Section A Multiple Choice Questions (20 Marks)
Section A Multiple Choice Questions (20 Marks)
Section A Multiple Choice Questions (20 Marks)
For Questions 1 to 15, four possible answers labelled A, B, C and D are given for
each question.
Choose the one you consider to be correct and indicate your answers on the Answer
booklet provided.
A 1/3
B 1/2
C 2/3
D 2
2 The main ingredient in chocolate bars is sugars, typically about 47% in milk
chocolate bars. If these sugars are represented by sucrose, C12H22O11, how
many sugar molecules are there in 1 kg of chocolate bars?
A 9.67 x 1022
B 2.82 x 1023
C 8.27 x 1023
D 3.57 x 1024
What are the changes in oxidation number of chromium and iron in this
reaction?
A* C
B D
A PH3
B MnCl2
C SO3
D Cu2O
Y 59 27 e f +2
Z 79 g 45 36 h
Which of the following shows the missing numbers (e, f, g and h) in the above
table?
e f g h
A 29 27 34 +2
B 32 27 34 -2
C 59 25 36 +2
D 32 25 34 -2
A high high
B high low
C low low
D low high
8 Two identical bulbs at the same temperature contain ideal gases D and E
separately. The density of gas D is twice that of gas E and the molecular mass
of gas D is half that of gas E.
11 Which isomer of the hydrocarbon C7H16 is likely to have the highest boiling
point?
A (CH3)3CCH(CH3)2
B (CH3)2CHCH2CH(CH3)2
C CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
12 Boron nitride, BN, exists in two possible forms, hexagonal boron nitride and
cubic boron nitride. The structure of hexagonal boron nitride and cubic boron
nitride are similar to graphite and diamond respectively.
boron atom
nitrogen atom
C The layers in hexagonal boron nitride are held together by van der
Waals’ forces.
D Only weak van der Waals’ forces are overcome when melting
hexagonal boron nitride.
13 Which of the following pairs does species I have a smaller bond angle than
species II?
I II
A NO3– NO2–
B SF6 ClF3
C XeF4 BrF5
D BrO3– ClO3–
14 The diagram represents the melting points of four consecutive elements in the
third period of the Periodic Table.
melting point / K
0 proton number
0 proton number 0 proton number
property M property N
15 A student used the set-up below to heat a can containing 200 g of water.
thermometer
can containing
200 g of water
burner containing
propan-1-ol
Assuming that efficiency of this process is 80%, what is the mass of propan-1-ol
burnt?
From questions 16 to 20, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
17 For a fixed mass of an ideal gas, which of the following graphs do/does not
have the same general shape as the graph of P against ρ T?
(ρ = density of the gas; M = molar mass of gas)
1* M
PV against
T
2 P
against T
3 T
against V
P
1 CH3F
2 KHF2
3 CH3CH2OH
θ
20 Which of the following reactions does the value of H represent both standard
enthalpy change of combustion and standard enthalpy change of formation?
1 P4(s) + 5O2(g) P4O10(s)
1 Boron and aluminium are elements from Group III, where both form
trihalides with chlorine and fluorine.
(a) Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature and has an [2]
unusually high melting point of 2076 oC whereas aluminium has a melting
point of 660 oC.
(b) (i) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram for boron trifluoride and state its shape [3]
and bond angle.
(ii) In an attempt to determine the bond energies of B-F and B-Cl [1]
theoretically, a student found the following data.
(iii) Using the data from the Data Booklet and the above table, determine the [4]
bond energies of B-F and B-Cl by constructing a general energy cycle.
You may use X2 to represent the halogens at standard state.
(iv) Hence, explain the difference in bond energy for B-F and B-Cl. [1]
(i) Draw the structure of the dimer of aluminium chloride and explain how it [2]
is formed.
(ii) Suggest why alumiumium fluoride and boron trichloride do not exist as [2]
dimers.
END OF SECTION C
(a) Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature and has [2]
an unusually high melting point of 2076 oC whereas aluminium has a
melting point of 660 oC.
Suggest the structure and bonding of boron.
