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JC1 and JC2 H2 Math

2016 TOPICAL Exam Papers Revision (CJC)

NO TOPICS
1 Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions
2 Binomial Theorem
3 Sigma Notation
4 Mathematical Induction
5 Graphing Techniques
6 Functions
7 Transformation
8 Inequalities
9 System of Linear Equations
10 Vectors
11 Differentiation and Its Applications
12 Maclaurin’s Series
13 Integrations
egrations and its Applications
14 Differential
fferential Equations
15 Complex
mplex Numberss
16 Permutations
rm
mut
utat
utat
atio
ions
io ns aand
nd
n d Combinations
Com
ombi
bina
n ti
t on
ons
17 Probability
obaab
abillity
abil itty
18 Binomial
nomi
mial
al aand
al nd Poison
Poiso
oiiso
s n Distribu
Distributions
buti
tion
ons
19 Normal
ormal Distribution
Distrib
but
utio
ion
n
20 Sampling
mpling M
Methods
etho
et hods
ds
21 Hypothesis
pothessiss Testing
Tes
esting
22 Correlation
rrelation and Linear Regression

1
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/YJC/II/5]
Andy and Bob played a computer game last year.

(a) Andy gained 450 points on the first day he played. On each subsequent day, he gained
13 points less than what he gained on the previous day. He played daily up to and
including the day he gained less than 55 points. Find the total points Andy gained. [4]

(b) Bob gained 400 points on the first day he played. On each subsequent day, he gained 0.9
times of the points he gained on the previous day. Find the minimum number of days
for Bob to gain at least 95% of the theoretical maximum points he can earn. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/7]
Vegetable farm A produces 1200 kg of vegetables in the first year. In each subsequent year,
the amount of vegetables produced is 8% less than the previous year.
(i) If farming continues indefinitely, what is the theoretical total amount of vegetables
produced? [1]

Vegetable farm B also produces 1200 kg of vegetables in the first year. In each subsequent
year, the amount of vegetables produced is 78 kg less than the previous year. For both farms
A and B, farming continues yearly up to and including the year where less than 400 kg of
vegetables are produced. Both the farms then stop production.
(ii) In which year did farm A first produce less than 400 kg of vegetables? [2]
(iii) Determine which farm produced more vegetables in total, justifying your answer. [5]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/II/4]
(a) Dini was given 10 stickers
tickers for her birthday. She then starts sta to buy stickers for a total
period of 52 weeks. The number of stickers she buys buy
uyss each
e
ea week is 2 more than the
number she bought thehe previous week.
weeek.
(i) If she bought 70 0 sstickers
tick
tick
ti cker
erss in tthe
er h 226
he 6th we
week,
week ek, fi
find
nd tthe
he nnumber of stickers she would
have at the end of 5522 we
wweeks.
ekss.
ek [3]
(ii) If she can only affo
afford
ordrd tto
o bu
buy 4420
buy 20 stickerss iin n th
the last 4 weeks, find the maximum
number of stickers
kers she h can
he can buy
buyy inn the first
firs
fi rstt week.
week
we ek. [3]

(b) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence

seq iven by 2
equencee is ggiven
iv 2(3n1 3) . By finding the nth
term of the sequence,, or oth
otherwise,
her
erwi
wisese, show
ow tthat
hatt th
ha this
is is a geo
geometric progression, and state
the values of the first term and
nd ccommon
ommon n ra
rati
ratio.
tio.
Explain, whether this geometric progression converges. [6]

2
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Q4. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/4]
(a) The sum, S n , of the first n terms of a sequence is given by
Sn 3n2 4n 2 where n t 2 . Show that this sequence is an arithmetic progression. [3]
(b) A large volume of water consists of x kg of impurities. In a water purification process,
1
of the impurities, where r , r ! 1 is removed in the first stage. In each
r
1
subsequent stage, the amount of impurities removed is of that removed in the
r
preceding stage. Assume no other impurities are added in the process.

(i) Find the amount of impurities removed in the second and third stages of
purification in terms of x and r. [1]
(ii) Find the total amount of impurities removed by the end of the nth stage. [2]
(iii) Find the range of values of r such that at least half of the impurities will remain no
matter how many stages are used. [2]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/9]
[Give all answers correct to the nearest dollar.]
Mr Tan decides to set up a scholarship fund for worthy students. On 1 January 2013, he places
this scholarship fund in a bank investment which guarantees an annual interest rate of 2.5%.
This interest is added to the fund at the end of each year. The annual scholarship award of
$2000 is first awarded on 1 January 2014.
(i) To award the scholarship for year 2014, find the minimum amount of money $k that
Mr Tan needs for the fund. If the annual scholarship is to be given out for years 2014
and 2015, show that in addition to $k , Mr Tan will need at least a further $1904, correct
to the nearest dollar, for the fund. [3]
(ii) Find the minimum amount Mr Tan needs for the scholarship fund if he wants the annual
scholarship to be given out for 10 consecutive years. [3]
(iii) Find the minimum amount Mr Tan needs for the scholarship fund if he intends to keep
the scholarship going long into the future. [2]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/CJC/II/1]
(i) A certain machine A is ppumping
umpi
um ping
pi ng a lliquid
iqui
iq uidd iinto
nto
to aan
n em
empty
mpt
pty container of total volume 850 m3.
y co
con
The first pumping action
ctioon
on ffills
ills
ills the
ls the
he container
con
ont
nta
tain volum of 4 m3. Each subsequent
ineer with a volume
pumping action fills the container
conta
onnta
tain
iner
in er w
with h 0.5 m3 mo
ith
it more
re than the previous pumping action.
Pumping continues until the thh container
cont
ntai
a ne
ain r is ccompletely
omp
om plet
etel
elyy fi
fill
filled
ll with the liquid. Find the
volume of liquid that overflows fr from
om the
the container
contatain
iner att th
the ffinal
i pumping action. [3]

(ii) Suppose that, after thee 50th pu

pumping
pump
mpin
ing action
actiion bby
y ma
mac
machine
chine A, a different machine B is used
instead to fill the remaining
aining vo
volu
volume
lume of the
the co
con
container.
ntainer. Using machine B, the first pumping
ner with a volume of 5 m3. Each subse
action fills the container subsequent pumping action fills
5
the container with the amount filled in the previous pumping action.
6
(a) Find the total volume of the container filled after the 10th pumping action by
machine B. [3]
(b) Explain whether the container would be completely filled eventually. [2]

3
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Q7. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/8]
At the end of December 2012, John’s company managed to secure a long term city development
contract with the local government. He thus decided to approach Companies A and B for supply of
construction raw materials.

(a) After the first supply of 200 units of raw materials at the end of January 2013, Company
A supplied 20 units more than it supplied at the end of the previous month. For
example, Company A supplied 220 units at the end of February 2013 and 240 units at
the end of March 2013. However, John decided that he would end the partnership with
Company A at end of February 2017. Determine

(i) the total amount of raw materials that would be supplied by Company A by the
end of February 2017, [2]
(ii) the time when Company A would have first supplied more than half of the total
amount supplied for the whole duration. [2]

(b) Company B also supplied John’s company with raw materials at the end of each month
from January 2013. The amount supplied for each month is in a geometric progression.
In particular, Company B would supply 387.24 units in December 2013 and 109.37
units in December 2014. Find, correct to the nearest unit,
(i) the amount of raw materials supplied by Company B at the end of January 2013, [3]
(ii) the total amount of raw materials Company B could supply in the long run. [2]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/4]
A convergent geometric progression has a positive first term a and common ratio r while an
arithmetic progression has a non-zero common difference d. The second and third term of the
geometric progression is the first and fourth term of the arithmetic progression respectively. It
is also given that the first term of the geometric progression is equal to the sum of the first 4
odd-numbered terms in the arithmetic progression.
(i) By expressing the first term of the arithmetic progression in terms of a and r, show that
1
r2 .
4 [4]

(ii) It is given that the sum

m to infinity off the
the ge
geom
geometric
omet
etri
ricc pprogression
rogreess is less than a.
(a) Find the value off rr,, justifying
j st
justif
tif
ifyi
ying
yi ngg your
you
ourr answer.
annsw
swer. [2]
(b) Explain if this impl
implies
pllie
ies th
that
at ffor
orr all
ll n, the sum
m of
of the first n terms of the geometric
progression mustst bee less
less than
le tha
hann aa.. [1]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/I/7]
(a) A pendulum is swinging ging soo that
that the distances
dis
ista
tanc
nces
es ooff success
successive swings are in geometric
progression. The distance
ance covered
co
ove
verred by the
he first
fir
irst swing (from left to right) is 7 cm, and the
7
distance covered by the
he subsequent swing (from right to left) le is of the distance of the
8
previous swing. Find
(i) the distance covered by the nth swing, [1]
(ii) the least number of swings needed for the total distance to exceed 95% of the total
distance the pendulum covers before coming to rest. [3]
χ

4
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

(b) The first term and common difference of an arithmetic series A are a and d respectively,
and the first term and common ratio of a geometric series G are b and r respectively.
The corresponding terms of series A and G are added to form the terms of a third series
5
S. The first and second terms of S are and 4 respectively. The common ratio of G
2
is twice the first term of A, and the common difference of A is four times the first term
of G.
Find the value(s) of a. [3]
Given that a ! 3 , find the least number of terms in series S such that the sum of the
series S is greater than 200. [3]

Q10. [2013/Prelim/IJC/II/2]
(a) A company predicts a yearly profit of $100 000 in the year 2013. The company also
predicts that the yearly profit will rise each year by 5%.
(i) Show that the predicted profit in 2015 is $110 250. [1]
(ii) Find the first year in which the yearly predicted profit exceeds $ 200 000. [3]
(iii) Find, in terms of m, the sum of the predicted yearly profits from the year 2015 till
the year 2000 m , where m ! 15 . [2]
(b) An arithmetic progression has first term a and common difference d, where a and d are
non- zero. The second, seventh and ninth terms of the arithmetic progression are
consecutive terms of a geometric progression. Find, in terms of d, the sum of the first 20
odd-numbered terms of the arithmetic progression. [4]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/10]
(a) A geometric series has common ratio r, and an arithmetic series has first term a
and common difference d, where a and d are non-zero. The first three terms of the
geometric series are equal to the seventh, fourth and second terms respectively of the
arithmetic series.
(i) Find d in terms of a. [3]
(ii) Deduce that thee geometric series is convergent and fi find, in terms of a, the sum to
infinity. [5]
(b) A student wants to saveave $9900 for an overseas trip.trip
p. On tthe
he first day of each month, she
puts $200 into a bankk account
acco
accoun
untt wh
whic
which
icch pa
pays
ys ccompound
ompo
om poun
und inte
interest
er at a rate of 2% per month
ch
on the last day of eachh mo
m nth.
nt
month. h After
Aft
fter
ter
e hhow
ow m any co
an
many comp
mple
lette months will the total in the
complete
account first exceed $999000?
$9900? [4]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/7]
During a promotion, a bank offers an int interest-free
nter
eres
estt-fr
free
ee loa
loan
oann for the
h first
fir three months. Thereafter,
fi
interest is charged at the endd of eachhm month
onth
on th on th
the
he ou
outs
outstanding
sta
tanding amount
am at 1% per month. John
borrows $30000 from the bank ank and d ppays
ayss back
ay back a ffixed
ixed
ix ed aamount
mount of $$x at the beginning of each
month, starting from the firstst month
month.
th.
(i) Find in terms of x, thee amount he owes after the third payment.paym [2]
(ii) Show that the amountt he h owes afterft ththe fifth paymentt iis
1.01 30000 1.012 3x 1.01x x.
2
[2]
(iii) Find the amount he owes after the nth payment, simplifying your answer in terms of n
and x using the sum of a geometric progression formula. [3]
(iv) If the loan is fully repaid after 60 payments, find the amount of each monthly payment. [2]
ψ

5
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Q3. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/9]
Keith makes a deposit of $10 000 into his bank account at the beginning of every year. The
account earns him an interest of k% per annum, paid out at the end of every year. Every year,
after the interest is paid out, Keith withdraws 25% of what is remaining in the account, and
continues to deposit another $10 000 at the beginning of the following year.
(i) Write down the amount of money remaining in his account after his withdrawal at the
end of the first year, leaving your answer in terms of k. [1]
(ii) Show that the amount of money remaining in his account at the end of n years after
withdrawal is
§ k 100 · ª § 3k 300 · º
n

30000 ¨ ¸ «1 ¨ ¸ ».
© 100 3k ¹ ¬« © 400 ¹ ¼» [3]
(iii) If Keith decides that he wants to maintain the account for 20 years, find the minimum
value of k so that he has $32 000 in the account by the end of that period, after
withdrawal. [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/11]
Ms. Tan took up a car loan of $100000 from a bank in the beginning of a year and she was
offered the following bank loan payment packages:

Package A:
A monthly installment of $500 is to be paid in the beginning of the first month and increases
by $50 for every subsequent month. It is given that the bank charges a one -time
administrative fee of $12000 for Package A.

Package B:
A monthly installment of $x is to be paid at the beginning of each month and a bank interest
of 5% per annum will be charged on the outstanding loan amount at the end of the year.

(i) On which month would Ms. Tan pay up her loan completely under Package A? [4]
(ii) ding amount at the end of n th year un
Show that the outstanding under Package B is
1000001.05n 252 x 1 1.05 .
n

[3]
unt $$xx co
(iii) Deduce the least amount
oun corrected
corr
rrec
ecte t d to 2 ddecimal
te ecim
ecimal
al pplaces
lace
cess if Ms. Tan wishes to pay up
her loan completely wi
within
ithin
thin 7 yyears
th ears
ea rss uunder
nder P
nd
nde Package
acka
ackage BB.. [2]
(iv) Based on your calculations
latio
io
ons
ns iin
n (iii),
(iii
(i ii)), determine
ii deete
term
rmine which
whic
wh ichh package
pack will be cheaper for Ms.
Tan. [2]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/3]
At the beginning of January y 2010
2010,
0, Ro
Robe
Robert
bert bor
borrowed
rro
rowe
wedd $2
$200 000 fr
from a bank that charges 0.4%
interest at the end of every month
month.
h. Robert
Ro pays
pay
ys back
back $1500 at th
the beginning of every month,
starting from February 2010.0. Show that the amount Robert still oowes the bank at the end of n
months is 376500 175000(1.004)n . [3]

How much did he pay on his last instalment? [3]

6
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Q6. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/I/9] /9] Sigma Notation

(a) At the start of a new year, a mother wants to save up money for her child’s education.
The bank offers her a choice of two plans: a savings plan and an investment plan. Both
require a one-time, initial amount to be placed in the plan.
Savings plan Investment plan
Fixed interest of 3% per For odd-numbered years
annum (e.g. 2013): Interest of 5%
per annum
For even-numbered years
(e.g. 2014): Interest of 1%
per annum
For each plan, the interest is credited back into the plan at the end of the year to earn
further interest.
(Give all numerical answers to the nearest dollar for this question.)

(i) Find the value of the savings plan after 2 years, given that its value after 6 years is
$35,000. [2]
(ii) If she placed $30,000 in the savings plan initially, show that the interest earned in
the 2nd year is $927. Find the interest earned in the 10th year. [3]
(iii) She begins saving at the start of 2013. Explain whether it is more profitable for
her to place her money in the savings or investment plan if she saves for an even
number of years. [3]
(b) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is denoted by S n . Given that Sn en 1 ,
(i) prove that the sequence is a geometric progression,
n
(ii) find ¦S
r 1
r
.
[5]

Q7. [2013/Prelim/MI/I/7]
To improve on his standing broad jump, Glen does successive jumps on a running track in a
straight line, from the starting point towards the 15m mark. Due to fatigue, Glen’s jumping
distance will cover only 95% of the distance he covered in each previous jump. As a result of
wear and tear on Glen’s shoesoes after each jump, he will slide forwforward after landing each time.
The distance that Glen slideses forward increases by 0.01m ffrom rom
ro m th
the previous slide. For the first
set of jump and slide, Glen jumps a distance ce ooff 2m aand
nd sli
slides
liddes fo
forw
forward
rw 0.01m on landing.
(i) Find the total distancee th
tthat
tha
hat
at G
Glen
lenn wi
le wil
will
ll ccover
over
ov er iin his 3rdd se
n hi sett of jjump and slide. [2]
(ii) Find the number of setsets off jjumps
u ps aand
um nd
d sslides
lidess Glen
lide
li Glen w will
ill need to cross the 15m mark.
il [3]
(iii) Glen is left with 10 weeks
week ks of
of training
traiini
ning
ing
ng sessions
ses
essions and
annd he believes
belie that he will pass the
th
h
standing broad jump test inn th thee 11 we week
w eek whi
which
hich
ch rrequires
eq
qui
uire
ress a single jump distance of 2.5m
for passing. He finds that the dista
distance
anc
ncee he ccan ann ccover
overr ffor
ov or tthe
he first jump for each training
session improves by 2% every we weekek ffrom
rom 2m in n Week
Week 1.

Comment on the validity

dity off G
Glen’s
len
len’s belief
belief.
ef. [2]

7
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/II/2]
(a) To prepare for the annual “Will” run, an SRJC student plans a training programme such
that he runs 800 m on Day 1, 960m on Day 2, …,
i.e. for each successive day, the distance to be covered is multiplied by a constant factor
6
of .
5
(i) If the N th day is the first time that he is able to cover the required distance of at
least 10 km in a single run, find the value of N. [3]
(ii) The student adhered to his plans initially but lost his momentum after the first
3
week. For the remaining days, he realised that his daily distance was only of
5
the distance covered the previous day. Show that the total distance run by the
student in his entire training programme will never exceed 16 km. [3]

(b) A sheet of graph paper is marked in 1 mm squares. A triangular region R is bounded by

1
the x-axis, the line x = 100 mm and the line y x . Find the number of complete 1 mm
5
squares which have all their vertices either inside R or on the boundary of R. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/6]
(a) The first term of an increasing arithmetic progression is 1. Sn is the sum of the first n
terms of the arithmetic progression and S5, S10 and S20 form a geometric progression.
Show that the common difference of the arithmetic progression is 2. [3]

Without the use of a graphing calculator, find the least value of n such that
2Sn
! 1.
Sn 1 100 [3]

(b) Mr Wee borrowed $3400 from an unlicensed money lender on 1st June 2013. The
amount he owes the lender
ender at the beginning of each month is twice the outstanding
amount at the end of the previous month.
From the month of August
ugust 2013, Mr Wee Wee decided
deci
decide
d d to repay ay $7000 in the middle of
each month. Find, in te
term
terms
rmss of nn,, the
the outstanding
outs
outsta
tand
ndin
ing
g amount
am owed
ow at the end of the nth
month. Hence find thee earl
eearliest
eaarlie
rlie
rl i stt month
mon
ontth
th when
whe
h n he has
has fully
ful
ully
ly rrepaid
ep his loan. [5]

8
Topic 1 Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Answers

Level 1
(a) 7952
1. (b) Minimum number of days = 29 days. 2. (i) 15000 (ii) 15th year (iii) Farm A
(a)(i) 3702 (ii) 6
x x x r n 1
3. (b) Since |r| = 3 > 1. The G.P. does not 4. (b)(i) 2 , 3 (ii) n (iii) r t 3
converge. r r r r 1
5. (i) $17504 (ii) $80000 6. (i) 21 m3 (ii)(a) 838 m3 (b) No
(a)(i) 34500 units (ii) end of Oct 2015 1 a 1 r1
7. 8. (ii)(a) r (ii)(b) S1 aa
(b)(i) 1234 units (ii) 12340 units 2 1 r

(a)(i) Tn
7
7( )n 1 (a)(ii) 23

(a)(ii) 2028 (a)(iii) $ 2 205 000 1.05m14 1
9. 8 10. 580
(b) a 1 or a 3 , n = 10 (b) d
3
Level 2
a
(a)(i) d (i) 30000 3x
3
2 (iii) 1.01n3 30000 1.01n3 3x
1. (a)(ii) Since r 1, the geometric series is 2.
3 100 x ª¬1.01n3 1º¼
convergent. (iv) $648.13 (2 d.p.)
(b) Sum to infinity 9a
§ k ·§ 3 · (i) 59th month (iii) $1371.59
3. (i) 10000 ¨1 ¸¨ ¸ (iii) 1.70 4.
© 100 ¹© 4 ¹ (iv) Package A
(a)(i) $31097 (ii) $1174
5. $1373.97 6. e e 1
n

(b)(ii) n
e 1
7. (i) 1.835 m (ii) n = 9 (iii) Glen’s belief is not valid.
Level 3
1. (a)(i) 15 (b) 950 2. (a) least n is 10 (b) 100 70 2n1 , Jan 2014

9
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$ULWKPHWLF *HRPHWULF3URJUHVVLRQV6ROXWLRQ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/YJC/II/5]
Andy and Bob played a computer game last year.

(a) Andy gained 450 points on the first day he played. On each subsequent day, he gained
13 points less than what he gained on the previous day. He played daily up to and
ained
including the day he gained less than 55 points. Find the total points Andy gained. [4]

RP
(b) Bob gained 400 points on the first day he played. On each subsequent day,, he gained 0.
0.9
times of the points he gained on the previous day. Find the minimum
mumm number of dadays
for Bob to gain at least 95% of the theoretical maximum points he can earn. [3]

Solution

UF
(a) 450 + ( n − 1) (−13) < 55
13n > 408
SH n > 31.4 ( 3 s.f.)
Hence Andy stopped playing on day 32.
SD
Total points = S32
32
= ª 2 ( 450 ) − 13 ( 32 − 1) º¼
3 ¬
P

= 7952
[D

(b) S n ≥ 0.95S∞
400 (1 − 0.9n ) 4000
≥ 0.955
1 − 0.9 1 − 0.99
XH

1 − 0.9n ≥ 0.95
95
0.9 ≤ 0.05
n
DV

lnn 0.05
0.0
0.
n≥ 288.4 ( 3 s.f.)
= 28.4
lln 0.9
Minimum
M
Min imum
mum number
numb oof days = 29 29 dadays.
ays
ys..
NL

10
ͳ Ƭ

Vegetable farm B also produces 1200 kg of vegetables in the first year. In each subsequent
year, the amount of vegetables produced is 78 kg less than the previous year. For both farms
A and B, farming continues yearly up to and including the year where less than 400 4 kg of
vegetables are produced. Both the farms then stop production.
(ii) In which year did farm A first produce less than 400 kg of vegetables? [2]

RP
g your
(iii) Determine which farm produced more vegetables in total, justifying ur answer. [5]

Solution

UF
1200
(i) Theoretical total amount =
1 − 0.92
= 15 000

(ii)
SH
Amount produced in nth year < 400
1200(0.92) n−1 < 400
SD
1
0.92n−1 <
3
ln(1// 3)
n −1 >
P

ln 0.922
n − 1 > 13.176
3.176
> 114.176
[D

n 4.176
Least
east n = 15
Farm A first produced
d less 400kg oof vegetables in the 15th year.
ss than 400k
XH

11200(1 − 0.9215 )
(iii) tion off farm A
Total production = = 10 705
1 − 0.92
= 10 700 (3 s.
s.f.)
DV

mount
unt produced in nth ye
Amount year
eaarr ffor
or ffarm
arm
ar mB < 400
12000 + (n − 1)(
1)(−78
78))< 400
NL

400 − 1200
n −1 >
−78
n > 11.256
Least n = 12
Farm B first produced less than 400kg of vegetables in the 12th ye
year.
12
Total production of farm B = [ 2(1200) + (12 − 1)(−78)] = 9 252 < 10 705
2
∴ Farm A produced more vegetables in total.

11
ͳ Ƭ

Q3. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/II/4]
(a) Dini was given 10 stickers for her birthday. She then starts to buy stickers for a total
period of 52 weeks. The number of stickers she buys each week is 2 more than the
number she bought the previous week.
(i) If she bought 70 stickers in the 26th week, find the number of stickers she would
have at the end of 52 weeks. [3]
(ii) If she can only afford to buy 420 stickers in the last 4 weeks, find the maximum
number of stickers she can buy in the first week. [3]

(b) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by 2(3n+1 − 3) . By finding
ndingg tthe nth
ession,
on, and st
term of the sequence, or otherwise, show that this is a geometric progression, state

RP
the values of the first term and common ratio.
Explain, whether this geometric progression converges. [6]

Solution

UF
(a)(i) a + 25d = 70
a = 20
SH
Number of stickers at the end of 52 weeksс 10 +
52
2
0)) + 51(2)] = 3702
[2(20)
2(20) 370

52 48
SD
(a)(ii) [2( a ) + 51(2)] − [2( a ) + 47(2)] ≤ 420
2 2
a≤6
Maximum number of stickers = 6
P

(b) un = S n − S n −1
[D

= 2(3n +1 − 3) − 2(3n − 3)
= 2(3n )(3 − 1)
= 4(3n )
XH

= 12(3n −1 )

un 12(3 (3n −1 )
DV

= = 3 wh
whichh is
i a cconstant
onst
on stan
antt
2(33n − 2 )
un −1 12(
12(3
The sequence is a G.P G with
th firs
ffirst
fiirs
rstt te
term
erm 1122 an
andd ccommon
ommon ratio 3.
NL

nce |r| = 3 > 1. The G.P.

Since P. does
es nnot
ot cconverge.
onvve
on verg
r e.

12
ͳ Ƭ

Q4. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/4]
(a) The sum, S n , of the first n terms of a sequence is given by
S n = 3n 2 + 4n + 2 where n ≥ 2 . Show that this sequence is an arithmetic progression. [3]

(b) A large volume of water consists of x kg of impurities. In a water purification process,

1
of the impurities, where r ∈ ] + , r > 1 is removed in the first stage. In each
r
1
subsequent stage, the amount of impurities removed is of that removed in the
r
preceding stage. Assume no other impurities are added in the process.

RP
(i) Find the amount of impurities removed in the second and third stag stages oof
purification in terms of x and r. [1]
(ii) Find the total amount of impurities removed by the end of the he nthh stage.
stage [2]
(iii) Find the range of values of r such that at least half of the impurities
mpuritie will remain no

UF
matter how many stages are used. [2]

Solution

(a)
SH
un = Sn − Sn−1
= ª¬3n 2 + 4n + 2 º¼ − ª¬3(n − 1) 2 + 4(n − 1) + 2 º¼
SD
= 6n + 1
un − un−1 = 6n + 1 − [ 6(n −1) + 1]

P

= 6, which is a constant
∴ This progression is an arithmetic
metic
ic progression.
progressio
[D

x
(b)(i) In the 2nd stage, amountt of impurities
mpurities remo
rremoved =
r2
x
XH

In the 3rd stage, amount

unt off impuriti
impuri
impurities
imp removed = 3
r

mount
nt of impurities
(b)(ii) Total amount impu s removed by the end of the nth stage of purification
p
DV

x x x
= + 2 +" + n
r r r
§ 1 ·
NL

1−
x ¨ rn ¸
= ¨ ¸
r ¨ 1− 1 ¸
© r ¹

=
(
x r n −1 )
r ( r − 1)
n

13
ͳ Ƭ

(b)(iii) Assuming that we can carry out the process of purification indefinitely.
§x x x ·
Total amount of impurities remained = x − ¨ + 2 + 3 + " ¸
©r r r ¹
§ ·
x¨ 1 ¸
= x− ¨ ¸
r ¨ 1− 1 ¸
© r¹
x
= x−
r −1
x 1
For x − ≥ x,

RP
r −1 2
x x
≤
r −1 2
Since x > 0 and r > 1, 2 ≤ r −1

UF
r≥3

Alternative
SHx x x
+ + +" ≤
r r2 r3
1
2
x

x
SD
r ≤ 1
x (same as above)
e)
1 2
1−
r
P

x x
≤
r −1 2
[D

r≥3
XH
DV
NL

14
ͳ Ƭ

Q5. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/9]
[Give all answers correct to the nearest dollar.]
Mr Tan decides to set up a scholarship fund for worthy students. On 1 January 2013, he places
this scholarship fund in a bank investment which guarantees an annual interest rate of 2.5%.
This interest is added to the fund at the end of each year. The annual scholarship award of
$2000 is first awarded on 1 January 2014.
(i) To award the scholarship for year 2014, find the minimum amount of money $k that
Mr Tan needs for the fund. If the annual scholarship is to be given out for years 2014
and 2015, show that in addition to $k , Mr Tan will need at least a further $1904,
04 correct
to the nearest dollar, for the fund. [3]
(ii) Find the minimum amount Mr Tan needs for the scholarship fund if he wants ts the annu
annual

RP
scholarship to be given out for 10 consecutive years. [3]
(iii) Find the minimum amount Mr Tan needs for the scholarship fund d if he intends to kkeep
the scholarship going long into the future. [2]

UF
Solution

2000
(i) (1.025)k = 2000 and thus k = = 1951.22 = 1951 (correct
correct
ct to the ne
neare
nearest dollar)
SH 1.025
§ 2000 ·
Additional amount needed = $ ¨ 2 ¸
= $1903.63
63 = $1904
.63
© 1.025 ¹
SD
Alternative
Let x be the additional amount needed.
1.025(1.025( k + x) − 2000) ≥ 2000
P

k + x ≥ 3854.1951
54.1951
1951
x ≥ 3854.1951
54.1951 − 1951.22
1951
19
1 = 1904 (nearest $).
[D

904 (nearest $).

Hence minimum x = $1904

2000
000 2000 2000
XH

(ii) Amount needed = + 2

+ .... +
11.025
.025 (1.025
((1.025)
1.0255
(1 (1.025)10
ª 1 º
1−
200 « 11.025 02510 »
DV

2000
= « »
1.025 « 1 − 1 »
¬ 0 5 ¼
11.025
1.02
.02
NL

= 17504.13 3
= $17504 (to nearest ddollars)
oll
llars)
rs
rs
Alternative
ativ
a10 ≥ 0
§ 1.02510 − 1 ·
1.02510 x − 2000 ¨ ¸≥0
© 1.025 − 1 ¹
§ 1.025510 − 1 ·
2000 ¨ ¸
© 1.025 − 1 ¹
x≥ = 17504 (nearest $)
1.02510

15
ͳ Ƭ

2000 2000 2000

(iii) Amount needed = + + + ...
1.025 (1.025) (1.025)3
2

ª º
2000 « 1 »
= « »
1.025 «1 − 1 »
¬ 1.025 ¼
= $ 80 000

Alternative

RP
For scholarship to continue indefinitely, yearly interest earned should be sufficient
fficient
nt for the
th
scholarship awarded for the following year. Hence,
2000
Minimum amount = = $80 000
0.025

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

16
ͳ Ƭ

Q6. [2013/Prelim/CJC/II/1]
(i) A certain machine A is pumping a liquid into an empty container of total volume 850 m3.
The first pumping action fills the container with a volume of 4 m3. Each subsequent
pumping action fills the container with 0.5 m3 more than the previous pumping action.
Pumping continues until the container is completely filled with the liquid. Find the
volume of liquid that overflows from the container at the final pumping action. [3]

(ii) Suppose that, after the 50th pumping action by machine A, a different machine B is used
instead to fill the remaining volume of the container. Using machine B, the first pumping
action fills the container with a volume of 5 m3. Each subsequent pumping action fills
5
the container with the amount filled in the previous pumping action.

RP
6
(a) Find the total volume of the container filled after the 10th pumping
mping
ng action by
machine B. [3]
(b) Explain whether the container would be completely filled led eventually.
ventually. [2]

UF
Solution

(i) Total volume: 850 m3

SH
Volumes (in m3) filled: 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, … …
nth pumpin
Assume that the container is completely filled at the nth ac
pumping action.
n
For the AP above, S n = [ 2(4) + ( n − 1)(0.5) ] ≥ 850
SD
2
n + 15n − 3400 ≥ 0 ----- (*)
2
P

Considering n 2 + 15n − 3400 = 0,

−15 ± 152 − 4(1)(
1)(−3400)
we have n =
[D

,
2(1)
i.e., n ≈ 51.2899 or n ≈ −66.2899 (or
( use
u G.C.)
XH

Hence from (*),

( n − 51.2899)(
9)( n + 66.289
1.2899)(
899)( 6 289 ≥ 0
66.2899)
66
66.2
66.
n ≤ −66.2899
6.289999 (NA, sin ce n > 0) or n ≥ 51.2899
since
DV

th
∴ At the
he 52 pumping
p umpin a
action,
tioon,
n, tthe
he ccontainer
onta
ontain
iner
er would be completely filled, with some liquid
rflowing.
lowing.
overflowing.
NL

52
S52 = [ 2(4)
22(44) + 51(0.5) ]
2(
2
= 8711
verflows = ( 871 − 850 ) m3 = 21 m3
∴ Volume of liquid that overflows

17
ͳ Ƭ

Alternative
n
S n = [ 2(4) + ( n − 1)(0.5) ] ≥ 850
2

Using G.C.,
n
n [ 2(4) + (n − 1)(0.5)]
2
51 841.5
52 871
53 901
∴ Volume of liquid that overflows = ( 871 − 850 ) m = 21 m
3 3

RP
(ii)(a) Total volume: 850 m3
For machine A,
50
S50 = [ 2(4) + 49(0.5) ] = 812.5

UF
2
2
3 §5· §5·
Volumes (in m ) filled by B: 5, 5 ¨ ¸ , 5 ¨ ¸ , ...
©6¹ ©6¹
SH
For the GP above,
§ § 5 ·10 ·
5 ¨1 − ¨ ¸ ¸
¨ ©6¹ ¸
SD
S10 = © ¹
5
1−
6
P

156941
=
6239
≈ 25.1548 m3
[D

thh
∴ Total volume filled after
er 10 pumping
pump action by B
= (812.5 + 25.1548)
8) m3
XH

≈ 837.6548 m3
≈ 838 m3
DV

5
(ii)(b) (For
or the
he GP above since | r |=
above, sin < 1,
1, sum to
to infinity
in exists.)
6
NL

5
Sum infin =
m to infinity
§ 5·
¨1 − ¸
© 6¹
= 30
Volume of container to be filled by machine B
= ( 850 − 812.5 ) m3
= 37.5 m3

Since the theoretical maximum volume that B alone can fill is only 30 m3, which is less than 37.5
m3, the container would never be completely filled.

18
ͳ Ƭ

(i) the total amount of raw materials that would be supplied by Company
ompany
pany A by th the

RP
end of February 2017, [2]
(ii) the time when Company A would have first supplied moree thanan half of the total
amount supplied for the whole duration. [2]

UF
(b) Company B also supplied John’s company with raw materialsaterials
als at the en
end oof each month
from January 2013. The amount supplied for each month onthh is in a geome
geo
geometric progression.
In particular, Company B would supply 387.24 unitss in Dece December 2013 and 109.37
SH(ii) the total amount of raw materials Company
ompany
arestt unit,
units in December 2014. Find, correct to the nearest
(i) the amount of raw materials supplied by Company
ompany B at th
pany B coul
could su
the end of January 2013,
supply in the long run.
[3]
[2]
SD
Solution

(a)(i) The amounts supplied at the end of every

ry month form an AP with a = 200 and d = 20.
P

When n = 50 (i.e. end Feb 2017),,

rials from Comp

Total amount of raw materials Company A
50
= ( 2(200) + (50 − 1)) × 20 )
2
XH

= 34500 units

34500
34
(a)(ii) Sn >
DV

2
n
ª 2 × 200 + ( n − 1) × 220º¼ > 172
17250
72500
72
2¬
n2 +19
+ 19
1 n − 1725 > 0
NL

Byy G.C.,
G
n < −52.101 (rej as n > 0) or n > 33.11

So, it is when n = 34, i.e. end of Oct 2015, that Compa

Company
any A would have first supplied more than
half of the total amount they
ey could supply for the duration.

19
ͳ Ƭ

(b)(i) The amounts of raw materials supplied at the end of each month form a GP.
With the given information, we have
T12 = ar11 = 387.24 − − − − − − − (1)
T24 = ar 23 = 109.37 − − − − − − − (2)

ar 23 109.37
Then =
ar11 387.24
r12 = 0.282434665
r = 0.900001362 = 0.900 (3 s.f.)
and a = 1233.972205

RP
Thus, the first supply of raw materials by Company B was 1234 units (nearest
rest whole no.)

(b)(ii) We note that with no fixed duration, the total amount of raw materialss supplied ar + ar2 + ar3
upplied = a + a
+ ……

UF
As r < 1 , the sum to infinity S∞ exists.
a 1233.972205
S∞ = = = 12339.89012
1 − r 1 − 0.900001362
SH
whole no.)
om Company B is 12340
Thus, the theoretical total supply of raw materials from 1 units (to the nearest
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

20
ͳ Ƭ

(ii) han a.
It is given that the sum to infinity of the geometric progression is less than

RP
(a) Find the value of r, justifying your answer. [2]
(b) Explain if this implies that for all n, the sum of the first n terms
ms of the geometric
ggeom
progression must be less than a. [1]

UF
Solution

(i) First term of the arithmetic progression = ar

SH 4
a = [ 2( ar ) + 3(2d ) ] = 4ar + 12d
2
a = 4 ( ar + 3d ) -- (1)
1)
SD
ar 2 = ar + 3d -- (2)
(2) ar 2
arr + 3d
: =
4 ( ar + 3d )
P

(1) a
1
r2 = (show
(shown)
[D

Alternative
In fact, you don’t even
en have to mmake the observation that the first term of the AP is ar. If you let it
XH

be b, you will also easily arrive

rrive
i at the same solution:
rriv

a = 4 ( b + 3d ) -- (3)
DV

ar 2 = b + 3d -- (4)
(4)) ar 2 b + 3d
: =
4 ( b + 3d )
NL

(3) a
1
r2 = (shown)
4

21
ͳ Ƭ

1 1 1
(ii)(a) r 2 = r = or −
4 2 2
1 a
When r = , S∞ = = 2a < a
2 §1·
1− ¨ ¸
©2¹
1 a 2
When r = , S∞ = = a<a
2 § 1· 3
1− ¨ − ¸
© 2¹
1
Thus, r = − .
2

RP
Alternative
a
Since S∞ = < a , we have
1− r

UF
a
<a
1− r
1 − r > 1 ( ' a > 0 and 1 − r > 0)
SH r<0
Thus, r = −
1
2
SD
(ii)(b) No, it does not imply that for all n, the sum
um off the first
firs n terms
te of the GP must be less than a.
a (1 − r )
n
a (1 − r1 )
Counter Example: Since Sn = =1, we have S1 = =a < a.
P

, when n =1
1− r 1− r
[D

ve, we see tthat the statement is not true for n = 1, hence not true for
From the counter example above,
all n.

Note: The statement

ment is actually true
t for all other values of apart from n = 1, but that will need a
XH

separate proof to justify.

ustify.
DV
NL

22
ͳ Ƭ

Q9. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/I/7]
(a) A pendulum is swinging so that the distances of successive swings are in geometric
progression. The distance covered by the first swing (from left to right) is 7 cm, and the
7
distance covered by the subsequent swing (from right to left) is of the distance of the
8
previous swing. Find
(i) the distance covered by the nth swing, [1]
(ii) the least number of swings needed for the total distance to exceed 95% of the total
distance the pendulum covers before coming to rest. [3]

(b) The first term and common difference of an arithmetic series A are a andd d respective
respectively,

RP
and the first term and common ratio of a geometric series G are b and r respectively.
spectively.
The corresponding terms of series A and G are added to form the termsms of a third
thi ser
series
5
S. The first and second terms of S are − and −4 respectively.ly. The common
commo ra ratio of G
2

UF
is twice the first term of A, and the common difference of A is four times
tim thet first term
of G.
Find the value(s) of a. [3]
Given that a > −3 , find the least number of terms
SH ms in series S suc
such that the sum of the
series S is greater than 200. [3]

Solution
SD
n −1
§7·
(a)(i) Tn = 7 ¨ ¸
©8¹

P

(a)(ii) S n > 0.95S∞

ª § 7 ·n º
[D

7 «1 − ¨ ¸ » ª º
«¬ © 8 ¹ »¼ « 7 »
> 0.95 «
7 7»
1− «1 − »
XH

8 ¬ 8¼
n
§7·
1 − ¨ ¸ > 0.95
©8¹
DV

n > 22.43
22
Least no. of comple
com
complete swing
ng = 23
2
NL

(b) Let first term and commonn difference off series
ser
erie
i s A be a and d, and fi
first term and common ratio of
series G be b and r.
5
a+b = − … (1)
2
a + d + br = −4 … (2)
Sub r = 2a, d = 4b into (2) 2)
a + 4b + 2ab = −4
5
From (1), b = − − a
2

23
ͳ Ƭ

§ 5 · § 5 ·
a + 4 ¨ − − a ¸ + 2 a ¨ − − a ¸ = −4
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
a + 4a + 3 = 0
2

∴ a = −1 or a = −3

Since a > −3 , use a = −1 .

3
− [1 − (−2) n ]
n
[−2 + (n − 1)(−6)] + 2 > 200
2 1 − (−2)
n 1

RP
[4 − 6n] + [1 − (−2)n ] > 200
2 2
∴ Least n = 10

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

24
ͳ Ƭ

Q10. [2013/Prelim/IJC/II/2]
(a) A company predicts a yearly profit of $100 000 in the year 2013. The company also
predicts that the yearly profit will rise each year by 5%.
(i) Show that the predicted profit in 2015 is $110 250. [1]
(ii) Find the first year in which the yearly predicted profit exceeds $ 200 000. [3]
(iii) Find, in terms of m, the sum of the predicted yearly profits from the year 2015 till
the year ( 2000 + m ) , where m > 15 . [2]
(b) An arithmetic progression has first term a and common difference d, where a and d are
non- zero. The second, seventh and ninth terms of the arithmetic progression res are
consecutive terms of a geometric progression. Find, in terms of d, the sum of the
he first
fi 20
odd-numbered terms of the arithmetic progression. [4]

RP
Solution

(a)(i) a = 100 000 , r = 1.05

UF
Predicted profit in 2015 = u3 = 100000 (1.05 ) = $110250
2

(a)(ii) 100000 (1.05 )

n−1
> 200 000
SH (1.05 )
n −1
>2
ln 2
n −1 >
SD
ln1.05
n > 15.2
Least n = 16.
P

The 16th year is 2028.

