turn your tractor into a snow-
removal machine.
 Backhoes provide serious digging power – but at a high cost: they're among the most
expensive attachments you can buy. Not all tractors can support backhoes, either.
 Other attachments include landscape rakes, spreaders, forks, grapples, and hay bailers.

CONNECTING TRACTORS ATTACHMENTS

Most attachments connect using a three-point hitch at the back of the tractor. This lets them use the
power take-off unit (PTO) as a power source. Almost all tractors use a standard 540 RPM PTO and
three-point hitch, which means attachments are generally interchangeable between different tractors.
Verify that the horsepower rating of your PTO is enough to run the attachments you plan on using.

1000 and 2000 RPM PTOs are also available, but unless you need a specialized attachment that only
works at those speeds, they're not important. Some tractors have a PTO located in the middle of the
tractor, beneath the operator. This can be helpful for precise mowing, but it's not very common.

G. CHOOSING A TRACTOR DEALER

Buying a tractor involves more than just choosing the right model and the right attachments: you have
to choose a tractor dealer you can work with for the long term. Like any piece of heavy equipment,
your tractor will wear and eventually break, making your relationship with the dealer important.
Having warranty coverage on your tractor isn't worth much if the dealership can't do the work you
need. Ask potential tractor dealers about their service policies:

 What kind of parts inventory do you keep on hand?

 How many technicians do you have? What is their training and experience like?
 Do you do on-site service if my tractor needs repairs? What about scheduled maintenance?
 Do you have guaranteed response times?
 Do you provide loaners if my tractor needs to be taken in for service? Will you pick my tractor
up if it needs to go in for extensive work?

You should visit the dealer’s facility. Simply seeing the parts warehouse and service areas can give
you a good sense of their capabilities.

REGULAR MAINTAINENCE

Relatively simple tasks like changing the oil, replacing filters, and lubricating joints are an essential
part of extending your tractor's lifespan, and many tractor owners choose to take care of routine
maintenance on their own. But in addition to repairing breakdowns, your dealer should also help with
this type of preventative maintenance.

They should provide you with a detailed maintenance manual, and walk you through the basic
maintenance procedures if necessary. They can also be your source for the parts and supplies you
need to keep the tractor running smoothly.
Handling this routine maintenance isn't difficult, but it does require that you stick to a schedule.
Because regularly scheduled maintenance is so important, it can make sense to purchase a
maintenance contract. For a small yearly fee, the dealer will make sure all required maintenance is
done right and on time, either at your location or theirs.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

Many tractor manufactures have been around for decades. While newer or lesser-known brands may
be cheaper, choosing a brand with longevity helps unsure that you'll be able to find parts when you
need them.

Better dealers will let you take a tractor for a demo at your own site. This is a great way to evaluate
different models: you'll be able to get a feel for how well each performs in your specific applications.
You'll also be able to directly evaluate subjective issues like visibility and ease of use.

Lastly, don’t underestimate your personal reactions. Choose a dealer you feel is honest with you and
easy to work with: those impressions are often good indicators of how the dealer will treat you in the
long run. If the dealer aggressively starts selling you on a tractor without trying to determine your
needs, you may want to keep moving. Quality dealers want to put you in the right tractor, knowing
that if you're satisfied with your purchase, you'll eventually come back.
 USAGE OF TRACTORS IN MODERN TIMES

Many factors influence the tractor demand. Primary demand comes from agriculture growth and the
secondary demand comes from allied usage of tractors in haulage segment. Credit and money
availability has always impacted tractor industry and mechanization fortunes.

Higher productivity and greater output are the two major contributions in farm mechanization.
Tractors form an integral part of farm mechanization and have a crucial role to play in increasing
agricultural productivity. Tractor is a highly versatile piece of machinery having a multitude of uses,
used in agriculture both for land reclamation and for carrying out various crop cultivation and also
employed for carrying out various operations connected with raising the crops by attaching suitable
implements and to provide the necessary energy for performing various crop production operations
involved in the production of agricultural crops. Tractors are capital intensive, labour displaying used
as a mode of transport, in electricity generation, in construction industry and for haulage operation. It
has now become an integral part of farm structure .The application of tractor for agricultural activities
which swept India during the last twenty years have erased the problem of farmers. Farm
mechanization program in India aims to integrate the use of available human and animal farm power
with mechanical sources of power for increasing the productivity.