Giant covalent structure [1] with strong covalent bonds between
boron atoms [1]
(b) (i) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram for boron trifluoride and state its [3]
shape and bond angle.
xx
xx
xx
F
x
B
xx x x xx
xx
xx
F F
xx xx
[1]
∆Hf θ(BX3)
B (s) + 3/2 X2 (g) BX3 (g)
B (g) + 3X (g)
(iv) Hence, explain the difference in bond energy for B-F and B-Cl. [1]
B-F bond is stronger than B-Cl due to smaller size of F atom and
therefore, more effective orbital overlap between B and F than
that between B and Cl.
(c) Aluminium chloride exists as a dimer whereas aluminium fluoride and
boron trichloride do not.
(i) Draw the structure of the dimer of aluminium chloride and explain [2]
how it is formed.
Cl Cl Cl
Al Al
Cl Cl Cl
[1]
(ii) Suggest why alumiumium fluoride and boron trichloride do not exist [2]
as dimers.
OR
1. C 6. D 11. D 16. A
2. C 7. B 12. D 17. D
3. D 8. D 13. D 18. C
4. A 9. C 14. A 19. C
1 Ethanedioic acid has the formula (COOH)2 and is a dibasic acid which is
readily oxidised to carbon dioxide by hot acidified potassium manganate
(VII).
(a) Construct the overall balanced ionic equation for the reaction between
hot acidified manganate (VII) ions and ethanedioic acid.
(COOH)2 2CO2 + 2 H+ + 2e
Overall: 5(COOH)2 + 2MnO4- + 6 H+ 2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O
[1]
(b) In a practical assessment, a student was asked to determine the
concentrations of two solutions, ethanedioic acid and potassium
manganate (VII), given solid anhydrous potassium carbonate. This is
what the student plans to do:
(ii) The student plotted the graph and obtained the following values for
the x- and y-intercepts.
C N
2500
2nd Ionisation Energy / kJmol-1
2260 2300
2000
1820 1580 1900
1500
1450
1000
500
0
Mg Al Si P S Cl
Element
2nd IE of Al:
Al+(g) Al2+(g) + e
2nd IE of Si:
Si+(g) Si2+(g) + e
(ii) How would you expect the first ionisation energy of Selenium (Se)
to compare with that of Bromine (Br)? State your reasoning.
Nuclear charge (or no. proton) of Br > Se and approximately
constant screening effect [1]
(c) The first eight ionisation energies (in kJ mol-1) of an element, T are as
follows:
966 (1st), 1950, 2730, 4850, 6020, 12130, 14330, 17830
(i) State, giving reasons, the group of the Periodic Table to which T is
likely to belong.
966 1950 2730 4850 6020 12130 14330 17830
There is a big increase in the I.E. upon the removal of the 6th electron
OR
the difference between the 5th and 6th I.E. is the largest.
Hence, the first five electrons are in the outermost electron shell [1] while
the 6th electron is from the next inner electron shell.
OR
the 6th electron is removed from an inner principal quantum shell which is
nearer to the nucleus.
[Total: 9 marks]
4 Some physical properties of the oxides of elements of the third period are listed
below:
(i) P4O10 has a much lower melting point than Al2O3 and SiO2.
(b) On the axes below, sketch a graph showing how electrical conductivity
varies for the oxides in their molten state.
Electrical Conductivity
END OF SECTION B
Section A
1
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
In a typical solid fertiliser for use with household plants and shrubs, the
percentage by mass of the element N is 15 %. The recommended usage of this
fertiliser is 14 g per 5 dm3 of water.
What is the recommended concentration of nitrogen atoms in this solution?
2
0.010 moles of a hydrocarbon was burnt in excess oxygen. The resulting
gaseous mixture was passed through a first U-tube containing anhydrous CaSO4
and then through a second U-tube containing solid NaOH.
There was an increase in mass of each U-tube and these are recorded below.
A 40.0
B 44.0
C 60.0
D 204.0
Answer: B
Anhydrous CaSO4 absorbs water vapour so the increase in mass of U-tube
3 0.010 moles of metal, M, reacted with 0.015 moles of chlorine gas to form only
one product. Determine the empirical formula of this product.