(a)(iii) Number of terms = m − 15 + 1 = m − 14.

110 250 (1.05m−14 − 1)

Sum =
1.05 − 1
= 2 205 000 (1.05m−14 − 1)
XH

05 000 (1.05m−14 − 1)
Total profit = $ 2 205
DV

(b) u2 = a + d
u7 = a + 6 d
u9 = a + 8d
NL

a + 8d a + 6 d
=
a + 6d a+d
( a + 8d )( a + d ) = ( a + 6d )
2

a 2 + 9ad + 8d 2 = a 2 + 12ad + 36
36dd 2
3a + 28d = 0
28
a=− d
3

25
ͳ Ƭ

Sum of first 20 odd-numbered terms of AP

20
= [ 2a + 19(2d )]
2
ª § 28 · º
= 10 « 2 ¨ − d ¸ + 38d »
¬ © 3 ¹ ¼
ª§ 56 · º
= 10 «¨ − d ¸ + 38d »
¬© 3 ¹ ¼
580
= d
3

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

26
ͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/10]
(a) A geometric series has common ratio r, and an arithmetic series has first term a
and common difference d, where a and d are non-zero. The first three terms of the
geometric series are equal to the seventh, fourth and second terms respectively of the
arithmetic series.
(i) Find d in terms of a. [3]
(ii) Deduce that the geometric series is convergent and find, in terms of a, the sum to
infinity. [5]
(b) A student wants to save $9900 for an overseas trip. On the first day of each month, she
ach month
puts $200 into a bank account which pays compound interest at a rate of 2% per month
mont
mo
on the last day of each month. After how many complete months will ll the total in the
th
account first exceed $9900? [4]

Solution

(a)(i) Terms of the G.P: a + 6 d , a + 3d , a + d ,"

Since the G.P. has a constant common ratio r,

a+d a + 3d
=
a + 3d a + 6d
( a + 3d ) = ( a + d )( a + 6d )
2

a 2 + 6ad + 9d 2 = a 2 + 7 ad + 6d 2
3d 2 − ad = 0
d ( 3d − a ) = 0
a
d= or d = 0 (rejected
ejectedd since d ≠ 0)
3

§ a · § 4a ·
a+¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
a+d ©3¹ = © 3 ¹ = 2
(a)(ii) r = =
a + 3d §a· 2a 3
a + 3¨ ¸
©3¹
2
nce r = < 1 , the
Since t ggeometric
mettri
riicc se
seri
series
ries
ri
ies iiss conv
co
convergent.
onver
nve gent.
nv
3
NL

§a·
a + 6¨ ¸
a + 6d © 3 ¹ = 9a
Sum too infinity
infi = =
2 2
1− 1−
3 3

27
ͳ Ƭ

(b) 200(1.02) n + 200(1.02) n−1 + " + 200(1.02) > 9900

ª1.02n − 1 º
200(1.02) « » > 9900
¬ 1.02 − 1 ¼
10200(1.02n − 1) > 9900
§ 9900 ·
ln ¨ + 1¸
n> ©
10200 ¹
ln(1.02)
n > 34.255
Least n = 35

RP
Hence, the total will first exceed $9900 after 35 complete months.

Alternative
200(1.02) n + 200(1.02) n −1 + " + 200(1.02) > 9900

UF
ª1.02n − 1º
200(1.02) « » > 9900
¬ 1.02 − 1 ¼
Using the G.C.,
SH
When n = 34, amount of money is 9798.9 < 9900
When n = 35, amount of money is 10199 > 9900
SD
Hence, the total will first exceed $9900 afterr 35
5 complete mont
months.
P
[D
XH

00(1.02)n −1 + " + 200(1.02)

200(1.02) n + 200(1.02) 200(1.02 > 9900
DV

ª1 − 11.02n º
1.02
1.0 «
200(1.02)
1.02) » > 99900
00
¬ 1 − 1.02
11.0002 ¼
Using the G.
G.C.,
NL

n > 34.255 (5s.f.)

(5s
Hence, the total will first exceed $9900 after 35 complete months.

28
ͳ Ƭ

Q2. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/7]
During a promotion, a bank offers an interest-free loan for the first three months. Thereafter,
interest is charged at the end of each month on the outstanding amount at 1% per month. John
borrows $30000 from the bank and pays back a fixed amount of $x at the beginning of each
month, starting from the first month.
(i) Find in terms of x, the amount he owes after the third payment. [2]
(ii) Show that the amount he owes after the fifth payment is
1.012 ( 30000 ) − 1.012 ( 3x ) − 1.01x − x. [2]
(iii) Find the amount he owes after the nth payment, simplifying your answer in te terms of n
and x using the sum of a geometric progression formula. [3]
(iv) If the loan is fully repaid after 60 payments, find the amount of each monthly
nthly
ly paymen
payment. [2]

RP
Solution

(i) Amount paid-up after the third payment = 3x

UF
Since 1st 3 months is interest free,
Amount owed after the third payment = 30000 − 3x

(ii) Amount owed after the 4th payment

SH
= 1.01( 30000 − 3 x ) − x
= 1.01( 30000 ) − 1.01( 3 x ) − x
SD
Amount owed after the 5th payment
= 1.01 ª¬1.01( 30000 ) − 1.01( 3x ) − x º¼ − x
P

= 1.012 ( 30000 ) − 1.012 ( 3x ) − 1.01

1x − x (shown
(shown)
[D

(iii) After nth payment, amountt owedd

= 1.01n −3 ( 30000 ) − 1.01n −3 ( 3x ) − 1.01n −4 x − 1.01n −5 x − ... − x
= 1.01n −3 ( 30000 ) − 1.01n −3 ( 3x ) − x ª¬1.01
1 n −4 + 1.01n −5 + ... + 1º¼
XH

ª1.01n −4+1 − 1 º
= 1.01n −3 ( 30000 ) − 1.01n −3 ( 3x ) − x « »
01 − 1 ¼
¬ 11.01
DV

= 1.011n −3 ( 30000 ) − 1.01n −3 ( 3x ) − 100 (

1000 x 1.01n −3 − 1 )
NL

(iv) Since
ince the loa
loan is fully paid d afte
after
er 60 ppayments,
ayymeentts,
1.01 ( 30000
600 −3
3000 ) − 1.01 ( 3 x ) − 100 x 1.0
60 − 3
(
1.01560−3 − 1 = 0 )
1.0157 ( 3x ) + 100 x (1.01
1 01560 − 3
− 1) = 1.01 ( 30000 )
57

1.0157 ( 30000 )
x=
1.0157 (3) + 10 (
100 1.0157 − 1 )
= $648.13
$648 13

29
ͳ Ƭ

30000 ¨ ¸« ¨1 − ¸ ».
© 100 − 3k ¹ ¬« © 400 ¹ ¼» [3]

RP
(iii) If Keith decides that he wants to maintain the account for 20 years,
rs, find the minimum
min
minimu
value of k so that he has $32 000 in the account by the end nd of that period,
perio after
withdrawal. [2]

UF
Solution

(10000 ) §¨1 +
k ·§ 3 ·
(i) SH ¸¨ ¸
© 100 ¹© 4 ¹

(ii) Amount remaining at end of 2nd year

SD
ª § k ·§ 3 · º§ k ·§ 3 ·
= «(10000) ¨1+ ¸¨ ¸ +10000» ¨1+ ¸¨ ¸
¬ © 100 4 ¹© ¹ ¼©
100 4 ¹©© ¹
2 2
§ k · §3· § k ·§ 3 ·
P

= (10000 ) ¨ 1 + ¸ ¨ ¸ + (10000 ) ¨ 1 + ¸¨ ¸
© 100 ¹ © 4 ¹ © 100 ¹ © 4 ¹
[D

Amount remaining at end of nth year

ye
n n n −1 n −1
§ k · § 3· § k · §3· § k ·§ 3 ·
= (10000 ) ¨1 + ¸ ¨ ¸ + (10000 ) ¨1 + ¸ ¨ ¸ + ! + (10000 ) ¨1 + ¸¨ ¸
© 100 ¹ © 4 ¹ © 1001 ¹ ©4¹ © 100 ¹© 4 ¹
XH

ª § k · §3· º
n n

« ¨
1 − 1 + ¸ ¨ ¸ »
§ k ·§§ 3 · ¬« © 10 100 ¹ © 4 ¹ ¼»
= 10000 ¨ 1 + ¸¨¨ ¸
© 100 00 ¹© 4 ¹ § k ·§ 3 ·
DV

1 − ¨1 + ¸¸¨¨ ¸
© 100100 ¹¹©© 4 ¹
ª § k · §3· º
n n

«1 − ¨ 1 + ¸ ¨ ¸ »
NL

§ k · ¬« © 100 ¹ © 4 ¹ ¼»
= 30000
000 ¨1 + ¸
© 1001 ¹
10 § k ·
4 − 3 ¨1 + ¸
© 100 ¹
ª § 3k + 300 00 · º
n

«1 − ¨ ¸ »
§ 100 + k · «¬ © 100 ¹ »¼
= 30000 ¨ ¸
© 100 ¹ 100 − 3k
100
§ k + 100 · ª § 3k + 300 · º
n

= 30000 ¨ ¸ «1 − ¨ ¸ » (shown)
© 100 − 3k ¹ «¬ © 400 ¹ »¼

30
ͳ Ƭ

(iii) When n = 20 , find minimum value of k such that

§ k + 100 · ª § 3k + 300 · º
n

30000 ¨ ¸« ¨1 − ¸ » ≥ 32000
© 100 − 3k ¹ «¬ © 400 ¹ »¼
Using the G.C., k ≥ 1.6948
Hence, least value of k is 1.70.

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

31
ͳ Ƭ

Q4. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/11]
Ms. Tan took up a car loan of $100000 from a bank in the beginning of a year and she was
offered the following bank loan payment packages:

Package B:
A monthly installment of $x is to be paid at the beginning of each month and
nd a bank intere
interest
inter

RP
of 5% per annum will be charged on the outstanding loan amount at the end
nd off the year.

(i) On which month would Ms. Tan pay up her loan completely under
nderr Package A
A? [4]
(ii) th
Show that the outstanding amount at the end of n year under
nder Package
ckage B is

UF
(100000 )1.05n + 252 x (1 − (1.05 ) ).
n
[3]
(iii) Deduce the least amount $x corrected to 2 decimalal places
aces if Ms.
Ms Ta
Tan wishes to pay up
SH
(iv) Based on your calculations in (iii), determine
Tan.
ge B.
her loan completely within 7 years under Package
ne which pack
package will be cheaper for Ms.
[2]

[2]
SD
Solution

n
(i) Amount paid in n months = 00 + ( n − 1)( 50 ) º¼
ª1000
P

2¬
To complete her loan under Packageackage
age A:
id ≥ 100000 + 12000
[D

Amount paid 1200

1
n
ª1000 + ( n − 1)( 50 ) º¼ ≥ 112000
11200
2¬
XH

n 2 + 199n − 4480
80 ≥ 0
80
By G.C.,
n ≤ −77.10
10 (rej as n > 0) or n ≥ 58.10
DV

an would finish paying

Ms. Tan pay ngg up hher
er lloan
oann on the 59th month.
oa

(ii)
NL

End of Y
Year Outstanding
tanddin
ing Am
A
Amount
mou
ount
nt
nt
1 (100000 − 12 x )1.05
2 ª¬(100000 − 12 x )11.05
05 − 12 x º¼ 1.05
= (100000 − 12 x )1.052 − (12 x )1.055
3 ª¬(100000 − 12 x )1.052 − 12 x (1.05) − 12 x º¼ 1.05
= (100000 − 12 x )1.053 − (12 x )1.052 − (12 x )11.05
… …
n (100000 − 12 x )1.05n − (12 x )1.05n−1 − ... − (12 x )1.05
23

32
ͳ Ƭ

Outstanding amount at the end of month n

= (100000 − 12 x )1.05n − (12 x )1.05n −1 − (12 x )1.05n − 2 − ... − (12 x )1.05
= (100000 )1.05n − (12 x )1.05n − (12 x )1.05n−1 − (12 x )1.05n − 2 − ... − (12 x )1.05
= (100000 )1.05n − 12 x ª¬1.05n + 1.05n −1 + 1.05n − 2 + ... + 1.05º¼
= (100000 )1.05n − 12 x ¬ª1.05 + 1.052 + ... + 1.05n−1 + 1.05n ¼º

(
ª1.05 1 − (1.05 )n
= (100000 )1.05 − 12 x «
n
) º»
« −0.05 »
«¬ »¼

( ( ))

RP
= (100000 )1.05n − 12 x −21 1 − (1.05 )
n

(
= (100000 )1.05n + 252 x 1 − (1.05 )
n
) (shown)

UF
(iii) To complete her loan under Package B in 7 years (i.e. n = 7 ) :
(100000 )1.057 + 252 x (1 − (1.05 ) )≤0
7

SH
140710.0423 + 252 x − 252 x(1.05)7 ≤ 0
252 x(1.05) 7 − 252 x ≥ 140710.0423
0423
102.58930 x ≥ 140710.0423
10.0423
23
SD
x ≥ 1371.5859
371.5859
.5859
Package B is $1371.59 .
Minimum amount Ms. Tan has to pay per month for P
Pack
P

(iv) age A = $112000

Total repayment amount in Package 11200
Total repayment amount in Package
ackage (1371.59 × 7 ×12) = $115213.56
ge B = (1371.5
(13
[D

ount in
Since total repayment amount n Package B > total repayment amount in Package A,
Package A is cheaper for Ms. Tan.
XH
DV
NL

33
ͳ Ƭ

Q5. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/3]
At the beginning of January 2010, Robert borrowed $200 000 from a bank that charges 0.4%
interest at the end of every month. Robert pays back $1500 at the beginning of every month,
starting from February 2010. Show that the amount Robert still owes the bank at the end of n
months is 376500 − 175000(1.004) n . [3]

How much did he pay on his last instalment? [3]

Solution
n Amount owed (beginning) Amount owed (end)
1.004 ( 200 000 )

RP
1 200 000
2 1.004 ( 200 000 ) − 1500 1.0042 ( 200 000 ) − 1500 (1.004
004 )
3 1.004 ( 200 000 ) − 1500 (1.004 ) − 1500
2
00 (1.004
1.0043 ( 200 000 ) − 1500 1.00 )
.004 2 + 1.004

UF
# #
n 1.004 n ( 200 000
00 ) − 1500( 00 n −1 + ! + 1.004
500 1.004 )
SH
Amount owed after n months
= 1.004n ( 200 000 ) − 1500 (1.004n −1 + ! + 1.004 )
1.004 (1 − 1.004n −1 )
SD
= 1.004 ( 200 000 ) − 1500
n

1 − 1.004
= 1.004 ( 200 000 ) + 375000 (1.004 − 1.004
n
04n )
P

= 376500 − 175000 (1.004 )

n
hown)
wn)
(shown)
[D

At the last instalment,

000 (1.004 ) ≤ 1500
n
376500 − 175000 1
1
15
XH

(1.004 )
n
≥
7
15
l (1.004 ) ≥ ln
n ln
DV

7
§ 15
15 ·
ln ¨ ¸
n≥ ©7¹
ln (1.004 )
NL

n ≥ 190.92

His last instalment is on thee 191stt month.

(
Amount he owed at end off 191stt month = $ 376500 − 175000 (1.004 )
191
)
= $1373.97

34
ͳ Ƭ

Q6. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/I/9] Sigma Notation

Savings plan Investment plan

Fixed interest of 3% per For odd-numbered years
annum (e.g. 2013): Interest of 5%
per annum
For even-numbered years
ears
(e.g. 2014): Interest of 1%
%
per annum

RP
For each plan, the interest is credited back into the plan at the end of the year
yea to earn
further interest.

UF
(Give all numerical answers to the nearest dollar for this question.)
uestion.)
tion.)

(i) Find the value of the savings plan after 2 years,s, given
iven that its valu
value after 6 years is
$35,000. [2]
SH
(ii) If she placed $30,000 in the savings plann initially,
the 2nd year is $927. Find the interest earned
tially, show that
tha the interest earned in
ned in the 10th yyear.
(iii) She begins saving at the start of 2013.. Explain whether
w
whet it is more profitable for
[3]
SD
her to place her money in the savings
avings investment plan if she saves for an even
ngs or investme
number of years. [3]
(b) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence
quence is denote
denoted
de by S n . Given that S n = e n − 1 ,
(i) prove that the sequencee is a geometric propr
progression,
P

n
(ii) find ¦S r .
[5]
[D

r =1

Solution
XH

(a)(i) Value after 6 yearss = a (1.03)

033))6 = 35
(1 03) 35000
35
335000
3500
5
a=
(111.03) 6
(1.03)
DV

Value years = a(1.03)

uee after 2 year 033) 2
35000
000
= 6
× (1.03)
(1 03) 2
(1.0
(1.0
.03)
NL

(1.03)
3)
≈ $31097
97

Alternative
V6 = V2 × (1.03) 4
35000 = V2 × (1.03) 4
V2 ≈ $31097

35
ͳ Ƭ

(a)(ii) Interest in 2nd year = 30000 × (1.03) 2 − 30000 × (1.03) = $927

Interest earned in 10 th year = V10 − V9
= 30000 × (1.03)10 − 30000 × (1.03)9
≈ $1174

Alternative
Interest earned in 10th year = 0.03 ×V10
= 0.03 × 30000 × (1.03)9
≈ $1174

(a)(iii) After 2n years, the savings plan will have $a (1.03) 2 n whereas the investmentt plan

RP
an will have
$a (1.05)(1.01)" (1.05)(1.01) = $a (1.05) n (1.01) n .
Savings plan: a(1.03) 2 n = a[(1.03)2 ]n = a (1.0609) n
Investment plan: a (1.05) n (1.01) n = a[(1.05)(1.01)]n = a(1.0605) n

UF
∴The savings plan is more profitable.

(b)(i) Sn = en − 1
SH
un = S n − S n −1
= e n − 1 − ( e n −1 − 1)
SD
= e n − en −1
un en − en −1 en −1 ( e − 1)
= n −1 n − 2 = n − 2 = e = constant
onstant
ant
un −1 e − e e ( e − 1)
P

Thus, it is a GP.
[D

n
(b)(ii) ¦S
r =1
r = S1 + S 2 + ... + S n

= e1 − 1 + e 2 − 1 + ... + e n − 1
XH

= e1 + e 2 .. + en − n
e ( e n − 1)
= −n
DV

e −1

Alternative
NL

n n

¦ S = ¦ (e
r =1
r
r =1
r
− 1)

= ( e1 + e 2 + ... + e n ) − n(1)
e ( e n − 1)
= −n
e −1

36
ͳ Ƭ

RP
ach training
for passing. He finds that the distance he can cover for the first jump for each train
session improves by 2% every week from 2m in Week 1.

Comment on the validity of Glen’s belief. [2]

UF
Solution

T3 = 2 ( 0.95) + ( 0.01 + 2 ( 0.01) )

2
(i) SH
= 1.835m

2 (1 − 0.95n )
SD
n
(ii) Sn = + ª 2 ( 0.01) + ( n − 1)( 0.01) º¼ ≥ 15
1 − 0.95 2¬
( )
40 1 − 0.95n + 0.005 05n(n + 1) ≥ 15
005
P

C, n ≥ 8.828.
Using GC,
Least n = 9..
[D

T11 = 2 (1.02) = 2.44 < 2.5

10
(iii) .5
Glen’s belief is not valid.
d.
XH
DV
NL

37
ͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

RP
3
nce was only
week. For the remaining days, he realised that his daily distance oof
5
the distance covered the previous day. Show that the totalotal distance
istance ru
run bby the
eed 16 km.
student in his entire training programme will never exceed [3]

UF
(b) A sheet of graph paper is marked in 1 mm squares. A triangulargular region
reg R is bounded by
1
the x-axis, the line x = 100 mm and the line y = x . Findnd the num
number of complete 1 mm
5
SH ide R or on the boundary
squares which have all their vertices either inside bou of R. [3]

Solution
SD
n −1
§6·
(a)(i) Let 800 ¨ ¸ ≥ 10000
©5¹
25
P

ln
n–1 ≥ 2
6
ln
[D

5
n ≥ 14.85
∴ The value of N iss 15.
XH

ª§ 6 ·7 º 7 −1
000«¨ ¸ − 1»
8800 3 §6·
× 800 ¨ ¸
«¬© 5 ¹ »¼ 5 ©5¹
DV

(a)(ii) The total

al distance run = +
6 3
−1 1−
5 5
= 13915.904
915.5.90
9 4m
NL

= 13.915904
.91590 9044 km
90
< 166 km (shown)

(b)

38
ͳ Ƭ

The number of complete 1 mm squares on the 1st row = 95

The number of complete 1 mm squares on the 2nd row = 90
The number of complete 1 mm squares on the 3rd row = 85
…
The number of complete 1 mm squares on the 19th = 5
The number of complete 1 mm squares on the 3rd row = 0
∴ The total number of complete 1 mm squares required
= 95 + 90 + 85 + … + 5 + 0
19
= (95 + 5)
2
= 950

39
ͳ Ƭ

Without the use of a graphing calculator, find the least value of n such that
2Sn
>1.
S n +1 − 100 [3]

(b) Mr Wee borrowed $3400 from an unlicensed money lender on 1st June 2013. 3. The
amount he owes the lender at the beginning of each month is twice the outstanding
tanding

RP
amount at the end of the previous month.
From the month of August 2013, Mr Wee decided to repay $7000 0 in the
he middle of
each month. Find, in terms of n, the outstanding amount owedd at the end of tthe nth
month. Hence find the earliest month when he has fully repaid
paid hiss loan. [5]

UF
Solution

(a) SH
First term = 1, common difference = d
S5 , S10 , S 20 form a GP
S S
10 = 20
SD
S5 S10
2
ª10 º ª5 º ª 20 º
«¬ 2 ( 2 + 9d ) »¼ = «¬ 2 ( 2 + 4d ) »¼ × «¬ 2 ( 2 + 19d ) ¼»
P

25 ( 2 + 9d ) = 25 ( 2 + 4d )( 2 + 19d )
2

5d 2 − 10d = 0
[D

d = 2 or d = 0 (rejected
ected as AP is increasing)
in

2Sn
XH

>1
S n +1 − 1000
2n 2
>1
( n + 1)
DV

2
− 100
2n 2 − (n + 1) 2 + 100
10
>0
( n + 1)
2
− 100
NL

n 2 − 2n + 99
>0
( n + 1)
2
− 100
Since n 2 − 2n + 99 = ( n − 1)) 2 + 98 > 0 ,
( n + 1)
2
− 100 > 0
( n + 1 + 10)( n + 1 − 10) > 0
( n + 11)( n − 9) > 0
n < −11 (rej ' n > 0) or n > 9
∴ Least n is 10.

40
ͳ Ƭ

(b)
nth Outstanding amount owed Outstanding amount owed at the end of the
month at the start of the month nth month (in hundreds)
(in hundreds)
1 34 34
2 34(2) 34(2)
3 34(2)2 34(2) 2 − 70
4 2 ( 34(2)2 − 70 ) 34(2)3 − 70(2) − 70
5 2 ( 34(2)3 − 70(2) − 70 ) 34(2) 4 − 70(2) 2 − 70(2) − 70
n 34(2) n −1 − 70(2) n −3 − .......... − 70(2) − 70

RP
Total amount of money owed at the end of nth month
= 100( 34(2) n −1 − 70(2) n−3 − .......... − 70(2) − 70 )

UF
{
= 100 34(2)n −1 − ª¬70(2)n −3 + .......... + 70(2) + 70º¼ }
= 100 {34(2) n −1
}
− 70 ª¬ 2n−3 + .......... + 2 + 20 º¼
§
¨
SH
= 100 ¨ 34(2) −
n −1
70 ª¬ 2n − 2 − 1º¼ ·
2 −1
¸
¸
© ¹
SD
= 100 ( 34(2) n −1 − 70(2) n − 2 + 70 )
= 100 ( 34(2) n −1 − 35(2) n −1 + 70 )
= 100 ( 70 − 2n−1 )
P
[D

To be free from debt,

70 − 2n −1 ≤ 0
2n −1 ≥ 140
40
XH

ln140
n140
n ≥ 1+ ≈ 7.129
77.
ln 2
Least n = 8
DV

Earliest month
nth to be free
fre fr
from
om
m ddebt
ebtt = Ja
eb Jann 20
2014
1
NL

41
Topic 2 Binomial Thoerem

2 Binomial Theorem

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MI/II/3(iii)(modified)]
The function f is defined by
x2
f :xo , x , a x b.
1 2x
Expand f ( x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x 3 . State the minimum
value of a and the maximum value of b for the expansion to be valid. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/2]
3 3
The series expansion of 1 ax up to and including the term in x 2 is given by 1 x x 2 .
b

2 8
Find the values of a and b. Explain why the substitution x 2 may not be suitable in
7
estimating the value of 5 using the above series.
4
[5]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/TJC/II/4a]
/4a] Maclaurin’s Series
(i) Express ln(1 x) as a series in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x3. [1]
ln(1 x)6
Obtain the expansion of in ascending powers of x, up to and including the
(ii) (1 3x) 4
term in x3. [2]
(iii) State the range of values of x for which the expansion in part (ii) is valid. [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/4]
C/I/4] Small Angle Approximations
S
In the triangle PQR, PQ = 3,
3, QR=
QR=
QR R= T
2 and angle PQR=
PQR
PQ radians. Given that T is a
4
w tthat
sufficiently small angle, show hatt
ha
1
PR | 5 6T 3T 2 2 | a bT cT 2 ,
for constants a, b and c to bee determined.
determin
ned
ed. [5]

42
Topic 2 Binomial Thoerem

Q5. I/5]
[2013/Prelim/HCI/I/5] Small Angle Approximations

The points A and B lie on the circle with equation x2 y 2 25 such that the angle OAB is
S
D where O is the centre of the circle and D is in radians. If D is sufficiently small, show
6
that the line segment AB is given by
1
AB | 75 aD bD
2 2
,
where a and b are constants to be determined. [5]

Hence approximate AB as a quadratic polynomial in terms of D . [3]

Q6. I/4]
[2013/Prelim/PJC/I/4] Small Angle Approximations
S S x
In triangle PQR , angle PQR radians and angle PRQ radians. Given that x is
4 4 2
5
sufficiently small for x and above to be ignored, show that

PR 2 § x2 5x 4 ·
| ¨1 ¸.
QR 2 © 8 384 ¹ [7]

Q7. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/1]
I/1] Small Angle Approximations
1
It is given that y , where a is a positive constant. If x is sufficiently small
5 2cos 2 (ax)
1
such that the series expansion for in ascending powers up to and including the
5 2cos 2 (ax)
1 18 2
term in x2 is x , find the value of a .
7 49 [4]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/8]
4 x
Expand in ascending
cendi
ding
ding ppowers
ng ower
ow errs of x, up to
to and
and including
inclu the term in x 2 . State the
(i) 1 x
set of values of x for which the ex
expansion
xpa
panssioion
n is
i vvalid.
alid
alid. [5]
1
By substituting x , obtain obt
btai
ain
n an estimate
est
stim
imat or 390 , leaving your answer as a
atee ffor
(ii) 10
fraction. [2]

υτ

43
Topic 2 Binomial Thoerem

Q2. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/8]
1
§ 1 2x2 · 2
Find the expansion of ¨ ¸ in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in
© 4 x ¹
x2 . [4]
(i) Find the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid. [2]
1 a
(ii) By putting x , show that 30 | , where a and b are integers to be determined. [2]
4 b

Q3. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/1]
1] Integration
1
By considering the expansion of , or otherwise, show that
1 x2
x3
sin 1 x x ax5 ...
6
where a is a constant to be determined. [5]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/3]3] Inequalities

1
Let f x 3 .
x 1
(i) Show that the series expansion of f x in descending powers of x, up to and including
1
1 4 2 7

the third term, is x x 3 x 3.
3
3 9 [3]
Denote the answer in part (i) by h x .

(ii) By evaluating h 8 , find an approximation for 3

7 as a ffraction
ra in its lowest form. [2]
((iii) Given that x
, find
nd the minimum
um value
value of
alue hatt the value of h x f x is
such that
of x su tha
less than 0.001. [2]

υυ

44
Topic 2 Binomial Thoerem

Answers

Level 1
2 5x 10 x2 20 x3...
For expansion to be valid, 3
1. 2. a 2, b
1 1 4
minimum a and maximum b
2 2
2
x x3
(i) x ...
2 3
3 5 3 5
3. (ii) 6 x 69 x2 506 x3 ... 4. a 5, b , c
5 25
1 1
(iii) x
3 3
a 50 3 , b 50 ;
5. § 3 1 · 7. a 3
5 3 ¨¨1 D D 2 ... ¸¸
© 3 2 ¹
Level 2
1§ 1 131 2 ·
¨1 x x ¸ ...
2© 8 128 ¹
9 143 2
(i) 2 x x ^x : 1 x 1`
4 64
1 1 ½
1. 2. (i) ®x : x ¾
126533 ¯ 2 2¿
(ii) 390 |
6400
11215 12288
(ii) or
2048 2243
3
3. a
40
Level 3
576
(ii) 3
7|
1. 301
(iii) Minimum value of x is 5..

υφ

45
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/HYHO
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Q1. [2013/Prelim/MI/II/3(iii)(modified)]
The function f is defined by
x−2
f :x→ , x ∈ \, a < x < b .
1 + 2x
Expand f ( x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x 3 . State the
he minimum
minim

RP
value of a and the maximum value of b for the expansion to be valid. [3]

Solution

UF
f(x) = ( x − 2)(1 + 2 x) −1
= ( x − 2)(1 − 2 x + 4 x 2 − 8 x 3 + ...)
= −2 + x + 4 x − 2 x 2 − 8 x 2 + 4 x 3 + 16 x 3 + ...
SH
= −2 + 5 x − 10 x 2 + 20 x 3 ...
SD
For expansion to be valid,
2x < 1
1
x<
P

2
1 1
− <x<
[D

2 2
1 1
∴ minimum a = − and maximum b =
2 2
XH
DV
NL

46
ʹ

Q2. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/2]
3 3
The series expansion of (1 + ax ) up to and including the term in x 2 is given by 1 −
b
x − x2.
2 8
Find the values of a and b. Explain why the substitution x = −2 may not be suitable in
7
estimating the value of 5 4 using the above series. [5]

Solution

b(b − 1)
(1 + ax )
b
= 1 + b( ax) + ( ax) 2 + ...
2!

RP
a 2b(b − 1) 2
= 1 + abx + x + ...
2
Comparing coefficients,
3 3

UF
ab = − a = − " (1)
2 2b
a 2b(b − 1) 3
=− " (2)
2 SH
Substitute (1) into (2):
2
8

§ 3 · b(b − 1) 3
¨− ¸ =−
SD
© 2b ¹ 2 8
3(b − 1)
= −1
b
P

3(b − 1) = −b
3
b=
[D

4
3
∴a = − = −2
§3·
2¨ ¸
XH

7 3 3
5 4 с 5 ⋅ 5 4 = 5 [1 + (−2)(−2) ] 4
DV

The series
es expansion is valid
v for
NL

1 1
ax < 1 −2 x < 1 − < x <
2 2
However, the substitution x = −2 falls outside the validity range. Thus, it is not suitable.

47
ʹ

Q3. [2013/Prelim/TJC/II/4a] DĂĐůĂƵƌŝŶ͛Ɛ^ĞƌŝĞƐ
(i) Express ln(1 − x) as a series in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x3. [1]
ln(1 − x)
6
Obtain the expansion of in ascending powers of x, up to and including the
(ii) (1 + 3 x )4
term in x3. [2]
(iii) State the range of values of x for which the expansion in part (ii) is valid. [2]

Solution

x 2 x3
ln(1 − x) = − x − − − ...

RP
(i)
2 3

ln(1 − x)6
(ii) = [ 6 ln(1 − x)] (1 + 3 x ) −4
(1 + 3 x) 4

UF
§ x 2 x3 ·§ −4( −5) ( )2 ·
= 6 ¨ − x − − − ... ¸ ¨1 − 4(3 x ) + 3 x + ... ¸
© 2 3 ¹© 2! ¹
SH= ( −6 x − 3 x 2 − 2 x 3 + ...)(1 − 12 x + 90 x 2 + ...)
= −6 x − 3 x 2 + 72 x 2 − 2 x 3 + 36 x 3 − 540 x3 + ...
= −6 x + 69 x 2 − 506 x3 + ...
SD
(iii) For the expansion of ln(1 − x) to be valid, −1 < − x ≤ 1 −1 ≤ x < 1 .
1 1 1
For the expansion of (1 + 3x) −4 to be valid,
d, 3 x < 1 x < i.e. − < x < .
P

3 3 3
ln(1 − x)6 1 1
So, for the expansion of valid, − < x < .
to be vali
[D

(11 + 3 x )4 3 3
XH
DV
NL

48
ʹ

Q4. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/4] ^ŵĂůůŶŐůĞƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
π
In the triangle PQR, PQ = 3, QR= 2 and angle PQR= θ + radians. Given that θ is a
4
sufficiently small angle, show that
1
PR ≈ ( 5 + 6θ + 3θ 2 ) 2 ≈ a + bθ + cθ 2 ,
for constants a, b and c to be determined. [5]

Solution

Using cosine rule:

RP
( 2) ( 2 ) cos §¨©θ + π4 ¸·¹
2
PR 2 = 32 + − 2 ( 3)

§ π π·
= 11 − 6 2 ¨ cos θ cos − sin θ sin ¸

UF
© 4 4¹
§ 1 1 ·
= 11 − 6 2 ¨ cos θ − sin θ ¸
© 2 2 ¹
SH
= 11 − 6 cos θ + 6 sin θ
§ θ2 ·
≈ 11 − 6 ¨1 − ¸ + 6θ
© 2 ¹
SD
= 5 + 6θ + 3θ 2
1
PR ≈ ( 5 + 6θ + 3θ 2 ) 2 (shown)
P

1
[D

PR ≈ ( 5 + 6θ + 3θ 2 ) 2
1
ª § 6 3 ·º 2
= «5 ¨ 1 + θ + θ 2 ¸ »
XH

¬ © 5 5 ¹¼
ª 1§6
1
3 2 · 1§6 3 2·
2
º
= 5 «1 + ¨ θ + θ ¸ − ¨ θ + θ ¸ + ...»
2
DV

«¬ 2 © 5 5 ¹ 8©5 5 ¹ »¼
1 ª 2
º
1§6 · 1§3 · 1§ 6·
= 5 2 «1 + ¨ θ ¸ + ¨ θ 2 ¸ − ¨ ¸ θ 2 + ...
....»
«¬ 2 © 5 ¹ 2 © 5 ¹ 8 © 5 ¹ »¼
NL

3 5 3 5 2
≈ 5+ θ+ θ
5 25

3 5 3 5
∴ a = 5, b = , c=
5 25

49
ʹ

Q5. [2013/Prelim/HCI/I/5] ^ŵĂůůŶŐůĞƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
The points A and B lie on the circle with equation x 2 + y 2 = 25 such that the angle OAB is
π
− α where O is the centre of the circle and α is in radians. If α is sufficiently small, show
6
that the line segment AB is given by
1
AB ≈ ( 75 + aα + bα 2 ) 2 ,
where a and b are constants to be determined. [5]

Hence approximate AB as a quadratic polynomial in terms of α . [3]

RP
Solution

We calculate the angle opposite to the unknown length

UF
(not necessary but more direct in getting AB if we do so):
§π · 2π
∠AOB = π − 2 ¨ − α ¸ = + 2α
©6 ¹ 3
SH
SD
K
5 5

P

Using cosine rule:

§ 2π ·
AB 2 = 52 + 52 − 2 ( 5 )( 5 ) coss ¨ + 2α ¸
© 3 ¹
XH

§ 2π 2π ·
= 50 − 50 ¨ cos cos 2α − sinsiiin i 2α ¸
sin
© 3 3 ¹
§ 1 § (2 (2α ) 2 · 3 ·
( 2α ) ¸¸
DV

≈ 500 − 50 ¨¨ − ¨ 1 − ¸−
© 2© 2 ¹ 2 ¹
§ 1 ·
= 50 − 50 ¨ − + α 2 − 3α ¸
NL

(
Hence AB ≈ 75 + 50 3α − 50α 2 ) 2

a = 50 3 and b = −50

50
ʹ

1

(
AB ≈ 75 + 50 3α − 50α 2 ) 2

1
§ §2 3
1
2 · ·2
= 75 ¨ 1 + ¨¨
2
α − α 2 ¸¸ ¸
¨ 3 ¹ ¸¹
© © 3
§ 1§ 1· ·
¨ 1§2 3 ¨ − ¸ 2
¸
1
2 · 2 2¹§2 3 2 ·
= 75 ¨ 1 + ¨¨
2
α − α 2 ¸¸ + © ¨¨ α − α 2 ¸¸ + ... ¸
¨ 2© 3 3 ¹ 2! © 3 3 ¹ ¸
¨ ¸
© ¹
1 § ·
1§2 3 2 · 1§ 4 ·

RP
= 75 2 ¨ 1 + ¨¨ α − α 2 ¸¸ − ¨ α 2 ¸ + ... ¸
¨ 3 ¹ 8© 3 ¹ ¸
© 2© 3 ¹
§ 3 1 ·
= 5 3 ¨¨ 1 + α − α 2 + ... ¸¸
© 3 2 ¹

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

51
ʹ

Q6. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/4] ^ŵĂůůŶŐůĞƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
π π x
In triangle PQR , angle PQR = radians and angle PRQ = + radians. Given that x is
4 4 2
5
sufficiently small for x and above to be ignored, show that

PR 2 § x2 5x4 ·
≈ ¨1 + + ¸.
QR 2 © 8 384 ¹ [7]

Solution
π π x π x
∠QPR = π − − − = −

RP
4 4 2 2 2 W
Using sine rule:
§π x · §π ·
sin ¨ − ¸ sin ¨ ¸
© 2 2¹ = ©4¹

UF

QR PR
§π · Y Z
sin ¨ ¸
PR ©4¹
QR
SH
=
§π x·
sin ¨ − ¸
© 2 2¹
SD
2
= 2
π x π x
sin cos − cos sin
2 2 2 2
P

−1
2 ª § x ·º
= cos ¨ ¸
2 «¬ © 2 ¹ ¼»
[D

−1
ª § x · 2 § x ·4 º
« ¨ ¸ »
2 « ¨© 2 ¸¹ © 2¹ »
XH

≈ 1− +
2 « 2! 4 »
4!
« »
¬« »¼
DV

−1
2 § x2 x4 ·
≈ ¨1 − + ¸
2 ¨© 8 3844 ¸¹
NL

ª § x 2 x 4 · ( −1)(
2 º
2« 1)( −2)) § x 2 x 4 ·
≈ 1 + ( −1) ¨ − + + ¨¨ − + + ...»
2 « ¨ 8 384 ¸¸ 2! 8 384 ¸¸ »
¬ © ¹ © ¹ ¼

2 § x2 x4 § x4 ··
≈ ¨1 + − + ¨ + ... ¸ ¸
2 ¨© 8 384 ©¨ 64 ¸¸
¹¹
2 § x2 5x4 ·
≈ ¨1 + + ¸
2 ¨© 8 384 ¸¹

52
ʹ

Q7. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/1] ^ŵĂůůŶŐůĞƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚŝŽŶƐ

1
It is given that y = , where a is a positive constant. If x is sufficiently small
5 + 2 cos 2 (ax)
1
such that the series expansion for in ascending powers up to and including the
5 + 2 cos 2 (ax)
1 18 2
term in x2 is + x , find the value of a .
7 49 [4]

Solution

RP
Alternative
1 1
y= y=
5 + 2 cos 2 (ax) 5 + 2 cos 2 ( ax)
1 1

UF
≈ =
§ (ax) 2 ·
2
5 + 1 + cos(2ax)
5 + 2 ¨1 − ¸
© 2 ¹ 1
≈
SH 1 ª (2ax) 2 º
6 + «1 −
=
5 + 2 (1 − a 2 x 2 ) ¬ 2 »¼
1
1 =
SD
= 7 − 2a 2 x 2
7 − 2a 2 x 2
= ( 7 − 2a 2 x 2 )
−1
P

−1
1 § 2a 2 2 ·
= ¨1 − x ¸
7© 7 ¹
[D

1 § 2a 2 2 ·
≈ ¨1 + x ¸
7© 7 ¹
XH

2
1 2a 2
= + x
7 49
1 18 2
≡ + x
DV

7 49

∴ 2a 2 = 18 a = 3 since
ce a > 00..
since
sinc
NL

53
ʹ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/8]
4+ x
Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 2 . State the
(i) 1− x
set of values of x for which the expansion is valid. [5]
1
By substituting x = − , obtain an estimate for 390 , leaving your answer as a
(ii) 10
fraction. [2]

RP
Solution

1
4+ x § x ·2
= 4 ¨ 1 + ¸ (1 − x )
−1
(i)
1− x © 4¹

UF
§ 1§ 1· ·
¨ 1 § x · 2 ¨ − 2 ¸ § x ·2 ¸
= 2 ¨1 + ¨ ¸ + ©
SH ¹
¨ ¸ + " ¸ (1 + x + x +
2
")
+"
¨ 2© 4¹ 2 ©4¹ ¸
¨ ¸
© ¹
SD
§ x x 2
·
= 2 ¨1 + − + " ¸ (1 + x + x 2 + ")
© 8 128 ¹
§ x x2 x2 ·
P

= 2 ¨1 + − + x + + x2 ¸ + "
© 8 128 8 ¹
9 143 2
= 2+ x+ x +"
[D

"
4 64
x
Valid for: <1 x < 4 and x < 1.
4
XH

Hence { x ∈ \ : − 1 < x < 1}

1
4− 2
10 ≈ 2 + 9 § − 1 · + 143
1433 § 1 ·
14
(ii) ¨ ¸ ¨− ¸
1+
1 4 © 10 ¹ 6644 © 10 ¹
NL

339 11 11503
≈ ×
10 10 6400
10 39 11 11503
× ≈ ×
10 10 10 6400
11 11503
03 126533
390 ≈ 10 × × =
10 6400 6400

54
ʹ

Q2. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/8]
1
§ 1 + 2x2 ·2
Find the expansion of ¨ ¸ in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in
© 4− x ¹
x2. [4]
(i) Find the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid. [2]
1 a
(ii) By putting x = , show that √ 30 ≈ , where a and b are integers to be determined. [2]
4 b

Solution

RP
1
−1/2
§ 1 + 2x2 ·2 § x·
( ) ( )
1/2
¨ ¸ = 1+ 2x
2
4−1/2 ¨1 − ¸
© 4− x ¹ © 4¹
§ § 1 ·§ 3 · ·

UF
1§ 1 ¨ ¨ − ¸¨− ¸ 2 ¸
· § · 2 ¹© 2 ¹ § ·
= ¨1 + 2 x 2 + ... ¸ ¨1 − ¨ − ¸ + ©
( ) 1 x x
¨ − ¸ + .... ¸
2© 2 ¹¨ 2 © 4 ¹ 2 © 4 ¹ ¸
¨ ¸
SH 1
( § 1
)
©
= 1 + x + ... ¨1 + x +
2 3 2 ·
x + ... ¸
¹

2 © 8 128 ¹
SD
1§ 1 3 2 ·
= ¨1 + x + x + x 2 ¸ + ...
2© 8 128 ¹
1§ 1 131 2 ·
= ¨1 + x + x ¸ + ...
P

2© 8 128 ¹

x
[D

(i) 2 x2 < 1 and <1

1 1
XH

− <x< and −4 < x < 4

√2 √2
DV

1 1 ½
ng intersection, the sett of
Taking of values
vvaalu
alu
lues is ® x ∈ \ : −
es is <x< ¾.
¯ √2 √ 2¿

NL

2
§1·
1+ 2¨ ¸
© 4 ¹ ≈ 1 §1 + 1 § 1 · + 131 § 1 · ·
2

(ii) ¨ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¸
4−
1 2 ¨© 8 © 4 ¹ 128 © 4 ¹ ¸¹
4 Alternative
Alter

3 2243 ª 3 3 ⋅ 10 30 º 9 2243
≈ « Note : = = » ≈
10 4096 ¬ 10 10 ⋅ 10 10 ¼ 30 4096

§ 2243 · 11215 § 4096 · 12288
30 ≈ 10 ¨ ¸= 30 ≈ 3 ¨ ¸=
© 4096 ¹ 2048 © 2243 ¹ 2243
υτ

55
ʹ

Q3. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/1] /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ
1
By considering the expansion of , or otherwise, show that
1 − x2
x3
sin −1 x = x + + ax 5 + ...
6
where a is a constant to be determined. [5]

Solution

( )
1 −
= 1 − x2 2

1 − x2
§ 1· ( − 1 ) ( − 23 ) − x 2
( ) ( )
2
= 1 + ¨ − ¸ − x2 + 2 +!
© 2¹ 2!
x 2 3x 4
= 1+ + +!
2 8
Since
d
( sin −1 x ) =
1
, so
dx 1 − x2
1
sin −1 x = ³ dx
1 − x2
§ x 2 3x 4 ·
= ³ ¨1 + + + ! ¸ dx .
© 2 8 ¹
x 3 3x5
= x+ + + ! + c, where
re c is an arbitrary
arb constant.
6 40
When x = 0 , c = sin −1 0 = 0 .
x3 3x5 3
Hence sin −1 x = x + + +!
! , where a = .
6 40 40

υυ

56
ʹ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/3] /ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐ

1
Let f ( x ) = 3 .
x −1
(i) Show that the series expansion of f ( x ) in descending powers of x, up to and including
1
1 −4 2 −7 −
the third term, is x+ x 3+ x 3. 3
3 9 [3]
Denote the answer in part (i) by h ( x ) .