India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 25 percent of India’s
GDP and employs nearly 62 percent of the population. It is therefore considered to be the vital sector
of Indian economy.
 INDIAN TRACTOR MARKET
India's gross cropped area is next only to United States of America and Russia and along with
fragmented land holdings has helped India to become the largest tractor market in the world. But it
drops to eight position in terms of total tractor in use in the country when compared to international
figures, only 3% of total tractors used all over the world . It is to be noted that while the overall
automobile industry is facing recession the tractor industry is growing at 9%.About 20% of world
tractor production is carried out in our country only. The arable land in India is high as 12% of the
total arable land in the world. Tractor market in India is about Rs 6000 crore. On an average around
400000 tractors are produced and their sale is 260000.Uttar Pradesh is the largest tractor market in
our country. One out of every four tractor is being purchased here.

DESCRIPTION UNITS WORLD INDIA INDIA RANK

TOTAL/AVG
Arable Land Mn Hectare 1444 170 2
Irrigated Area Mn Hectare 249.6 45.8 2
Tractors In Use Tractors/000 Hectares 28 10.5 8

The Tractors available in developed countries have advanced features and accessories that is not
found in Indian tractors .Tractor industry has made a steady and satisfactory progress even in drought
areas. Four factors have contributed to the steady progress:

Government laid stress on the mechanization of agriculture with a view to boost food grain
production. Therefore agriculture sector started receiving financial assistance.

There is an increase in awareness among the farmers for the need of farm mechanization and are keen
to acquire tractor with the help of credit facilities from financial institutions.

Agronomists believe that there is need for more tilling due to depletion of moisture and repeated
cultivation of land .It is precisely for this reason that the demand for tractors was well maintained
even during a draught period.

Animal power available is too inadequate to meet power demand of our farmers. Mechanized
operations are preferred to eliminate drudgery and delay, also labour shortage during harvesting
increased the use of tractor.At the end of the day there are enough reasons to believe that the industry
will grow because:

More farmers are opting for multiple cropping over last decade. Country's net cropped area had
remain virtually stagnant while gross cropped area increased by about 4.7% . This indicate the
increased popularity of multiplecropping.

95% of tractor sales are on credit. Credit is extended by commercial banks, state land development
banks and regional rural banks.

Irrigation facilities reduce reliance on the monsoon and allow for quick yielding varieties of food -
grain .This reduces the cropping cycle to 3-4 months from the traditional 5-6 months. Reduced
cropping cycle require deep tilling which translates into higher demand for tractors.

Cost of tractors in India is the cheapest in world .The cost of a finished tractor here is as much as the
cost of gear box in developed countries. Hence there exists tremendous scope for exports.
 TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN INDIA

OVERVIEW

The tractor industry reported a strong 28.3% growth in sales volumes during 2009-10, thereby ending
the phase of cyclical correction that had pulled down tractor sales during the preceding two years
(2007-09). The key factor enabling the demand growth of 2009-10 was strong rural liquidity, which
in turn was sustained by several factors, including: higher minimum support price (MSP) for crops;
greater ability of farmers to make cash purchases (including the usage of Kisan Credit Card which are
increasingly being used to part-finance tractor purchases); enhanced employment opportunities (with
rural employment schemes being implemented by the Government of India); an improved credit
environment; and continuance of replacement demand. These factors apart, non-agricultural use of
tractors (for haulage in construction and infrastructure projects) continued to increase, benefiting
tractor demand. Also, with infrastructure projects and rural employment schemes increasing
employment opportunities, availability of labour for agricultural activities continued to decline,
persuading even farmers with medium-sized land holdings to either rent or purchase tractors.

BACKGROUNG

The tractor industry reported a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% in volume
terms during the period 2003-07. The long up-cycle in demand was supported by several factors,
including excise duty exemptions on tractors (2004-05), thrust on rural development, improved
availability of finances for tractor purchase, and low interest rates. The growth also came on a low
base, with the preceding three fiscal years (2000-03) having witnessed a prolonged phase of volume
correction. The cyclical correction during 2000-03 had been aggravated by the build-up of channel
inventory with the major players having pushed aggressively for larger sales. In contrast to this phase
of cyclical slowdown, the one that happened during 2007-09 was less severe, with volumes declining
by around 3%, despite the intermittent tightening of the liquidity situation during H2, 2008-09.