A M3Cl2
B MCl3
C M2Cl3
D MCl2
Answer: B
Amount of M : Amount of Cl2
2 : 3
2M + 3Cl2 → M2Cl6
∴ Empirical formula: MCl3
4
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
The electronic configurations of four elements are given.
Which element will most easily form an isolated gaseous ion with the charge of
+3?
Answer: C
A 1s22s22p3
Removal of electrons from the 2nd principal quantum shell requires more
energy than removing from the 3rd principal quantum shell.
B 1s22s22p63s23p3
Removal of electrons from the 3rd principal quantum shell requires more
energy than removing electrons from the 4th principal quantum shell.
C 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
Both C and D involve removing two 4s electrons and one 3d electron. It
is easier to remove the 3d electron from this element as the electron
experiences less effective nuclear charge attraction.
D 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2
Removal of one 3d electron from D is harder than from C since the
electron experiences greater effective nuclear charge attraction. There
are more protons in the nucleus and the number of inner shell electrons
is the same (almost constant shielding effect)
5
In an acidic medium, 3 moles of the compound, CaXF4, was found to completely
oxidise 2 moles of FeC2O4, giving the products Fe3+ and CO2.
What is the final oxidation number of element X?
A −1
B 0
C +1
D +2
Answer: B
FeC2O4 → Fe3+ + 2CO2 + 3e−
Amount of electrons lost = 3 x 2 = 6 mol
6
Amount of electrons gained by 1 mol of CaXF4 = =2
3
Initial oxidation number of X = +2
Final oxidation number of X = 2 – 2 = 0
6
When iron is reacted with aqueous iron(III) ions, iron(II) ions are formed.
Assuming the reaction goes to completion, how many moles of Fe and of
Fe3+(aq) would result in a mixture containing equal numbers of moles of
Fe3+(aq) and Fe2+(aq) once the reaction had taken place?
No. of moles No. of moles of
of Fe Fe3+(aq)
A 1 2
B 1 3
C 1 5
D 2 3
Answer: C
[R]: Fe3+ + e− → Fe2+
[O]: Fe → Fe2+
Overall: Fe + 2Fe3+ → 3Fe2+
Fe + 2Fe3+ → 3Fe2+
Initial 1 5 0
Change −1 −2 +3
Final 0 3 3
A Aluminium
B Calcium
C Magnesium
D Sodium
Answer: A
Approach: An ionic compound will form as a result of both elements reacting
together. The degree of covalent character in the ionic compound depends on:
(i) Charge density of the cation
(ii) Polarisability of anion
pV Gas A
Gas B
2x
0 p
Gas A Gas B
From the curve of the graph, students should also observe that that Gas A
deviates more from ideality than Gas B. i.e. Gas A has
Stronger strength of intermolecular forces of attraction, or
Lower temperature
Since pV = nRT, the vertical axis (pV) can also depend on nRT. In other words,
doubling the number of moles causes pV to double, or
doubling absolute temperature also causes pV to double
In option B, Gas A is H2 while Gas B is SO2. However, SO2 has greater strength
of Van der Waals forces because it has pd-pd interactions between molecules
while H2 has id-id interactions between molecules.
In option C, Gas A has stronger Van der Waals forces, hence the graph
deviates more from ideality. There is twice the number of moles of Gas B than
Gas A, hence pV is doubled.
In option D, the identity of the gases corresponds to their deviation from ideality.
However there is twice the number of moles of Gas A than Gas B, and that
contradicts the value of pV in the graph.
9
Rank the following four molecules in ascending boiling points.
V: X:
Y: Z:
A X<V<Y<Z
B Y<V<Z<X
C X<Z<V<Y
D V<Y<X<Z
Answer: D
X and Z have hydrogen bonds between molecules while V and Y have
permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions between molecules.
Hence the boiling points of X and Z are generally greater than V and Y.
Z and Y are linear while X and V are spherical, causing Z and Y have stronger
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions than X and V respectively.