RP
(ii) By evaluating h ( 8 ) , find an approximation for 3
7 as a fraction in its
ts lowest
owest form. [2]
lue of h ( x ) − f ( x ) is
(iii) Given that x ∈ ] + , find the minimum value of x such that thee value
less than 0.001. [2]

UF
Solution

(i) f ( x) =
SH 3
1
x −1

SD
1
= ( x − 1)
−
3

1
−
§ 1· 3
1
−
= x ¨1 − ¸3
P

− « § ·§ · 3 ¹© 3 ¹ § · »
1
= x 3 «1 + ¨ − ¸ ¨ − ¸ + ©
1 1
¨ − ¸ + " »
« © 3 ¹© x ¹ 2! © x¹ »
«¬ »¼
XH

§ 1 −1 2 −2 ·
1
−
−1
≈x 3
¨1 + x + x ¸
© 3 9 ¹
DV

1
− 1 −4 2 −7
=x 3
+ x 3+ x 3 ( shown )
3 9
NL

1 4 7
− 1 − 2 −
(ii) h ( x) = x 3
+ x 3+ x 3
3 9
1
1 − 43 2 − 73
−
h (8) = 8 (8 ) + ( 8)
3
+
3 9
1 1 2
= + +
2 3 (16 ) 9 (128 )
301
=
576

υφ

57
ʹ

1 1
f ( 8) = =3
3
8 −1 7

1 301
3
≈
7 576
576
3
7≈
301

(iii) Using GC,

When x = 4 , h ( x ) − f ( x ) = 0.0021546 > 0.001

RP
When x = 5 , h ( x ) − f ( x ) = 0.00097182 < 0.001
Therefore, the minimum value of x is 5.

Alternative

UF
Using GC,
y

SH
SD
x
K 4.96
P

x > 4.96 ( 3 s.f.)

ue of x is 5.
Therefore, the minimum value
[D
XH
DV
NL

υχ

58
Topic 3 Sigma Notation

3 Sigma Notation

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/3]
S/I/3] Mathematical Induction
1 n2 n 4
A sequence u1, u2, u3, ... is such that u1 = and un1 un
, for n t 1.
(n 3)2 (n 2)2
9
n
(i) Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that un .
n 2
2
[4]
N
n n4
2

(ii) Hence find ¦ (n 3) (n 2)

n 1
2 2
in terms of N and state its value as N o f .
[3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/3(a)]

¦ >r 1 @
n
3
(i) Using the method of differences, find r 3 in terms of n.
r 1 [2]
(ii) Express (r 1) r in the form of ar br c where a, b and c are constants to be
3 3 2

determined. [1]
n
1
(iii) Hence show that ¦ r
2
nn 12n 1 .
r 1 6 [4]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/10]
I/10] Mathematical Induction
An increasing sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,... is given by
1 5un
u1 and un 1 for n t 1.
5 8un 1
(i) Use the method of mathematical
athematical induction to prove that
5n 1
un .
2 5n 1 3 [4]
(ii) Determine, with a reason,
asoon
on, if the
the sequence
seq
equ
uenc
uence converges.
co
onv
nveergees.. [2]
2N

¦
5 n

(iii) Find .
u
n N 1 n [3]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/5]
5] Inequalities
Inequa
aliliti
itties
ies
ess
1
By considering uk uk 1 , where
here uk , find
find the sum
k (k 1)
k(
n
1
Sn ¦ k (k 1)(k 2) .
k 1 [4]
1
Hence, find the smallest integer n such that Sn differs from by less than 10-4.
4 [2]

υχ

59
Topic 3 Sigma Notation

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/6]
1 A B
By expressing in the form , where A and B are real constants, find, in terms
r r 2 r r 2
of n,
n
1
¦
r 3 r r 2
.
[4]
Give a reason why the series is convergent and state the sum to infinity. [2]
1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of .
3u 5 4 u 6 5 u 7 [2]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/3]
n 1 k 1
Express in partial fractions and hence use the method of differences to find
n(n 1)
§ 1 · ª n 1 k 1º
N n

¦ ¨ ¸ «
n 2 © k ¹ ¬ n( n 1) ¼
»

in terms of constants N and k . [3]

2n 1 n 2
f

Explain why ¦
n 2
3n > n(1 n)@
is a convergent series, and state its value.
[3]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/8]
1
(i) Show that sin 4 A sin 2 A sin 2 2 A .
4 [2]
1

n
Given that Sn ¦ r sin 4 2r x .
r 04
1
(ii) By using the result in (i), prove that Sn sin 2 x
4n1
ssin
in 2 2n1 x . [3]
(iii) Hence give a reason wh
hy S n conver
why rge
ges andd st
converges stat
atee th
state thee sum
m tto infinity. [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/7(b)]]
(i) By using the identity 4sin3 T { 3 3ssin T ssin
3sin in 3T , show
s ow that
sh tha
hatt
1 1 ª 1 º
sin 3 3r T in 3n1T »
n

¦
r 0 3
r
4¬« 3 i T n ssi
3sin
3
in
sin
¼ [3]
te sum
(ii) Hence, find the infinite
3§S · 1 3 § 3S · 1 3§3 S · 3§3 S ·
2 3
1
sin ¨ ¸ sin i ¨ ¸ 2 sin i ¨ ¸ 3 sin ¨ ¸ ...
©2¹ 3 © 2 ¹ 3 © 2 ¹ 3 © 2 ¹ [2]

υψ

60
Topic 3 Sigma Notation

Q5. [2013/Prelim/CJC/I/6]
1 A B C
Show that , where A, B and C are constants to be found.
r (r 1)(r 2) r (r 1) (r 2) [2]
n
1
(a) Use your results to find ¦ r (r 1)(r 2) .
r 1 [2]
f
1
(b) Hence find (i) ¦ r (r 1)(r 2)
r 2
and
[2]
f
1
(ii) ¦ r (r
r 3
2
1)
.
[3]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/1]
2 N
1
Express
r 1 r 3
in partial fractions and find ¦ r 1 r 3 .
r 0 [4]
N 3
1
Hence find ¦ r 1 r 3 .
r 4 [2]

Q7. [2013/Prelim/MI/I/10]
/10] Mathematical Induction
(i) r 9r 19
2
A B
Express in the form where A and B are constants to be
r 5! r 3 ! r 5 !
r 2 9r 19 6
n
n6
found. Hence show that ¦
r 5! 5! n 5!
.
r 1 [5]
(ii) Prove your result in (i) by the method of mathematical induction. [5]
f
r 2 7r 11
(iii) Hence, find ¦ r 4 !
.
r 1 [4]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/9(b)]] Integration

n
§ r 2 · § p(
p(q)n1 ·
Show that ¦ ¨ ³ 2 dx ¸ ln ¨ ¸ where p and q are
ar co
con
constants
n to be determined.
2 x 1
r 2© ¹ © n(n 1)) ¹
12
12
§ r 2 2 ·
Hence find the exact value off ¦ ¨ ³ dx ¸ .
r 6©
2 x 1 ¹
2
[6]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/6]
Let f (r ) r 1 r r 1 . Show that 1) 3r r 1 .
hatt f (r ) f (r 1)
tha [1]
n
(i) Find ¦ r r 1 .
r 1 [2]
n
1
(ii) Using the result obtained in part (i), deduce that ¦r
r 1
2

6
n(n 1)(2n 1) .
[2]
(iii) Find the sum of the series 1 3 u 2 3 3 u 4 5 3 u 6 3 n 1 n , where n
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

is odd. Give your answer in a fully factorised form. [4]

υω

61
Topic 3 Sigma Notation

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/8]I/8] Maclaurin’s Series

r 3r 1 1
2
1
(i) Show that .
r 2 ! r ! r 2 ! [2]
(ii) n
r 3r 1
2
Hence find
r 1
¦
r 2 !
. (There is no need to express your answer as a single algebraic

fraction.) [3]
(iii) Using the result in part (ii) and the standard series expansion for e , find the exact value
x

f
r 2 3r 3
of ¦
r 1 r 2 !
.
[4]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/3]
1
(i) Show that r 1 r for all r .
r 1 r [2]
n
1
(ii) Hence find ¦ .
r 1 r 1 r [3]
1

n
(iii) Deduce that ¦ ! 2 n 1 1 .
r 1 r [2]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/2]
(i) Using the method of differences, show that
n
1 B C
¦
r 1 r 1 r 3
A
n2 n3
,

where A, B, and C are constants to be determined. [4]

f
1
(ii) Explain why the es
series ¦
r 1 r 1 r 3
converges, and wr
write down its value.
[2]
f
1 5
(iii) Hence show that ¦ .
r 2
2
r 1 12 [2]

Q4. I/I/4] Recurrence

[2013/Prelim/HCI/I/4] ecurren
ence
ce R
Relations
elat
el
latio
ionss
mbers x1, x2 , x3 ,
A sequence of positive numbers suc
uchh th
is such that 1 and
hat x1 1.5
n § 2 n ·
xn1 ¨ n
x 4 ¸ , where n

.
n 1 ¨© n ¸¹
(i) Find the least value off n such that xn ! 40 . [1]

¦
N

(ii) By considering ª¬ n 1 xn1 n xn º¼ , express xN in terms of N .

n 1 [5]

υϊ

62
Topic 3 Sigma Notation

Q5. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/3]
1 1 2n
Show that 2  4 .
n n 1 n  n 1 n  n 2 1
2
[2]
The population (in thousands) of a virus at the end of the nth day in an experiment is modeled
n
by the sequence un which satisfies the recurrence relation un1 un  4 for n t 1.
n  n2 1
(i) Give the meaning of the term un1 un in the context of the question. [1]
(ii) Express un in terms of u1 and n. [4]
1
Show that, for large values of n, un is approximately equal to u1  and give an
(iii) 2
interpretation for this value in the context of the question. [2]
1
Given that u1  , find the minimum number of days for the population of the virus to
(iv) 2
exceed 990. [1]

υϋ

www
63
Topic 3 Sigma Notation

Answers

Level 1
1 N 1 1 (i) (n 1)3 1 (or n3 3n2 3n )
1. (ii) ; 2.
9 N 3 9
2
(ii) 3r 2 3r 1
(ii) The sequence converges.
1 ª1 1 º
3. 1 4. ; 70
(iii) (5N 1 )(5N 1) 15 N 2 ¬ 2 (n 1)(n 2) »¼
«
2
Level 2
1§3 1 1· 3 7 1 1 2
1. ¨ ¸; ; 2. ;
2 © 2 n 1 n ¹ 4 24 Nk N
k 3
3
3. (iii) sin 2 x 4. (ii)
4
1 1
A , B 1, C 1 1 3 1 1
2 2 ; ;
1 1§ 1 · 1§ 1 · r 1 r 3 4 2 N 2 2 N 3
5. (a) ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 6.
4 2 © n 1 ¹ 2 © n 2 ¹ 3 1 1

1 1 4 2 N 1 2 N 2
(b)(i) (b)(ii)
12 12
5 § 4(3)6 ·
7. (i) A 1, B 1 (iii) 8. p 2, q 3 ; ln ¨ ¸
24 © 5 ¹
1 1
9. (i) n n 1 n 1 (iii) n n 1 4n 1
3 6
Level 3
3 1 1 7
1. (ii) (iii) 2e 2. (ii) n 1 1
2 n 1! n 2 ! 2
N 1
5 1 5 §1· §1· 1
3. (i) A , B C (ii) 4. (i) 21 ((ii) 2 N 1 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
12 2 12 ©2¹ © N ¹ 2N
(i) The term gives the increasease in populationn of tthe he virus
vir
irus
u ffrom
rom da
dayy n to day (n + 1).
1 1
(ii) un u1
5. 2 2(n n 1)
2

(iii) This is the long term number

er off vir
vvi
irus
rus fo
virus forr th
he ex
the xperiment
nt..
experiment.
(iv) 8

υό

64
͵

6LJPD1RWDWLRQ6ROXWLRQ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/3] DĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂů/ŶĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ

1 n2 + n − 4
and un +1 = un −
A sequence u1, u2, u3, ... is such that u1 = , for n ≥ 1.
9 (n + 3)2 (n + 2)2
n
(i) Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that un = .
( n + 2)
2
[4]

RP
N
n +n−4
2

(ii) Hence find ¦ (n + 3) (n + 2)

n =1
2 2
in terms of N and state its value as N → ∞ .
[3]

Solution

UF
n
(i) Let Pn be the statement un = , for n ∈ ] + .
( n + 2)
2

When n = 1,SH
LHS = u1 =
1
9
SD
∴ P1 iss true.
ue.
1 1
RHS = = = LHS
(1 + 2 )
2
9
P

k
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈ ] + , i.e.
e. u k = .
( k + 2)
2

k +1 k +1
[D

Required to show Pk +1 is true, e u k +1 =

rue ii.e. = .
( k + 1 + 2) ( k + 3)
2 2

LHS = uk +1
XH

k2 + k − 4
= uk −
(k + 3) 2 ( k + 2) 2
k2 + k − 4
DV

k
= −
( k + 2) ( k + 3)) 2 (k + 2)
2
22
kk(( k + 3) 2 − k 2 − k + 4
NL

=
( k + 3) 2 ( k + 2)) 2
k 3 + 5k 2 + 8k + 4
=
( k + 3) 2 (k + 2) 2
( k + 2) 2 ( k + 1)
=
( k + 3) 2 ( k + 2) 2
( k + 1)
=
( k + 3) 2
= RHS

65
͵

∴ Pk is true Pk +1 is true. Since P1 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true,

by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

N
n2 + n − 4 N
(ii) ¦
n =1 ( n + 3) ( n + 2)
2 2
= ¦
n =1
( un − un+1 )
= u1 − u2
+ u 2 − u3
+ u3 − u4
+ ...

RP
+ u N − u N +1
= u1 − u N +1
1 N +1
= −
9 ( N + 3)2

UF
N
n2 + n − 4 1 N +1
∴¦ = −
n =1 ( n + 3) ( n + 2)
SH 2 2
9 ( N + 3)2
N +1
As N →∞ , → 0,
( N + 3)
2
SD
∞
n2 + n − 4
¦ (n + 3) (n + 2)
1
∴ 2 2
=
n =1
9
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

66
͵

Q2. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/3(a)]

¦ [(r + 1) ]
n
− r 3 in terms of n.
3
(i) Using the method of differences, find
r =1 [2]
(ii) Express ( r + 1) − r in the form of ar + br + c where a, b and c are constants to be
3 3 2

determined. [1]
n
1
(iii) Hence show that ¦ r = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) .
2

r =1 6 [4]

Solution

RP
n

¦ ª¬( r + 1) − r3 º =
3
(i) 23 − 13
r =1
¼
+ 33 − 23
+ ...

UF
+ n3 − (n − 1)3
+ (n + 1)3 − n3

(ii)
SH = ( n + 1) 3 − 1 (or n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n )

( r + 1) 3 − r 3 = r 3 + 3 r 2 + 3r + 1 − r 3
SD
= 3 r 2 + 3r + 1

¦ [(r + 1) ]
n
− r 3 = (n + 1)3 − 1
3
(iii) From (i),
P

r =1

¦ [3r ]
n
From (ii), 2
+ 3r + 1 = ( n + 1)
1) 3 − 1
[D

r =1
n n n
3¦ r 2 + 3¦ r + ¦ 1 = (n + 1)3 − 1
r =1 r =1 r =1
XH

n
3n(1 + n)
3¦ r 2 + + n = n 3 + 33nn 2 + 3n
r =1 2
n
3n(1 + n)
3¦ r 2 = − − n + n 3 + 3n
3n 2 + 3n
DV

r =1 2
n
3n(1 + n)
3¦ r 2 = − + n3 + 3n
3n 2 + 2n
2
NL

r =1
n
3n(1 + n)
3¦ r 2 = − + n(n + 1)(
1)( n + 2)
r =1 2
n
n(n + 1)
3¦ r 2 = [− 3 + 2(n + 2)]
r =1 2
n
n( n + 1)
3¦ r 2 = [2n + 1]
r =1 2
n
1
Hence ¦ r 2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
r =1 6

67
͵

Q3. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/10] DĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂů/ŶĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ

An increasing sequence u1, u2 , u3 ,... is given by
1 5un
u1 = and un +1 = for n ≥ 1 .
5 8un + 1
(i) Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that
5n −1
un = .
2 ( 5n −1 ) + 3 [4]
(ii) Determine, with a reason, if the sequence converges. [2]

¦
2N

RP
5n
(iii) Find .
u
n = N +1 n [3]

Solution

UF

5 n −1
(i) Let Pn be the statement u n = for n ∈ ] + .
2 ( 5 n −1 ) + 3
SH
To prove P1 is true:
1
LHS = u 1 =
SD
5
50 1
RHS = = HS = RHS, P1 is
Since LHS i tru
true.
2 (5 ) + 3 5
0
P

5 k −1
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈ ] + , i.e. u k = .
2 ( 5 k −1 ) + 3
[D

5k
Required to show Pk +1 is true, i e u k +1 =
rue i.e.
true .
2 (5 k ) + 3
XH

5u k
LHS =
8u k + 1
DV

§ 5 k −1 ·
5¨ ¸
¨ 2 ( 5 k −1 ) + 3 ¸
= © ¹ (byy Pk )
(b
NL

§ 5 k −1 ·
8¨ ¸ +1
¨ 2 ( 5 k −1 ) + 3 ¸
© ¹
5k
=
8 ( 5 k −1 ) + 2 ( 5 k −1 ) + 3
5k
=
10 ( 5 k −1 ) + 3

68
͵

5k
=
2 (5 k ) + 3
= RHS
∴ Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true,
by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

5 n −1 1
(ii) un = = [Divide numerator and denominator by 5 n −1 ]
2 (5 ) + 3 2 + 3(5 )
n −1 1− n

RP
1
As n → ∞, u n → , which is a finite number, therefore the sequence converges.
erges.
2
OR

UF
1
Using GC, u n → as n → ∞, , thus the sequence converges. s.
2

(iii) ¦
2N SH 5n
= ¦
2N

un n= N +1
ª 2 ( 5n−1 ) + 3 º
«
«¬ 5 n −1
⋅ 5n »
»¼
n = N +1
SD
2N

= ¦ ª¬2(5 ) + 15º¼
n = N +1
n
P

2(5 N +1 )(52 N −( N +1) +1 − 1)

= 155 [ 2 N − ( N + 1) + 1]
+15
+
5 −1
[D

1
= (5N +1 )(5N − 1)) + 155 N
2
XH
DV
NL

69
͵

Q4. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/5] /ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐ

1
By considering uk − uk +1 , where uk = , find the sum
k (k + 1)
n
Sn = ¦
1
.
k =1 k ( k + 1)(k + 2) [4]
1
Hence, find the smallest integer n such that Sn differs from by less than 10-4.
4 [2]

Solution

RP
1 1
uk − uk +1 = −
k (k + 1) ( k + 1)( k + 2)
k +2−k
=
k (k + 1)(k + 2)

UF
2
=
k (k + 1)(k + 2)

Sn = ¦
n
SH 1 1 n
= ¦ (uk − uk +1 )
k ( k + 1)( k + 2) 2 k =1
k =1
SD
1
= (u1 − u2
2
+ u 2 − u3
P

+ u3 − u 4
+ ......
[D

+ un − 2 − un−1
+ un −1 − un
+ un − un +1 )
XH

1
= (u1 − un+1 )
2
1 ª1 º
DV

1
= « −
2 ¬ 2 (n + 1)(1)((n + 2) »¼
NL

1 1 ª1 1 º 1
Sn − < 10−4 « − − < 10−4
4 2 ¬ 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) »¼ 4
1 2 ª −1 1 º
< 4 «Since
Si n > 0,
0 = »
(n + 1)(n + 2) 10 ¬ (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2) ¼
(n + 1)(n + 2)
2 > 5000
n 2 + 3n − 4998 > 0
n < −72.2 or n > 69.2
(rej ' n > 0)
∴ Least n = 70
6

70
͵

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/6]
1 A B
By expressing in the form + , where A and B are real constants, find, in terms
r ( r − 2) r r−2
of n,
n
1
¦
r =3 r ( r − 2 )
.
[4]
Give a reason why the series is convergent and state the sum to infinity. [2]
1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of + + + !! .

RP
3× 5 4 × 6 5× 7 [2]

Solution

1§ 1 1 · 1§ 1 1·

UF
1
= ¨− + ¸= ¨ − ¸
r ( r − 2) 2 © r r − 2 ¹ 2 © r − 2 r ¹
1 1
A=− , B= .

n
1
2 SH2

1 n § 1 1·
¦
r =3 r ( r − 2 )
= ¦ ¨ − ¸
2 r =3 © r − 2 r ¹
SD
ª 1 º
« 1 − 3 »
« »
P

«+ 1 − 1 »
« 2 4 »
« »
[D

«+ 1 − 1 »
« 3 5 »
1
= «+! »
2« »
XH

« 1 1 »
«+ n − 4 − n − 2 »
« »
«+ 1 − 1 »
DV

« n − 3 n −1 »
« »

N̈
«+ 1 − 1 »
«¬ n − 2 n »¼
NL

1§3 1 1·
= ¨ − − ¸
2 © 2 n −1 n ¹

§ 1 1· 1§3 1 1· 3
As n → ∞ , ¨ − ¸ → 0 . Hence
ce ¨ − − ¸→ .
© n −1 n ¹ 2 © 2 n −1 n ¹ 4
∞
1 3
Therefore ¦ = .
r =3 r ( r − 2 ) 4

71
͵

∞
1 1 1 1
+ + + !! = ¦
3× 5 4 × 6 5× 7 r =5 r ( r − 2 )
∞
1 1 1
=¦ − −
r =3 r ( r − 2 ) 3 (1) 4 ( 2 )
3 1 1
= − −
4 3 (1) 4 ( 2 )
7
=
24

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

72
͵

Q2. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/3]
n (1 − k ) − 1
Express in partial fractions and hence use the method of differences to find
n(n − 1)
§ 1 · ª n (1 − k ) − 1 º
N n

¦ ¨ ¸ «
n = 2 © k ¹ ¬ n( n − 1) ¼
»

in terms of constants N and k . [3]

∞ n −1
( n + 2)
¦ 3 [n(1 − n)] is a convergent series, and state its value.
2
Explain why n
n =2 [3]

RP
Solution

n (1 − k ) − 1 1 k
= −
n(n − 1) n n −1

UF
§ 1 · ª n (1 − k ) − 1 º N § 1 · ª 1
n n
N
k º
¦ ¨ ¸ « SH
n = 2 © k ¹ ¬ n ( n − 1) ¼
» = ¦¨ ¸ « −
n =2 © k ¹ ¬ n n − 1 »¼
N ª º
1 1
=¦ « n − n −1 »
n = 2 ¬ nk ( n − 1) k ¼
SD
1 1
= 2−
2k k
P

1 1
+ 3− 2
3k 2k
1 1
[D

+ 4− 3
4k 3k
+ ...
XH

1 1
+ −
( N − 1) k N −1
( N − 2 ) k N −2
1 1
+ −
DV

Nk N
( N − 1) k N −1
1 1
= N
−
NL

Nk k

73
͵

3
Let k = .
2
§ 1 ·
¨ − n − 1¸
ª n (1 − k ) − 1º
N n N n

¦ §¨© k ¸·¹ «¬ ¦ §2· © 2 ¹

1
»= ¨ ¸
n=2
n(n − 1) ¼ n=2 © 3 ¹ n(n − 1)
§ 2 · ( n + 2)
N n

= ¦
n=2
¨ ¸
© 3 ¹ 2n(1 − n)
2n −1 ( n + 2 )
N

= ¦ 3 [n(1 − n)]
n

RP
n=2

2n −1 ( n + 2 )
N

¦ 3 [n(1 − n)] =
1 2
∴ n N
−
n=2 §3· 3
N¨ ¸
©2¹

UF
1 1
As N → ∞, → 0 and N
→ 0.
N §3·
¨ ¸
SH ©2¹
2n −1 ( n + 2 )
∞

¦
2
Thus =− .
n=2
3 [ n(1 − n) ]
n
3
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

74
͵

Q3. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/8]
1
(i) Show that sin 4 A = sin 2 A − sin 2 2 A .
4 [2]
n
1
Given that Sn = ¦ r sin 4 2r x . ( )
r =0 4

(ii) By using the result in (i), prove that S n = sin 2 ( x ) −

4
1
n +1 ( )
sin 2 2 n +1 x .
[3]
(iii) Hence give a reason why S n converges and state the sum to infinity. [2]

Solution

RP
(i) sin 4 A = sin 2 A (1 − cos 2 A )
= sin 2 A − sin 2 A cos2 A
1
( 2sin A cos A)

UF
2
= sin 2 A −
4
1
= sin 2 A − sin 2 2 A (shown).
4

(ii)
SH
S n = sin 4 ( x ) + sin 4 ( 2 x ) + 2 sin 4 ( 22 x ) + ! + n sin
1 1 1
in 4 ( 2n x )
4 4 4
SD
1
= sin 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( 2 x )
4
sin 2 ( 2 2 x )
1 1
+ sin 2 ( 2 x ) −
P

2
4 4
+ 2 sin 2 ( 2 2 x ) − in 2 ( 23 x )
1 1
sin
[D

4 43
+ "

sin 2 ( 2n −1 x ) − ssi 2 ( 2n x )
1 1
XH

+ n −1
sin
4 4n
+ n sin 2 ( 2 n x ) − sin 2 ( 2n +1 x )
1 1
n +1
4 4
DV

sin 2 ( 2n +1 x ) ((p
1
= sin 2 ( x ) − n+ vedd).
(proved
pro
roveve ).
4n+1
NL

(iii) ( )
Since 0 ≤ sin 2 2n+1 x ≤ 1 for all n ∈ ] +0 and
ndd
1
4 n+1
→ 0 as n → ∞,

therefore S n → sin 2 ( x ) as n → ∞ . Hence, S ∞ = sin 2 ( x ) .

75
͵

Q4. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/7(b)]
(i) By using the identity 4 sin 3 θ ≡ 3sin θ − sin 3θ , show that
n
1ª º
sin 3 ( 3r θ ) = «3sin θ − n sin ( 3n +1θ ) »
1 1
¦
r =0 3
r
4¬ 3 ¼ [3]
(ii) Hence, find the infinite sum
§π · 1 § 3π · 1 § 32 π · 1 3§3 π
3
·
sin 3 ¨ ¸ + sin 3 ¨ ¸ + 2 sin 3 ¨ +
¸ 3 sin ¨ ¸ + ...
©2¹ 3 © 2 ¹ 3 © 2 ¹ 3 © 2 ¹ [2]

Solution

RP
n n
1 ª1 º
sin 3 ( 3r θ ) = ¦ r « (
3sin 3r θ − sin 3r +1θ ) »
1
(i) ¦3
r =0
r
r =0 3 ¬ 4 ¼
1 § 1n
1 ·
= ¦ ¨ r −1 sin 3r θ − r sin 3r +1θ ¸
4 r =0 © 3 3 ¹

UF
1
= ( 3sin θ − sin 3θ
4
1
SH + sin 3θ − sin 9θ

#
3
SD
1 1
+ n− 2
sin 3n −1θ −
n −1
sin 3n θ
3 3
1 1 n +1 ·
+ n−1 sin 3n θ − n ssiin 3n+ θ¸
P

3 3 ¹
1ª º
= «3sin θ − n sin ( 3n +1θ ) » (s
1
(shown)
4¬ ¼
[D

π 1 3π 1 32 π ∞
1 ª § π ·º
(ii) sin 3 + sin 3 + 2 sin
in 3 + " = ¦ r sin 3 «3r ¨ ¸ »
XH

2 3 2 3 2 r =0 3 ¬ © 2 ¹¼
Since 0 ≤ sin ( )
n 3n +1θ ≤ 1 for
1
ll n ∈ ] +0 and n → 0 as n → ∞,
or all
3
DV

n
1
( )
3
thus ¦ r sin 3 3r θ → sinn θ aass n → ∞ .
r =0 3 4
NL

π 1 3π 1 32 π
∴ sin
i 3
in + sin 3 + 2 sin 3 +"
+"
2 3 2 3 2
∞
1 ª § π ·º
= ¦ r sin 3 «3r ¨ ¸ »
r =0 3 ¬ © 2 ¹¼
3 π
= sin
4 2
3
=
4

76
͵

Q5. [2013/Prelim/CJC/I/6]
1 A B C
Show that = + + , where A, B and C are constants to be found.
r (r + 1)(r + 2) r (r + 1) (r + 2) [2]
n
1
(a) Use your results to find ¦ r (r + 1)(r + 2) .
r =1 [2]
∞
1
(b) Hence find (i) ¦ r (r + 1)(r + 2)
r =2
and
[2]
∞
1
(ii) ¦ r (r
r =3
2
− 1)
.
[3]

Solution

1 A B C
= + +
r (r + 1)(r + 2) r (r + 1) (r + 2)
1 = A(r + 1)(r + 2) + Br (r + 2) + Cr (r + 1)
1
Substituting r = 0, A =
2
Substituting r = −1, B = −1
1
Substituting r = −2, C =
2

n
1 n
§ 1 1 1 ·
(a) ¦
r =1 r ( r + 1)( r + 2)
= ¦ ¨ − + ¸
r + 1 2(r + 2) ¹
DP

r =1 © 2r

1 §1· 1§1·
= (1) − ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸
2 © 2¹ 2©3¹
1§1· §1· 1§1·
+ ¨ ¸−¨ ¸+ ¨ ¸
H[

2© 2¹ ©3¹ 2© 4¹
1§1· §1· 1§1·
+ ¨ ¸−¨ ¸+ ¨ ¸
2©3¹ © 4¹ 2©5¹
VX

+ .......
..
1§ 1 · § 1 · 1§1·
+ ¨ ¸−¨ ¸+ ¨ ¸
2 © n − 2 ¹ © n −1 ¹ 2 © n ¹
1§ 1 · 1 1§ 1 ·
+ ¨ ¸− + ¨ ¸
2 © n −1 ¹ n 2 © n +1 ¹
1§1· § 1 · 1§ 1 ·
+ ¨ ¸−¨ ¸+ ¨ ¸
2 © n ¹ © n +1¹ 2 © n + 2 ¹
1 1§ 1 · 1§ 1 ·
= − ¨ ¸+ ¨ ¸
4 2 © n +1¹ 2 © n + 2 ¹

77
͵

∞ ∞
1 1 1
(b)(i) ¦
r = 2 r ( r + 1)( r + 2)
= ¦
r =1 r ( r + 1)( r + 2)
−
1(1 + 1)(1 + 2)
1 1
= −
4 6
1
=
12
∞ ∞
1 1
(b)(ii) ¦ r (r
r =3
2
− 1)
=¦
r =3 ( r − 1) r ( r + 1)
[Let r = s + 1]

RP
1
= ¦ ( s)(s + 1)( s + 2)
s +1= 3
∞
1
=¦
s = 2 ( s )( s + 1)( s + 2)

UF
1
=
12

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

78
͵

Q6. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/1]
N
2 1
Express
( r + 1)( r + 3)
in partial fractions and find ¦ ( r + 1)( r + 3) .
r =0 [4]
N +3
1
Hence find ¦ ( r − 1)( r − 3) .
r =4
[2]

Solution

2 A B
= +
( r + 1)( r + 3) r +1 r + 3

RP
2 = A ( r + 3) + B ( r + 1)
r = −3 : 2 = B(−3 + 1) B = −1
r = −1: 2 = A(−1 + 3) A = 1

UF
2 1 1
∴ ≡ −
( r + 1)( r + 3) r + 1 r + 3
N
1
¦ ( r + 1)( r + 3)
SH =
1 N
¦
2
2 r =0 ( r + 1)( r + 3)
r =0
SD
1 N § 1 1 ·
= ¦ ¨ − ¸
2 r =0 © r + 1 r + 3 ¹
1 1 1
= ( −
P

2 1 3
1 1
+ −
[D

2 4
1 1
+ −
3 5
XH

+....
1 1
+ −
N −1 N + 1
DV

1 1
+ −
N N +2
1 1
NL

+ − )
N +1 N + 3
1§ 1 1 1 ·
= ¨1 + − − ¸
2© 2 N +2 N +3¹
1§3 1 1 ·
= ¨ − − ¸
2© 2 N +2 N +3¹
3 1 1
= − −
4 2 ( N + 2 ) 2 ( N + 3)

79
͵

N +3 k + 4 = N +3
1 1
¦ ( r − 1)( r − 3)
r =4
= ¦ ( k + 4 − 1)( k + 4 − 3)
k + 4=4
[Let r = k + 4]

N −1
1
=¦
k =0 ( k + 3)( k + 1)
3 1 1
= − − (replace N with N − 1 from previous part)
4 2 ( N − 1 + 2 ) 2 ( N − 1 + 3)
3 1 1
= − −
4 2 ( N + 1) 2 ( N + 2 )

RP
Alternative
N
1 1 1 1 1
¦
r = 0 ( r + 1)( r + 3 )
= + + +
(1)( 3) ( 2 )( 4 ) ( 3)( 5 ) ( 4 )( 6 )
+ ....

1 1 1 1

UF
+ + + +
( N − 2 )( N ) ( N − 1)( N + 1) ( N )( N + 2 ) ( N + 1)(( N + 3)
N +3
1 1 1 1 1
¦ ( r − 1)( r − 3) = ( 3)(1) + ( 4 )( 2) + ( 5)( 3) + ( 6 )( 4 ) + ...
r =4 SH 1 1 1
+ + +
( N )( N − 2 ) ( N + 1)( N − 1) ( N + 2 )( N )
SD
N −1
1
=¦
r =0 ( r + 1)( r + 3)
P

3 1 1
= − −
4 2 ( N + 1) 2 ( N + 2 )
[D
XH
DV
NL

80
͵

Q7. [2013/Prelim/MI/I/10] DĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂů/ŶĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ

(i) r + 9r + 19
2
A B
Express in the form + where A and B are constants to be
( r + 5 )! ( r + 3) ! ( r + 5 ) !
n
6 r 2 + 9r + 19
n+6
found. Hence show that
r =1
¦ ( r + 5 )!
−
5! ( n + 5 ) !
. =
[5]
(ii) Prove your result in (i) by the method of mathematical induction. [5]
∞
r 2 + 7 r + 11
(iii) Hence, find ¦ .
r =1 ( r + 4 )! [4]

Solution

RP

r 2 + 9r + 19 A B
(i) = +
( r + 5 ) ! ( r + 3) ! ( r + 5 ) !
r 2 + 9r + 19 = A ( r + 4 )( r + 5 ) + B

UF
A = 1, B = −1

n SH
r 2 + 9r + 19
¦ ( r + 5)!
r =1
n §
= ¦ ¨¨
1
r =1 © ( r + 3 ) !
−
1 ·
¸
( r + 5)! ¸¹
SD
1 1
= −
4! 6!
1 1
+ −
P

5! 7!
1 1
+ −
6! 8!
[D

+!
1 1
+ −
( n + 2 )! ( n + 4 )!
XH

1 1
+ −
( n + 3) ! ( n + 5 ) !
DV

1 1 1 1
= + − −
4! 5! ( n + 4 ) ! ( n + 5 ) !
5 +1 n + 5 +1
NL

= −
5! ( n + 5 ) !
6 n+6
= − (shown)
5! ( n + 5 ) !

81
͵

n
r 2 + 9r + 19 6 n+6
(ii) Let Pn be the statement ¦
r =1 ( )
r + 5 !
= −
5! ( n + 5 ) !
for all n ∈]+ .

1
r 2 + 9r + 19 1 + 9 + 19 29
When n = 1, LHS = ¦
r =1 ( r + 5 )!
=
6!
=
6!
6 1+ 6 29
RHS =− = = LHS
5! (1 + 5) ! 6!
Therefore, P1 is true.
k
r 2 + 9r + 19 6 k +6
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , ¦ = − .
r =1 ( r + 5)! 5! ( k + 5 )!

RP
k +1
r 2 + 9r + 19 6 k +7
To show Pk+1 is true, ¦ ( r + 5 )!
r =1
= −
5! ( k + 6 ) !
.

k +1
r + 9r + 19
2
LHS= ¦
( r + 5)!