The demand slowdown during H2, 2008-09 also impacted the profitability of the original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs), that is, the tractor manufacturers, because of the high price inventory they
were carrying. However, the situation improved on the cost structure front in H1 2009-10 with the
softening of commodity prices preparing the ground for the industry to earn higher profitability
margins. The pickup in volumes also lowered the overhead expenses for the tractor manufacturers,
boosting their profitability. While the OEMs did not lower the listed sales price of tractors, the benefit
of lower steel prices was passed on to the end customers via discounts. This is an accepted practice in
the industry; given that once prices are lowered it is difficult to raise them subsequently. However,
during H2 2009-10, the tractor majors increased the prices with the reversal of commodity prices and
the discounts have also come down

INDUSTRY TREND BY REGION

The biggest markets for the tractor industry include States like Uttar Pradesh (UP), Andhra Pradesh
(AP), Madhya Pradesh (MP), Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, which together accounted for around 50%
of the total tractor sales in India during 2009-10. The tractor industry witnessed a strong y-o-y growth
of 28.3% during 2009-10, with most of the States reporting positive growth during the year.
The northern region remains the largest tractor market in India with sales of around 1,67,000 units
as of 2009-10. This region reported a growth rate of 35.7% in volume sales in 2009-10 over the
previous fiscal, with the key contributors including UP, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The northern
region benefited from higher MSPs (for crops), limited availability of labour (forcing higher
mechanisation), and increasing non-agricultural use of tractors. Additionally, increased infrastructure
development activities (especially highways) led to appreciation in land values and use of tractors for
non-agricultural purposes. In some cases, farmers also received compensation for the Government’s
acquisition of select land patches (adjoining highways), which increased the availability of cash with
them. Feedback from industry players suggests cash purchases (including purchases using Kisan
Credit Card) in some northern States increased to 35-40% of the total tractor volumes in 2009-10
from 10-15% in the past.
Tractor volumes in UP grew by 42.7% during 2009-10, with H2, 2009-10 reporting particularly
strong growth (around 51% y-o-y) mainly on the back of high sugarcane prices for the kharif crop and
improved irrigation facilities. In the case of Punjab, tractor volumes remained strong for the fifth
straight year in 2009-10 (y-o-y growth of 42%). In Rajasthan however, growth in tractor volumes was
relatively subdued in 2009-10 (around 24% y-o-y) as compared with the figure for the northern region
as a whole. Tractor sales in Rajasthan were especially low in H2, 2009-10 versus H1, 2009-10, due to
lower kharif output on account of deficient rains and inadequate financing availability.

In the eastern region, tractor volumes continued to report strong growth in 2009-10, albeit on a small
base, and went up by 53.8% over 2008-09, being driven mainly by the higher MSPs announced for
paddy. Within the region however, many financiers remained reluctant to finance tractor purchases in
some States like Bihar. Nevertheless, in Bihar, tractor volumes grew 66% over 2008-09 to around
29,000 units in 2009-10, thereby accounting for over 50% of the total sales in the eastern region. The
Bihar market, where tractor penetration had been low historically, has shown sustained growth over
the last few years and become one of the important markets for the tractor industry. Overall, in the
eastern region, growth in tractor volumes is expected to moderate, going forward, as the benefit of a
low base get diluted gradually.

The western region reported sales of around 92,000 tractor units during 2009-10—a growth rate of
35.7% over the previous fiscal—benefiting particularly from the strong performance that
Maharashtra, Gujarat and MP posted during H2, 2009-10 (55% y-o-y growth over H2, 2008-09). The
factors contributing to the strong growth in the region during H2, 2009-10 included a benign base
effect, higher crop prices (of sugarcane and cotton in Maharashtra, and of cereals and soyabean in
MP), and greater availability of retail finance.

The performance of the southern region in terms of tractor sales was relatively modest during 2009-
10, with the growth rate being around 11.9% over the previous fiscal. While most States in the region
reported healthy growth, AP, which is the largest tractor market in the south, de-grew by 10.4% in
2009-10. The AP market has been undergoing a volume correction since 2007-08, with the preceding
four to five years having witnessed a large and sustained volume growth; this factor apart, the de-
growth of 2009-10 was also aided by irregular monsoons. The other big market in the southern
region, Karnataka, reported growth of 74% in tractor volumes in 2009-10 mainly on the strength of
higher MSPs for rice; however, volume growth is expected to moderate in 2010-11 because of the
base effect. In Tamil Nadu, tractor sales were flat during H1, 2009-10, but the performance improved
in H2, 2009-10 mainly because of improved retail financing by the PSBs.