Ascending order for strength of intermolecular forces of attraction: V < Y < X < Z
Ascending order of boiling points: V < Y < X < Z
10 The diagram represents the melting points of four consecutive elements in the
third period of the Periodic Table.
Melting point / K
0 Proton number
The sketches below represent another two properties of the same elements.
Property M Property N
0 Proton number 0 Proton number
Property M Property N
Based on the trend of the melting points, student can deduce that the four
consecutive elements are Si, P, S and Cl.
(Examiners’ comments: There are more than one way to solve this MCQ; below
is a suggested method that uses elimination of options)
Using the trend of Property M, option C can be eliminated because ionic radius
decreases from P3- to Cl-.
Test yourself: Try to sketch the trends of all the properties given in options A to
D.
11 In which set of species is the bond angle of the second species larger than that
of the first one?
A NCl3 , H2O
B BF4− , SCl2
C PCl6− , ClO2−
D Br2O , SF6
Answer: C
PCl6− has an octahedral shape, while ClO2− has a bent shape.
12
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
With reference to the following four reactions,
P Br2(g) → 2Br(g)
Q 2Cl(g) → Cl2(g)
R CH3(g) + Cl(g) → CH3Cl(g)
S CH4(g) → CH3(g) + H(g)
the order of enthalpy change from the most exothermic to the most endothermic
would be:
A P→Q→R→S
B Q→R→S→P
C R→Q→P→S
D S→P→Q→R
Answer: C
Answer: B
Bonds / interactions overcomed
A −354 J K−1
B −118 J K−1
C −1320 J K−1
D +354 J K−1
Answer: A
When steam condenses, 44kJ of heat are given off for every mole of H2O.
54
54 g of steam is = 3.0 mol of H2O Hence ΔH = − ( 3 x 44) kJ
18
Using ΔG = ΔH − TΔS where ΔG = 0
ΔS = ΔH / T = −( 3 x 44 x 103)/373 = − 354 JK−1
16
The enthalpy change of solution of magnesium fluoride is negative (−17.7 kJ mol−1),
but the enthalpy change of solution of barium fluoride is positive (+3.8 kJ mol−1).
What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
1 The lattice energy of barium fluoride is more exothermic than the sum of the
hydration energies of the barium and fluoride ions.
3 The hydration energy of the barium ion is more exothermic than that of the
magnesium ion.
Answer: D
ΔH soln = ΔH hydration – LE
As LE and ΔH hydration are always exothermic, ΔH soln will be endothermic if LE >
ΔH hydration and exothermic if ΔH hydration > LE.
In the case of BaF2, statement 1 implies that the ΔH hydration < LE. Hence ΔH soln
of BaF2 would be +ve.
17 Which of the following is/are reason(s) why the first ionisation energy of neon is
higher than that of fluorine?
1 The nuclear charge in neon is greater than that in fluorine.
Answer: D
Statement 1 is correct. The Effective Nuclear charge for Ne is higher, hence
attraction for valence electrons is stronger, first IE of Ne is higher.
Statement 2 – a complete octet does not imply that the first IE will be higher – the
nuclear charge affects the IE more directly.
18 Which of the following solid(s) contain more than one type of bond?
2 Graphite
3 Ice
Answer: C
Statement 1 : Brass contains Zn and Cu – both are metals – so they have only
metallic bonds.
Statement 2 : Graphite has covalent bonds between the C atoms in a layer and
van der Waals forces of attraction between the hexagonal layers.
Statement 3 : Ice has covalent bonds between O and H atoms in H2O and
hydrogen bonds between the H2O molecules.
19
The following represents the electronic configuration of both a Group II cation and
a Group VII anion.
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
The radius of the anion is approximately twice that of the cation.
Which reason(s) explain the difference in radius?
2 On forming the anion from its atom, the extra electron repulsion makes the ion
much larger.
Statement 1 : Hence, the cation has a higher nuclear charge than the anion.
Statement 2 – For the Gp VII anion, inter electronic repulsion between the added
electron and the unpaired electron would cause the ionic radius to be larger than
the atomic radius.