UF
r =1

( k + 1) + 9 ( k + 1) + 19
2
6 k +6
= − +
5! ( k + 5 ) ! ( k + 6 )!
=
SH 6 k 2 + 12k + 36 − k 2 − 2k − 1 − 9k − 9 − 19
5!
−
( k + 6 )!
SD
6 k +7
= −
5! ( k + 6 ) !
= RHS
P

∴ Pk true Pk +1 true.
Since P1 true and Pk true Pk +1 true, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .
[D

r 2 + 7 r + 11 ∞ ( s + 1) + 7 ( s + 1) + 11
2
∞
(iii) ¦ ( r + 4 )! s¦
=
( s + 1 + 4 )!
[Let r = s + 1]
XH

r =1 −1=1
∞
s 2 + 9 s + 199
=¦
s =0 ( s + 5)!
DV

19 ∞ s 2 + 9s + 1919
= +¦
5! s =1 ( s + 5 ) !
19 6
NL

= +
5! 5!
5
=
24

82
͵

Q8. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/9(b)] /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ

§ r 2
n
· § p(q) n −1 ·
Show that ¦ ¨ ³2 2 dx
x −1 ¹
¸ = ln ¨ ¸ where p and q are constants to be determined.
r =2 © © n(n + 1) ¹
12
§ r +2 2 ·
Hence find the exact value of ¦ ¨ ³ dx ¸ .
r =6 ©
2 x −1 ¹
2
[6]

Solution

· n § ª § x − 1 ·º ·
r
n
§ r 2
¦ ¨ ³2 2
r =2 ©
d x ¸ ¦
= ¨ ln ¨ ¸ ¸
x − 1 ¹ r = 2 ¨© «¬ © x + 1 ¹ »¼ 2 ¸¹

RP
n
ª § r −1 · º
= ¦ « ln ¨ ¸ + ln 3»
r =2 ¬ © r +1 ¹ ¼
n
ª § r − 1 ·º n
= ¦ «ln ¨ ¸ » + ¦ ( ln 3)

UF
r =2 ¬ © r + 1 ¹¼ r =2
n
= ¦ ª¬( ln r − 1) − ( ln r + 1) º¼ + (n − 1) ln 3
SH r =2

§ ln(1)
¨ + ln(2)
− ln(3) ·
¨ − ln(4) ¸¸
SD
¨ + ln(3) − ln(5) ¸
=¨ ¸ + (n − 1) ln(3)
ln(3
¨ # # ¸
¨ + ln(n − 2) − ln(n) ¸
P

¨¨ ¸¸
© + ln(n − 1) − ln(n + 1)) ¹
n −1
= ln 2 − ln(n) − ln((n + 1) + ln 3n−
[D

§ 2(3) n −1 ·
= ln ¨ ¸
© n( n + 1) ¹
XH

− 2 =12
12
§ r +2 2 · ss−2 § s 2 ·
¦ ¨ ³2
r =6 ©
d x ¸ ¦ ¨ ³2 2 dx ¸
=
x − 1 ¹ s −−22=6 © x − 1 ¹
2
[Let r = s − 2]
DV

14
§ s 2 ·
= ¦ ¨ ³ 2 ddxx ¸
2 x −1
s =8 © ¹
NL

14
§ s 2 · 7 § s 2 ·
= ¦ ¨ ³ 2 dx ¸ − ¦ ¨ ³ 2 ddxx ¸
2 x −1 2 x −1
s=2 © ¹ s =2 © ¹
§ 2(3) ·
13
§ 2(3)
( ) ·
6
= ln ¨ ¸ − ln ¨ ¸
© 14(15) ¹ © 7(8) ¹
§ 4(3)6 ·
= ln ¨ ¸
© 5 ¹

83
͵

Q9. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/6]
Let f (r ) = ( r − 1)( r )( r + 1) . Show that f (r ) − f (r − 1) = 3r ( r − 1) . [1]
n
(i) Find ¦ r ( r − 1) .
r =1 [2]
n
1
(ii) Using the result obtained in part (i), deduce that ¦r
r =1
2
=
6
n( n + 1)(2n + 1) .
[2]
(iii) Find the sum of the series 12 + 3 × 22 + 32 + 3 × 42 + 52 + 3 × 62 + ! + 3 ( n − 1) 2 + n 2 , where n
is odd. Give your answer in a fully factorised form. [4]

Solution

RP
f (r ) − f (r − 1) = ( r − 1)( r )( r + 1) − ( r − 2 )( r − 1)( r )
= ( r − 1)( r ) [ r + 1 − r + 2]

UF
= 3r ( r − 1) (shown)

n
1 n
(i) ¦ r ( r − 1) =
r =1
SH ¦ ªf ( r ) − f ( r − 1) º¼
3 r =1 ¬
1
= ª¬ f (1) − f ( 0 ) º¼
3
SD
1
+ ª¬f (2) − f (1) º¼
3
#
P

1
+ ª¬ f ( n − 1) − f ( n − 2 ) º¼
3
[D

1
+ ª¬ f ( n) − f ( n − 1) º¼
3
1
= ª¬f ( n) − f ( 0 ) º¼
XH

3
1
= ª¬( n − 1) n ( n + 1) − 0 º¼
3
DV

1
= n ( n − 1)( ) n + 1)
3
NL

n n
(ii) ¦ r ( r − 1) = ¦ ( r 2 − r ) = 13 n ( n − 1))(( n + 1)
r =1 r =1
n n
1
¦ r 2 = n ( n − 1)( n + 1) + ¦ r
r =1 3 r =1

1 1
= n ( n − 1)( n + 1) + n( n + 1)
3 2
1
= n ( n + 1) ª¬ 2 ( n − 1) + 3º¼
6
1
= n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) (deduced)
6

84
͵

12 + 3 × 22 + 32 + 3 × 42 + 52 + 3 × 62 + ! + 3 ( n − 1) + n 2
2
(iii)

(
= (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ! + n 2 ) + 2 22 + 42 + 62 + ! + ( n − 1)
2
)
n −1
n 2
= ¦ r + 2¦ ( 2 r )
2 2

r =1 r =1

1 § n − 1 ·§ n − 1 · § § n − 1 · ·
= n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 2 ( 22 ) ¨
1
¸¨ + 1¸ ¨ 2 ¨ ¸ + 1¸
6 6 © 2 ¹© 2 ¹© © 2 ¹ ¹
1 4 § n − 1 ·§ n + 1 ·
= n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + ¨ ¸¨ ¸(n)
6 3 © 2 ¹© 2 ¹

RP
1 1
= n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + n ( n − 1)( n + 1)
6 3
1
= n ( n + 1) ª¬( 2n + 1) + 2 ( n − 1) º¼
6

UF
1
= n ( n + 1)( 4n − 1)
6

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

85
͵

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/8] DĂĐůĂƵƌŝŶ͛Ɛ^ĞƌŝĞƐ

r + 3r + 1 1
2
1
(i) Show that = − .
( r + 2 ) ! r ! ( r + 2 )! [2]
r + 3r + 1
n
(ii)
¦
2
Hence find . (There is no need to express your answer as a single algebraic
r =1 ( r + 2 )!
fraction.) [3]
(iii) Using the result in part (ii) and the standard series expansion for e x , findd thee exact va
value

RP
∞
r 2 + 3r + 3
of ¦
r =1 ( r + 2 )!
.
[4]

Solution

UF
(i)
1
−
1
=
( r + 1)( r + 2 ) − 1
r ! ( r + 2 )! ( r + 2 )!
SH =
r 2 + 3r + 2 − 1
( r + 2 )!
SD
r 2 + 3r + 1
=
( r + 2 )!
P

n
r 2 + 3r + 1 n §1 1 ·
(ii) ¦ ( r + 2 )! = ¦ ¨¨ r ! − ( r + 2 )! ¸¸
r =1 © r =1 ¹
[D

1 1
= −
1! 3!
XH

1 1
+ −
2! 4!
1 1
+ −
DV

3! 5!
#
1 1
+ −
NL

( n − 1)! ( n + 1)!
1 1
+ −
n! ( n + 2 )!
1 1 1 1
= + − −
1! 2! ( n + 1) ! ( n + 2 ) !
3 1 1
= − −
2 ( n + 1) ! ( n + 2 ) !

86
͵

∞
r 2 + 3r + 1 3
(iii) ¦
r =1 ( r + 2 ) !
=
2
∞
r 2 + 3r + 3 ∞ § r 2 + 3r + 1 2 ·
¦
r =1 ( r + 2 ) !
= ¦ ¨¨
r =1 © ( r + 2 ) !
+ ¸
( r + 2 )! ¸¹
3 §1 1 1 ·
= + 2 ¨ + + + !¸
2 © 3! 4! 5! ¹
3 § 12 · ª 12 13 º
= + 2 ¨ e −1−1− ¸ «Since e1
= 1 + 1 + + + ...»
2 © 2! ¹ ¬ 2! 3! ¼
7

RP
= 2e −
2

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

87
͵

Q2. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/3]
1
(i) Show that = r + 1 − r for all r ∈ ] + .
r +1 + r [2]
n
1
(ii) Hence find ¦ .
r =1 r +1 + r [3]

( )
n
1
(iii) Deduce that ¦ > 2 n + 1 −1 .
r =1 r [2]

Solution

RP
1 1 r +1 − r
(i) = ×
r +1 + r r +1 + r r +1 − r
r +1 − r
=
( ) ( r)

UF
2 2
r +1 −
r +1 − r
=
SH ( r + 1) − ( r )
= r + 1 − r (shown)
SD
( )
n n
1
(ii) ¦r =1
=¦
r + 1 + r r =1
r +1 − r

= ( 2− 1 )
P

+( 3− 2)

+( 3)
[D

4−
+ ...
+ ( n +1 − n )
XH

= n +1
+1 −1
DV

n n
1 1
(iii) Since ¦
r =1
<¦
r + 1 + r r =1 r + r
n
1
∴ n +1 −1 < ¦
NL

r =1 2 r

( )
n
1
∴ ¦ > 2 n + 1 − 1 (deduced)
r =1 r

88
͵

Q3. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/2]
(i) Using the method of differences, show that
n
1 B C
¦
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 3 )
= A+ +
n+2 n+3
,

where A, B, and C are constants to be determined. [4]

(ii) ∞
1
Explain why the series ¦ converges, and write down its value.
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 3 ) [2]
(iii) ∞
1 5
Hence show that ¦ < .
r =1 ( r + 2 )
2
12 [2]

Solution

1 a b
(i) Let = +
( r + 1)( r + 3) r + 1 r + 3
1 = a(r + 3) + b(r + 1)
[Substitute r = −1and substitute r = −3]
1 1
∴a = ,b = −
2 2
n
1 n
1§ 1 1 ·
¦
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 3 )
= ¦ ¨
n =1 2 © r + 1
−
r +3¹
¸

1 ª1 1
= « −
2 ¬2 4
1 1
+ −
3 5
1 1
+ −
4 6
H

1 1
+ −
VX

5 7
#
1 1
+ −
n −1 n +1
1 1
+ −
n n+2
1 1 º
+ −
n + 1 n + 3 »¼
1 ª1 1 1 1 º
= « + − −
2 ¬ 2 3 n + 2 n + 3 »¼
5 1 1 5 1
= − − Hence A = , B=C =−
12 2 ( n + 2 ) 2 ( n + 3) 12 2

89
͵

1 1
(ii) As n → ∞ , → 0, → 0.
n+2 n+3
∞ ∞
1 1 5
Hence ¦ converges and ¦ ( r + 1)( r + 3) = 12
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 3 ) r =1

( r + 2 ) = r 2 + 4r + 4
2
(iii)
( r + 1)( r + 3) = r 2 + 4r + 3
Hence ( r + 2 ) > ( r + 1)( r + 3) > 0
2

1 1
<

RP
( r + 2)
2
( r + 1)( r + 3)
∞ ∞
1 1 5
¦ <¦
( r + 1)( r + 3)
=
( r + 2)
2
r =1 r =1 12

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

90
͵

Q4. [2013/Prelim/HCI/I/4] ZĞĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐ

A sequence of positive numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ! is such that x1 = 1.5 and
n § 2− n ·
xn +1 = ¨¨ xn + 4 −
+
¸¸ , where n ∈ ] .
n +1© n ¹
(i) Find the least value of n such that xn > 40 . [1]

¦(
N

(ii) By considering ª¬ n + 1) xn+1 − n xn º¼ , express xN in terms of N .

n =1 [5]

Solution

RP

n § 2− n ·
(i) xn +1 = ¨ n
x + 4 − ¸
n +1© n ¹

UF
n −1 § 2− ( n −1) ·
xn = ¨ n −1
x + 4 − ¸
n © n −1 ¹

SH
From GC, for xn > 40 , n ≥ 21
Therefore least n = 21.
SD
n § 2− n ·
(ii) xn+1 = ¨ xn + 4 − ¸
n +1 © n ¹
P

( n + 1) xn +1 = nxn + 4n − 2− n
( n + 1) xn+1 − n xn = 4n − 2− n
[D

¦ ª¬( n + 1) x n +1 − n xn º¼
XH

n =1

= [ 2 x2 − x1
+ 3 x3 − 22xx2
DV

+ 4 x4 − 3 x3
#
+ N xn − ( N − 1) xN −1
NL

+ ( N + 1) xN +1 − N xN º¼
= ( N + 1) xN +1 − x1
= ( N + 1) xN +1 − 1.5

91
͵

1ª §1· º
N

«1 − ¨ ¸ »
N
ª N ( N + 1) º 2 ¬« © 2 ¹ ¼»
¦ ( 4n − 2 ) = 4 « 2 » −
−n

§1·
n =1 ¬ ¼ 1− ¨ ¸
© 2¹
N
§1·
= 2 N ( N + 1) − 1 + ¨ ¸
©2¹

N
§1·
( N + 1) xN +1 − 1.5 = 2 N ( N + 1) − 1 + ¨ ¸
©2¹

RP
1 ª 1º
N
§1·
xN +1 = « 2 N ( N + 1) + ¨ ¸ + »
N + 1 «¬ ©2¹ 2 »¼
N
§1· § 1 · 1
= 2N + ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸+

UF
© 2 ¹ © N + 1 ¹ 2 ( N + 1)

Replace N + 1 by N :
SH §1·
xN = 2 ( N − 1) + ¨ ¸
©2¹
N −1
§1· 1
¨ ¸+
© N ¹ 2N
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

92
͵

Q5. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/3]
1 1 2n
Show that 2 − 2 = 4 .
n − n + 1 n + n +1 n + n 2 +1
[2]

The population (in thousands) of a virus at the end of the nth day in an experiment is modeled
n
by the sequence un which satisfies the recurrence relation un+1 − un = for n ≥ 1 .
n + n2 + 1
4

(i) Give the meaning of the term un+1 − un in the context of the question. [1]

RP
(ii) Express un in terms of u1 and n. [4]
(iii) Show that, for large values of n, u is approximately equal to u + 1 and gi give an
n 1
2
interpretation for this value in the context of the question. [2]

UF
(iv) Given that u = 1 , find the minimum number of days for the population
popu of the virus to
1
2
exceed 990. [1]

Solution
SH
1 (n2 + n + 1) − (n2 − n + 1)
SD
1
− =
n 2 − n + 1 n2 + n + 1 (n2 + 1− n)(n2 +1+ n)
2n
=
P

(n + 1) 2 − n 2
2

2n
=
[D

n + 2n 2 + 1− n 2
2

2n
= 4
n + n2 + 1
XH

(i) The term gives

es the increasee in ppopulation of the virus from day n tto day (n + 1).
i po

n −1
DV

(ii) ¦ (u
r =1
r +1 − ur ) = u2 − u1

+ u3 − u2
NL

+ ...
+ un − un −1
= un − u1

93
͵

n −1 n −1
1 2r
¦ ( ur +1 − ur ) = 2 ¦ r 4 + r 2 + 1
r =1 r =1
n −1
1 § 1 1 ·
= ¦ ¨ 2 − 2 ¸
2 r =1 © r − r + 1 r + r + 1 ¹
ª 1 1 º
« − »
« 1 3 »
« 1 1 »
«+ − »
« 3 7 »
1
= «+! »
2« »

RP
«+ 1 1 »
−
« (n − 2) 2 − (n − 2) + 1 (n − 2) 2 + (n − 2) + 1 »
« 1 1 »
«+ − »
«¬ (n − 1) 2 − (n − 1) + 1 (n − 1) 2 + (n − 1) + 1 ¼»

UF
1§ 1 ·
= ¨1 − 2 ¸
2 © n − n +1 ¹
SH 1§
un − u1 = ¨ 1 − 2
1
2 © n − n +1 ¹
·
¸
1 1
un = u1 + −
SD
2 2( n − n + 1)
2

1 1
As n → ∞, → 0 , thus
us un ≈ u1 + . This
P

(iii) Th is the long term number of virus for the

2(n − n + 1)
2
2
experiment.
[D

1
(iv) We have un = 1 − Need un > 0.99 . Using GC, we have n ≥ 8 . Thus the minimum
. N
2(n − n + 1) 2
XH

number of dayss is 8.
DV
NL

94
Topic 4 Mathematical Induction

4 Mathematical Induction

Involving Sigma Notation

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/CJC/I/3]
The rth term of a sequence is given by ur r (3r 2) for r t 1 . Prove by mathematical
n
induction that the sum of the first n terms is (n 1)(2n 1) for all positive integers n.
2 [5]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/3b]
n
Prove by mathematical induction that ¦ r r !
r 1
(n 1)! 1 for all positive integers n.
[4]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/4]
n
§ 1 · 1
Prove by mathematical induction that ¦ ¨ 2r 1 r (r 1) ¸ (n 1) 2
n 1
.
r 1 © ¹ [5]
n § 1 ·
Hence find the least n such that ¦ ¨¨ 2r 1 r r 1 ¸¸ ! 525.
r 10 © ¹ [3]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/I/1]
1 1 1 2n
uction that 1
Prove by mathematical induction .
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 n n 1
Hence find an expression for
or
1 1 1 1
.
2 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 10
1 246 2n
[6]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/7]
n
1 n
Use the method of mathematical
atical ind
induction
nduc
ucti
tioon to pr
prov
prove
ovee th
that
at ¦ r r 1
r 1 n 1
for all positive

integers n. [4]
x x 1
3 2
1
Show that x .
x x 1 x x 1 [1]
20
r r 1
3 2
Hence, use a non-calculator method to find ¦ r r 1 .
r 2 [3]

υύ

95
Topic 4 Mathematical Induction

Q3. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/7]
§ 1· § 1· 1
Using the fact that sin ¨ r ¸ T sin ¨ r ¸ T 2cos rT sin T , prove by mathematical
© 2¹ © 2¹ 2
§ 1· 1
sin ¨ n ¸ T sin T
n
© 2¹ 2
induction that ¦ cos rT for all positive integers n.
1
r 1
2sin T
2 [6]
S 2S 20S
Hence, find the exact value of cos cos ...... cos cos 7S .
3 3 3 [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/1]
Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that for all n ,
n sin ª¬ 2n 1T º¼ sin T
¦
r 1
cos 2rT
2sin T
, 0 T S .
[6]
n
Hence find ¦ cos rT .
r 1
2

[2]

Involving Sequence
Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/7a (modified)]

+
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,} is given by u1 0 and un1 un 2n 1, for all n Ժ . Use the
n 1
2
method of mathematical induction to prove that un . [4]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/9a]
n2
ers u1, u2 , u3 , . . . is defined
The sequence of real numbers defined bby
y un1 un and u1 2a, where a is a
n2
positive real constant.
a (n 1
1))n
(i) Prove by mathematical
al inductio
induction
on th
that
at un for n .
(n 1)!
1)! [4]
16
(ii) or n t 3 . Hence
Show that un1 un for Hence show
sho
howw that ¦u
r 3
r 84a .
[5]

φτ

96
Topic 4 Mathematical Induction

Involving Conjecture

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/3]
A sequence of integers u0 , u1, u2 , u3 , ... is defined by u0 1 and
un un1 4 2n 1 , for n 1, 2,3,... .
(i) Find un for n = 1, 2, 3. [2]
2
(ii) By comparing the values of un with (2n) or otherwise, write down a conjecture for un
in terms of n, where n 0,1, 2,3,... . [2]
(iii) Prove your conjecture using mathematical induction. [4]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/3]
A sequence of positive integers u1 , u2 , u3 , is defined by u1 9 and un1 un 2n 3 for n t 1.
(i) Find u2 , u3 and u4 . [1]
(ii) By considering the value of un 5 , make a conjecture for a formula for un in terms of n.
Prove your conjecture by induction. [5]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/9]
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,... is such that u1 5 and un1 3un 4 , for all n ≥ 1.
(i) Write down the first four terms of the sequence. [2]
(ii) Use your answers to part (i), obtain a conjecture for the nth term of the sequence such
that un = a n 2 where a is a constant to be determined. [2]
(iii) Use the method of mathematical conjecture to part (ii).
athematical induction to prove your co [4]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/HCI/I/8]
A sequence ^un ` , where n t 1, is
is defined
def
efin d as
ined as un 3n 2 . The sum S m , where m t 2 , is defined as
The su
1 1 1 1
Sm + + .
u1u2 u2u3 u3u4 um1um
3
(i) Find the exact values of S 2 , S3 an
andd show
w that
tha
hatt S4 .
10 [3]
(ii) By considering 3m 2 Sm , ffor
or m 3,, 4 , find a conjecture
2, 3 conjec for S m in terms of m , for
m t 2. [2]
(iii) Prove your conjecture in part (ii) by mathematical induction. [4]

φυ

97
Topic 4 Mathematical Induction

Q5. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/3]
8r
The rth term of a sequence is given by ur , for r = 1, 2, 3, ….. The sum of the
(2r 1)2 (2r 1) 2
first n terms is denoted by Sn.
8 24
(i) Given that S1 and S2 , find the exact values of S3 and S4.
9 25 [1]
(ii) By considering the values of 1 Sn for n = 1, 2, 3 and 4, or otherwise, make a conjecture
for a formula for Sn in terms of n. [1]
(iii) Prove your conjecture by the method of mathematical induction. [4]
(iv) Find the smallest integer n for which the sum Sn differs from 1 by less than 105. [2]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/4]
A sequence of positive real numbers x1, x2, x3, ... satisfies the recurrence relation
xn1 xn 4 4 xn
for n t 1 .
Given that x1 = 9, find the values of x2 , x3 and x4 . Hence, conjecture an expression for xn in
terms of n. [2]
Prove your conjecture using mathematical induction. [4]

Answers
Sigma Notation
Level 1
3. 24
Level 2
n 2
1. 2. 209.95
n 1 3
sin ª¬ 2n 1T º¼ 2n 1 sin T
3. 1 4.
4sin T

Conjecture
Level 1
(i) u1 3, u2 15, u3 35 (i) 14, u3
(i) u2 14, 21, u4 30
1. 2.
n 1
2
(ii) un (2n)2 1 (i un
(ii) 5
(i) u1 5, u2 11, u3 29, u4 83 1 2 m 1
3. 4. (i) S2
(i) , S3 (ii) Sm
(ii) un 3 2, a 3
n
4 7 3m 2
48 80 1
5. (i) S3 , S4 (ii) Conjecture : Sn 1 (iv) 158
2n 1
2
49 81
Level 2
2n 1
2
1. x2 25, x3 49, x4 81 , Conjecture : xn

φφ

98
Ͷ

0DWKHPDWLFDO,QGXFWLRQ6ROXWLRQ

,QYROYLQJ6LJPD1RWDWLRQ

/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/CJC/I/3]
The rth term of a sequence is given by ur = r (3r − 2) for r ≥ 1 . Prove by mathematical
n
induction that the sum of the first n terms is (n + 1)(2n − 1) for all positive integers n.
2 [5]

Solution

RP
n

¦ r (3r − 2) = 2 (n + 1)(2n − 1) for n ∈]

n +
Let Pn be the statement .
r =1

When n = 1, L.H.S. = 1(3 − 2) = 1

UF
1
R.H.S. = (2)(1) = 1= L.H.S
2
SH
∴ P1 is true.
k
k
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e. ¦ r (3r − 2) = 2 (k + 1)(2k − 1)
r =1
SD
k +1
( k + 1))
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. ¦ r (3r − 2) =
r =1 2
( k + 2)(2
2)( k + 1)
k +1
P

L.H.S. = ¦ r (3r − 2)
r =1
[D

k
= ¦ r (3r − 2) + (k + 1) [3(k + 1) − 2]
r =1

k
XH

= (k + 1)(2k − 1) + (k + 1)(33k + 1) 1)
2
(k + 1)
= [k (2k − 1)) + 2(3
( k + 11)]
DV

2
(k + 1))
= (2k 2 − k + 6k + 2)
2
NL

( + 1))
k
= (2k 2 + 5k + 2)
2
(k + 1)
= (k + 2)(2k + 1)
2
= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true. ue.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 iis true, bby M
Mathematical
h i l IInduction,
d i Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

99
Ͷ

Q2. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/3b]
n
Prove by mathematical induction that ¦ r ( r !) = (n + 1)! − 1 for all positive integers n.
r =1 [4]

Solution

n
Let Pn be the statement ¦ r ( r !) = (n + 1)! − 1 for n ∈]
r =1
+
.
1
When n = 1, L.H.S. = ¦ r ( r !) = 1(1!) = 1
r =1

R.H.S. = (1 + 1) ! − 1 = 1 = L.H.S

RP
∴ P1 is true.
k
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e. ¦ r ( r !) = (k + 1)!− 1 .
r =1

UF
k +1
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. ¦ r ( r !) = ( k + 2)!− 1 .
r =1
k +1
L.H.S. = ¦ r ( r !)
SH r =1
k
= ¦ r ( r !) + ( k + 1)(k + 1)!
SD
r =1

= (k + 1)!− 1 + ( k + 1)( k + 1)!

= (k + 1)!( k + 2) − 1
P

= (k + 2)!− 1
= R.H.S.
[D

Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.

Since P1 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true,
tr bby Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .
XH
DV
NL

100
Ͷ

Q3. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/4]
n
§ 1 · 1
Prove by mathematical induction that ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + r (r + 1) ¸ = (n + 1) 2
−
n +1
.
r =1 © ¹ [5]
n § 1 ·
Hence find the least n such that ¦ ¨¨ 2r + 1 + r ( r + 1) ¸¸ > 525.
r =10 © ¹ [3]

Solution

n
§ 1 · 1
Let Pn be the statement ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + r (r + 1) ¸ = (n + 1) 2
−
n +1
for n ∈]+ .
r =1 © ¹
1 § 1 ·

RP
1 1
When n = 1, L.H.S. = ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + ¸ = 2 +1+ =3
r =1 © r (r + 1) ¹ 1(2) 2
1 1
R.H.S. = (2) 2 − = 3 = L.H.S
2 2

UF
∴ P1 is true.
k
§ 1 · 1
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e.
SH ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + r (r + 1)) ¸ = (k + 1) 2
−
k +1
r =1 © ¹
k +1
§ 1 · 1
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + r (r + 1) ¸ = (k + 2) 2
−
k +2
© ¹
SD
r =1

§
k +1
1 ·
L.H.S. = ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + ¸
r =1 © r (r + 1) ¹
P

k
§ 1 · 1
= ¦ ¨ 2r + 1 + ¸ + 2((k + 1)) + 1 +
r =1 © r (r + 1)) ¹ (k + 1)(k + 2)
[D

1 1
= k 2 + 2k + 1 + 2(k + 1) + 1 + −
( k + 1)( k + 2) k + 1
(k
XH

1 − ( k + 22)
= k 2 + 4k + 4 +
( k + 1)(
1))(( k + 2)
1)
− ( k + 1)
DV

= (k + 2) 2 +
( k + 1)( k + 2))
1
= (k + 2 2) 2 −
NL

k+2
= R.H.S
R.H.S.
R
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

101
Ͷ

n § 1 ·
¦ ¨¨ 2r + 1 + r ( r + 1) ¸¸ > 525
©
r =10 ¹
n §
1 · 9 § 1 ·
¦ ¨
¨
r =1 ©
2 r + 1 + ¸¸ − ¦ ¨¨ 2r + 1 +
r ( r + 1) ¹ r =1 ©
¸ > 525
r ( r + 1) ¹¸
ª 1 º ª 1 º
«¬( n + 1) − n + 1 »¼ − «¬( 9 + 1) − 9 + 1 »¼ > 525
2 2

1
( n + 1) −
2
> 624.9
n +1
From G.C., least n = 24

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

102
Ͷ

/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/I/1]
1 1 1 2n
Prove by mathematical induction that 1 + + +" + = .
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 +" + n n +1
Hence find an expression for
1 1 1 1
+ + +" + .
2 + 4 + 6 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 2 + 4 + 6 + " + 2n
[6]

Solution

RP
1 1 1 2n
Let Pn be the statement 1 + + +" + = forr n ∈
∈]]+ .
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 +" + n n +1

UF
When n = 1, L.H.S. = 1
2
R.H.S. = = 1 = L.H.S
1+1
SH
∴ P1 is true.
1 1 1 2k
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e. 1 + + +" + = .
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 +" + k k +1
SD
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e.
1 1 1 1 2(k + 1)
1+ + +" + + = .
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 +" + k 1+ 2 + 3 +" + k + k +1 k +2
P

1 1 1 1
L.H.S. = 1 + + +" + +
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 +" + k 1+ 2 + 3 +" + k + k +1
[D

2k 1
= +
k +1 1+ 2 + 3 +" + k + k +1
XH

2k 1
= +
k + 1 k + 1 (k + 2) 2
2
DV

2k 2
= +
k + 1 (k + 22)(k + 11))
NL

2k (k + 22) + 2
=
(k + 22)(k + 1)
2(k + 1) 2
=
(k + 1)(k + 2)
2(k + 1)
=
k+2
= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

103
Ͷ

1 1 1 1
+ + +" +
2 + 4 + 6 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 2 + 4 + 6 + " + 2n
1§ 1 1 · 1 1
= ¨ +" + ¸− −
2 ©1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 +"+ n ¹ 2 2 + 4
1 § 2n · 1 1
= ¨ ¸− −
2 © n +1 ¹ 2 2 + 4
n 2
= −
n +1 3

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

104
Ͷ

Q2. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/7]
n
1 n
Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that ¦ r ( r + 1) = n + 1 for all positive
r =1

integers n. [4]
x − x +1
3 2
1
Show that = x+ .
x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1) [1]
20
r − r +1
3 2
Hence, use a non-calculator method to find ¦ r ( r − 1) .
r =2 [3]

Solution

RP
n
1 n
Let Pn be the statement ¦ r ( r + 1) = n + 1 for n ∈]
r =1
+
.

1 1 1 1
When n = 1, L.H.S. = ¦ = =

UF
r =1 r ( r + 1) 1(2) 2
1 1
R.H.S. = = = L.H.S
SH 1+1 2
∴ P1 is true.
k
1 k
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e. ¦ r ( r + 1) = k + 1 .
SD
r =1
k +1
1 k +1
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. ¦ r ( r + 1) = k + 2
P

r =1
k +1
1
L.H.S. = ¦
r =1 r ( r + 1)
[D

k
1 1
=¦ +
r =1 r ( r + 1) ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
XH

k 1
= +
k + 1 ( k + 1))( k + 2 )
DV

k ( k + 2) + 1
=
( k + 1)( k + 2 )
NL

k 2 + 2k + 1
=
( k + 1)( k + 2 )
( k + 1)
2

=
( k + 1)( k + 2 )
k +1
= = R.H.S.
k +2
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

105
Ͷ

1 x 2 ( x − 1) + 1 x 3 − x 2 + 1
x+ = =
x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1) (shown)

Alternative

x 3 − x 2 + 1 x ( x − 1) + 1
2

=
x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)
x 2 ( x − 1) 1
= +
x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)
1
= x+ (shown)
x ( x − 1)

RP
20
r 3 − r 2 + 1 20 § 1 ·
¦ = ¦ ¨¨ r +

UF
¸
r = 2 r ( r − 1) r =2 © r ( r − 1) ¹¸
20 20
1
= ¦r + ¦
SH r =2 r = 2 r ( r − 1)
19
19 1
= ( 2 + 20 ) + ¦
s =1 ( s + 1)( s )
SD
2
19
= 209 +
19 + 1
P

= 209.95
[D
XH
DV
NL

106
Ͷ

Q3. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/7]
§ 1· § 1· 1
Using the fact that sin ¨ r + ¸ θ − sin ¨ r − ¸ θ = 2 cos rθ sin θ , prove by mathematical
© 2¹ © 2¹ 2
§ 1· 1
sin ¨ n + ¸ θ − sin θ
© 2¹
n
induction that ¦ cos rθ =
2
for all positive integers n.
1
r =1
2sin θ
2 [6]
π 2π 20π
Hence, find the exact value of cos + cos + ...... + cos + cos 7π .
3 3 3 [2]

Solution
§ 1·

RP
1
sin ¨ n + ¸ θ − sin θ
© 2¹
n
Let Pn be the statement ¦ cos rθ =
2
for n ∈]+ .
1
r =1
2sin θ
2

UF
1
When n = 1, L.H.S. = ¦ cos rθ = cos θ
r =1

SH § 1· 1
sin ¨1 + ¸ θ − sin θ
R.H.S. = © 2¹ 2
1
2 sin θ
SD
2
3 1
sin θ − sin θ
= 2 2
P

1
2sin θ
2
[D

1
2 coss θ sin θ
= 2
1
2 sin θ
XH

2
c θ
= cos
= L. S
L H.S
DV

∴ P1 is true.
§ 1· 1
in ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin θ
ssin
NL

© 2¹
k
e ¦ ccos
2
Assume Pk is true fo some k ∈]+ , i.e.
for so os rθ = .
1
r =1
2sin θ
2
§ 3· 1
k +1
sin ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin θ
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. ¦ cos rθ = © 2¹ 2
.
1
r =1
2sin θ
2

107
Ͷ

k +1
L.H.S. = ¦ cos rθ
r =1
k
= ¦ cos rθ + cos ( k + 1) θ
r =1

§ 1· 1
sin ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin θ
= © 2¹ 2
+ cos ( k + 1) θ
1
2sin θ
2
1 ª § 1· 1 1 º
= « sin ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin θ + 2 cos ( k + 1) θ sin θ »
2sin θ ¬ © 2¹
1 2 2 ¼
2

RP
1 ª § 1· 1 § 3· § 1· º
= « sin ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin θ + sin ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin ¨ k + ¸ θ »
2sin θ ¬ © 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹ ¼
1 2
2

UF
§ 3· 1
sin ¨ k + ¸ θ − sin θ
= © 2¹ 2
1
SH 2sin θ
2
= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
SD
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .
hematica Indu
P

π 2π 20π 21
§π ·
cos + cos + ...... + cos + cos 7π = ¦ cos r ¨ ¸
[D

3 3 3 r =1 ©3¹
§ 1 ·§ π · 1§π ·
sin ¨ 21 + ¸ ¨ ¸ − sin ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹© 3 ¹ 2© 3 ¹
XH

=
1 §π ·
2sin ¨ ¸
2© 3 ¹
DV

§ 433π · §π ·
sinn ¨
si ¸ − sin
i ¨ ¸
= © 6 ¹ ©6¹
π
§ ·
NL

in ¨ ¸
2 ssin
©6¹
1 1
− −
= 2 2
§1·
2¨ ¸
©2¹
= −1

108
Ͷ

Q4. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/1]
Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that for all n ∈]+ ,
n sin ª¬( 2n + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ
¦
r =1
cos ( 2rθ ) =
2sin θ
, 0 <θ < π .
[6]
n
Hence find ¦ cos ( rθ ) .
r =1
2

[2]

Solution
n sin ª¬( 2n + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ
Let Pn be the statement ¦ cos ( 2rθ ) =
r =1 2sin θ
for n ∈]+ .

RP
1
When n = 1, L.H.S. = ¦ cos ( 2rθ ) = cos ( 2θ )
r =1

sin ( 3θ ) − sin θ
R.H.S. =
2 sin θ

UF
ª1 º ª1 º
2 cos « ( 3θ + θ ) » sin « ( 3θ − θ ) »
= ¬2 ¼ ¬2 ¼
SH 2 sin θ
2 cos ( 2θ ) sin θ
=
2 sin θ
SD
= cos ( 2θ )
= L.H.S
∴ P1 is true.
P

k sin ª¬( 2k + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ

Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e. ¦ cos ( 2rθ ) = .
[D

r =1 2sin θ
k +1 sin ª¬( 2k + 3) θ º¼ − sin θ
Required to prove Pk +1 is true,
e, i.e. ¦ cos ( 2rθ ) = 2sin θ
.
XH

r =1
k +1
L.H.S. =¦ coss ( 2rθ )
r =1
DV

k
= ¦ cos ( 2rθ ) + cos ª¬( 2k + 2 ) θ º¼
r =1

sin ª¬( 2k + 1) θ º¼ − sinn θ

= coss ª¬( 2k + 2 ) θ º¼
+ co
2sin θ
sin ª¬( 2k + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ + 2 cos ª¬( 2k + 2 ) θ º¼ sin θ
=
2sin θ
sin ª¬( 2k + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ + sin ª¬( 2k + 3) θ º¼ − sin ª¬( 2k + 1) θ º¼
=
2sin θ
sin ª¬( 2k + 3) θ º¼ − sin θ
=
2sin θ
= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.

109
Ͷ

Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

Since cos ª¬2 ( rθ ) º¼ = 2cos2 ( rθ ) − 1 ,

n n

¦ ª¬ 2 cos ( rθ ) − 1º¼ = ¦ cos ( 2rθ )

r =1
2

r =1

sin ª¬( 2n + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ

=
2 sin θ
n sin ª¬( 2n + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ
2¦ cos 2 ( rθ ) − n =
r =1 2sin θ
n sin ª¬( 2n + 1) θ º¼ − sin θ + 2n sin θ
2¦ cos 2 ( rθ ) =

RP
r =1 2sin θ
n sin ª¬( 2n + 1) θ º¼ + ( 2n − 1) sin θ
¦ cos ( rθ ) =
r =1
2

4sin θ

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

110
Ͷ

,QYROYLQJ6HTXHQFH

/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/7a (modified)]

+
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,… is given by u1 = 0 and un+1 = un + 2n − 1, for all n ∈ Ժ . Use the
method of mathematical induction to prove that un = ( n − 1) .
2
[4]

Solution

Let Pn be the statement un = ( n − 1) for n ∈]+ .

RP
When n = 1, L.H.S. = u1 = 0 JLYHQ
R.H.S. = (1 − 1) = 0 = L.H.S
2

UF
∴ P1 is true.
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈ ]+ , i.e. uk = ( k − 1) .
2

SH
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. uk +1 = ( ( k + 1) − 1) = k 2 .
2

L.H.S. = uk +1
SD
= uk + 2k − 1
= ( k − 1) + 2k − 1
2
P

= k2
= R.H.S.
[D

Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.

Since P1 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true,
tr by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .
XH
DV
NL

111
Ͷ

/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/9a] Recurrence Relations

n+2
The sequence of real numbers u1 , u2 , u3 , . . . is defined by un+1 = un and u1 = 2a, where a is a
n2
positive real constant.
a(n + 1)n
(i) Prove by mathematical induction that un = for n ∈ ] + .
(n − 1)! [4]
16
(ii) Show that un +1 < un for n ≥ 3 . Hence show that ¦u
r =3
r < 84a .
[5]

RP
Solution

a(n + 1)n
(i) Let Pn be the statement un = for n ∈ ] + .
(n − 1)!

UF
For n = 1, LHS = u1 = 2a
a(1 + 1)1 2a
SH RHS = = = 2a = LHS
(1 − 1)! 1
Thus, P1 is true.
SD
a(k + 1))k
Assume that Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e.
e. uk = .
(k − 1)
1)!
a(k + 2)(k + 11)
is true, i.e. uk +1 =
P

Required to prove Pk +1 .
k!
LHS = uk +1
[D

k +2
= uk
k2
(k + 2) a(k + 1))k
XH

=
k2 (k − 1)!
a(k + 2)(
2)(kk + 1)
DV

=
k (k − 1)!
a(k + 2)(k + 1)
=
NL

k!
= RHS
HS
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
ue.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Indu
Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

112
Ͷ

n+2
(ii) Consider un +1 − un = un − un
n2
§n+2 ·
= un ¨ 2 − 1 ¸
© n ¹
§ n + 2 − n2 ·
= un ¨ ¸
© n2 ¹
(n + 1)(n − 2)
= −u n
n2
a (n + 1)(n)
For n ≥ 3 and a > 0, (n − 2) > 0 and un = > 0,
(n − 1)!

RP
(n + 1)(n − 2)
thus un +1 − un = −un <0
n2
∴ un+1 < un for n ≥ 3

UF
Alternative
a(n + 2)(n + 1) a(n + 1)(n)
un +1 − un = −
SH n! (n − 1)!
a(n + 1)
=
n!
( n + 2 − n2 )
SD
a(n + 1) 2 (n − 2)
=−
n!
Since n ≥ 3 and a ≥ 0 , (n + 1) 2 > 0 and (n − 2
2) > 0
P

∴ un+1 − un < 0 for n ≥ 3

¦u
r =3
r = u3 + u4 + u5 + ... + u16
XH

< u3 + u3 + u3 + ... + u3 nce ur +1 < ur for r ≥ 3

since
sin
= 14u3
DV

= 84a sin u3 = 6a
since
16
∴ ¦ u r < 844 a
NL

r =3

113
Ͷ

,QYROYLQJ&RQMHFWXUH
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/3]
A sequence of integers u0 , u1, u2 , u3 , ... is defined by u0 = −1 and

u n = u n −1 + 4 ( 2 n − 1) , for n = 1, 2,3,... .

(i) Find u n for n = 1, 2, 3. [2]

2
(ii) By comparing the values of u n with (2n) or otherwise, write down a conjecture
conje for un
in terms of n, where n = 0,1, 2,3,... . [2]

RP
(iii) Prove your conjecture using mathematical induction. [4]

Solution

UF
(i)
n un ª¬ entered as un +1 = un + 4 ( 2n + 1) º¼
0
1
SH
u0 = −1 (given)
u1 = 3
2 u2 = 15
SD
3 u3 = 35
P

(ii)
n un (2n) 2
[D

0 u0 = −1 0
1 u1 = 3 4
u2 = 15
XH

2 16
3 u3 = 35 36
Conjecture : u n = (2
( n) 2 − 1 , n ∈ ] , n ≥ 0.
DV
NL

114
Ͷ

(iii) Let Pn be the statement u n = (2 n ) 2 − 1 for n ∈ ], n ≥ 0 .

When n = 0, L.H.S. = u0 = −1 (given)
R.H.S. = 0 2 − 1 = −1 = L.H.S
∴ P0 is true.
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈ ], k ≥ 0 , i.e. u k = (2 k ) 2 − 1
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. u k +1 = [ 2( k + 1) ] − 1
2

L.H.S. = uk +1
= uk + 4 ( 2k + 1)
= (2k ) 2 − 1 + 4 ( 2k + 1)

RP
= 4 k 2 + 8k + 4 − 1
= 4 ( k 2 + 2k + 1) − 1

= [ 2(k + 1)] − 1
2

UF
= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P0 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematicall Induction,
SH duction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ], n ≥ 0.
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

115
Ͷ

Q2. [2013/Prelim/RI/I/3]
A sequence of positive integers u1 , u 2 , u 3 , " is defined by u1 = 9 and u n +1 = u n + 2 n + 3 for n ≥ 1.
(i) Find u 2 , u3 and u 4 . [1]
(ii) By considering the value of u n − 5 , make a conjecture for a formula for u n in terms of n.
Prove your conjecture by induction. [5]

Solution

(i) u2 = 14, u3 = 21, u4 = 30

(ii)
un − 5

RP
n un
1 u1 = 9 4
2 u2 = 14 9

UF
3 u3 = 21 16
4 u4 = 30 25
Conjecture : un = ( n + 1) + 5
2
SH , n ∈ ]+

Let Pn be the statement un = ( n + 1) + 5 for n ∈ ]+ .

2
SD
When n = 1, L.H.S. = u1 = 9
R.H.S. = (1 + 1) + 5 = 9 = L.H.S
2
H.S
P

∴ P1 is true.
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈ ]+ , i.e. uk = ( k + 1) + 5 .
2
[D

ue, i.e. uk +1 = [ (k + 1) + 1] + 5 .
2
Required to prove Pk+1 iss true,
XH

L.H.S. = uk +1
= uk + 22kk + 3
= ( k + 1) 2 + 5 + 2k + 3
DV

= ( k + 1) 2 + 2(k + 1)
1) + 1 + 5
= ª¬( k + 1) + 1º¼ + 5
2
NL

= R.H
R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Indu
Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

116
Ͷ

Q3. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/9]
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,... is such that u1 = 5 and un +1 = 3un − 4 , for all n 1.
(i) Write down the first four terms of the sequence. [2]
(ii) Use your answers to part (i), obtain a conjecture for the nth term of the sequence such
that un = a n + 2 where a is a constant to be determined. [2]
(iii) Use the method of mathematical induction to prove your conjecture to part (ii). [4]

Solution

(i) u1 = 5
u2 = 3 ( 5 ) − 4 = 11

RP
u3 = 3 (11) − 4 = 29
u4 = 3 ( 29 ) − 4 = 83

UF
(ii) u1 = 31 + 2
u2 = 32 + 2
u3 = 33 + 2SH
u4 = 34 + 2
.
SD
.
.
P

un = 3n + 2, a = 3
[D

(iii) Let Pn be the statement u n = 3n + 2 for n ∈]+ .

When n = 1, L.H.S. = u1 = 5 (given
(given)
XH

R.H.S. = 31 + 2 = 5 = L.H.S
L
∴ P1 is true.
rue for ssomee k ∈]+ , i.e. u k = 3k + 2 .
Assume Pk is true
DV

d to prove Pk +1 is true,
Required
ed .ee. u k +1 = 3k +1 + 2 .
uee, ii.e.

.H.S. = uk +1
L.H.S.
NL

= 3uk − 4
= 3 ( 3k + 2 ) − 4
= 3k +1 + 6 − 4
= 3k +1 + 2
= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

117
Ͷ

Q4. [2013/Prelim/HCI/I/8]
A sequence {u n } , where n ≥ 1, is defined as un = 3n − 2 . The sum Sm , where m ≥ 2 , is defined as
1 1 1 1
Sm = + + +" + .
u1u2 u 2 u3 u3u4 um −1um
3
(i) Find the exact values of S2 , S 3 and show that S4 = .
10 [3]
(ii) By considering ( 3m − 2 ) Sm , for m = 2, 3, 4 , find a conjecture for Sm in terms of m , for
m ≥ 2. [2]
(iii) Prove your conjecture in part (ii) by mathematical induction. [4]

Solution

RP
(i) u1 = 1 , u2 = 4 , u3 = 7 , u4 = 10
1 1
S2 = =

UF
(1)(4) 4
1 1 2
S3 = + =
(1)(4) (4)(7) 7
S4 =
1 SH
+
1
+
1
(1)(4) (4)(7) (7)(10) 10
=
3
(shown)
SD
§1·
(ii) For m = 2, [3(2) − 2 ] S 2 = [4] ¨ ¸ = 1 = 2 − 1
©4¹
§2·
P

For m = 3, [3(3) − 2 ] S 3 = [7] ¨ ¸ = 2 = 3 − 1

For m = 4, [3(4) − 2 ] S 4 = [10]] ¨ ¸ = 3 = 4 − 1

∴ For m ≥ 2 , ( 3m − 2 ) S m = m − 1
m −1
Sm =
3m − 2
DV

m −1
(iii) Let Pm be the stateme
statement
state Sm = ffor ll m ∈ ] + , m ≥ 2 .
or aall
3m − 2
NL

When m = 22,
1
LHS = S2 =
4
(2) − 1 1
RHS = = = LHS
3(2) − 2 4
∴ P2 is true

k −1
Assume that Pk is true for some k ∈ ] + , k ≥ 2 , i.e. Sk = .
3k − 2

118
Ͷ

k
Required to prove that Pk+1 is true, i.e. Sk +1 =
3k + 1
LHS = Sk +1
1 1 1 1
= + +" + +
u1u 2 u 2 u3 uk −1uk u k u k +1
§ k −1 · 1
=¨ ¸+
© 3k − 2 ¹ uk uk +1
§ k −1 · 1
=¨ ¸+
© 3k − 2 ¹ ( 3k − 2 )( 3k + 1)

=
( k − 1)( 3k + 1) + 1
( 3k − 2 )( 3k + 1)

RP
3k 2 − 2k
=
( 3k − 2 )( 3k + 1)

UF
=
( 3k − 2 ) k
( 3k − 2 )( 3k + 1)
=
SH
k
3k + 1
= RHS
SD
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.

Since P2 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true, by mathematical

mat
math induction, Pm is true for all
P

m ∈ ]+ , m ≥ 2 .
[D
XH
DV
NL

119
Ͷ

Q5. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/3]
8r
The rth term of a sequence is given by u r = , for r = 1, 2, 3, ….. The sum of the
(2 r − 1) 2 (2 r + 1) 2
first n terms is denoted by Sn.
8 24
(i) Given that S1 = and S2 = , find the exact values of S3 and S4.
9 25 [1]
(ii) By considering the values of 1 − Sn for n = 1, 2, 3 and 4, or otherwise, make a conjecture
for a formula for Sn in terms of n. [1]
(iii) Prove your conjecture by the method of mathematical induction. [4]
(iv) Find the smallest integer n for which the sum Sn differs from 1 by less than 1 −5.
an 10 [2]

Solution

RP
8 24 24 24 48 48 32 80
(i) S1 = , S2 = , S3 = + 2 2 = andS4 = + 2 2 =
9 25 25 5 ( 7 ) 49 49 7 ( 9 ) 81

UF
1 1
(ii) 1 − S1 = =
9 32
1 − S2 =
1SH
25 5
= 2
1

1 1
1 − S3 = = 2
SD
49 7
1 1
1 − S4 = = 2
81 9
P

1
∴1 − Sn =
( 2n + 1)
2
[D

1
Hence, a conjecture is Sn = 1 − .
( 2n + 1)
2
XH

1
(iii) ement Sn = 1 −
Let Pn be thee statement for n ∈]+ .
DV

( 2n + 1)
2

8
L.H.S. = S1 = JLYHQ
n n = 1, L.H.S
When JL
JLYH
LYHHQ
NL

9
1 8
R.H.S. = 1 − 2 = = L.H.S
R
3 9
∴ P1 is true.
1
Assume Pk is true for somee k ∈]+ , i.e. Sk = 1 − .
(2k + 1) 2
1 1
Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. Sk +1 = 1 − = 1− .
ª¬ 2 ( k + 1) + 1º¼ ( 2k + 3 )
2 2

120
Ͷ

L.H.S.= Sk +1
= Sk + uk +1
1 8 ( k + 1)
= 1− +
(2k + 1) ( 2k + 1)2 ( 2k + 3)2
2

1 ª 8 ( k + 1) º
= 1− −
(2k + 1)2 ¬ ( 2k + 3)2 ¼»
« 1

1 ª ( 2k + 3)2 − 8 ( k + 1) º
= 1− « »
(2k + 1)2 ¬« ( 2 k + 3 )2 ¼»
1 ª 4k 2 + 12k + 9 − 8k − 8 º
= 1− « »
(2k + 1)2 ¬ ( 2k + 3 ) 2

RP
¼
1 ª 4k 2 + 4k + 1 º
= 1− « »
(2k + 1)2 ¬ ( 2k + 3)2 ¼

UF
1 ª ( 2k + 1)2 º
= 1− « 2»
(2k + 1)2 «¬ ( 2k + 3) »¼
SH
= 1−
1
( 2k + 3 ) 2
= R.H.S.
SD
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk is true Pk +1 is true,
rue, by Mathem
Mathematical
Ma Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .
P

1
(iv) Since Sn = 1 − der 1 − Sn < 110−5 .
, we consider
onsider
( 2n + 1)
2
[D

1
< 10−5
(2n + 1)2
XH

(2n + 1) 2 > 105

(22n + 1) 2 − 105 > 0

4n 2 + 4n + 1 − 10
1 5 >0
((nn +158
+158.6) ((n – 157.6)
6) > 0
NL

n
−158.6 157.6
7.6

n > 157.6 or n < −158.6 (rejected as n > 0)

∴ Least n = 158

121
Ͷ

Alternative

By sketching the graph of y = (2n + 1) 2 − 105

n
157.6

For (2n + 1) 2 − 105 > 0 , n > 157.6

∴ Least n = 158

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

122
Ͷ

/HYHO

Q1. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/4]
A sequence of positive real numbers x1, x2, x3, ... satisfies the recurrence relation
x n +1 = x n + 4 + 4 x n
for n ≥ 1 .
Given that x1 = 9, find the values of x2 , x3 and x4 . Hence, conjecture an expression for xn in
terms of n. [2]
Prove your conjecture using mathematical induction. [4]

Solution

RP
x1 = 9
x2 = 9 + 4 + 4 9 = 25

UF
x3 = 25 + 4 + 4 25 = 49
x4 = 49 + 4 + 4 49 = 81
xn = ( 2n + 1)
2 SH
Let Pn be the statement xn = ( 2n + 1) for n ∈]+ .
2
SD
When n = 1, L.H.S. = x1 = 9
R.H.S. = [ 2(1) + 1] = 9 = L.H.S
2
H.S
P

∴ P1 is true.
Assume Pk is true for some k ∈]+ , i.e. xk = ( 2k + 1) .
[D

Required to prove Pk +1 is true, i.e. xk +1 = [ 2(k + 1) + 1] = (2k + 3) 2 .

2
XH

L.H.S. = xk +1
= xk + 4 + 4 xk
DV

= ( 2k + 1) + 4 + 4 ( 2k + 1) (' 2k + 1 > 0 )
2

= 4k 2 + 4k + 1 + 4 + 8k + 4
NL

= 4k 2 + 12k + 9
= ( 2k + 3 )
2

= R.H.S.
Thus Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Since P1 is true and Pk true Pk +1 is true, by Mathematical Induction, Pn is true for all n ∈ ] + .

123
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

5 Graphing Techniques

Level 1

Q1. [2013/HCI/I/Q7(a)]
3x 2 14 x 15
The curve C has equation y f x , where f x .
3x 1
(a) Sketch C , stating the equations of any asymptotes, the coordinates of any turning points
and the points of intersection of C with the axes. [4]

Q2. [2013/MJC/I/Q9(b)(i)]
x
The curve C has equation y .
1 x2
(i) Sketch the curve C. [1]

Q3. [2013/SAJC/II/Q2(i)]
x2 x 2
Sketch the graph of y , showing clearly any axial intercepts, coordinates of
x2
turning points and asymptote(s). [4]

Q4. [2013/VJC/I/Q10(a)(i)]
The curve C has parametric equations
S S
x 3 cos t , y 3sin t , for dt d
.
2 2
(i) Sketch C, indicating clearly the exact coordinates of the axial intercepts. [2]

124
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

Level 2

Q1. [2013/JJC/I/Q6] Transformations

The diagram shows the graph of y a f ( x) , where a is a constant and f ( x) is a proper

§1 1·
rational function. The curve has a maximum point at ¨ , ¸ and it crosses the x-axis at the
©2 2¹
points (0,0) and (1,0). The lines x 1 , x 2 and y 2 are the asymptotes of the curve.
(i) State the value of a. [1]
(ii) Describe a transformation which would transform the above curve to the curve y f ( x). [2]
(iii) State the exact coordinates of the turning point of the curve y a f ( x ). [1]
1
(iv) State the equations of the asymptotes of the curve y . [2]
a f ( x)
(v) Determine the number of real roots of the equation f (| x |) 1 0. [2]

Q2. [2013/MI/I/Q6]
x2 2 x 3
The curve C has equation y .
x 1
(i) Find the range of values
ues of y for which C does not lie within,
withi in exact form. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, showing clearly
early the axial intercept, asymptotes
asymp p tess and
tote
to a stationary points. [3]
nal sketch for S d x d S , solve
(iii) By adding an additional s lv
so lve
3 x 1 ccos
os x 1 x 2 x 2.
2
2 [3]

Q3. [2013/NJC/I/Q5]
x2 x a
It is given that f x where
, wher
re a an aaree co
andd b ar constants.
consn tants.
xb
(i) Given that the graph of y f x has a vertical
vert
ve rtic
ical asymptote x
al asympto 3 and passes through
the point 0, 2 , find the values of a andd b . [2]
(ii) On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
(a) y f x , [3]
(b) y f x .
2
[3]
(Your graphs should label clearly any axial intercepts and linear asymptotes.)

125
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

Q4. [2013/RI(JC)/I/Q11] Transformations

y 1
2

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graph of x 6 x 16
2

k
0 for
(i) k 2 , [3]
(ii) k ! 0 , [4]
making clear the main relevant features of each curve.

(iii) State the equation of one line of symmetry of the curve in part (i) and describe fully a
sequence of two transformations which would transform this curve onto the curve [3]
2 x2 y 2 50 .

Q5. [2013/TPJC/I/Q12(i)-(ii)] Differentiation

A curve C has parametric equations

x 4cos t , y tan t ,
π π
where t .
2 2
π
(i) P is a point on C with parameter t . Find the equation of the normal at P. [5]
3
(ii) Sketch C, indicating clearly any asymptotes and axial intercept(s) if any. [2]

Q6. [2013/YJC/I/Q12]
x2
The curve C has equation y .
x2
(i) Find the equation(s) of the asymptote(s) of C. [1]
(ii) Sketch the curve C, labelling the equation(s) of its asymptote(s) and coordinates of any
axial intercepts and turning points. [2]
(iii) Hence find the range of values of k for which the equation x k x 4 has no real
2 2

roots. [2]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/MI/II/Q4] Inequalities

tiies
tie
ties
es Differentiation
Diff
Di ffeerentiation
ff
ffer en
nti
tiat
atio
ionn
6
(i) Sketch the curve y , sh
show
showing
owin
ow ing
ing cl
clearly
clea
earl
rly any y as
aasymptotes
ymptote and any points where the
ym
x 2
2

curve crosses the axes. s. [2]

(ii) By sketching another curve on th the
he gr
grap
graph
aph
h in ppart
arrt (i
(i),
) solve th
the inequality
6
t ln x 2 1 . [3]
x 2
2

d § 6 ·
(iii) Find ¨ ¸. [2]
dx © x 2 2 ¹
(iv) Hence find the minimum and maximum values of the gradient of the tangent to the curve
6
y , leaving your answer in exact form. [6]
x 2
2

126
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

Q2. [2013/MJC/I/Q8] Conics Differentiation Integration

x
The curve C1 has equation y 3 .
x 2x 8
2

A B
(i) Express y in the form 3 and show by differentiation that C1 has no
xc xd
stationary points. [3]
(ii) Sketch C1, stating the axial intercepts and the equations of any asymptotes. [3]
(iii) Find the exact area bounded by the curve C1, the line x 2 and the axes. [3]
x 5
2
y2
(iv) The curve C2 has equation
1 . Sketch C2 on the same diagram as C1 and
32 22
find the coordinates of any points of intersection between C1 and C2. [2]

Q3. [2013/NYJC/I/Q4] Inequalities

xb x b
Sketch the graphs of y and y on a single diagram, where a and b are positive
xa b
constants and 1 a b , showing all asymptotes and axial intercepts clearly. [3]
(i) x b x b
Using the diagram, solve ! .
xa b [2]
(ii) Using (i), solve ln x b ! 1 ln x , x > 0. [3]
ln x a b

Q4. [2013/PJC/II/Q5] Conics Differentiation Integration

x 2 ax b
The curve C has equation y . The vertical asymptote of C is x 2 , and the
cx
coordinates of the turning points are 4, 2 and 0, 6 .
(i) Find the values of a, b and c. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, stating the equations of the asymptotes. [2]
(iii) By drawing an appropriate
priate graph on tthe
he ssketch
ketc
ketchh of
o C,
C, find th range of values of k k ! 0
d the
2
2 § x2 a
axx b ·
such that the equation x 4 ¨ k 2 has no real roots.
¨ c x ¸¸
© ¹ [2]
(iv) When C undergoes a transl
translation
lattion in
in the
the direction of y-axis bby p units, C intersects the line
y 1 at one negativee value of x. State the set of values for p. [2]

127
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

Q5. [2013/TPJC/I/Q13(i)-(iv)] Conics Differentiation

The curve C has equation 4 y 4 y 16 19 3x(2 x) .

(i) dy
Find in terms of x and y.
dx [2]
(ii) Show that the equation of C can be expressed in the form
( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2
1 [3]
a2 b2
where a and b are constants to be determined.
(iii) Sketch C, stating the coordinates of any points of intersection with the axes. [3]
(iv) By sketching another line on the same diagram, find the values of x which satisfy
3 x 3 x 16 19 3x(2 x) . [3]

Q6. [2013/VJC/II/Q2] Conics

ax 2 bx c
The curve C has equation y , where a, b and c are non-zero constants.
x 1
§ 23 ·
(a) It is given that C passes through the point ¨ 3, ¸ and has a minimum point at 2, 10 .
© 2 ¹
(i) Find the values of a, b and c. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, giving the coordinates of any turning points, points of intersection with the
axes and the equations of any asymptotes. [3]
(iii) m
Find the set of values of , where m and k are positive constants, such that the curve
k
x 2 y 1
2

with equation 1 does not intersect C. [2]

k2 m2
(b) In the case when a 1 and b 1 , find the set of values of c, where c z 2 , such that C
has no stationary point. [3]

Answers

Level 1

1. 2.

128
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

3. 4.

Level 2
(i) 2 2 y 2 2
(i) a = 2 (ii)
(ii) A translation of 2 units in negative y-
direction.
§1 1 ·
1. (iii) ¨ , ¸ 2.
©2 2¹
1
(iv) x 0, x 1 , y
2
(v) 0
(iii) x 0 or x 0.335
(i) a 6 and b 3
(ii)(a) y f x (i)

(ii)

3. 4.

(b) y 2 f x

ii)) x 3 or y 1 ;
(iii)
(iii
(i
Translation
Translat by 3 units in the positive x -
direction
Translation by 1 unit in the negative y -
Translat
direction

129
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

(i) y x2, x 2
(ii)
3
(i) y x
2
(ii)

5. 6.

(iii) 0 k d 1
Level 3
2 1
(i) y 3 ;
3 x 4 3 x 2
dy 2 1
0
3 x 4 3 x 2
2 2
dx
? C1 has no stationary points
(i) (ii)

1. (ii) 1.95 d x d 1.95, x z 1, x z 1 2.

12 x
(iii) 2
( x 2) 2 1
(iii) 6 ln 2 units 2
2 3
(iv) m is maximum at x (iv)
3
2
m is minimum at x
3

((3.50,1.73)
3.50,1.73 and (3.86, –1.85)

130
Topic 5 Graphing Techniques

(i) a 6 b 12 c 2
(ii)

3. 4.
(iii) The appropriate graph to draw is a circle
with radius k units, centred at 4, 0 .
For the equation to have no real roots,
(i) x a or b x a b
0k 2
(ii) 0 x ea or eb x ea b (iv) Translate C by 3 in the direction of y-
axis, hence p 3
or
Translate C by more than 5 units in the
direction of y-axis, p ! 5

(a)(i) a 3, b 2, c 2.
dy 3(1 x)
(i)
dx 16( y 2)
(ii) a 4, b 3
(iii)

5. 6.

(ii)
(ii)
m m ½
iii) ® : 0 d 3¾ .
((iii)
(iv) x 1 or x 5 ¯k k ¿
(b)) ^c : c t 2`
(b

131
ͷ

*UDSKLQJ7HFKQLTXHV6ROXWLRQ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/HCI/I/Q7(a)]
3x 2 − 14 x + 15
The curve C has equation y = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) = .
3x + 1
(a) Sketch C , stating the equations of any asymptotes, the coordinates of any turning
rni points
and the points of intersection of C with the axes. [4]

RP
Solution

(a)

UF
SH
SD
( )
P

(2.25, )
[D
XH
DV
NL

132
ͷ

Q2. [2013/MJC/I/Q9(b)(i)]
x
The curve C has equation y = .
1 + x2
(i) Sketch the curve C. [1]

Solution

(i) y

RP
O x

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

133
ͷ

Q3. [2013/SAJC/II/Q2(i)]
x2 − x + 2
Sketch the graph of y = , showing clearly any axial intercepts, coordinates of
x−2
turning points and asymptote(s). [4]

Solution

(i)
y

RP
(4,7) y=x+1

UF
SH -1 0 2 x
SD
-1
P

x=2
[D
XH
DV
NL

134
ͷ

Q4. [2013/VJC/I/Q10(a)(i)]
The curve C has parametric equations
π π
x = 3 cos t , y = 3sin t , for − ≤t≤ .
2 2
(i) Sketch C, indicating clearly the exact coordinates of the axial intercepts. [2]

Solution

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

135
ͷ

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/HYHO

Q1. [2013/JJC/I/Q6] Transformations

RP
The diagram shows the graph of y = a + f ( x ) , where a is a constant

UF
ant and f ( x ) is a proper
pr
§1 1·
rational function. The curve has a maximum point at ¨ , ¸ and nd it crosses the x-axis at the
©2 2¹

(i)
SH
points (0, 0) and (1, 0). The lines x = −1 , x = 2 and y = 2 are the asympt
State the value of a.
(ii) Describe a transformation which would transform
ransform
asy
asymptotes of the curve.

above curve to the curve y = f ( x ).

form the ab
[1]
[2]
SD
(iii) State the exact coordinates of the turning
ning
g point of the
th curve
cu y = − a + f ( x ). [1]
1
(iv) ptotes
es of the cur
State the equations of the asymptotes curve y = . [2]
a + f ( x)
P

(v) Determine the number of real

eal roots
oots of the equation f (| x |) + 1 = 0.
th equ [2]
[D

Solution

(i) a=2
(ii) A translation of 2 units ts in negative
negativ y-direction.
y
XH

(iii) §1 1 ·
¨ 2 ,− ¸
© 2¹
DV

(iv) 1
ptotes: x = 0,
Asymptotes: 0 x =1, y =
2
(v) f (| x |) + 1 = 0
NL

f (| x |) + 2 = 1
f ((| x |) + a = 1
From the diagram, the linee y = 1 does not cut the curve y = a + f ( x ) for x ≥ 0, there is no solution
for f (| x |) + a = 1. Number of real roots = 0.

Alternatives:
• phs of y = f (| x |) + 2 and y = 1.
Consider graphs
• Consider graphs of y = f (| x |) + 1 and x-axis.
• Consider graphs of y = f (| x |) and y = −1.

136
ͷ

Q2. [2013/MI/I/Q6]
x2 + 2 x + 3
The curve C has equation y = .
x +1
(i) Find the range of values of y for which C does not lie within, in exact form. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, showing clearly the axial intercept, asymptotes and stationary points. [3]
(iii) By adding an additional sketch for −π ≤ x ≤ π , solve
3 ( x + 1) cos x − 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 2. [3]

Solution

(i) x2 + 2 x + 3 2

RP
y= = x +1+
x +1 x +1
dy 2
= 1− =0
( x + 1)
2
dx

UF
x = −1 ± 2
y = ±2 2

(ii)
SH
∴ −2 2 < y < 2 2
SD
P
[D

(iii) 3 ( x + 1) cos x − 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 2
XH

3 ( x + 1) cos x = x 2 + 2 x + 3
x2 + 2 x + 3
3cos x =
x +1
DV

Using GC,
x = 0 or x = 0.335

137
ͷ

Q3. [2013/NJC/I/Q5]
x2 + x + a
It is given that f ( x ) = , where a and b are constants.
x+b
(i) Given that the graph of y = f ( x ) has a vertical asymptote x = −3 and passes through
the point ( 0, 2 ) , find the values of a and b . [2]
(ii) On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
(a) y = f ( x ) , [3]
(b) y 2 = f ( x ) . [3]
(Your graphs should label clearly any axial intercepts and linear asymptotes.)

RP
Solution

(i) x = −b = 3

UF
b = −3
At ( 0, 2 ) ,
a
b
=2
SH
a = 2 ( −3 ) = −6
SD
(ii)(a) For a = −6 and b = −3
y
P

y = x+4
[D
XH

2
-3 O 2 x
x=3
DV

x2 + x − 6
y=
NL

x−3

138
ͷ

(ii)(b) For a = −6 and b = −3

2
−3 2
3
− 2

RP
x2 + x − 6

UF
y2 =
x−3

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

139
ͷ

Q4. [2013/RI(JC)/I/Q11] Transformations

( y − 1)
2

(
Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graph of x 2 + 6 x − 16 − ) k
= 0 for
(i) k = −2 , [3]
(ii) k > 0 , [4]
making clear the main relevant features of each curve.

(iii) State the equation of one line of symmetry of the curve in part (i) and describe fully a
sequence of two transformations which would transform this curve onto o tthe curve [3]
2 x 2 + y 2 = 50 .

RP
Solution

(i) k = −2
( y − 1)
2

(x + 6 x − 16 )

UF
2
− =0
−2
( y − 1)
2

( x + 3) = ( 52 )
2
+
SH
( x + 3)
2

+
2
( y − 1)
2

=1
25 50
SD
Ellipse:
y
P
[D

5
x
0
XH
DV
NL

140
ͷ

(ii) y

5 5

O x

RP
UF
( y − 1)
2

( x2 + 6 x + 9) −
SH k
= 25

( x + 3) ( y − 1)
2 2

− =1
25 25k
SD
Hyperbola : centre ( −3,1)
Oblique Asymptotes : y = k x + 3 k + 1 and ( )
P

y = − k x + 1− 3 k ( )
[D

(iii) metry: x = − 3 oor y = 1 .

Equation of a line of symmetry:
ymmetry:
Translation by 3 units
nits inn the positive
posi x - direction
XH

Translation by 1 unitt in the negativ

neg
negative
g y - direction
DV
NL

141
ͷ

Q5. [2013/TPJC/I/Q12(i)-(ii)] Differentiation

A curve C has parametric equations

x = 4 cos t , y = tan t ,
ʌ ʌ
where − <t < .
2 2
ʌ
(i) P is a point on C with parameter t = . Find the equation of the normal at P. [5]
3
(ii) Sketch C, indicating clearly any asymptotes and axial intercept(s) if any. [2]

Solution

RP
dx
(i) x = 4 cos t = −4 sin t
dt

UF
y = tan t = sec 2 t
dt
dy sec 2 t
=
dx −4sin t SH
−1
=
4sin t cos 2 t
π
SD
dy 2
When t = , x = 2, y = 3, = −
3 dx 3
3
Equation of normal: y − 3 = ( x − 2)
DP

2
3
y= x
2
(ii)
y
H[

x
DV

4
x=
NL

142
ͷ

Q6. [2013/YJC/I/Q12]
x2
The curve C has equation y = .
x−2
(i) Find the equation(s) of the asymptote(s) of C. [1]
(ii) Sketch the curve C, labelling the equation(s) of its asymptote(s) and coordinates of any
axial intercepts and turning points. [2]
(iii) Hence find the range of values of k for which the equation x = k ( x − 4 ) has no real
2 2

roots. [2]

Solution

RP
(i) x2 4
y= = x+2+
x−2 x−2
Asymptotes: y = x + 2 , x = 2

UF
(ii) y

SH (4, 8)
x
SD
2
−2 x
P

0
[D
XH

(iii) x2 = k ( x2 − 4)
x2
= k ( x + 2)
x−2
DV

lll k ∈ \ , y = k ( x + 2 ) ccuts
For all utts ( −2, 0 ) .
x2
hence y = ntteersect y = k ( x + 2 ) .
NL

Noo real roots, hen ddoes

oess no
oe intersect
nott in
x−2
Thus 0 < k ≤ 1 .

143
ͷ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/MI/II/Q4] Inequality Differentiation

6
(i) Sketch the curve y = , showing clearly any asymptotes and any points where the
x +2
2

curve crosses the axes. [2]

(ii) By sketching another curve on the graph in part (i), solve the inequality
6
≥ ln x 2 − 1 . [3]
x +2
2

d § 6 ·
(iii) Find ¨ ¸. [2]
dx © x 2 + 2 ¹
(iv) Hence find the minimum and maximum values of the gradient of the he tangent to
t the curve
6
y= 2 , leaving your answer in exact form. [6]
x +2

Solution

(i)

(ii)

From graph,
−1.95 ≤ x ≤ 1.95, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1

(iii) d § 6 · 12 x
¨ 2 ¸=− 2
dx © x + 2 ¹ ( x + 2) 2

144
ͷ

(iv) Let m be gradient of the tangent to the curve

12 x
m=−
( x + 2)22

dm ( x 2 + 2) 2 (−12) − 2( x 2 + 2)(2 x)( −12 x)

=−
dx ( x 2 + 2) 4
12( x 2 + 2)(3 x 2 − 2)
=
( x 2 + 2) 4

For maximum/minimum m,
dm

RP
=0
dx
12( x 2 + 2)(3 x 2 − 2)
=0
( x 2 + 2)4

UF
2
x=±
3

SH
Using First/Second Derivative Test:
2
m is maximum at x = −
SD
3
2
m is minimum at x =
3
P

§ 2·
12 ¨ − ¸
[D

m maximum = − © 3¹ =
27
2 2
2
ª§ 2 · 2 º 16
1 3
«¨ − ¸ + 2»
XH

«¬© 3 ¹ »¼

2
12
12
3 27 2
DV

imum = −
m minimum 2
=−
ª§ 2 · 2 º 166 3
«¨ ¸ + 2»
«¬© 3 ¹ »¼
NL

145
ͷ

Q2. [2013/MJC/I/Q8] Conics Differentiation Integration

x
The curve C1 has equation y = 3 + .
x − 2x − 8
2

A B
(i) Express y in the form 3 + + and show by differentiation that C1 has no
x+c x+d
stationary points. [3]
(ii) Sketch C1, stating the axial intercepts and the equations of any asymptotes. [3]
(iii) Find the exact area bounded by the curve C1, the line x = 2 and the axes. [3]
( x − 5)
2
y2
(iv) The curve C2 has equation +
= 1 . Sketch C2 on the same diagram
ram
m as C1 aand
32 22

RP
find the coordinates of any points of intersection between C1 and C2. [2]

Solution

UF
(i) x
y = 3+
x − 2x − 8
2

2 1
SH
dy
= 3+ +
3 ( x − 4) 3 ( x + 2)
2 1
=− −
3( x − 4) 3( x + 2)
2 2
SD
dx
<0
Therefore, C1 has no stationary points.
nts.
P

(ii)
y
[D
XH

3
x
–2.12 O 3.78
DV
NL

146
ͷ

(iii) 2 2 1
Required area = ³ 3 + + dx
0 3( x − 4) 3( x + 2)
2
ª 2 1 º
= «3 x + ln x − 4 + ln x + 2 »
¬ 3 3 ¼0
§ 2 1 · §2 1 ·
= ¨ 6 + ln 2 + ln 4 ¸ − ¨ ln 4 + ln 2 ¸
© 3 3 ¹ ©3 3 ¹
1 1 1
= 6 + ln 2 − ln 4 units 2 or 6 − ln 2 units 2
3 3 3
(iv) y

RP
3

UF
2 3
ǆ x
–2.12 O 3.78 5
SH
SD
P

Using G.C., the coordinates of the points of inters

in
intersection are (3.50,1.73) and
(3.86, –1.85).
[D
XH
DV
NL

147
ͷ

Q3. [2013/NYJC/I/Q4] Inequality

x−b x−b
Sketch the graphs of y = and y = on a single diagram, where a and b are positive
x−a b
constants and 1 < a < b , showing all asymptotes and axial intercepts clearly. [3]
x−b x−b
(i) Using the diagram, solve > .
x−a b [2]
(ii) Using (i), solve ln x − b > −1 + ln x , x > 0. [3]
ln x − a b

Solution

RP
x−b a −b x−b
y= = 1+ , x≠a y=
x−a x−a b
Asymptotes: x = a, y = 1 When x = 0, y = -1

UF
b When y = 0, x = b
When x = 0, y = .
a
When y = 0, x = b
SH y
y=
x−b
x−a
SD

b/a
P

1
[D

0 1 a b a+b x
XH

x−b -1
1
y=
b
DV
NL

section, let
For intersection,
x−b x−b
=
x−a b

( x − b ) §¨
1 1·
− ¸=0
© x−a b¹
b−x+a·
( x − b ) §¨ ¸=0
© x−a ¹
x = b or x = a + b

148
ͷ

x−b x−b
(i) >
x−a b
Ans : x < a or b < x < a + b ………(1)

−1
ln x − b ln ( x )
(ii) > −1 − , x>0
ln x − a b
ln x − b −b + ln ( x )
>
ln x − a b
ln x − b ln x − b
>
ln x − a b

RP
From (1):
ln x < a or b < ln x < a + b
Ans : 0 < x < ea or eb < x < e a + b

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

149
ͷ

Q4. [2013/PJC/II/Q5] Conics Differentiation Integration

x 2 + ax + b
The curve C has equation y = . The vertical asymptote of C is x = −2 , and the
c−x
coordinates of the turning points are ( −4, 2 ) and ( 0, −6 ) .
(i) Find the values of a, b and c. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, stating the equations of the asymptotes. [2]
(iii) By drawing an appropriate graph on the sketch of C, find the range of values of k ( k > 0 )
2
§ x 2 + ax + b ·
such that the equation ( x + 4 ) + ¨
2
= k 2 has no real roots.
¨ c − x ¸¸
© ¹ [2]

RP
(iv) When C undergoes a translation in the direction of y-axis by p units, C intersects
tersects the
t liline
y = −1 at one negative value of x. State the set of values for p. [2]

Solution

UF
(i) x = −2 is a vertical asymptote, c = −2
C passes through ( −4, 2 ) and ( 0, −6 )

( −4 ) + a ( −4 ) + b
2
2= SH−2 − ( −4 )
−4a + b = −12 Eqn 1
SD
−6 =
( 0 )2 + a ( 0 ) + b
−2 − ( 0 )
b = 12 Eqn 2
P

From Eqn 1, a = 6
[D

(ii)
y
XH
DV

k
x
NL

150
ͷ

2
§ x 2 + ax + b ·
(iii) ( x + 4) 2
+¨
¨ c−x ¸
¸ =k
2

The appropriate graph to draw is a circle with radius k units, centred at ( −4, 0 ) .
For the equation to have no real roots, 0 < k < 2

(iv) Translate C by −3 in the direction of y-axis, hence p = −3

Or
Translate C by more than 5 units in the direction of y-axis, p > 5

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

151
ͷ

Q5. [2013/TPJC/I/Q13(i)-(iv)] Conics Differentiation

The curve C has equation 4 y ( 4 y + 16 ) + 19 = 3x(2 − x) .

(i) dy
Findin terms of x and y.
dx [2]
(ii) Show that the equation of C can be expressed in the form
( x − 1) 2 ( y + 2) 2
+ =1 [3]
a2 b2
where a and b are constants to be determined.
(iii) Sketch C, stating the coordinates of any points of intersection with the axes. [3]
(iv) By sketching another line on the same diagram, find the values of x which satisfy
sfy
( − − )( − − + ) + = −

RP
3 x 3 x 16 19 3 x (2 x ) . [3]

Solution

16 y 2 + 64 y + 19 = 6 x − 3 x 2

UF
(i)
Differentiating implicitly w.r.t x,
dy dy
32 y + 64 = 6 − 6 x

dy
=
dx SH
3 − 3x
dx
=
3(1 − x)
dx 16 y + 32 16( y + 2)
SD
(ii)
16 ( y 2 + 4 y ) + 19 = −3 ( x 2 − 2 x )
P

16 ( y 2 + 4 y + 4 − 4 ) + 19 = −3 ( x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 1)

16 ( y + 2 ) − 45 = −3 ( x − 1) + 3
2 2
[D

3 ( x − 1) + 16 ( y + 2 ) = 488
2 2

( x − 1) ( y + 2)
2 2
XH

+ =1
( 3)
2
42

∴ a = 4,, b = 3
DV
NL

152
ͷ

(iii)

U
(iv)
SH
Let 4 y = −3 − x.
x 3
y=− −
SD
4 4
line drawn correctly on graph
From G.C.,
P

x = −1 or x = 5
[D
XH
DV
NL

153
ͷ

Q6. [2013/VJC/II/Q2] Conics

ax 2 + bx + c
The curve C has equation y = , where a, b and c are non-zero constants.
x −1
§ 23 ·
(a) It is given that C passes through the point ¨ 3, ¸ and has a minimum point at ( 2, 10 ) .
© 2 ¹
(i) Find the values of a, b and c. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, giving the coordinates of any turning points, points of intersection with the
axes and the equations of any asymptotes. [3]
(iii) m
Find the set of values of , where m and k are positive constants, such thatt the
th curve
k
x 2 ( y − 1)
2

RP
with equation 2 − = 1 does not intersect C. [2]
k m2
(b) In the case when a = −1 and b = −1 , find the set of values of c, where
ere c ≠ 2 , such that C
has no stationary point. [3]

UF
Solution

(i) ax 2 + bx + c
y= SH x −1
§ 23 · 23 a ( 3) + 3b + c
2

Since C passes through the point ¨ 3, ¸ , = 9a + 3b + c = 23

SD
© 2 ¹ 2 3 −1
a ( 2 ) + 2b + c
2

C passes through the point ( 2, 10 ) too,

o, so 10 = 4a + 2b + c = 10
2 −1
P

dy
nt,
Since (2, 10) is a minimum point, = 0 when x = 2 .
dx
( 2ax + b )( x − 1) − ( ax 2 + bx + c ) (1)
[D

dy
=
( x − 1)
2
dx
ax 2 − 2ax − b − c
XH

=
( x − 1)
2

So 0 = 4a − 44a a − b − c b + c = 0.
DV

Solvingg thee three equa

equationss using
equation usinng the
us GC, a = 3,
the GC, 3 b = −2,
2 c = 2.
NL

154
ͷ

(ii) 3x 2 − 2 x + 2
y=
x −1

Performing long division,

3x + 1
x − 1 3x − 2 x + 2
2

3x 2 − 3x
x+2
x −1
3

RP
3
Hence, y = 3 x + 1 +
x −1

UF
( 2,10 )
3x 2 − 2 x + 2
SH y=
x −1
SD
x 2 ( y − 1)
2

− =1
k2 m2
P

O
[D

( 0, −2 ) x =1
XH

y = 3x + 1
DV

(iii) x 2 ( y − 1)
2
m
2
− 2
= 1 descri
ddescribes a hhyperbola
yper
yp e bol
er bolala tthat
hat ha
ha has asymptotes with eqequations y = 1 ± x .
k m k
From
rom the graph,
grap cocomparingg asym
asymptotes,
ympt
ym ppttot
otes
tes,, wee can
an observe that the gr
gradient of the asymptote with
NL

itive gradient
positive gra
gradien of the hyperbola
perbola
la must
musustt be aatt most 3 if the two grap
graphs are not to intersect. Hence, the
m m m ½
lue of
set of values is ® ∈ \ : 0 < ≤ 3¾ .
k ¯ k k ¿

155
ͷ

(iv) − x2 − x + 2
When c = 2, y = becomes, y = − x − 2, x ≠ 1 and has no stationary point.
x −1

dy − x 2 + 2 x + 1 − c
From our working in part (i), when a = b = −1, =
( x − 1)
2
dx
dy
Stationary points of c occur when = 0, i.e. − x 2 + 2 x + 1 − c = 0.
dx

For there to be no stationary points, the equation − x 2 + 2 x + 1 − c = 0 must have noo real
eal solutions for
x. Hence, the discriminant 2 − 4 ( −1)(1 − c ) < 0.
2

RP
4 + 4 (1 − c ) < 0
c>2
So the set of values of c is {c ∈ \ : c ≥ 2} .