Statement 3 – the anion and cation have the same electron configuration, hence
they have the same number of shielding electrons. Hence shielding effect is the
same.
20 Which of the following would be required to determine the lattice energy of AlF3 in
a Born-Haber cycle?
3 Bond energy of Al – F
Answer: D
The Born Haber Cycle relates the LE (formation of AlF3(s) from its gaseous ions)
and the ΔH formation of AlF3 (from its elements under standard conditions).
Statement 1 : Hence, first electron affinity is needed to change the F(g) to F−(g).
Statement 2 : There is no need to atomise the AlF3, only atomization of the
elements Al(s) and F2(g) are required.
Statement 3 : Bond Energies are not needed in the Born Haber Cycle.
1 Planning
A solution FA1 containing 75.0 g dm−3 of FeSO4.xH2O has been prepared. To
determine the water of crystallisation, x, FA1 was to be titrated against a
standard solution of acidified KMnO4.
A standard solution FA2 having the concentration of 1.12 mol dm−3 KMnO4 was
prepared.
A student carried out a preliminary test of the titration and it was found that 20
drops of FA1 required 4 drops of FA2 for complete reaction. Based on this
preliminary test, the student decided that FA2 must be diluted before it could be
used for titration. The diluted solution would be named FA3.
(a) Calculate the concentration of FA3 given that the titre volume must be
approximately equal to the volume of the sample pipetted.
Comments:
-Recognise that FA2 is too concentrated and needs to be diluted.
-Recognise for the volume of FA1 used to increase from 4 to 20 drops, its
concentration must decrease by a factor of 5.
Comments:
- pH indicators are usually not used in redox titrations, since there is no
sharp change in pH.
Successive
ionisation
1086 2352 4620 6222 37831 47277
energies /
kJ mol-1
Comments:
- Students should avoid ambiguous terms such as “going to the next
shell”.
- Some stated Group 4 instead of Group IV.
(b) When atoms which have been completely stripped of their electrons are
passed through two plates carrying electric charge, the nuclei of element
X and another nuclei of element Y, from the same group, are deflected
as follows.
2⁰ Y
1.763⁰
For element Y,
Angle of deflection = 4 x (charge / mass)
Charge / mass = 1.763⁰ / 4 = 0.44075
Hence element Y is Ge (32 / 72.6 = 0.44077)
Alternative:
(C1/M1) / Angle1 = (C2/M2) / Angle2
(6/12) / 2 = (C2/M2) / 1.763
C2/M2 = 0.4407
Comments:
- Some did not read carefully that Y is in the same group as X.
(c) Write the electronic configuration of the element Y in (b).
Comments:
a b
Chlorine perchlorate
Cla : +7 Clb : +1
Comments:
- Many students did not appreciate the relevance of the molecule’s
structure to the oxidation state of Cl.
Comments:
- Student were careless and thought that Cl2O6 was the compound
that was undergoing decomposition.
(i) State the two assumptions that need to be made in order for the
gas mixture to exhibit ideal behavior.
Comments:
- Give the 2 most important assumptions that ensure ideal gas
behavior.
𝑝𝑉
= 𝑛
𝑅𝑇
9.50 × 104 × 210 × 10−6
= 𝑛
8.31 × (333 + 273)
n = 0.003962 mol
Comments:
- Many students do not convert the volume of cm3 to m3 or they
have the wrong conversion.
4 (a) (i) 10.0 g of Cr2(SO4)3 crystals were mixed into 50 cm3 of water and
stirred until the solid completely dissolved. It was found that the
temperature fell by 5.9 °C.
Given that the experimental setup has 90% efficiency, calculate the
enthalpy change of solution of Cr2(SO4)3. Assume the specific heat
capacity of water to be 4.18 J K−1 g−1.
= 1233.1 J
Comments:
- Some students did not understand the term “90% efficiency” and
multiplied the heat lost by water by 0.9.
- Students must remember to include the sign and the units for the
enthalpy change of solution.