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

156
Topic 6 Functions

6 Functions

Level 1

Q1. [CJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q3]
Functions f and g are defined by

f :x ( x 2)2 1, x , x 2
g: x ln( x2 1),
1) x

(i) Find f 1 ( x) and state the domain of f 1 . [2]

1
Sketch the graphs of y f ( x) and y f ( x) on the same diagram. Your sketch
(ii)
should indicate the position of the graphs in relation to the origin. [3]
Write down the equation of the line in which the graph of y f ( x) must be reflected
(iii) in order to obtain the graph of y f 1 ( x) , and hence find the exact solution of the
equation f ( x) f 1 ( x) . [3]
Only one of the composite functions fg and gf exists. Give a definition (including the
(iv) domain) of the composite function that exists, and explain why the other does not
exist. [4]

Q2. [JJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q11]
The functions f and g are defined by
f :x x 2 2 x 3,
3 x , x d a,
g:x ln( x 1), x , x ! 1,
where a is a real number.

State with a reason the largest poss

possible
sib
iblele vvalue
alue
al h f 1 exists, and define f 1 in
ue ooff a suchh tthat
(i)
a similar form. [6]
(ii) Using the value of a foun
ffound
fooun
undd in (i
(i)
(i),
), prove
prov
prov
pr ovee th
tha
that
at the composite
com
omposit function gf exists. [2]
(iii) Define gf in a similar
lar fform
orm and
orm
or and find
fin
find the
the rangee ooff gf
gf. [3]

Q3. [SRJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q5b] 5b]

The functions f and g are defined
d by

f :x x 1 ffor x t1
g:x 4 x 2 4 x 2 for 3 d x d 0
(i) Show that the composite function fg exists; [2]
(ii) Find the composite function fg in a similar form and write down its range. [3]

χυ

157
Topic 6 Functions

Q4. [YJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q1]
The functions f and g are defined by
f : x 1 2ln x 1 , x , x ! 1,
g:x x2 4x 6 , x , x d 2.

(i) Explain why the function g 1 exists and express g 1 in a similar form. [4]
(ii) Show that the composite function fg exists. Define fg and find its range. [4]
State a sequence of transformations which transform the graph of y ln 1 x to the
(iii)
graph of y f x . [3]

Level 2

Q1. [AJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q1]] Integration

The function f is defined by
4 5
f: x for x , x d .
2 x 5 2
1 2

(i) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) and show that f 1 exists. [3]
1 1
(ii) Find f ( x) and write down the domain of f . [3]
1
The solutions to the equation f (x) = f (x) are x = a and x = 2 where a < 2.
Find, in terms of a, the area of the region bounded by the curves y = f (x) and
(iii)
y = f 1 (x). [3]

Q2. [ACJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q7]
The function f is defined as follows.
1
f :x (2 x 1)(2 x 3),
3) x , x d .
2
(i) 1
Find the range of f and defi
de ne f
and define
fine in a ssimilar
imil
im ilar
ar form.
for
orm. [4]
(ii) Given that f 1 ( x) f(
f( x) at x = aa,, find
find
fi d the
the exact
exact vvalue
alue of a.
al [3]
x
The function g is defined by g : x e b, x t 0 , w where
herer b is an integer. Determine the
largest value of b such thatt fg exists. W
With
ith
it h th
this
i value
val
alue
ue off b
b,, find
find the
th range of fg. [3]

χφ

158
Topic 6 Functions

Q3. [DHS/Prelim2013/P2/Q2] 2] Differentiation

The functions f and g are defined by
f :x xee x , x ! 2 ,
g : x x2 a , x ! 0 and a is a real constant.
(i) Using differentiation, show that f concaves upwards. [3]
(ii) Sketch the graph of f and explain if f 1 exists. [3]
(iii) State the minimum value of a such that the function fg exists. [1]
(iv) Given further that a ! 0 , find the range of g 2 , giving your answer in terms of a. [2]

Q4. [MI/Prelim2013/P2/Q3] Binomial Theorem Differentiation

The functions f and g are defined by
x2
f :xo , x , a x b,
1 2x
g : x o x2 1, x , x 0 .
(i) Find g 1 ( x) and write down the domain of g 1 . [4]
(ii) Solve g( x) g 1 ( x) , leaving your answer in exact form. [2]
3
Expand f ( x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x . State
(iii) the minimum value of a and the maximum value of b for the expansion to be
valid. [3]
Given that the rate of change of x is 0.25 unit per second, estimate the rate of
(iv) change of f ( x) when x 0.4 unit. [2]

Q5. [MJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q6]
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
O x 2 ,
2
f :x x , x ! 2,
g:x ln 1 x , x , x 1,
where O is a constant.
(i) Given that gf exists,
s, fi
ffind
ind
ind
d the
the largest
lar
arge
geest
st vvalue
alue
al of O .
ue of [2]
In the rest of the question,
uesttioon,
n, use
use tthe
hee value
val ue of O fo
alue found
foun
und
d in part
pa (i).
On the same diagram, m, ske
sketch
k tchh th
the
h gr aphs off y f x , y f 1 x and y
grap
graphs ff 1 x
(ii)
, showing clearly the
he relationsh
relationship
ship
ip between
bet
e we
weenen the
he ggraphs.
raphs. [3]
(iii) Hence find the exactct solutioionn of f x f x .
solution 1
[3]

χχ

159
Topic 6 Functions

Q6. [NYJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q9]
The functions h and g are defined by
h:x 2 x 2 x , x , 1 x d 2 ,
g:x 1 (4 x 5)2 , x , x ! 0.
With the aid of a labelled diagram, show that h is a one-one function and find an
(i)
expression for h 1 ( x) . [5]
1
(ii) On the same diagram as in part (i), sketch the graph of h . [1]
(iii) Hence, solve the inequality h( x) h 1 ( x) t 0 . [2]
1
(iv) Show that the composite function gh exists and state its range. [2]

Q7. [RVHS/Prelim2013/P2/Q3] Inequalities

The functions f and g are defined by
f :x x2 4x 5 for x , x d k ,
g:x ln x 10 for x , x ! 9 .
Determine the largest value of k for which f is a one-one function. With this
(a)
value of k, define the inverse function of f in similar form. [4]
(b) Given that k = 3,
(i) show that the composite function gf exists and state its range, [3]
(ii) solve the inequality f ( x) 2 x 3 t 0 , leaving your answer in exact form.
[4]

Q8. [SAJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q4]
The function f is defined as follows:
f : x e x a, x , where a >1
(i) Explain why f has an inverse. [1]
Sketch the graph of y f ( x) and y f 1 ( x) on the same axes, showing clearly
all axial intercepts, asymptotes, and the relationship between
betw the two graphs.
(ii)
Hence, write down an equation in terms of x an and
nd e wh
x
which has the same roots
w
1
as the equation f ( x) f ( x) . [4]

Another function g is de
defi
defined
fine
finedd as ffollows:
ne ollo
ollow
lows:
ws
g: x e x a , x t b , where
w ere b iss an
wh an unknown
unkn
un know
ownn constant.
(iii) State, in terms of a,, the smallestt value
val
alue
ue of b su
such
h tthat
hatt g is a function.
ha [1]
Using the answer found
ound in (iii (iii),
ii),
), sol
solve
olvve gg(( x) f ( x) , leavin
leaving your answers in terms
(iv)
of a. [2]

χψ

160
Topic 6 Functions

Q9. [SAJC/Pelim2013/P2/Q2(part)]
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
x2 x 2
f :x , x , x z 2,
x2
g : x ex , x .
(iii) Find the range of f. [1]
(iv) Find the exact range of the composite function gf. [2]

Q10. [TPJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q1]
Functions f and g are defined by

f : x o x2 6 x 9, for x , x d 0,
g : x o 2 3x 1, for x , x t k.

(i) Sketch the graph of f and state its range. [2]

(ii) Explain why the inverse function f 1 does not exist. [1]
(iii) State a maximal domain of f for which the inverse function exists. [1]
By considering the graph of g, find the least value of k for which the composite
(iv)
function fg exists. [2]

Q11. [TJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q10]] Inequalities

The functions f, g and h are defined by

f :x x 2 , x , x k ,
1
g:x , x , x z 0,
x2
1
h:x , x , x k .
x 4x 4
2

State the largest value of k su

such hatt f 1 ex
uch tthat
ha eexists.
ists
ists. [1]

Use this value of k for the following

foll
llow
low
owin
i g parts.
part
partts.
1
Find f in a similar ilar form.
form. Hence
Hennce
c find
d th
the range
rang
rangee of values of x such that
(i)
f x f x .
1
[4]
Determine the range
ge of values
val
alue
uess of x fo
for
or which
whic
wh h f x d g x , giving your answers
ich
(ii)
in exact form. [4]
Show that the composite
posite function gf exists and detemine if the functions h and gf
(iii)
are equal. [2]

χω

161
Topic 6 Functions

Level 3

Q1. [AJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q3] 3] Inequalities

The function f is a strictly increasing function such that y f ( x) for x ≥ 0. The coordinates of
certain points on the curve of y f ( x) are as follows:

1 7
x
0 3 1 2 2 4 6 8 11 14
1 7
y −2 −1 − 1 8 14 19 24 26
2 2
(i) State the value of ff (6) and the value of f 1 (8) . [2]
S
Another function g is defined by g: x tan 2x for 0 d x d .
8
(ii) Explain why the composite function fg exists. [1]
(iii) Find the range of fg. Hence find the set of values of x such that the composite
function fg satisfies the inequality fg x 1 . Leave your answer in exact form. [3]

Q2. [HCI/Prelim2013/P1/Q6]
The function f is defined by
f :x ln x a , x , a x d a2,
where a is a positive constant.

(i) Show that f 1 exists. [2]

(ii) Find f 1 x and state the domain of f 1 . [2]
(iii) Find an expression for g x for each of the following cases.
(a) fg x x, [1]
(b) gf x
x . 2
[1]
(iv) The function h is defined
ined by
1
h:x x 1 x 1
x 5 , x .
2
Find the range of hf . [2]

χϊ

162
Topic 6 Functions

Q3. [IJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q13]] Integration

It is given that
3
° for 2 d x 1,
f ( x) ® (2 x 3) 2 2
° 3 for 1 d x 0,
¯
and that f ( x) f ( x 2) for all real values of x.
(i) 5 5
Sketch the graph of y f ( x) for d x d .
2 2 [3]
(ii) 1
Find the exact value of
³
3
2
f ( x) dx .
[4]
The function h is defined by
3
h:x for 2 d x a .
(2 x 3
3) 2 2

(iii) Write down the greatest value of a such that h 1 exists. [1]

Assume that a takes the value found in part (iii).

(iv) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y h( x) and y h 1 ( x) . [2]

(v) Explain why the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the curves in part (iv)
satisfies the equation
4 x3 12 x2 7 x 3 0 ,
and find the value of this x-coordinate, correct to 4 significant figures. [3]

Q4. [NJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q10] Graphing Techniques

The function f is defined by

cx d c
f:x forr x , x z ,
, fo
dx c
dx d
where c and d are fixed constants
staanntts andd c ! d ! 0 .
ts an

(i) Sketch the graph of y f ( x) , indicating

indi
in dica
di cati
ca
atiing the axial
axi
xial
a intercepts
int
nter
erce
cepp and the equations of any
asymptotes. [3]
(ii) Find f 1 ( x) and f 2 ( x) , statingg clearly
clea
cl earl
rlyy their
theiir domains.
doma
do main Hence state the range of f 2 .
ins. Hence, [5]
(iii) On the same diagram in (i), sketch
sket
sk etch
ch the ggraph
raph
raph ooff y 2
f ( x) . Label
L your graph clearly. [1]
(iv) State the value of f (1) .
2013
3
[1]

χϋ

163
Topic 6 Functions

Q5. [PJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q3] Graphing Techniques

1
A function f is said to be self-inverse if f(x) f ( x) for all x in the domain of f.

Functions f and g are defined by

1 ax
f :x , x , x z a,
ax
g: x ln(a x), x , x a ,
where a is a positive constant and a ! 1.

(i) Sketch the graph of f and write down its range. [2]
(ii) Show that f is self-inverse. Hence, or otherwise, find f 2013 5 in terms of a. [4]
(iii) Show that the composite function gf does not exist. [1]
(iv) If the domain of f is restricted to the set {x : x k} , find the greatest value of k for
which gf exist. [1]

Q6. [RI/Prelim2013/P2/Q2] System of Linear Equations Differentiation

(a) The functions f and g are defined as follows:
2x 1
f :x 2
kk,, x ,
x 2x 3
g:x x 5 2 , x 2k ,
where k is a constant.
(i) Find the range of values of k for which the function gf exists. [3]
(ii) For k 5 , find the range of gf . [2]
(b) The function h is given by
h : x ax3 bx 2 cx d , x ,
where a, b, c and d are real constants.

The graph of y h( x) passes through the points (1,1) and (2, 2) . Given that (2, 2) is a
maximum point, find three linear equations involvingg a, b, c and d .

It is given further that tthe

he nt (4
h ppoint
oint
oi ,14) li
4,14) es oon
lies n the
the graph
ph of
grap
gr o y h x , and that h( x)
is strictly decreasing for x t 2 . Find
Find
d the
thee values
val
alu
ues of a, b, c aand d .
[4]

χό

164
Topic 6 Functions

Q7. [VJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q3] Differentiation

The function f is defined by
f :x x2 2 x 2 , 0 d x d 1.

(i) Sketch the graphs of y f x , y f 1 x and y ff 1 x on a single diagram,

indicating clearly the domains of the respective functions. [3]
(ii) Find f 1 x .
[2]
The function g is defined by
xa
g:x , 0 d x d 3,
x 1
where a is a constant and a ! 1.

(iii) Show that the composite function gf exists and find, in exact form, the range of gf. [4]
(iv) Given that h' x gf x , show that h is an increasing function for 0 d x d 3.
[3]

Answers

Level 1
(i) f 1 : x 2 x 1, x , x ! 1 (i) greatest value of a 1
f 1 : x 1 x 2,, x , x t 2
5 13
(ii) see solution (iii) y = x;
1. 2 2. (iii) gf : x ln x2 2 x 2 , x , x d 1

ln ª« ( x 2)2 1 1º» , x , x 2
2
(iv) gf : x
¬ ¼ R gf >0, f
3. (ii) fg : x 2 x 1 , 3 d x d 0 R fg [0,5]
(i) g 1 : x 2 x 2, x t 2

(ii) fg( x) 1 2ln x 2 4 x 5 , x d 2 ; Rffg f 1@

f,,1

(iii) Translation of 2 units in th

the
he posi
po
positive
osisiti
tive
ti ve xx-direction,
-di
d re
di recctio
on,
4. followed by a scaling parallel to o tthe
he yy-axis
he -ax
axis
is bbyy a fafac
factor
ctor of 2,
followed by a translation of 1 uniunit
it iin
n tthe
he ppositive
ossittiv
ive y-dire rect
ctio
y-direction. ion
n.
OR
Translation of 2 units in the positive
ositive x-di dire
recttio
x-direction,ion n,
followed by a translation of 0.5 .5 unit inn thethe ppositive
ositive yy-direction,
-di
direection,
followed by scaling parallel to o the yy-axis
-ax
axisis bby
y a fa factor
act
ctor
or ooff 22..

χύ

165
Topic 6 Functions

Level 2
(ii)
5 1 4
(i) f 1 ( x) 1
(5/2, 4) 2 2 x
Df 1 (0, 4]

(iii) 4 S 4 tan 1 (2a 5) a2

(i) R f >4, f , (i) f cc( x) e x x 2 ! 0 for all x ! 2

1 1
f 1 : x x 4, x , x t 4 (ii) See solution for sketch, not one-one by
2 2
horizontal line test.
2. 3.
3 57 (iii) min a 2
(ii) a , largest b is −2,
8
Rfg > 3,5 (iv) R g2 a 2
a, f

(i) g1 ( x) x 1, x ! 1
1 5
(ii) x
2
(iii) 20 x 10 x2 5x 2 ...
3 (i) Largest O =1
4. 5. 5 13
(ii)
For expansion to be valid, 2
1 1
Minimum a mum
u b
and Maximum
2 2

(iv) 1.65 units per second

ψτ

166
Topic 6 Functions

x2
(i) h 1 ( x ) 1 1
4
y
(ii)
(1,2)
(a) largest k = 2,
f -1 : x 2 x 9 for
f x , x t 9 ,
6. 7.
(b)(i) Rgf >ln 2, f ,
x
O (ii) x d 3 11 or 4 d x d 3
8
(iii) 1 x d
5
(iv) R gh 1 > 8 ,1@
(ii)

(iii) R f (f, 1] [7, f)

8. 9.
(iv) Rgf (f, e7 ] [e1 ,0)

x ex a

(iii) b= ln a

(iv) x ln a 1 or ln a

(i) R f [18, f)
Largest k 2
(i) f 1 : x 2 x, x ! 0
0 x2
-3
-9 1 5
f (ii)
(i i) d x 0 or 0 x d 1 or
2
-18 1 5
10. (-3,-18) 11..
1
11
dx2
(ii) Any horizontal
i li y = k, 18
l line 18 k d 9 2
cuts the graph of f at 2 points,, hencee f iiss no
not ii)) Since Dh = f, 2 = Dgf = Df
(iii)
(iii
(i
-1
one-one function. f does not exist. = f, 2 ,
(iii) (f, 3]
h( x) gf ( x) .
5
(iv)
3

ψυ

167
Topic 6 Functions

Level 3
(i) ff (6) = 26 f 1 (8) = 4
f 1 ( x) e x a, x , x d ln 2
(ii)
(ii) fg exists Df 1 = ( f, ln2]
Rfg = [2, 0.5]
e
2
1. 2. x
a
S S (iii)(a) g( x) e x a (b) g( x)
xd
12 8
(iv) R hf : ( f,8.45]
(i) y
(iv)
y
x

9 § 2 1 ·
(ii) 3 ln ¨¨ ¸
4 2 © 1 2 ¸¹

3
(iii) (v) x 1.781
2
(i) (i)

4. 5.

(ii) f 2 ( x) x; Rf = \{a} or (- f, a) (a, f)

§ c· §c · 1 5a
Domain of f 2 = ¨ f, ¸ ¨ , f ¸ (ii) f 2013 (5) f(5)
© d ¹ ©d ¹ a 5

(iv) −1 (iv) k a
ψφ

168
Topic 6 Functions

(i)
y 2, 2
2
y f x y ff x
1

1,1

(a) (i) k !
1
(ii) > 0, 1@ y f 1
x
6. 2 7.
(b) a 1 , b 4 , c 4 , d 2 x
O 2

(ii) f 1 x 1 x 1

ª 2 a 1 a º
(iii) Rgf « 3 , 2 »
¬ ¼

ψχ

169
͸

)XQFWLRQV6ROXWLRQ

Level 1

Q1. [CJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q3]
Functions f and g are defined by

f : x 6 ( x − 2) 2 − 1, x ∈ \, x < 2
g : x 6 ln( x 2 + 1), x∈\

RP
(i) Find f −1 ( x) and state the domain of f −1 . [2]
−1
Sketch the graphs of y = f ( x) and y = f ( x) on the same diagram.ram. Your sket
sketch
(ii)
should indicate the position of the graphs in relation to the origin.
in.

UF
[3]
Write down the equation of the line in which the graphph off y = f ( x) mus
must be reflected
(iii) in order to obtain the graph of y = f −1 ( x) , and hence
ence find the exact
e solution of the
SH equation f ( x) = f −1 ( x) .
Only one of the composite functions fg and gf exists. G
Give a definition (including the
[3]

(iv) domain) of the composite function that

hat exists, explain why the other does not
sts, and expla
exp
SD
exist. [4]

Solution
P

(i) y = ( x − 2) 2 − 1
( x − 2) 2 = y + 1
[D

x − 2 = ± y +1
x = 2 + y + 1 (N.A.
N.A. as x < 2) or 2 − y + 1
XH

Df −1 = R f = ( −1, ∞ )
f −1 : x 6 2 − x + 1,
1, x ∈ \, x > −1
DV

(ii) y

y = f (x
(x)
y=x
NL

3
(−1, 2)
x
O 3
(2, −1) y = f −1(x)

170
͸

(iii) y=x
−1
f ( x) = f ( x) f ( x ) = x
( x − 2) 2 − 1 = x
x2 − 5x + 3 = 0
5 ± 25 − 4(1)(3)
x=
2
5 + 13 5 − 13
= or
2 2
5 − 13 § 5 + 13 ·
= ¨¨ rejected ' x <2 ¸

RP
2 ¸
© 2 ¹
(iv) For fg to exist, R g ⊆ Df
R g = [ 0, ∞ )

UF
Df = ( −∞, 2 )
Since R g ⊄ Df , fg does not exist.

SH
For gf to exists, R f ⊆ Dg
R f = ( −1, ∞ )
Dg = ( −∞, ∞ )
SD
Since R f ⊆ Dg , gf exists.
P

(
gf(x) = g ( x − 2)2 − 1 )
(
= ln ª ( x − 2) 2 − 1 + 1º )
2
[D

¬« »¼

(
= ln x 4 − 8 x3 + 22 x 2 − 24
2 x + 10 )
XH

Dgf = Df = ( −∞, 2 )

( )
gff : x 6 ln ª ( x − 2) 2 − 1 + 1º , x ∈ \, x < 2
2
«¬ »¼
DV
NL

171
͸

Q2. [JJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q11]
The functions f and g are defined by
f : x 6 x 2 − 2 x + 3, x ∈ \, x ≤ a ,
g : x 6 ln( x − 1), x ∈ \, x > 1,
where a is a real number.

State with a reason the largest possible value of a such that f −1 exists, and define f −1
(i)
in a similar form. [6]
(ii) Using the value of a found in (i), prove that the composite function gf exists.
xists.
s. [2]
(iii) Define gf in a similar form and find the range of gf.

RP
[3]

Solution
(i) f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 3, x ≤ a

UF
= ( x − 1) 2 + 2, x ≤ a
For f −1 to exist, greatest value of a = 1
Let y = ( x − 1) 2 + 2, y ≥ 2
SH
Then ( x − 1) 2 = y − 2
x = 1± y − 2
since x ≤ 1 ,
SD
x = 1 − y − 2, y≥2
−1
∴f : x 6 1 − x − 2, x ∈ \, x ≥ 2 .
P

(ii) R f = [ 2, ∞ )
Dg = (1, ∞ )
[D

' R f ⊆ Dg , ∴ gff exists

exis
(iii) gf ( x ) = g [ f ( x)] , x ≤1
XH

= g ª¬ x 2 − 2 x + 3º¼

( )
= ln ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) − 1 , x ≤ 1

= lnn ( x )
DV

2
− 2x + 2 , x ≤ 1

( )
∴ gf : x 6 ln x 2 − 2 x + 2 , x ∈ \, x ≤ 1
NL

( −∞,1] ⎯⎯ f
→ [ 2, ∞ ) ⎯⎯
g
→ [ 0, ∞ ) [or sketch the graph of gf]
∴ R gf = [ 0, ∞ )

172
͸

Q3. [SRJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q5b]
The functions f and g are defined by
f : x 6 x −1 for x ≥ 1
g : x 6 4 x 2 + 4 x + 2 for − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
(i) Show that the composite function fg exists; [2]
(ii) Find the composite function fg in a similar form and write down its range. [3]

Solution
(i) y

RP
;ʹϯ͕ϮϲͿ

y = g(x)

UF
;ʹϭ͕ϭͿ
SH ǆǆ

From the GC, R g = [1, 26]

SD
Since R g ⊆ Df = [1,
[1 ∞ ) , ffg eexists.
(ii)
fg ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = ( 2 x + 1) 2 = 2 x + 1
P

fgg : x 6 2 x + 1 , − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
1
°°− (2 x + 1), − 3≤ x < −
[D

2
Or fg : x 6 ®
° 2 x + 1, 1
− ≤ x ≤0
°̄ 2
XH

From
om G
GC, y
DV

5
NL

x
-3
3 0

∴ R fg = [0,5]

173
͸

Q4. [YJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q1]
The functions f and g are defined by
f : x 6 1 − 2 ln ( x − 1) , x ∈ \, x > 1,
g : x 6 x − 4x + 6
2
, x ∈ \, x ≤ 2.

(i) Explain why the function g −1 exists and express g −1 in a similar form. [4]
(ii) Show that the composite function fg exists. Define fg and find its range. [4]
State a sequence of transformations which transform the graph of y = − ln (1 + x ) to the
(iii)
graph of y = f ( x ) . [3]

RP
Solution
(i) Graph of y = g ( x ) , x ≤ 2
Ǉ Any horizontal line y = k , k ∈ \ cutsut the ggraph of

UF
y = g ( x ) , x ≤ 2 at mostt once. Henc
Hence g is one-one.
Thus g −1 exists.
SH ;Ϯ͕ϮͿ
ǆ
SD
Let y = x 2 − 4 x + 6
y = ( x − 2) + 2
2
P

x−2= ± y−2
[D

x = 2 − y − 2 (rej.
ej. y − 2 since x ≤ 2 )
g −1 : x 6 2 − x − 2, x ≥ 2
(ii) Rg = [ 2, ∞ ) ⊆ (1, ∞ ) = Df
XH

Hencee fg exists.
g( x) = 1 − 2 ln
fg( ( )
l x2 − 4 x + 5 , x ≤ 2
DV
NL

Rfg = ( −∞, 1]
(iii) nits in the positive x-direction,
Translation of 2 units
ling parallel to the y-axis by a factor of 22,
followed by a scaling
nslation of 1 unit in the positive y-directi
followed by a translation -direction.
OR
Translation of 2 units in the positive x-direction,
followed by a translation of 0.5 unit in the positive y-direction,
followed by scaling parallel to the y-axis by a factor of 2.
ω

174
͸

Level 2

Q1. [AJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q1] /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ

The function f is defined by
4 5
f: x 6 for x ∈ \, x ≤ .
( 2 x − 5)
2
+1 2

(i) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) and show that f −1 exists. [3]
−1 −1
(ii) Find f ( x) and write down the domain of f . [3]
−1

RP
The solutions to the equation f (x) = f (x) are x = a and x = 2 where a < 2.
Find, in terms of a, the area of the region bounded by the curves rves y = f (x)
(x) and
(iii) −1
y = f (x). [3]

UF
Solution
(i)
(5/2, 4)

SH Since horizontal
horizonta line y = k, where k is
ce any horiz
ny real value,
any valu cuts
c y = f (x) at most once,
one-one f −1 exists.
f is one-o
SD
y = f (x)
(x) curve (must indicate end pt)
P

(ii) 4 5 4
( 2 x − 5) + 1 =
2
y= ,x≤
( 2 x − 5)
2
+1 2 y
[D

5 1 4 5
x= − − 1 since x ≤ .
2 2 y 2
XH

5 1 4
f −1 ( x ) =
− −1 Df −1 = ( 0, 4]
2 2 x
(iii) red Area = 2 × area of region bounded by y = x and y = f (x)
Required
DV

2 2 4
= 2 ³ [ x − f ( x)] dx = 2 ³ x − dx
a a
( 2 x − 5 )2 + 1
NL

2 1
= 2³ x − dx
1
( x − 2.5 )2 +
a

4
2
ª x2 1 2 5 ·º
§ x − 2.5
= 2 « − 1 tan −1 ¨¨ 1 ¸¸ »
¬« 2 2 © 2 ¹ ¼» a
ª a2 º
t −1 (−1) − + 2 ttan −1 (2a − 5) »
= 2 « 2 − 2 tan
¬ 2 ¼
= 4 + π + 4 tan −1 (2a − 5) − a 2

175
͸

Q2. [ACJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q7]
The function f is defined as follows.
1
f : x 6 (2 x − 1)(2 x + 3), x ∈ \, x ≤ − .
2
(i) Find the range of f and define f −1 in a similar form. [4]
−1
(ii) Given that f ( x) = f( x ) at x = a, find the exact value of a. [3]
The function g is defined by g : x 6 e− x + b, x ≥ 0 , where b is an integer. Determine the
largest value of b such that fg exists. With this value of b, find the range of fg. [3]

Solution

RP
(i) R f = [ −4, ∞ )
Ǉ
y = f ( x)
Let y = (2 x − 1)(2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 1) − 4
2

( 2 x + 1)2 = y + 4 ǆ

UF
K
2x +1 = ± y + 4
1 § 1 ·
Since x ≤ − , 2 x + 1 = − y + 4
SH ¨ − , −4 ¸
2 © 2 ¹
1 1
∴x = − − y+4
2 2
SD
1 1
f −1 : x 6 − − x + 4, x ∈ℜ, x ≥ −4
2 2
(ii) Since y = f (x) and y = f −1 (x) meet at y = x ,
P

consider f (a ) = a
(2a − 1)(2a + 3) = a
[D

4a 2 + 3a − 3 = 0
−3 ± 9 − 4(4)(−3) −3 ± 57
a= =
2(4) 8
XH

1 −3 − 57
Sincee a < − , a =
2 8
(iii)
DV

y
b+1
y = g(
g(x)
(x)
NL

y=b
x
O
§ 1º
R g = (b, b + 1], Df = ¨ −∞, − »
© 2¼
1 3
For fg to exist, R g ⊆ Df ∴ b + 1 ≤ − i.e. ∴ b ≤ −
2 2
Since b is integer, largest b = −2
g f
[ 0, ∞ ) ⎯⎯ → ( −2, −1] ⎯⎯ → [ −3, 5 ) ∴ R fg = [ −3, 5 )

176
͸

Q3. [DHS/Prelim2013/P2/Q2] ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ
The functions f and g are defined by
f : x 6 xe x , x > −2 ,
g:x 6 x +a, 2
x > 0 and a is a real constant.
(i) Using differentiation, show that f concaves upwards. [3]
−1
(ii) Sketch the graph of f and explain if f exists. [3]
(iii) State the minimum value of a such that the function fg exists. [1]
(iv) Given further that a > 0 , find the range of g 2 , giving your answer in termss of a. [2]

RP
Solution
(i) f ( x) = xe x
f ′( x ) = xe x + e x
f ′′( x) = xe x + e x + e x = e x ( x + 2 )

UF
Since x > −2, x + 2 > 0 & e x > 0
∴ f ′′( x) > 0 for all x > −2

(ii)
SH
∴ f concaves upwards.
SD
P
[D

(−2, −0.271)
271) O
y = −0.33
(−11, −0.
0.368)
XH

Since the line y = −0.3 cuts the graph of f at 2 points, f is nnot one-one, f −1 does not exists.
DV

(iii)
ii) exist, R g ⊆ Df
For fg to exi
y
Sinc R g = ( a, ∞ ) andd D f = (−22, ∞)
Since y = g( x)
NL

∴m
∴ mi a = −2
min
x
O
a

(iv) Since R g = ( a, ∞ ) = new Dg

∴ R g 2 = ( a 2 + a, ∞ )

177
͸

Q4. [MI/Prelim2013/P2/Q3] ŝŶŽŵŝĂůdŚĞŽƌĞŵ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ
The functions f and g are defined by
x−2
f :x→ , x ∈ \, a < x < b ,
1 + 2x

g : x → x 2 − 1, x ∈ \, x < 0 .

(i) Find g −1 ( x) and write down the domain of g −1 . [4]

−1
(ii) Solve g( x) = g ( x) , leaving your answer in exact form. [2]
Expand f ( x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3 . State the
(iii)
minimum value of a and the maximum value of b for the expansion ion to be valid. [3]
Given that the rate of change of x is 0.25 unit per second, estimate
timate
ate the rate oof change
c
(iv) of f ( x) when x = 0.4 unit. [2]

Solution
(i) Let y = g( x)
y = x2 − 1
x = − y + 1 (reject y + 1 as x < 0)
g −1 ( y ) = − y + 1
g −1 ( x) = − x + 1, x > −1
(ii) Here, the solution of g( x ) = g −1 ( x) is the same
sam as that for g( x ) = x.
g( x) = x
x2 −1 = x
x2 − x −1 = 0
[

1− 5 1+ 5
x= orr ((rejected)
j
(rejec )
XH

2 2
(iii) 2) + 2 x ) −1
f(x) = ( x − 2)(1
= ( x − 2)(
2) − 2 x + 4 x 2 − 8 x3 + ...)
2)(1
= 20 x3 − 10 x 2 + 5 x − 2 + ...
1 1
For ex
expan
expansion to be va
vvalid,
alid,
lid,, m
li mu a = −
minimum
inimum
inim
in im maximum b =
and maximu
2 2
(iv) df ( x) df(x) dx
= .
dt dx dt
dx
= (60 x 2 − 20 x + 5 + ...).
dt
At x = 0.4,
df ( x)
≈ ª¬60(0.4) 2 − 20(0.4) + 5º¼ .(0.25) = 1.65 units per second
dt

178
͸

Q5. [MJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q6]
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
f : x 6 λ − ( x + 2) ,
2
x ∈ \, x > −2,
g : x 6 ln (1 − x ) , x ∈ \, x < 1,
where λ is a constant.
(i) Given that gf exists, find the largest value of λ . [2]
In the rest of the question, use the value of λ found in part (i).
On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = f ( x ) , y = f −1 ( x ) and
(ii)
y = ff −1 ( x ) , showing clearly the relationship between the graphs. [3]

RP
(iii) Hence find the exact solution of f ( x ) = f −1
( x) . [3]

Solution

UF
(i) Rf = ( −∞, λ ) Dg = (−∞,1)
Since Rf ⊆ Dg , largest λ =1.
(ii)
SH Ǉ

;ϭ͕ϭͿ
;оϮ͕ϭͿ
SD
y = f -1 ( x)
оϭ
оϯ K
K ǆ
оϭ
оϭ
ϭ
P

y = ff ( x)
-1 оϯ
оϯ ;ϭ͕оϮͿ
;ϭ͕оϮͿ
[D

ǇсĨ;ǆͿ
XH
DV

(ii) f ( x ) = f −1 ( x )
1 − ( x + 2) = x
2
NL

x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
−5 ± 13
x=
2
−5 + 13 § −5 − 13 ·
= ¨¨' j
is rejected as x > −2 ¸¸
2 © 2 ¹

υτ

179
͸

Q6. [NYJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q9]
The functions h and g are defined by
h : x 6 2 x (2 − x) , x ∈ \ , 1 < x ≤ 2 ,

g : x 6 1 − (4 x − 5) 2 , x ∈ \ , x > 0.
With the aid of a labelled diagram, show that h is a one-one function and find an
(i)
expression for h −1 ( x) . [5]
−1
(ii) On the same diagram as in part (i), sketch the graph of h .
(iii) Hence, solve the inequality h( x) − h −1 ( x) ≥ 0 . [2]
−1

RP
(iv) Show that the composite function gh exists and state its range. [2]

Solution
(i)
y

UF
(1,2) y=x
(0,2)

SH (2,1)
SD
x
O (2,0)
P

agram,
am, any horizontal
As seen in the above diagram, horizon line y = k , k ∈ \ cuts the graph of h(x)
hor
efore,
e, h is one-one.
at most once. Therefore, one-
[D

Let y = 2 x ( 2 − x )
XH

y 2 = 4 x(22 − x)
y 2 = 4 − 4( x − 1))2
y2
DV

( x − 1) = 1 −
2
4

y2
NL

x = 1± 1−
4

y2
Since 1 < x ≤ 2 , x = 1 + 1 − .
4

x2
∴ h −1 ( x) = 1 + 1 −
4

υυ

180
͸

(iii) To find the x-coordinate of the point of intersection between y = h( x) and y = h −1 ( x )
, we let h( x) = x .

2 x (2 − x) = x
8x − 4 x2 = x2
x (8 − 5 x ) = 0

8
∴x =
5

RP
8
For h( x) − h −1 ( x) ≥ 0 , we have 1 < x ≤ .
5
(iv) R h −1 = (1, 2] ⊆ ( 0, ∞ ) = Dg

UF
Therefore, the composite function gh −1 exists.
Ǉ

SH ϭ
K ϭ Ϯ
ǆ

y = g(( x) , 1 < x ≤ 2
SD
Ͳϴ
P

R gh −1 = [ −8 ,1] .
[D
XH
DV
NL

υφ

181
͸

Q7. [RVHS/Prelim2013/P2/Q3]
The functions f and g are defined by

f : x 6 x2 + 4 x − 5 for x ∈ \, x ≤ k ,
g : x 6 ln ( x + 10 ) for x ∈ \, x > −9 .

Determine the largest value of k for which f is a one-one function. With this value of
(a)
k, define the inverse function of f in similar form. [4]
(b) Given that k = −3,
(i) show that the composite function gf exists and state its range, [3]

RP
(ii) solve the inequality f ( x) + 2 x + 3 ≥ 0 , leaving your answerr in exact form.
[4]

Solution

UF
(a) Using GC, we sketch the curve y = x 2 + 4 x − 5 :

SH
SD
(-2, -4)

From x 2 + 4 x − 5 = ( x + 2 ) − 9 ,
2

int is at ( −2, − 9 )
P

m point
we note that the minimum
Thus, the largest valuee of k for which f is 1-1 is −2.
[D

To find f−1, we let

et
y = x2 + 4 x − 5 = ( x + 2) − 9
2
XH

( x + 2 )2 = y + 9
x = −2 ± y + 9
DV

−22 − y + 9 (since
∴x = − (si
(s
(si ce x ≤ −2))
since
Also Df -1 = Rf ,
Thus f -11 : x 6 −2 − x + 9 ffor
Thus, or x ∈ \, x ≥ −9
NL

(bi)) We first
W fi note that for
f : x 6 x 2 + 4 x − 5 for x ∈ \, x ≤ −3,
Df = ( −∞, −3] Rf = [ −8,
8 ∞)
n ( x + 100 ) for
Also for g : x 6 ln f x ∈ \ , x > −9
Dg = ( −9, ∞ )
Since Rf ⊆ Dg , gf exists

To find the range of gf, we first note that:

υχ

182
͸

Df = ( −∞,3] Rf = [ −8, ∞ )
For the graph of g(x) = ln ( x + 10 ) ,

when x ≥ −8, g(x) ≥ ln 2.

Thus, Rgf = [ ln 2, ∞ )
In sum, ( −∞, 3] ⎯⎯ → [ −8, ∞) ⎯⎯ → [ ln 2, ∞)

RP
f g

(bii) f ( x) + 2 x + 3 ≥ 0
x 2 + 4 x − 5 ≥ −2 x − 3

UF
Then
x 2 + 4 x − 5 ≥ −2 x − 3 or x 2 + 4 x − 5 ≤ − ( −2 x − 3)
SH
x2 + 6 x − 2 ≥ 0 or x 2 + 2 x − 8 ≤ 0
For solving x 2 + 6 x − 2 ≥ 0 , we have
SD
−6 − 62 − 4 × 1× ( −2) −6 + 62 − 4 × 1× ( −2)
x≤ or x ≥
2 2
ie, x ≤ −3 − 11 or x ≥ −3 + 11 − − − − −(1)
P

For solving x 2 + 2 x − 8 ≥ 0 , we have

hav
[D

( x − 2 )( x + 4 ) ≤ 0
−4 ≤ x ≤ 2 − − − − −(2)
(2
XH

hat −3 + 11
Note that 1 < 2.
ining (1) aandd (2) and taking into account that Df = ( −∞, −3] ,
Combining
DV

Df
NL

−3 − 11 −4 −3 −3 + 11
−3 2

tion to the original inequality is

So, the exact solution

x ≤ −3 − 11 or −4 ≤ x ≤ −3 .

υψ

183
͸

Q8. [SAJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q4]
The function f is defined as follows:
f : x 6 e x − a, x ∈ \ , where a >1

(i) Explain why f has an inverse. [1]

Sketch the graph of y = f ( x) and y = f −1 ( x) on the same axes, showing clearly all
axial intercepts, asymptotes, and the relationship between the two graphs.
(ii)
Hence, write down an equation in terms of x and e x which has the same roots as the
equation f ( x) = f −1 ( x) . [4]
Another function g is defined as follows:

RP
g : x 6 e x − a , x ≥ b , where b is an unknown constant.

(iii) State, in terms of a, the smallest value of b such that g is a function.

unction.
ion. [1]
(iv) Using the answer found in (iii), solve g( x) = f ( x) , leavingg yourr answers in terms
te of a. [2]

UF
Solution
(i)
SH
SD

graph y = f ( x) at most once, therefore f is 1-

From graph, any horizontal

tal line
ne cuts the gra
−1
1 and f exists.
(ii)
[D
XH
DV
NL

F
From graph, the graphs of y = f ( x) and y = f −1 ( x) intersect
hs of inte along the line y = x .
Thus, solving f ( x) = f −1 ( x) is equivalent to solving f ( x) = x , i.e. x = e x − a .
Th
(iii) Smallest value of b = ln a
(iv) The graphs of y = f ( x) and y = f ( x) intersec
intersect
ct when y=0 and 1. Thus, when solving
for g( x ) = f ( x) , we get
e x − a = 0 or e x − a = 1
e x = a or e x = 1 + a
x = ln a or x = ln (1 + a )

υω

184
͸

Alternatively

RP
ex − a = ex − a

( )
2
ex − a = ex − a
e x − a = e2 x − 2ae x + a 2

UF
e2 x − ( 2a + 1) e x + a 2 + a = 0

( 2a + 1) − 4(1)(a 2 + a)
2
SH 2a + 1 ±
e =
x
2 (1)
2a + 1 ± 1
=
SD
2
= a + 1 or a
Thus x = ln ( a + 1) or ln a
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υϊ

185
͸

Q9. [SAJC/Pelim2013/P2/Q2(part)]
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
x2 − x + 2
f :x6 , x ∈ \, x ≠ 2,
x−2
g : x 6 − e x , x ∈ \.
(iii) Find the range of f. [1]
(iv) Find the exact range of the composite function gf. [2]

Solution
(iii) R f = ( −∞, −1] ∪ [7, ∞)

RP
(iv) Graph of y = g( x)

UF
SH
g
R f = ( −∞, −1] ∪ [7, ∞) ⎯⎯ → Rgf = (−∞, −e7 ] ∪ [−e−1 , 0)
0
SD
Rgf = (−∞, −e7 ] ∪ [ −e−1 , 0)
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υϋ

186
͸

Q10. [TPJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q1]
Functions f and g are defined by

f : x → x 2 + 6 x − 9, for x ∈ \, x ≤ 0,
g : x → 2 − 3 x − 1, for x ∈ \, x ≥ k .

(i) Sketch the graph of f and state its range. [2]

(ii) Explain why the inverse function f −1 does not exist. [1]
(iii) State a maximal domain of f for which the inverse function exists. [1]
By considering the graph of g, find the least value of k for which the comp
composite
(iv)
function fg exists. [2]

RP
Solution
(i) f(x ) = x 2 + 6 x − 9 = ( x + 3) 2 − 18

R f = [−18, ∞)

UF
SH -3
f -9 y = −99
SD
-18
(-3,-18)
(ii) ne y = −9 that
There exists a horizontal line hat cut the graph of f at 2 points, hence f is not
P

one-one function. f-1 does

oes not exist.
(iii) exists = (−∞, −3]
Maximal domain of f for which f--11 exis
[D

(iv) fg exists if R g ⊂ Df . i.e. R g ⊂ ( −∞, 0]

Let g(x) = 0, 2 − 3x − 1 = 0
XH

3x − 1 = 4
5
x=
DV

3
NL

5
Least value of k =
3

υό

187
͸

Q11. [TJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q10] /ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐ
The functions f, g and h are defined by

f : x 6 x − 2 , x ∈ \, x < k ,
1
g:x 6 , x ∈ \, x ≠ 0,
x2
1
h:x6 2 , x ∈ \, x < k .
x − 4x + 4

State the largest value of k such that f −1 exists.

RP
[1]
Use this value of k for the following parts.
Find f −1 in a similar form. Hence find the range of values
lues oof x suc
such that
(i)
f ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) . [4]

UF
Determine the range of values of x for which f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) , giving
iv yyour answers in
(ii)
exact form. [4]
(iii)
SH
Show that the composite function gf exists and detemine if the functions h and gf are
equal. [2]
SD
Solution
Largest k = 2
(i) Since x < 2 , f ( x) = 2 − x
Let y = 2 − x x = 2 − y
P

∴ f −1 : x 6 2 − x, x > 0
[D

Df = ( −∞, 2 ) andd D f −1 = ( 0, ∞ ) .
For f ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) , 0 < x < 2
XH

(ii) Method d 1: Algebraic

lgebraic
raic Method
Me
1
−x + 2 ≤ 2
x
DV

x − 2x +1 ≥ 0
3 2

( x − 1) ( x2 − x − 1) ≥ 0 by
by lo
longg ddivision
long ivis
ivi
ivisio
isio
ion
NL

§ § 1− 5 · · § § 1+ 5 · · º 2 x
( x − 1) ¨¨ x − ¨¨ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¨¨ x − ¨¨ ¸¸ ¸¸ ≥ 0 0 1
© © 2 ¹¹© © 2 ¹¹
1− 5 1+ 5
≤ x < 0 or 0 < x ≤ 1 or ≤x<2
2 2

υύ

188
͸

Method 2: Graphical Method
y
To find the intersection points:
1
y = g(x) −x + 2 = 2
z x
x − 2x +1 = 0
3 2
z
( x − 1) ( x 2 − x − 1) = 0
y = f(x) 1± 5
x = 1 or x =
z 2
x
0 1 2

P
From the graph, for f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) ,
1− 5 1+ 5
≤ x < 0 or 0 < x ≤ 1 or ≤x<2
2 2
(iii) Rf = ( 0, ∞ ) , Dg = \ \{0}
Since Rf ⊂ Dg, gf exists.

Since Dh = ( −∞, 2 ) = Dgf = Df = ( −∞, 2 ) ,

∴ h( x) = gf ( x)

φτ

189
͸

Level 3

Q1. [AJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q3] /ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐ

The function f is a strictly increasing function such that y = f ( x) for x 0. The coordinates of
certain points on the curve of y = f ( x) are as follows:

1 7
x
0 3 1 2 2 4 6 8 11 14
1 7
y −2 −1 − 1 8 14 19 24 26
2 2

RP
(i) State the value of ff (6) and the value of f −1 (8) . [2]
π
Another function g is defined by g: x 6 tan 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ .
8
Explain why the composite function fg exists.

UF
(ii) [1]
(iii) es of x such
Find the range of fg. Hence find the set of values ch that the composite
function fg satisfies the inequality fg ( x ) < 1 . Leave
ve your answe in eexact form.
our answer [3]

(i)
SH
Solution
From the tables, ff (6) = f(14) = 26
SD
f −1 (8) = 4
(ii) Since Rg = [0, 1] ⊆ Df = [0, ∞), fg exists.
(iii) ª πº
Df g = Dg = « 0, » .
P

¬ 8¼
Taking Rg as new Df , Rfg = [−2, −0.5
−0.5] (f is increasing)
[D

fg ( x ) < 1 f (tan 2 x) < 1

[−
−222,, −0.5],
ut Rfg = [−
But [−2, −0.5]
00.5],
0.5 −1< f (tan 2 x) ≤ −0.5
1
< tan 2 x ≤ 1
3
DV

π π π π
< 2x ≤ <x≤
6 4 12 8
NL

φυ

190
͸

Q2. [HCI/Prelim2013/P1/Q6]
The function f is defined by
f : x 6 ln ( x − a ) , x ∈ \ , a < x ≤ a + 2 ,
where a is a positive constant.

(i) Show that f −1 exists. [2]

(ii) Find f −1 ( x ) and state the domain of f −1 . [2]
(iii) Find an expression for g ( x ) for each of the following cases.
(a) fg ( x ) = x , [1]

RP
(b) gf ( x ) = x . 2
[1]
(iv) The function h is defined by
1
h:x6 ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 5 ) , x ∈ \ .
2

UF
Find the range of hf . [2]

Solution
(i) SH
Method 1:

Ǉ
SD
P

ǆ
K
[D

r ph at most once, f is one to one, therefore f −1

Since
ce every hor
horizon
horizontal
tall line cuts the graph
gra
exists.
NL

Method 2:
Metho
1
f '( x) = > 0 whenhen a < x ≤ a + 2 , f is an increasing fun
function within the domain.
x−a
Thus f is a one to onee function and f −1 exists.

(ii) Let y = ln ( x − a )
x − a = ey
f −1 ( x) = e x + a, x ∈ \, x ≤ ln 2
−1
Domain of f = Range of f = ( − ∞, ln2]

φφ

191
͸

(iii) fg ( x ) = x ← f and g are inverse of each other
(a)
Therefore g ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) = e x + a
(iii) gf ( x ) = x 2
(b)
Substitute x by f −1 ( x )

( ) ( )
2
g ( x ) = gf f −1 ( x ) = e x + a
(iv) METHOD 1 (Using graph y = h(x))
1
h ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 5 ) , x ∈ \
2

RP
Ǉ

UF
SH K
ǆ
SD
P

Df : (a, a + 2] → Rf : ( − ∞, ln 2]] → Rhhf : ( − ∞,8.45]

METHOD 2 (Usingg the composite graph

gra y = hf(x))
[

Ǉ
XH

DV
NL

ǆ
K

ge is given by (−∞, 8.45].

From graph, the range

φχ

192
͸

Q3. [IJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q13] /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ
It is given that
3
° for − 2 ≤ x < −1,
f ( x) = ® (2 x + 3) 2 − 2
° −3 for − 1 ≤ x < 0,
¯
and that f ( x ) = f ( x + 2) for all real values of x.
(i) 5 5
Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) for − ≤x≤ .
2 2 [3]
(ii) 1
Find the exact value of ³− 32 f ( x) dx .

RP
[4]
The function h is defined by
3
h:x6 for − 2 ≤ x < a .

UF
(2 x + 3) 2 − 2

(iii) Write down the greatest value of a such that h −1 exists. [1]
SH
Assume that a takes the value found in part (iii).
SD
(iv) phs of y = h( x ) and y = h −1 ( x ) .
Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs [2]
(v) Explain why the x-coordinate of the point of
o intersection
i of the curves in part (iv)
P

satisfies the equation

4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 7 x − 3 = 0 ,
[D

and find the value off this x-coordinate,

x-coordinate,
-coordin correct to 4 significant figures. [3]

Solution
XH

(i) Ǉ

ǆ
DV
NL

φψ

193
͸

(ii) 1
³− 32 f ( x) dx

3 −1 3
= 3−
2 ³−2 (2 x + 3) 2 − 2
dx …….(*)

−1
3 ª 3 1 2x + 3 − 2 º
= 3− « ⋅ ln »
2 ¬« 2 2 2 2 x + 3 + 2 ¼»
−2

9 ° 1 − 2 −1 − 2 ½°
= 3− ®ln − ln ¾
8 2 ¯° 1 + 2 −1 + 2 ¿°

RP
9 ° 2 −1 1 + 2 °½
= 3− ®ln − ln ¾
8 2 °¯ 1 + 2 2 − 1 °¿

9 § 2 −1 ·

UF
= 3− ln ¨¨ ¸
4 2 © 1 + 2 ¸¹
(iii) 3
Greatest value of a = −

(iv)
SH 2

y
SD
x
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

(v) Since the

Si th curves intersect
ersectt att the linee y = x, solving h( x ) = h −1 ( x) is equivalent to solving
th line
h( x ) = x .
3
=x
(2 x + 3) 2 − 2

(
3 = x 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 − 2 )
4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 7 x − 3 = 0
Using GC, x = −1.781 or x = −1.5 (rej) or x = 0.2808 (rej)

φω

194
͸

Q4. [NJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q10] 'ƌĂƉŚŝŶŐdĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
The function f is defined by

cx − d c
f :x6 , for x ∈ \ , x ≠ ,
dx − c d
where c and d are fixed constants and c > d > 0 .

(i) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) , indicating the axial intercepts and the equations of any
asymptotes. [3]
(ii) Find f −1 ( x ) and f 2 ( x ) , stating clearly their domains. Hence, state the range of f 2 . [5]
(iii) On the same diagram in (i), sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) . Label your graph
2
raph
h clearly. [1]

RP
(iv) State the value of f 2013 (1) . [1]

Solution
(i) y

UF
K a
SH y y= = c
y = f ( x) d bd
b
c ǆ
aϬ
db
SD

ca
y = f 2 ( x) ac
xx == d
b
P
[D

(ii) cx − d
Let y =
XH

. Then
dxx − c
xy − cy = cxx − d
dxy
x(dy − c) = cyy − d
DV

cy − d
x=
dy − c
cx − d § c· §c ·
NL

Thus, f −1 ( x) = , D f −1 = R f = ¨ −∞, ¸ ∪ ¨ , ∞ ¸ .
dx − c © d ¹ ©d ¹
−1
f ( x ) = ff ( x ) = ff ( x ) = x .
2

§ c· §c ·
Domain of f 2 = Range ge of f 2 = ¨ −∞, ¸ ∪ ¨ , ∞ ¸
© d ¹ ©d ¹
(iv) c−d
f 2013 (1) = = −1
d −c

φϊ

195
͸

Q5. [PJC/Prelim2013/P1/Q3] 'ƌĂƉŚŝŶŐdĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ

A function f is said to be self-inverse if f(x ) = f −1 ( x ) for all x in the domain of f.

Functions f and g are defined by

1 − ax
f :x6 , x ∈ \, x ≠ a ,
a−x
g : x 6 ln( a − x ), x ∈ \, x < a ,

where a is a positive constant and a > 1.

(i) Sketch the graph of f and write down its range. [2]

RP
(ii) Show that f is self-inverse. Hence, or otherwise, find f 2013
( 5) in terms
ms off a.
a. [4]
(iii) Show that the composite function gf does not exist. [1]
(iv) If the domain of f is restricted to the set {x ∈ \ : x < k } , findd thee greatest value
v of k for
which gf exist. [1]

UF
Solution
(i)
SH y
SD

1 y=a
P

a
x
1
[D

x=a
XH

R f = \ \{a} or (- ( ∞, a) ∪ (a, ∞)
(ii) 1 − ax
y=
DV

a−x
ya − yx = 1 − aax
x( a − y ) = 1 − ay
NL

1 − ay
x=
a− y
1 − ax
∴ f −1 ( x) = = f ( x), x ∈ \, x ≠ a
a−x

φϋ

196
͸

f 2 ( x ) = ff(x ) = ff −1 (x) = x,
(
f 3 ( x) = f f 2 (x) = f(x),)
f4 ( x) = f ( f 3
(x) ) = f 2
(x) = x,
By reiteration,
1 − 5a
f 2013 (5) = f(5) =
a−5
(iii) R f = \ \{a} or (- ∞, a ) ∪ (a, ∞)
D g = (−∞, a )
R f ⊄ Dg

RP
gf does not exist.
(iv) restrict the range of f to less than a.
∴ k =a

UF

SH

SD

P

φό

197
͸

Q6. [RI/Prelim2013/P2/Q2] ^ǇƐƚĞŵƐŽĨ>ŝŶĞĂƌƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ
(a) The functions f and g are defined as follows:
2x +1
f :x6 2 + k , x ∈ \,
x + 2x + 3
g : x 6 ( x − 5) ,
2
x < 2k ,
where k is a constant.
(i) Find the range of values of k for which the function gf exists. [3]
(ii) For k = 5 , find the range of gf . [2]
(b) The function h is given by
h : x 6 ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , x ∈ \ ,

RP
where a , b, c and d are real constants.

The graph of y = h( x ) passes through the points (1,1) and (2, 2) . Given that (2, 22) is a
maximum point, find three linear equations involving a, b, c andd d .

UF
ph of y = h ( x ) , and that h( x ) is
It is given further that the point (−4,14) lies on the graph
strictly decreasing for x ≥ 2 . Find the values of a , b, c and d .
SH [4]

Solution
(ai)
SD
Ǉ
P

ǆ
K
K
XH

2x +1 ª º
DV

1
From graph of y = w above, R f = « −1 + k , + k » .
sshown
hown
ho wn
x + 2x + 3
2
¬ 2 ¼
NL

ion, R f ⊆ D g .
For gf to be a function,
1 1
+ k < 2k i.e. k >
2 2

(aii) ª 11 º
R f = « 4, »
¬ 2¼
R gf = [ 0, 1]

φύ

198
͸

(b) Since y = h( x ) passes through (1,1) and (2, 2) ,
a (1)3 + b(1) 2 + c (1) + d = 1 −−− (1)
a (2)3 + b(2) 2 + c (2) + d = 2 −−− (2)

Now h ′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c

Since (2, 2) is a maximum point,
3a (2) 2 + 2b(2) + c = 0
12a + 4b + c = 0 −−− (3)

Since (−4,14) lies on graph of y = h ( x ) ,

RP
either (4,14) or (4, −14) lies on graph of y = h( x ) ,
i.e. h(4) = 14 or − 14 .

UF
As h( x ) is strictly decreasing for x ≥ 2 , h(4) ≤ h(2) = 2 .
Hence h(4) = −14 and
a(4)3 + b(4) 2 + c (4) + d = −14
SH
Solving (1) to (4) gives
64a + 16b + 4c + d = −14 −−− (4 (4)

a = −1 , b = 4 , c = −4 , d = 2
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

χτ

199
͸

Q7. [VJC/Prelim2013/P2/Q3]
The function f is defined by
f : x 6 x 2 − 2 x + 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

(i) Sketch the graphs of y = f ( x ) , y = f −1 ( x ) and y = ff −1 ( x ) on a single diagram,

indicating clearly the domains of the respective functions. [3]
(ii) Find f −1 ( x ) .
[2]
The function g is defined by
x+a
g:x 6 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3,
x +1

RP
where a is a constant and a > 1.

(iii) Show that the composite function gf exists and find, in exact form, gf.
rm, the range oof gf [4]
(iv) Given that h' ( x ) = gf ( x ) , show that h is an increasing function or 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
tion for [3]

UF
Solution
(i) y ( 2, 2 )
SH 2
y = f ( x)
y=ff −1
( x)

(1,1)
SD

y=f −1
( x)
P

x
O 2
[D

(ii) Let y = f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 2
y = ( x − 1) + 1
2
XH

( x − 1)2 = y − 1
x −1 = ± y −1
DV

x = 1± y −1
Since 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 from
m the do
ddomain
oma
main f, x = 1 − y − 1
in ooff f,
NL

So f −1 ( x ) = 1 − x − 1
(iii) Rf = [1, 2]
Dg = [ 0, 3]
Since Rf ⊆ Dg , the composite function gf exists.
The range of gf is equivalent
quivalent to the range of g when the dom
domain is set to [1, 2]

χυ

200
͸

Ă
ǇсŐ;ǆͿ

Ǉсϭ

RP
ϭ Ϯ ϯ

1+ a 2+a
g (1) = and g ( 2 ) =
2 3

UF
ª 2 + a 1 + a º
So Rgf = « , »¼
¬ 3 2

(iv)
SH
h ' ( x ) = gf ( x )
x2 − 2 x + 2 + a
=
SD
x2 − 2 x + 2 + 1
( x − 1) + 1 + a
2
=
( x − 1)2 + 2
P

Since ( x − 1) ≥ 0 for alll ( x − 1) + 2 > 0 and ( x − 1) + 1 + a > 0 for

2 2 2
x ∈ \, we have
h both
b
all x ∈ \ and a > 1. So h ' ( x ) > 0 for
[D

f aall x ∈ \, and in particular for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3. Hence, h

nction for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
is an increasing function
XH
DV
NL

χφ

201
Topic 7 Transformations

7 Transformations

Level 1

Q1. [2013/ACJC/I/Q2]
The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x). The curve crosses the axes at the points 3, 0 ,
§ 1· § 1·
1, 0 and
¨ 0, ¸ . The minimum point on the curve has coordinates ¨ 2, ¸ and the
© 2¹ © 2¹
1
asymptotes are x = 2 and y .
2
y

x
(3, 0) (1, 0) O x=2

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the curves with equation

(a) y2 = f(x), [3]
1
(b) y [3]
f x
stating clearly the exact coordinates of any points of intersection with the axes and turning
points and the equations of any asymptotes.

Q2. [2013/VJC/I/Q6] Sketchingg of derivative graph

y
x=2

y = f(
f(x)
f(x
( )

y=5

2
0 3

202
Topic 7 Transformations

The diagram shows the graph of y f ( x) which has a minimum point at (0, 2) and
asymptotes x 2 and y 5.
On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
1
(i) y , [3]
f ( x)
(ii) y2 f ( x), [3]
(iii) y f '( x). [2]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/AJC/I/Q7] Sketching of derivative graph

The diagram shows the graph of y f x . The curve has a minimum point at 1, 0 and a
stationary point of inflexion at 1, 1 . The asymptotes are y 4, y 0 , x 0 and x 2 .

Sketch , on separate clearly labelled diagrams, the graphs off

(i) y2 f x [3]
(ii) y f c x . [3]
In each case, indicate clearly
y th
the
he co
he ccoordinates
ordi
or dina
dinate
natees of
of aany
ny pointss wh
w
where
ere the curve crosses the
axes, turning points and equations
uation
ns of aasymptotes
sym
symp otes whenever
mpto
mp whhen
enev
everr ppossible.
ossi
ossibb
Find the number of points off intersectio
intersection
ion
n between
betw
betwee
een
n th
the
he cu rves y = f 1 x and y
ccurves f ' x . [3]

203
Topic 7 Transformations

Q2. [2013/MJC/II/Q2]
The diagram shows the graph of y f ( x) . The curve passes through the origin and the point
2,0 and has a turning point at (1, 6). The equations of the asymptotes, also shown in the
diagram, are x 3 and y 2 .

Sketch, on separate clearly labelled diagrams, the graphs of

y=2

O 2 x

x=3

(i) 3y f x , [3]
(ii) y2 f ( x) , [3]
1
(iii) y . [3]
f ( x)
Indicate clearly any asymptotes, axial intercepts and turning points.

204
Topic 7 Transformations

Q3. [2013/SRJC/I/Q3]
( x a)( x b) d
The graph of the function y f ( x) where f ( x) , x z , a, b, c, d Թ, is
cx d c
shown below. The asymptotes are y = x + k and x = –2 where k is a constant. The curve cuts the
x-axis at –3 and 2 and the y-axis at 3 .

(i) If a < b, find the values of a, b, c, d and k. [5]

1
(ii) Sketch on a separate diagram, the graph of y = . [3]
f ( x)
Your sketch should clearly show any axial intercepts and equations of asymptotes.

205
Topic 7 Transformations

Level 3

Q1. [2013/RVHS/I/Q6] Sketching of derivative graph

(a) The graphs of y f ( x) and y f x are shown below:

y y

y=4
0 x x
0
y = –2

(–4, –3)
x=2 x = –2 x=2

On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of

(i) y f ( x) , [2]
(ii) y f ' ( x) , [2]
showing clearly in each case the axial intercepts, the asymptotes and the coordinates of the
turning points, where possible.

(b) The curve C1 has equation x 2 y 2 6 x 8 y 16 0 . Express the equation in the form
( x a) 2 ( y b) 2 c 2 , where a, b and c are constants to be found. [1]
y2
Another curve C 2 has equation x 2 1 . State a sequence of transformations that
9
transforms C 2 to C1 . [3]

206
Topic 7 Transformations

Q2. [2013/IJC/I/Q4] Sketching of derivative graph

O x

The diagram shows the sketch of y = f(x) with asymptotes x a and y b , passing through
the points c , 0 and 0 , d where a, b, c and d are positive constants.
(a) State the root of the equation f ( x 4) 0 . [1]
(b) On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
(i) y 2 f ( x) , [3]
(ii) y f c( x) , [2]
stating the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any points of intersection
with the axes, whenever possible. You should label the graphs clearly.

Answers
Level 1
(a) y2 = f(x) (i) y
1
f ( x)

(ii) y 2 f ( x)
1
1. (b) y 2.
f x

(iii) y f '( x)

207
Topic 7 Transformations

Level 2
(i) 3 y f x

(i) y 2 f x

(ii) y 2 f ( x)

1. (ii) y f '( x) 2.

1
(iii) y
f ( x)

2 points of intersections

(i) a = 2, b = 3, c = 1, d = 2 and k = 1 or
a = 3, b = 2, c = 1, d = 2 and k = 1.
1
(ii) y
f ( x)

208
Topic 7 Transformations

Level 3
(a)(i) y f ( x)

(a) Root: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܿ െ Ͷ

(b)(i) y 2 f ( x)

(ii) y f ' ( x)

1. 2.
(ii) y f c( x)

(b)(i) a = 3, b = –4, c = 3
(ii) Scale parallel to x-axis with scale factor 3,
followed by translation of 3 units in the
negative direction of x-axis, followed by
translation of 4 units in the positive direction
of y-axis.
or
Translation of 1 unit in the negative direction
of x-axis, followed by scaling parallel to x-
axis, scale factor 3, followed by translation of
4 units in the positive direction
n of y-axis.

209
͹

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/HYHO

Q1. [2013/ACJC/I/Q2]
The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x). The curve crosses the axes at the points ( −3, 0 ) ,
§ 1· § 1·
( −1, 0 ) and
¨ 0, ¸ . The minimum point on the curve has coordinates ¨ −2, − ¸ and the
© 2¹ © 2¹
1
asymptotes are x = 2 and y = .
2

RP
y

UF
y=

SH (−3, 0) (−1, 0) O x=2

x
SD
Sketch, on separate diagrams, the curves with equation
(a) y2 = f(x), [3]
P

1
(b) y= [3]
f ( x)
[D

stating clearly the exact coordinates

inates of aany points of intersection with the axes and turning
points and the equationss of any asympto
asymptotes
asymptotes.
XH

Solution

(a) y
DV

1
y= (0, )
NL

O x
(−3, 0) (−1, 0) x=2

1
y=− (0, − )
2

210
͹

(b)

211
͹

Q2. [2013/VJC/I/Q6] ^ŬĞƚĐŚŝŶŐŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞŐƌĂƉŚ

y
x=2

y = f(x)

y=5

2
0 3

RP
The diagram shows the graph of y = f ( x) which has a minimum
mum
m point at (0, 2) and
asymptotes x = 2 and y = 5.

UF
On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
1
(i) y= , [3]
f ( x)
(ii)
(iii)
SH
y 2 = f ( x ),
y = f '( x).
[3]
[2]
SD
Solution

(i) y
P

1
2
[D

1
y=
5

x
O 2
XH

x=3
DV

(ii) y
y= 5
NL

2
x
O 3
− 2

y=− 5
x=2

212
͹

(iii) y

y=0
x
O
x=2

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

213
͹

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/AJC/I/Q7] ^ŬĞƚĐŚŝŶŐŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞŐƌĂƉŚ

The diagram shows the graph of y = f ( x ) . The curve has a minimum point at ( −1, 0 ) and a
stationary point of inflexion at (1, −1) . The asymptotes are y = 4 , y = 0 , x = 0 and x = 2 .

RP
UF
SH
Sketch , on separate clearly labelled diagrams, the graphs
y = f ( x)
2
hs of
o
[3]
(i)
SD
(ii) y = f ′( x) . [3]
inates
es of any points
In each case, indicate clearly the coordinates p where the curve crosses the
axes, turning points and equations of asymptotes whe
whenever possible.
DP

ntersection
section betwee
Find the number of points of intersection between the curves y = f (1 − x ) and y = f ' ( x ) .
be [3]

Solution
H[

(i)
VX

214
͹

(ii)

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D

tersection. Thu
From graph, there are 2 points of intersection. T
Thus, there are 2 solutions.
XH
DV
NL

215
͹

Q2. [2013/MJC/II/Q2]
The diagram shows the graph of y = f ( x) . The curve passes through the origin and the point
( 2,0) and has a turning point at (1, −6). The equations of the asymptotes, also shown in the
diagram, are x = 3 and y = 2 .

Sketch, on separate clearly labelled diagrams, the graphs of

S
3y = f (− x ) ,
SD
(i) [3]
(ii) y 2 = f ( x) , [3]
1
P

(iii) y = . [3]
f ( x)
Indicate clearly any asymptotes, intercepts and turning points.
otes, axial interc
[D

Solution
XH

(i)

y
DV
NL

O x

216
͹

(ii)

O 2 3 x

RP
x=3

UF
(iii) y

SH
SD
x
O 2 3
P
[D

x=0 x=2
XH
DV
NL

217
͹

Q3. [2013/SRJC/I/Q3]
( x − a )( x + b) d
The graph of the function y = f ( x ) where f ( x) = , x ≠ − , a, b, c, d ∈Թ, is
cx + d c
shown below. The asymptotes are y = x + k and x = –2 where k is a constant. The curve cuts the
x-axis at –3 and 2 and the y-axis at −3 .

P
FR
S
P

(i) If a < b, find the values of a, b, c, d and k. [5]

1
(ii) Sketch on a separate diagram, graph oof y =
ram, the gra . [3]
[D

f ( x)
Your sketch should clearly
arly show any axia
axial intercepts and equations of asymptotes.
XH

Solution

(i) As the x intercepts

epts are x = –33 aand x = 2,
tercepts
a=2
DV

b=3
( x − 22)( x + 3)) x 2 + x − 6
y = f ( x) = = (By long division)
(cx + d ) x+2
NL

A −4
= x+k+ = x −1+
( x + 2) ( x + 2)
c=1
d=2
k = -1

a = 2, b = 3, c = 1, d = 2 and k = -1 or
a = -3, b = -2, c = 1, d = 2 and k = -1.

218
͹

(ii)

1
y= y
f ( x) x = –3 x=2

RP
x
–2 0

–ѿ

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

219
͹

/HYHO
/HYHO
Sketching of derivative graph
Q1. [2013/RVHS/I/Q6]
(a) The graphs of y = − f ( x) and y = f ( x ) are shown below:

y y

y=4
0 x x
0

RP
y = –2

(–4, –3)
x=2 x = –2 x=2

UF
On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
(i)
SH
(ii)
y = f ( x) ,
y = f ' ( x) ,
[2]
[2]
rcepts,
pts, the asymptotes
showing clearly in each case the axial intercepts, asympt and the coordinates of the
SD
turning points, where possible.

(b) The curve C1 has equation x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 8 y + 16 = 0 . Express the equation in the form
P

( x + a ) 2 + ( y + b ) 2 = c 2 , where a, b and c are constants

const
c to be found. [1]
y2
tion x 2 + = 1 . State a sequence of transformations that
[D

Another curve C2 has equation

9
transforms C2 to C1 . [3]
XH

Solution

(a)(i)
DV
NL

y = f ( x)

220
͹

(a)(ii)

y = f ' ( x)
(b)(i) C1 : x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 8 y + 16 = 0
( x + 3) 2 − 9 + ( y − 4) 2 − 16 + 16 = 0
( x + 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 = 32
So, a = 3, b = –4, c = 3
(b)(ii) Scale parallel to x-axis with scale factor 3, followed translation of 3 units in the
wed by transl
negative direction of x-axis, followed by translation
tion of 4 units
nslation un in the positive direction of
y-axis.
----
Or
Translation of 1 unit in the negative
tive direction of x-axis,
xa followed by scaling parallel to x-
axis, scale factor 3, followed by translation
nslation of
o 4 units
u in the positive direction of y-axis.

221
͹

Q2. [2013/IJC/I/Q4] Sketching of derivative graph

O x

RP
The diagram shows the sketch of y = f(x) with asymptotes x = a and y = −b , passing
assin through
th
the points ( c , 0 ) and ( 0 , − d ) where a, b, c and d are positive constants.
stants.

UF
(a) State the root of the equation f ( x + 4) = 0 . [1]
(b) On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
SH (i) y 2 = −f ( x) , [3]
(ii) y = f ′( x) , [2]
nd the
stating the equations of any asymptotes and he coordina
coordinates of any points of intersection
SD
with the axes, whenever possible. You should
ould label the gr
graphs clearly.

Solution
P

(a) Root: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܿ െ Ͷ

(b)(i) y
y 2 = −f ( x )
[D
XH

c x
DV
NL

(b)(i) y = f ′( x ) y

222
Topic 8 Inequalities

8 Inequalities

Level 1

Q1. [DHS/2013/Prelim/P1/Q2]
1
Without the use of a calculator, solve the inequality 1 d x 1 x .
x
Hence, solve 1 e2 x e x e x d 0 . [3]

Q2. [MI/2013/Prelim/PU3/P2/Q1]
Without the use of a calculator, solve the inequality
3x 2 4 x 7
t 2.
x2 x 6 [4]
Hence solve the inequality
3x 2 4 x 7
t2
x2 x 6 [2]

Q3. [SRJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q5(a)]
Without using a graphic calculator, find the set of values of x such that
1 4
d .
2 x x 2
9 [4]

Q4. [TPJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
4 x 2 3x 4
Without using a graphing calculator, solve the inequality !1 .
1 x [4]

Q5. [YJC/2013/Promo/Q4]
5x 1
(i) Without using a calculator,
lculator, solve the inequality d1.
x x6
2
[3]
1 5 5ln x
(ii) Hence solve 1 t 0.
ln x 2 ln
l x6 [3]

Level 2

Q1. [CJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q4]]
x4
(a) Using an algebraic method,
d, ssolve
olve
ol ve the iinequality
nequ
nequal
alit
ityy 1.
3 2
2xx x 2 [5]
x 4
2
(b) Hence solve the inequality
equality 1.
x 2 x2 3
4
[2]
Q2. [MJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
(i) Show that 4 x 2 20 x 35 is always positive for all real values of x. [1]
x 2x 3
2

(ii) Hence, without using a calculator, solve the inequality !0.

4 x 20 x 2 35 x
3
[3]

223
Topic 8 Inequalities

x2 2 x 3
(iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to solve the inequality 3
!0.
4 x 20 x 2 35 x [2]

Q3. [NJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q2]
Given that x is real, prove that 2 x2 x 2 is always positive. [1]
3x 1 1
Solve the inequality t , leaving your answers in exact form. [3]
2 x2 x 2 x
Hence, without the use of a calculator, find the set of values of x for which
3 x 1 1 [2]
t .
2x x 2
2
x

Q4. [RI/2013/Prelim/P1/Q10] Functions

x5 2
It is given that f x . Using an algebraic method, solve the inequality f x d .
2x 3 3 [3]
Hence find the exact range of values of x for which
2
(i) f ln x d ,
3 [3]
§ 1· 2
(ii) f¨ x ¸d .
© 2¹ 3 [2]

Q5. [VJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Without using a calculator, solve the inequality
15 11x
d 1.
x2 6 x 9 [4]
Deduce the range of values of x that satisfies
15 11ln x
d 1.
ln x
2
6ln x 9 [2]

Level 3

Q1. [ACJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1] 1]
Do not use a graphic calculator
atorr iin
n an
answ
answering
swer
sw erin
erin
ng th
this
is qquestion.
uestionn.
By considering the cases x < 0 an
and
nd x ≥ 0,
0, find
fin
ind
nd the
the range
rang
ngee of values
val
alue
uess of x that satisfy the inequality
(10 x)(100 ||x|)
x|) > 11,1,
giving your answers in exactt form. [5]

Q2. [HCI/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Given that a is a positive real
eal number, solve the inequality
x2 x 2
d0,
x 2 1 a x a
leaving your answer in terms of a . [3]

224
Topic 8 Inequalities

Answers

Level 1
1. x0 or x t1; xt0 2. x 2 or x ! 3 ; x 3 or x ! 3
1 x 1
3. x 2 or x or x ! 1 4.
2
(i) x 3 , 1 d x 2 , or x t 5 .
5.
(ii) 0 x e3 , e1 d x e2 , or x t e5

Level 2
(i) 4 x2 20 x 35 2 x 5 10 ! 0,x
2

(a) x 1 or x ! 3 ,
1. 2. (ii) 1 x 0 or x ! 3
(b) x 1 or x ! 1
(iii) x ! 3 x 3 or x ! 3

3
x d 9 or x !
2
2 d x 0 or x t 2 ; 3
3. 4.
x t 2 or x d 2 (i) 0 x d e9 or x ! e 2

(ii) x ! 1 or x 2
x d 6 or 1 d x 3 or x ! 3
5.
0 x d e6 or e d x e3 or x ! e3
Level 3
1. 89 x 10 11 or x ! 10 11 2. 1 x a

225
ͺ

,QHTXDOLWLHV

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [DHS/2013/Prelim/P1/Q2]
1
Without the use of a calculator, solve the inequality + 1 ≤ x (1 + x ) .
x
Hence, solve 1 − e 2 x + e− x − e x ≤ 0 . [3]

Solution

RP
1
+ 1 ≤ x (1 + x )
x
1
+ 1 − x (1 + x ) ≤ 0
x

UF
1 + x − x 2 (1 + x )
≤0
x
(1 + x ) (1 − x 2 )
SH ≤0
x
(1 + x ) (1 − x ) ≤ 0
2
− − + −
SD
x −1 0 1
x<0 or x ≥1
P

1 − e2 x + e− x − e x ≤ 0
[D

1 + x ≤ e x (1 + e x )
1
e
Replace x by e x ,
XH

e x ≥ 1 or e x < 0 (reject)
t)
x≥0
DV
NL

226
ͺ

Q2. [MI/2013/Prelim/PU3/P2/Q1]
Without the use of a calculator, solve the inequality
3x 2 − 4 x − 7
≥ 2.
x2 − x − 6 [4]
Hence solve the inequality
3x 2 − 4 x − 7
≥2
x2 − x − 6 [2]

Solution
3x 2 − 4 x − 7
≥2

RP
x2 − x − 6
3x 2 − 4 x − 7
−2≥ 0
x2 − x − 6
3x 2 − 4 x − 7 2 ( x − x − 6 )
2

UF
− 2 ≥0
x2 − x − 6 x − x−6
x2 − 2 x + 5
≥0
SH
x2 − x − 6
( x − 1)2 + 4
≥0
x2 − x − 6
SD
Since ( x − 1)2 + 4 is always positive,
1
>0
x − x−6
2
P

x2 − x − 6 > 0
( x + 2)( x − 3) > 0
[D

x < −2 or x > 3
x is replaced by x
XH

x < −2 (rejected)
d) or x > 3
x < −3 or
o x >3
DV
NL

227
ͺ

Q3. [SRJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q5(a)]
Without using a graphic calculator, find the set of values of x such that
1 4
≤
2− x− x 2
9 [4]

Solution
4 1
− ≥0
9 2 − x − x2
4 ( 2 − x − x2 ) − 9
≥0
2 − x − x2

RP
− (4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 )
≥0
2 − x − x2
( 2 x + 1) 2
≤0
2 − x − x2

UF
( 2 x + 1)
2

≤0
( 2 + x )(1 − x )
1
SH
Using sign test, x < −2 or x = −
2
or x > 1 .

Q4. [TPJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
SD
4 x2 + 3x + 4
Without using a graphing calculator, solve
olve the
he inequality
inequ >1.
1− x [4]
P

Solution
4 x 2 + 3x + 4
>1
[D

1− x
4 x 2 + 3x + 4
−1 > 0
−1
1− x
XH

4x2 + 4 x + 3
>0
1− x
(22 x + 1) 2 + 2
DV

>0
1− x
Since (2 ( x + 1) 2 + 2 > 0 ∀ x ∈ \,
NL

1− x > 0
x <1

228
ͺ

Q5. [YJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q4]
5x − 1
(i) Without using a calculator, solve the inequality ≤1.
x + x−6
2
[3]
1 − 5ln x
(ii) Hence solve 1 + ≥0.
( ln x ) 2 + ln x − 6 [3]

Solution
(i) 5x − 1
≤1
x + x−6
2

x 2 + x − 6 − ( 5 x − 1)
≥0
x2 + x − 6
x2 − 4 x − 5
≥0
x2 + x − 6
( x + 1)( x − 5) ≥ 0
( x + 3)( x − 2 )

−ϯ −ϭ

Hence x < −3 , −1 ≤ x < 2 , or x ≥ 5 .

1 − 5 ln x
Ϯ

5 ln x − 1
H
ϱ
SD
1+ ≥0 ⇔ ≤1
( ln x ) + ln x − 6 ( ln x ) + ln x − 6
2 2

5y −1
(ii) ≤ 1 , where y = ln
nx
y + y−6
2

Hence ln x < −3 , −1 ≤ ln x < 2 , or ln

l x ≥ 5.
−3 −1
i.e. 0 < x < e , e ≤ x < e , or x ≥ e5 .
2

229
ͺ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [CJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q4]
x+4
(a) Using an algebraic method, solve the inequality < 1.
3 + 2 x − x2 [5]
x −4
2
(b) Hence solve the inequality < 1.
x + 2 x2 − 3
4
[2]

Solution
(a) x+4
< 1 ----------- (*)
3 + 2 x − x2

RP
x+4
−1 < 0
3 + 2 x − x2
x+4 3 + 2 x − x2
− <0

UF
3 + 2 x − x2 3 + 2 x − x2
x2 − x + 1
<0
3 + 2 x − x2
SH
x2 − x + 1
x2 − 2 x − 3
>0
2
§ 1· 3
Since x − x + 1 = ¨ x − ¸ + > 0 for
2
or any real x
SD
© 2¹ 4
discriminant, b 2 − 4ac = ( −1) 2 − 4(1)(1) = −3 < 0
(OR coefficient of x 2 = 1 > 0 and discrimina
imply that x 2 − x + 1 > 0 forr any
ny real x))
P

1
∴ 2 >0
x − 2x − 3
[D

1
>0
( x + 1)( x − 3)
н ʹʹ нн
XH

ǆ
ʹʹϭ ϯ
∴ x < −1 or x > 3
DV

(b) By replacing
replac thh ( − x 2 ) in
x with in (*
((*),
), w
), wee ha
hhave:
ve:
− x2 + 4
<1
NL

3 − 22xx 2 − x 4
x2 − 4
< 1 which is what we need to solve.
x4 + 2 x2 − 3
From earlier part, − x 2 < −1 or − x 2 > 3 (N N.A., since − x 2 ≤ 0
(N.A.,
x >1
2
for all real x)
x < −1 or x > 1

230
ͺ

Q2. [MJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
(i) Show that 4 x 2 − 20 x + 35 is always positive for all real values of x. [1]
x − 2x − 3
2

(ii) Hence, without using a calculator, solve the inequality >0.