- Some students also used the mass of the Cr2(SO4)3 crystals (10g)
instead of the mass of water in the calculation of the heat lost by
water.
(ii) The following energy level diagram shows the heat content of
Cr2(SO4)3 under various conditions.
Using your value from part (a)(i), calculate the lattice energy of the
compound.
Enthalpy / kJ mol−1
2Cr3+ (g) + 3SO42− (g)
∆Hsol
Cr2(SO4)3 (s)
ΔHsol = HE – LE
LE = −2380 – (+53.8)
= −2430 kJ mol−1 (3 s.f.)
Comments:
- Students should use the diagram provided to determine the lattice
+ H
O H
- +
Cr3+
ion-dipole interaction
Comments:
- Students need to draw water molecules correctly and include the
dipoles for O and H atom.
(b) The standard entropy change of solution of Cr2(SO4)3 is −287 J mol−1 K−1.
Suggest a reason for the negative sign of its entropy value.
Comments:
- A lot of answers explained the increase in disorder due to the
dissolution process but this involves a positive entropy change.
- Students did not understand the process of solution and talked about
gaseous ions.
5 (a) Draw the dot and cross diagram for CS2 and NO.
S C S N O
Comments:
- Some answers had more than 8 electrons around N, C or O.
- Some students drew circles (illustrating orbitals) for the dot and cross
diagram.
(b) Using your answer in (a), draw the dot and cross diagram for N2O2 which
occurs in solid NO.
O N
N O
Comments:
- Students are to recognise N2O2 as a dimer of NO.
- Lone electron of N in NO will be involved in bonding with each other.
Comments:
(d) Explain why the melting point of CS2 is higher than that of NO.
Comments:
- Some students thought CS2 is a polar molecular but did not recognise
that the polarity of the bond cancelled each other.
- Some answers discussed the shape of the electron cloud, with CS2
having a more elongated one. However, the sizes of electron cloud for
both molecules are different. There is no basis for comparing shape of
electron cloud.
Comments:
- Some students did not include standard conditions and wrote
standard state instead.
1
P4(s) P(g)
4
Comments:
(b) Using information from the Data Booklet and that provided above,
construct an energy cycle and calculate the bond energy of the P – F
bond in PF3(g).
∆Hf
P4(s) + F2(g) PF3(g)
∆Hatom BE (F – F) 3 BE (P – F)
P(g) + 3F(g)
Comments:
- Some students did not know how to draw the energy cycle or did not
label the energy cycle correctly.
1 3
P4 (s) + F2 (g) PF3 (g) ∆S = − 72.2 J mol−1 K−1
4 2
Comments:
- Some students forgot to divide ∆S by 1000.
Reaction is spontaneous.
Comments:
(iii) State the maximum amount of free energy that can be obtained
when 0.5 mol of PF3 is formed from the reaction in (c)(i).
462 kJ
Comments:
- Many gave the answer −462 kJ.
(d) Both the elements, nitrogen and phosphorus lie in Group V. Nitrogen
exists as N2 molecules while phosphorus exists as P4 molecules, with
its structure shown below.
Comments:
- Some students commented that it was an unstable molecule
which is not accepted as this merely rephrases the question.
(ii) With reference to the structures of PF3 and AlF3, explain the large
difference in their melting points.
Comments:
- A few erroneously thought that AlF3 has a simple molecular
structure (like AlCl3).
(iii) Both NF3 and PF3 are soluble in polar solvents but PF5 is
insoluble. Explain why PF5 is insoluble in polar solvents.
Comments:
- Some answers only described PF5 as being non-polar and
therefore could not dissolve in polar solvents. This was
insufficient, as a further elaboration on the nature of the forces of
attraction (id-id) between PF5 molecules was needed. This is then
associated to the inability of PF5 to break the stronger pd-pd
interactions between solvent molecules.
(iv) When PF3 reacts with NH3, a single product is formed. Draw the
structure of this product, showing clearly the geometry about the
P and N atoms.
Comments:
- Dative bonding, with the P atom of PF3 being the electron donor,
is not possible as N cannot expand its octet.