4 x 3 − 20 x 2 + 35 x [3]
x2 − 2 x − 3
(iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to solve the inequality 3
>0.
4 x − 20 x 2 + 35 x [2]

Solution
(i) 4 x 2 − 20 x + 35
= 4 ( x 2 − 5 x ) + 35

RP
ª§ 5 · 25 º
2

= 4 «¨ x − ¸ − » + 35
¬«© 2¹ 4 ¼»

UF
= ( 2 x − 5 ) + 10 > 0,
2
∀x ∈ \

Alternative Method
SH
Discriminant = ( −20 ) − 4 ( 4 )( 35 )
2

= −160 < 0
Since the coefficient of x2 is positivee and discriminant
discriminan < 0, 4 x 2 − 20 x + 35 is always
SD
positive for all real values of x.
(ii) x2 − 2 x − 3
>0
4 x3 − 20 x 2 + 35 x
P

( x − 3)( x + 1) > 0
x ( 4 x 2 − 20 x + 35 )
[D

Since 4 x 2 − 20 x + 355 > 0 for al

all re
rea
real values of x,
( x − 3)( x + 1) > 0
XH

ʹ нн ʹʹ н
DV

ʹʹϭ Ϭ ϯ

−1 < x < 0 oor x > 3

(iii) x2 − 2 x − 3
NL

3
>0
4 x − 20 x 2 + 35 x
Replace x by x .
−1 < x < 0 (N.A since
i x ≥ 0) or x > 3
x > 3 x < −3 orr x > 3.

231
ͺ

Q3. [NJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q2]
Given that x is real, prove that 2 x 2 − x + 2 is always positive. [1]
3x − 1 1
Solve the inequality 2 ≥ , leaving your answers in exact form. [3]
2x − x + 2 x
Hence, without the use of a calculator, find the set of values of x for which
3 x −1 1 [2]
≥ .
2x − x + 2
2
x

Solution
2
§ 1 · 15
2 x2 − x + 2 = 2 ¨ x − ¸ +

RP
© 4¹ 8
15
≥ ( > 0)
8
OR

UF
e. Thus, 2 x 2 − x + 2 is always
Discriminant = 1 – 16 = −15, and the coefficient of x 2 is positive.
sitive.
positive.
OR
SH y = 2 x2 − x + 2

( 0.25,1.875)
SD
P

3x − 1 1
≥ , x≠0
[D

2x − x + 2 x
2

3x − 1 1
2 − ≥0
2x − x + 2 x
XH

3x 2 − x − 2 x 2 + x − 2
≥0
x (2 x2 − x + 2)
x2 − 2
DV

≥ 0 (' 2 x 2 − x + 2 > 0 )
x
x x− 2( )() ( x + 2 ) ≥ 0
NL

− 2 ≤ x < 0 or x ≥ 2
Replace x by x .
3 x −1 1
≥ , x≠0
2x − x + 2 x
2

∴ − 2 ≤ x < 0 (N.A.) or x ≥ 2
∴ x ≥ 2 or x ≤ − 2

232
ͺ

Q4. [RI/2013/Prelim/P1/Q10] &ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
x−5 2
It is given that f ( x ) = . Using an algebraic method, solve the inequality f ( x ) ≤ .
2x − 3 3 [3]
Hence find the exact range of values of x for which
2
(i) f ( ln x ) ≤ ,
3 [3]
§ 1· 2
(ii) f¨ x+ ¸≤ .
© 2¹ 3 [2]

Solution

RP
2 x−5 2
f ( x) ≤ ≤
3 2x − 3 3
3 ( x − 5 )( 2 x − 3) ≤ 2 ( 2 x − 3)
2

6 x 2 − 39 x + 45 ≤ 8 x 2 − 24 x + 18

UF
2 x 2 + 15 x − 27 ≥ 0
( 2 x − 3)( x + 9 ) ≥ 0
SH x ≤ −9 or x >
3
2
§ 3·
¨ Since x ≠ ¸ .
© 2¹
2 3
f ( ln x ) ≤
SD
ln x ≤ −9 or ln x >
(i) 3 2
3
0 < x ≤ e−9 orr x > e 2 .
P

§ 1· 2 3
f ¨ x + ¸ ≤ x + 0.5 .55 ≤ −9 ((no solution)
o so
solutio
sol
solut
luti or x + 0.5 >
© 2¹ 3 2
(ii)
[D

x + 0.5
0 5 > 1.5
1.55 oor x + 0.5 < −1.5
x > 1 or x < −2.
XH
DV
NL

233
ͺ

Q5. [VJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Without using a calculator, solve the inequality
15 − 11x
≤ 1.
x2 − 6 x + 9 [4]
Deduce the range of values of x that satisfies
15 − 11ln x
≤ 1.
( ln x )
2
− 6ln x + 9 [2]

Solution
15 − 11x
≤1
x2 − 6 x + 9

RP
15 − 11x − ( x 2 − 6 x + 9 )
≤0
x2 − 6 x + 9
− x2 − 5x + 6
≤0

UF
( x − 3)
2

x2 + 5x − 6
≥0
( x − 3)
2

SH( x + 6 )( x − 1) ≥ 0
( x − 3)
2
SD
+ − + +
−6 1 3
∴ x ≤ −6 or 1 ≤ x < 3 or x > 3
P

Replace x with ln x
ln x ≤ −6 or 1 ≤ ln x < 3 or ln x > 3
[D

0 < x ≤ e−6 or e ≤ x < e3 or x > e3

XH
DV
NL

234
ͺ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [ACJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Do not use a graphic calculator in answering this question.
By considering the cases x < 0 and x 0, find the range of values of x that satisfy the inequality
(10 − x)(10 − |x|) > 11,
giving your answers in exact form. [5]

Solution
Given (10 − x)(10 − |x|) > 11

RP
When x < 0, |x| = −x When x 0, |x| = x
(10 − x)(10 + x) > 11 (10 − x)(10 − x) > 11
100 − x2 > 11 100 − 20x + x2 > 11
89 − x2 > 0 89 − 20x + x2 > 0

UF
20 ± 400 − 356
(√89 − x)(√89 + x) > 0 x=
2
SH
−√89 < x < √89
= 10 ± 11

x < 10 − √11
or x > 10 + √11
SD
−√89 < x < 0
Then 0 x < 10 − √√11
11
P

√11
or x > 100 + √11
[D

Combining answers,
−√89 < x < 10 − √11 or x > 10 + √1
√11

Alternatively,
XH

(10 − x)(10 − |x|)|) > 11

1
When x < 0, |x| = − −xx (100 − xx)
x)(10
) + x) > 11
100 − x > 11
2
DV

000 − x2 ffor
Sketch y = 1100 or x < 0
x| = x (10 − xx)(10
en x 0, ||x|
When ) 100 − xx)) > 111
)(
(10 − x))2 > 1111
NL

10 − xx)) ffor
Sketch y = (10
S 2
or x 0
Ǉ
;Ϭ͕ϭϬϬͿ

ǇǇсϭϭ
с ϭϭ

ǆ
;−ϭϬ͕ϬͿ K ;ϭϬ͕ϬͿ

υτ

235
ͺ

At intersections,
100 − x2 = 11 for x < 0 and (10 − x)2 > 11 for x 0
20 ± 400 − 356
x = ±√89 and x = = 10 ± 11
2
∴ x = −√89 (as x < 0) and x = 10 ± 11
From graph, −√89 < x < 10 − √11 or x > 10 + √11

Q2. [HCI/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Given that a is a positive real number, solve the inequality
x2 − x + 2

RP
≤0,
x 2 + (1 − a ) x − a
leaving your answer in terms of a . [3]

UF
Solution
x2 − x + 2
≤0
x 2 + (1 − a ) x − a

1 SH
( x − )2 +
2
7
4 ≤0
( x − a )( x + 1)
SD

Since numerator is always positive,
1
≤ 0 ( x − a )( x + 1) < 0 −1 < x < a
( x − a )( x + 1)
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υυ

236
Topic 9 Systems of Linear Equations

9 Systems of Linear Equations

Level 1

Q1. [JJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
A curve C has equation x 2 y 2 ax by c 0 . Given that the curve C passes through 1, 4 ,
2, 5 and 3, 2 , find a, b and c . [4]

Q2. [MI/2013/Prelim/PU3/P1/Q1]
Four friends, Ernest, Saleem, Chandru and Kumar went for tea in a cafe. The food and the
number of servings they each ordered, and the total expenditure per person are shown in the
following table:

Ernest Saleem Chandru Kumar

Type of food Number of servings per person
Cream puffs 5 1 3 2
Cupcakes 3 1 5 1
Pies 4 2 4 2
Total Expenditure ($) 95.00 30.00 k 40.00

Find k, the total expenditure for Chandru. [4]

Q3. [YJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q3]
Four housewives bought three different types of meat from the same meat seller. The mass of
meat and the total each housewife paid are shown in the table below.

Mrs Lee Mrs Nasri Mrs Vicnesh Mrs Parker

Chicken (kg) 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8
Mutton (kg) 0.4
0 .44 0 0.5 a
Duck (kg) 0.6
0
0..66 0.4
0. 4 0 1
Total amount ($) 10.7
10.7
10 7 6.5 7 18

Find the value of a.

[4]

237
Topic 9 Systems of Linear Equations

Level 2

Q1. [IJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
A 2.4 km nature trail is divided into 3 sections, A, B and C. John took 25 min 58 s to
complete the trail by jogging while Mary took 13 min 36 s to complete the trail by cycling.
Their average speeds for each section of the trail are shown in the table below.

Section Average jogging speed (m/s) Average cycling speed (m/s)

A 3.20 5.00
B 2.50 4.00
C 1.25 2.50

Calculate the length, in metres, of each section of the trail. [4]

Q2. [PJC/2013/Prelim/P2/Q1]
An energy drink manufacturing company produces 3 types of energy drink, namely Super
Plus, Super Power and Super Ultra. The amount of protein, fat and carbohydrate in each 20
grams sachet of Super Plus, Super Power and Super Ultra is given below.

Type of Amount in grams for

Energy each 20 grams Sachet
Drink Protein Fat Carbohydrate
Super Plus 2.6 2.0 13.3
Super Power 3.5 1.7 12.5
Super Ultra 2.8 0.5 13.9

The company wants to produce a new type yp of energy

gy drink called Ultra Power Plus by
mixing different amount off Super Plus, Super Power and Super Ultra. It is desired that each
20 grams sachet of Ultra Power Plus should contain 3.0
.0 ggrams
ram
rams of protein, 1.5 grams of fat
and 13.0 grams of carbohydrate.
drate.

Determine the amount, in gra

grams,
ams
ms, ofof Super
Sup
upererr PPlus,
lus, Super P
lus, Power
ower an
ow and Super Ultra that the
company should mix to produce oonee ki
oducee on kilogram
kilo
lo
ogr
grram Ultra
am of Ul
Ultr Power
traa Po
Powe Plus.
werr Pl

[You may ignore the weight

ht of the other
other iingredients
ther ngredi
ng dien
ents which
ts wh ch make up the rest of each 20 gram
hi
sachet.] [5]

Q3. [TJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
If two curves y = ax3 + bx and y = ln (px2) intersect at the points where x = 1, x = 2 and x =
4, find the values of a, b and p, correct to 2 decimal places. [4]

238
Topic 9 Systems of Linear Equations

Q4. [TPJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q2] Differentiation

It is given that
b
f ( x) a x cx d
x
for non-zero constants a , b, c and d.
The curve y = f(x) passes through the points with coordinates §¨ 4, ·¸ and §¨ 9,
15 229 ·
¸ ; and has a
© 2 ¹ 18 © ¹

stationary point at §¨1, ·¸ . Determine the equation of the curve y = f(x).

9
© 2¹ [4]

Level 3

Q1. [NJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Jacob wants to purchase 4 packets of cashew nuts, 6 packets of macadamia nuts and
7 packets of almonds. Based on the usual retail price, his total bill will be $57.05.

Supermarket A is having a sale and there is 30% off each packet of cashew nuts and a ‘Buy 2
packets get 1 packet free’ promotion for macadamia nuts. After using a $10 voucher, Jacob’s
bill is $33.05 if he made his purchase at Supermarket A.

Supermarket B is also having a sale and there is 20% off each packet of cashew nuts, a ‘2
packets for the price of 1 packet’ promotion for macadamia nuts, and 15 cents off each
packet of almonds. Jacob’s bill at Supermarket B will exceed his final bill at Supermarket A
by $5.45.

Assume that the usual retail prices of nuts in both supermarkets are the same. Write down
and solve equations to find the usual retail price of each of the following: a packet of cashew
nuts, macadamia nuts and almonds. [4]

Q2. [RI/2013/Prelim/P2/Q2(b)]b))] Differentiation

Diff
fer
e enti
eren
e tiat
t atio
ation
on

The function h is given byy

h:x axx3 b
a bxx2 ccxx d , x ,
where a, b, c and d are real
al con
constants.
nst
stan
ants
ants.
ts

The graph of y h( x) passes

ses through
gh tthe
he ppoints
ointss (1,1) an
(1,1)
(1,1 and (2, 2) . Given that (2, 2) is a
maximum point, find threee linearr eequations
quat
qu atiions iinvolving
nvol
nvolvi
ving
ng a, b, c andd d .

It is given further that thee point (44,14)

14) lies on the graph of y h x , and that h( x) is
strictly decreasing for x t 2 . Find the values of a, b, c and d . [4]

239
Topic 9 Systems of Linear Equations

Q3. [RVHS/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
In the National Hockey League Competition, 2 points are awarded to the winning team in a
match while the losing team takes no point. However, if the game ends in a draw, then each
team will receive 1 point. Final position in the competition is determined by the total points
obtained by each team upon completion of all their matches for the season.

At the end of the regular season in 2013, the top 3 teams of the completion emerged with the
following results:

Position Team No. of Wins No. of Draws No. of Loses Points

1st Boon Lay Rovers x 3y 1 0 z 1
nd
2 Malan United 1.5 x y a z
3 rd
West Coast Rangers x 1 2 y 1 b z 1

Find the value of x, y, z and determine the team with the most number of loses among the top
3 teams. [4]

Answers

Level 1
1. a 2, b 2, c 23 2. 85
3. a 0.5
Level 2
Amount of Super Plus 337 grams
480 m, 320 m, 1600 m Amount of Super Power 415 grams
1. 2.
Amount of Super Ultra 239 grams
2 x
3. a = 0.01, b = 12.65, p = 34.63
63 4.. y 3 x 1
x 2
Level 3
1. $3.50, $4.90 and $1.95 2.
2. a 1 , b 4, c 4 , d 2
3. x 100 , y 5 , z 35

240
ͻ

6\VWHPVRI/LQHDU(TXDWLRQV6ROXWLRQ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [JJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
A curve C has equation x 2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0 . Given that the curve C passes through (1, 4 ) ,
( −2, − 5 ) and ( −3, 2 ) , find a, b and c . [4]

Solution
The curve C passes through (1, 4 ) :
(1) + ( 4 ) + a (1) + b ( 4 ) + c = 0
2 2

a + 4b + c = −17 --- (1)

The curve C passes through ( −2, − 5 ) :

( − 2 ) + ( −5 ) + a ( − 2 ) + b ( −5 ) + c = 0
2 2

−2a − 5b + c = −29 --- (2)

The curve C passes through ( −3, 2 ) :

( −3 ) + ( 2 ) + a ( −3 ) + b ( 2 ) + c = 0
2 2

−3a + 2b + c = −13 --- (3)

a = −2, b = 2, c = −23 .

241
ͻ

Q2. [MI/2013/Prelim/PU3/P1/Q1]
Four friends, Ernest, Saleem, Chandru and Kumar went for tea in a cafe. The food and the
number of servings they each ordered, and the total expenditure per person are shown in the
following table:

Ernest Saleem Chandru Kumar

Type of food Number of servings per person
Cream puffs 5 1 3 2
Cupcakes 3 1 5 1
Pies 4 2 4 2

RP
Total Expenditure ($) 95.00 30.00 k 40.000

Find k, the total expenditure for Chandru. [4]

UF
Solution
Let x, y and z be the cost of cream puffs, cupcakes and piess respectively.
spectively.
5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 95
SH
x + y + 2 z = 30
2 x + y + 2 z = 40
Using GC, x = 10, y = 5, z = 7.5.
SD
k = 3 (10 ) + 5 ( 5 ) + 4 ( 7.5 ) = 85
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

242
ͻ

Q3. [YJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q3]
Four housewives bought three different types of meat from the same meat seller. The mass of
meat and the total each housewife paid are shown in the table below.

Mrs Lee Mrs Nasri Mrs Vicnesh Mrs Parker

Chicken (kg) 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8
Mutton (kg) 0.4 0 0.5 a
Duck (kg) 0.6 0.4 0 1
Total amount ($) 10.7 6.5 7 18

RP
Find the value of a.
[4]

Solution
vely.
Let x, y, z be cost (per kg) of chicken, mutton, and duck respectively.

UF
0.3 x +0.4 y +0.6 z = 10.7
°
®0.5 x +0.4 z = 6.5
°0.6 x +0.5 y =7
¯ SH
From GC, x = 5 , y = 8 , z = 10

0.8 ( 5 ) + a ( 8 ) + 1 (10 ) = 18
SD
Hence a = 0.5
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

243
ͻ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Section Average jogging speed (m/s) Average cycling speed (m/s)

A 3.20 5.00
B 2.50 4.00

RP
C 1.25 2.50

Calculate the length, in metres, of each section of the trail. [4]

UF
Solution
Let x m, y m and z m be the length of each section of the trail.
ail.

x
+
y
SH
x + y + z = 2400 ------ (1)

+
z
= 1558 ------ (2)
3.20 2.50 1.25
SD
x y z
+ + = 816 ------ (3)
5 4 2.50
P

∴ Using GC, x = 480 , y = 3200 and

nd z = 1600 .
∴The length of section A, B and
nd C are 480
48 m,
m 320 m and 1600 m respectively.
[D
XH
DV
NL

244
ͻ

Q2. [PJC/2013/Prelim/P2/Q1]
An energy drink manufacturing company produces 3 types of energy drink, namely Super
Plus, Super Power and Super Ultra. The amount of protein, fat and carbohydrate in each 20
grams sachet of Super Plus, Super Power and Super Ultra is given below.

Type of Amount in grams for

Energy each 20 grams Sachet
Drink Protein Fat Carbohydrate
Super Plus 2.6 2.0 13.3
Super Power 3.5 1.7 12.5

RP
Super Ultra 2.8 0.5 13.9

The company wants to produce a new type of energy drink called led Ultra Power
Pow P Plus by
mixing different amount of Super Plus, Super Power and Super Ultra.. It is desired
d that each

UF
20 grams sachet of Ultra Power Plus should contain 3.0 grams
ams of protein, 1.5 grams of fat
and 13.0 grams of carbohydrate.

SH
Determine the amount, in grams, of Super Plus, Super Super Ultra that the
per Power and Supe
company should mix to produce one kilogram off Ultra
S
ltra Power Plus.
SD
[You may ignore the weight of the other ingredients
ngredients
edients whic make up the rest of each 20 gram
which m
sachet.] [5]
P

Solution
Let the amount of Super Plus, s, Super Power and Super Ultra in 20 grams of Ultra Power Plus
uper Powe
[D

be x, y and z.
Protein :
§ 2.6 · § 3.5 · § 2.88 ·
¨ ¸x+¨ ¸ y+¨ ¸z =3
© 20 ¹ © 20 ¹ © 200 ¹
XH

0.13x + 0.175
755 y + 0.14
0.1 z = 3 Eqn 1
DV

Fat :
§ 2 · § 1.7 · § 0.5
0 ·
¨ ¸x+¨ ¸ y+¨ ¸ z = 1.5
1.55
© 20 ¹ © 20 ¹ © 20 ¹
NL

.1x + 0.085
0.1 08 y + 0.025 z = 1.5
0.08
0 085 Eqqn 2
Eqn

Carbohydrate :
§ 13.3 · § 12.5 · § 13.9
.9 ·
¨ ¸x+¨ ¸ y +¨ ¸ z = 13.0
© 20 ¹ © 20 ¹ © 200 ¹
0.665 x + 0.625 y + 0.695 z = 13.0 Eqn 3

From GC
x = 6.7419, y = 8.3089, z = 4.7821

245
ͻ

To produce 1 kilograms of Ultra Power Plus
§ 1000 ·
Amount of Super Plus = 6.7419 × ¨ ¸ = 337.095 grams
© 20 ¹
§ 1000 ·
Amount of Super Power = 8.3089 × ¨ ¸ = 415.445 grams
© 20 ¹
§ 1000 ·
Amount of Super Ultra = 4.7821× ¨ ¸ = 239.105 grams
© 20 ¹

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

246
ͻ

Q3. [TJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
If two curves y = ax3 + bx and y = ln (px2) intersect at the points where x = 1, x = 2 and x =
4, find the values of a, b and p, correct to 2 decimal places. [4]

Solution
At the points of intersection, ax3 + bx = ln (px2)
When x = 1, a + b = ln p a + b − ln p = 0 ------- (1)
When x = 2, 8a + 2 b = ln (4p) 8a + 2 b − ln p = ln 4 ------- (2)
When x = 4, 64a + 2 b = ln (16p) 64a + 2 b − ln p = ln 16 ------- (3)

RP
Using GC, a = −0.01
b = 3.557 b = 12.65
ln p = 3.545 p = 34.63

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

247
ͻ

Q4. [TPJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q2] ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ
It is given that
b
f ( x) = a x + + cx + d
x
for non-zero constants a , b, c and d.
§ 15 · § 229 ·
The curve y = f(x) passes through the points with coordinates ¨ 4, ¸ and ¨ 9, ¸ ; and has a
© 2¹ © 18 ¹
§ 9·
stationary point at ¨ 1, ¸ . Determine the equation of the curve y = f(x).
© 2¹ [4]

Solution

RP
b
y = a x + + cx + d
x
dy a b
= − 2 +c

UF
dx 2 x x
9
a + b + c + d = ......(1)
2

b
b
4
SH 15
2a + + 4c + d = ......(2)
2
229
3a + + 9c + d = ......(3)
SD
9 18
a
− b + c = 0......(4)
2
P

1
By GC, a = 3, b = 2, c = , d = −1
2
2 x
[D

y = 3 x + + −1
x 2
XH
DV
NL

248
ͻ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [NJC/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Jacob wants to purchase 4 packets of cashew nuts, 6 packets of macadamia nuts and
7 packets of almonds. Based on the usual retail price, his total bill will be $57.05.

Supermarket B is also having a sale and there is 20% off each packet of cashew hew nuts, a ‘2

RP
packets for the price of 1 packet’ promotion for macadamia nuts, and each
nd 15 cents off ea
packet of almonds. Jacob’s bill at Supermarket B will exceed his final
al bill at Superm
Supermarket
Supermar A
by $5.45.

UF
Assume that the usual retail prices of nuts in both supermarkets ets are the same.
markets sam Write down
and solve equations to find the usual retail price of each
h of the following:
follow a packet of cashew
SH
nuts, macadamia nuts and almonds.

Solution
[4]

Let x, y and z be the usual retail price of a packet

ket of cashew nnuts,
nu
SD
macadamia nuts and almonds respectively.
ely.
P

4 x + 6 y + 7 z = 57.05
[D

4(0.7) x + 4 y + 7 z − 10 = 33.05 2.8 x + 4 y + 7 z = 43.05

4(0.8) x + 3 y + 7( z − 0.15) 33.05 + 55.45 3.2 x + 3 y + 7 z = 39.55

15) = 33.0
XH

By G.C.,
x = 3.5,
5, y = 4.9,
4 99, z = 11.95
DV

us,
Thus,s, the usual retail
r price
ce ooff a pa
packet
packckkett ooff ca
cashew
cash macadamia nuts and almonds
s ew nuts, macadami
is $3.50, $4.90 and $1.95 respectively.
resp
spec
sp
spececti
tive
ti
ive
vely
ly.
ly
NL

249
ͻ

Q2. [RI/2013/Prelim/P2/Q2(b)] ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ
The function h is given by
h : x 6 ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , x∈\ ,
where a, b, c and d are real constants.

The graph of y = h( x) passes through the points (1,1) and (2, 2) . Given that (2, 2) is a
maximum point, find three linear equations involving a, b, c and d .

It is given further that the point ( −4,14) lies on the graph of y = h ( x ) , andd that
at h( x) is
strictly decreasing for x ≥ 2 . Find the values of a, b, c and d .

RP
[4]

Solution
Since y = h( x) passes through (1,1) and (2, 2) ,
a (1)3 + b(1) 2 + c (1) + d = 1 −−− (1))

UF
a(2)3 + b(2) 2 + c (2) + d = 2 −−− −− (2))

SH
Now h ′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
Since (2, 2) is a maximum point,
3a (2) 2 + 2b(2)) + c = 0
SD
12a + 4b + c = 0 −−− (3)

Since (−4,14) lies on graph of y = h ( x ) ,

either (4,14) or (4, −14) lies onn graph

ph of y = h( x) ,
i.e. h(4) = 14 or − 14 .
[D

ing for x ≥ 2 , h(4) ≤ h(2) = 2 .

As h( x ) is strictly decreasing
creasing
Hence h(4) = −14 and
XH

(4)3 + b(4) 2 + c (4) + d = −14

aa(4)
64a + 16b + 4c + d = −14 −−− (4)
DV

ng (1)
Solving 1) to (4) gives
giv
a = −1 , b = 4 , c = −4 , d = 2
NL

υτ

250
ͻ

Q3. [RVHS/2013/Prelim/P1/Q1]
In the National Hockey League Competition, 2 points are awarded to the winning team in a
match while the losing team takes no point. However, if the game ends in a draw, then each
team will receive 1 point. Final position in the competition is determined by the total points
obtained by each team upon completion of all their matches for the season.

At the end of the regular season in 2013, the top 3 teams of the completion emerged with the
following results:

Position Team No. of Wins No. of Draws No. of Losess Points

RP
1st Boon Lay Rovers x 3y +1 0 z +1
nd y
2 Malan United 1.5 x a z
3 rd
West Coast Rangers x +1 2 ( y + 1) b z −1

UF
Find the value of x, y, z and determine the team with the most umber of loses among the top
ost number
3 teams. [4]

Solution
SH ations:
Using the information, we form the following equations:
2 x + 3y + 1 = z + 1
SD
2 × 1.5 x + y = z
2 ( )
x + 1 + 2 ( y + 1) = z − 1
P

which can be simplified to:

2 x + 3y − z = 0
[D

3 x+ y−z=0
2 x + 2 y − z = −5
XH

Using GC to solve
olvee the above
ove syst
ssystem
ystem
y of equations, we have
x = 10, y = 55,, z = 35
Thus, x = 10000, y = 55, z = 335
100, 35..
DV

Eachh team has to pla

play 100000 + 3 × 5 + 1 =26
=226 matches
m tches
ma
Uni lost 26 − 1155 − 5 = 6 m
Thus, Malan United matches
attch
c es
NL

while
hile West
Wes Coast
C 26 − 1111 − 1122 = 3 matches.
Rangerss lost 26
So, Malan
Ma United has the most no. of loses.

υυ

251
Topic 10 Vectors

10 Vectors

Level 1

Q1. [2013/SAJC/I/1]
y2
The line l1 has Cartesian equation 2 x , z 1 . Another line l2 with vector equation
7
§ 1· §0·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
r ¨ 6 ¸ P ¨ a ¸ , where P , intersects the line l1 .
¨ 1¸ ¨1¸
© ¹ © ¹
Find the value of a and calculate the acute angle between the lines l1 and l2 . [4]

Q2. [2013/TPJC/I/10]
Referred to the origin O, the position vector of the point A is 2i – 2j – 6k and the cartesian equation of
the line l is x 1 2 y z 6 . Find
(i) the position vector of the foot of the perpendicular from A to l, [3]
(ii) the perpendicular distance from A to l, [2]
(iii) the cartesian equation of the plane which contains l and A. [3]

Q3. [2013/RI/I/6]
§ 2· §1 · § 2·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
The line l has equation r = ¨1 ¸ O ¨ 1¸ , O and the plane S has equation r . ¨1 ¸ 7 .
¨3¸ ¨1 ¸ ¨1 ¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
(i) Find the position vector of the point of intersection, A, of l and S. [3]

It is given that T is the acute angle between l and S.

(ii) Find the exact value of sin T . [2]
(iii) The point B has coordinates
nate
na tess (2
(2,, 1, 33).
). H
Hence
ence
ence oorr ot
othe rwisse, findd tthe shortest distance from B to S,
otherwise,
herw
giving your answer in the
hee ex
exact
xac
a t foform
form.
rm.
rm [2]

Q4. [2013/CJC/II/2]
The line l passes through thee point A,, whose
whos
wh osee po
position
osi
siti
tion ector is i + j, and is parallel to the vector
o vector
vec
4i 3j + k and the plane p has equa
equation
uati on 33xx + Dy = 26
tion 26.T
26.The
.Thhe plane p is parallel to the line l.
(i) Show that D = 4. [2]
(ii) Find the position vector
tor of the foot of the perpendicular, N, N from A to the plane p. [4]
(iii) Hence, find the coordinates of the point B which is the mirror image of A in p. [2]
(iv) Find the area of triangle OAB, where O is the origin. [2]

252
Topic 10 Vectors

Q5. [2013/VJC/I/5]
Referred to the origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors 6i 4 j 3k , 3i 3j k and
3i j 4k respectively.
(i) Find the size of angle ABC. [3]
(ii) If P is a point on the line AB such that CP 83, find the possible coordinates of P. [4]

Q6. [2013/YJC/I/6]
The points A, B and C have position vectors i k , 4i j 6k , 7i xj 4k , where x ! 0 .
(i) Evaluate x, given that BC 17 . [2]

The point P lies on AC such that BP is perpendicular to AC. Find

(ii) the coordinates of P, [5]
(iii) the coordinates of B ' , the reflection of B in the line AC, [2]
(iv) the exact area of the quadrilateral ABCB ' . [3]

Q7. [2013/JJC/I/8]
(i) Find a vector equation of the line passing through the points A and B with position
vectors 6 j k and 4i 2 j k respectively. [2]
(ii) Point C has the position vector 3i D j 2k , where D is a positive constant. Given that
the length of projection of AC on the line AB is 125 , find the value of D . [3]
(iii) Hence or otherwise, find the distance from the point C to the line AB. [3]

Q8. [2013/IJC/I/7]
Referred to an origin O, the position vectors of two points A and B are a and b respectively. State the
geometrical interpretation of a u b . [1]
Given that a 2 and b 3 , find the value of a b a b . [2]
S
Given further that the angle between
etwe
twe
weeen
en andd b is
e a an , fi
find
nd the
the exact alu of a b u a b .
exaact value
val [4]
3

Q9. [2013/ACJC/II/1]
Referred to the origin O, thee points A and
and B are
are such
suc
uchh th
tthat
att aand
ndd , where and b is a unit vector.
The midpoint of OA is M, and the poipoint
oint
nt L on
on ABB is
is such
s ch that AL
su AL:LB=1:2.
(i) Give the geometrical meaning
meanings
ngs of
(a) |b.a|, [1]
(b) |b u a|. [1]
(ii) Find OL in terms of a and b. Hence find the area of triangle OAL in terms of a and b. [3]
(iii) Given that LM is perpendicular to AB, show that
a.b = k
where k is a constant to be determined. [3]

253
Topic 10 Vectors

Q10. [2013/SAJC/I/6]
With respect to the origin O, the position vectors of the points A and B are 3i 2 j mk and
12i 8j 4k respectively, where m 0 . The point P is on line AB such that AP:PB=2:1.
(i) Find the coordinates of point P in terms of m. [2]
(ii) It is given that the area of triangle OAP is 4 13 units . Show that m =−2.
2
[4]
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, the shortest distance from O to the line AP. [3]

Q11. [2013/YJC/II/2]
The plane 3 1 contains the point (1, 3, -1) and the line l1 with equation y 1, x 1 z .
(i) Find the equation of the plane 3 1 in scalar product form. [3]
(ii) Find the Cartesian equation of the plane 3 2 that also contains the line l1 but is perpendicular to
the plane 3 1 . [2]
(iii) The line l2 with equation r 5 O i 7 2O j 3 aO k, O intersects 3 1 at 30q .
Find the possible value(s) of a in exact form. [3]

Q12. [2013/JJC/II/4]
x 5 y 3 z 7
The line l has equation , and the plane p has equation 2 x y z 8 .
2 4 3
(i) Find the acute angle between l and p. [3]
(ii) Find the point of intersection between l and p. [3]
(iii) The plane q is perpendicular to p, and contains l. Find a cartesian equation of q. [4]
(iv) A third plane s has equation r. 5i 10 j 8k 25 . Find the intersection of p, q and s. [2]

Q13. [2013/MI/I/5]
(a) 1
Given that cos T , where θ is the ang
angle
gle between the rs i j Ok and 2i 2 j k , find
he vvectors
ecto
tors
3
ntt O .
the value of the constant [3]
(b) The planes p1 and p2 me
meet
eett in
in a li
line
ne l , an
and
nd ha
have the vvector
ecttor equations
equ
r 4i 7 j 2k s i k t j k an
andd r 4i 7 j 2k u 2i 3j v i k respectively.
(i) Show that l is parallel torr 5i 6 j k .
arallel to thee vvector
ecto [3]
(ii) Write down a vector
ctor equa
equation
ati
tion
on ffor
or l . [1]
(iii) The plane p3 has
as equa
equation
ati on r 2i 3j 4k O i 3j 2k P 5i 8j k . Find the
tion
position vector off the point A which is common to p1 , p2 and p3 . [3]

254
Topic 10 Vectors

Level 2

Q1. [2013/DHS/I/6]
(a) Given that 10O
OF OE 7OG, show that the points E, F and G are collinear.
3O [2]

(b) Relative to the origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors given by
a 12i 2j 6k, b 5i j 2k and c = (1 2O )i (5 2O ) j (2 O )k respectively. The
point P lies on AB produced such that AP = 2AB.
(i) Find OP. [2]
(ii) If AP is perpendicular to BC, find the value of O. [3]
(iii) Using the value of O found in part (ii), find the area of triangle ACP. [2]

Q2. [2013/IJC/I/12]
The plane p 1 has equation 2 x 3 y z 8 and it meets the x- and z- axes at the points A and B
respectively. State the position vectors of A and B, relative to the origin O, and show that a cartesian
z
equation of the line AB is 4 x ,y 0.
2 [4]

AC 1
The point C lies on AB such that . The plane p 2 passes through C and is parallel to the vector
CB 3
i 2 j . Given that p 2 is also perpendicular to p 1 , find
(i) the cartesian equation of p 2 , [5]
(ii) the perpendicular distance from A to p 2 . [3]

Q3. [2013/TPJC/II/2]
Do not use a graphing calculator
lator in answering this question.

The planes p1 , p2 and p3 have quat

quatio ns r 2i k
ave eequations
ions 3 , r i 3j 3 and r Oi j P
respectively, where O and P ar
aree cons
cconstants.
ons
nsta
tant
tantss. The
nt T e planes
Th p an
pl anes
es p1 an
and
nd p2 int
intersect in a line l.
(i) Show that the point (0,1,-3)
,1,-3)
3)) llies
i s on
ie o p1 and
nd p2 . [1]
(ii) Find the vector equation
on of l. [2]
(iii) Given that the three planes havee no
no point
poiint in common,
po com
ommo th value of O . What can be said
mon, find the
about the value of P ? [3]
(iv) Point P has position vector
ector i + 22jj + 4k. Gi
Give
Given
venn th
that PQ is perpendicular
perpe to p1 and distance PQ is
10 units. Find the possible
sible coordinates of Q. [4]

255
Topic 10 Vectors

Q4. [2013/RI/I/5]
OABC is a trapezium such that OA is parallel to CB, and CB : OA = k : 1 , where k is a positive
constant, and k z 1 .
Given that OA = a, OB = b, and X and Y are the midpoints of OB and AC respectively, find the
following vectors in terms of k, a and b
(i) OC, [1]
(ii) OY . [2]

Hence show that XY is parallel to OA. [2]

It is given that OB and AC intersect at the point D. Find the ratio, in terms of k, between the area of the
triangle XYD and the area of the triangle BCD. [2]

Q5. [2013/SRJC/I/8]
The points A and B are equidistant from the origin, O and have position vectors a and b (referred to O)
S
such that the acute angle AOB is . The point N on AB is such that AN : NB = 1: 2 and the point M is
4
the foot of perpendicular of N on OB.

(i) Show that the position vector of point M is

1 2 b .
3 [4]
(ii) Given that b is a unit vector, find the exact area of 'OMN . [4]

Q6. [2013/NYJC/I/8]
The plane p1 has vector equation r 4i 5j k s i k t 2i j 2k where s and t are real
parameters. The points A and B, which do not lie in p1 , have position vectors 3j k and i 2k
respectively. The perpendicular
ar to the plane p1 from point A meets p1 at N.
(i) Find the position vector
or of N.
N [3]
(ii) Find the exact length of projection of AB onto
onto the
the plane
pla
l ne p1 . [2]

The line l passes through N and

d iss ccontained
ontta
on tained
tain
ined
d in
in th
thee plane
plane p1 . Anot
Another plane p2 contains the line l
and is perpendicular to the linee pas
passing
ssin
siing
ng tthrough
hrou
hr ough
ou gh B and N.
gh N
(iii) Find the Cartesian equation
uation of p2 . [2]
(iv) Write down a vector which is par
parallel
ral
alle
lell to l . [1]

on r 2i D j k
The plane p3 has the equation E where D and E are constants. What can be said
where
about the values of D and E if the planes p1 , p2 and p3 meet at a com
common point? [2]

256
Topic 10 Vectors

Q7. [2013/RI/II/1]
A graphic calculator is not to be used in answering this question.

Referred to the origin O , the points A and B have position vectors given by 7i 2 j 8k and
i 5j 8k respectively. The plane 1 has equation 2 x y 2 z 5 .
(i) The point C is the foot of perpendicular from A to 1 .
Find the position vector of C . [3]
(ii) The plane 2 contains the line AB and is perpendicular to 1 .
Find the equation of 2 in scalar product form. [3]
(iii) The line l is the common line of intersection between 1 and 2 .
Verify that l is parallel to the vector 2i 2 j k .
Without any further calculation, write down the cartesian equation of l . [3]

Q8. [2013/SRJC/I/12]
The points P and Q have position vectors 3i 4 j k and 5i 7 j 6k respectively.
The plane 31 contains the point Q and is perpendicular to PQ. The equation of plane 31 is
r a Ob Pc where O, P ℝ and the vectors b and c are perpendicular.
(i) State a possible vector a and verify that b can be taken as 3i 2 j .
Hence find a suitable vector c . [5]

The plane 3 2 has equation x 2 y 3z 6.

(ii) Find the cosine of the acute angle between the two planes 31 and 3 2 . [2]
(iii) The line of intersection of the two planes is l. Find the vector equation of l. [2]
(iv) Find the length of the perpendicular from the point P to the line l. [3]

Q9. [2013/PJC/I/9]
Relative to the origin, the points
oin
ints
ts A B, C an
A,, B, aand
d D ha
have
ve pposition
osittion vectors
os vecc
ve 2i 3j 4k , 3i 4 j 4k ,
4i pj , and qi j k respectively,
ctiiv
veeely
ly,, wh
ly eree p and
wher
where
er and q are
ar constants.
consstaantts. G
Given that AC is perpendicular to
both AB and DC , show that p =1 =1 aannd q 6 .
and [3]

The point E is on AC produceded such thatt 2

2AC
AC C CEE and
an
nd l is the line through E perpendicular to both
AB and AE . Find
(i) the coordinates of E and henc
hence
ncee fi
find
nd the vec
vector
ecto
torr eq
equa
equation
uation of l. [4]
(ii) the position vectors off the two points on l which are 243 unit
units from A . [4]

257
Topic 10 Vectors

Q10. [2013/DHS/I/10]
§ 3· §b· § 4· § 1·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
The lines l1 and l2 have equations r
¨ 1 ¸ O ¨ 1 ¸ , where b > 1, and r ¨ 0 ¸ P ¨ 1¸ respectively.
¨ 2¸ ¨ 1¸ ¨1¸ ¨1¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
(i) Given that the acute angle between l1 and l2 is 30o, find the value of b, giving your answer correct
2 decimal places. [3]

For the rest of the question, use b = 3.

(ii) Find the coordinates of the points A and B where l1 and l2 meet the xy–plane respectively. [3]
(iii) The point C has position vector 2i + 7j + 3k. Show that the equation of plane p1 which passes
through the points A, B, and C is given by x 2 y 5z 3. [3]
(iv) Another plane p2 with equation x 2 y 3z 2 meets p1 in the line l3. Find the vector equation
of l3. [2]
(v) Explain whether the lines l2 and l3 are parallel, skew, coincident or intersecting, justifying your
answer clearly. [2]

Q11. [2013/PJC/II/4]
The equation of the plane p1 and line l is r 3i 2 j 5k 5 and r 1 O i 1 O j Ok
respectively, where O is a parameter. The plane p2 contains l and the point A with position vector
6i 9 j 7k .
(i) Find the equation of p2 . [2]
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point B, the foot of perpendicular from A to p1 . [3]
(iii) Show that l lies in p1 . [1]

The equation of plane p3 is r 2i aj 3k b , where a and b are constants.

(iv) Given that p1 , p2 andd p3 have infinite number of common points,
po find a and b. [3]
(v) What can be said about
ut the values of a and b if p3 hass no common
com point with p1 and p2 ? [2]

Q12. [2013/MI/I/11]
Referred to the origin O , the
he position
po
osi
siti
tion vectors
tion vec
ecto
to
ors of
of the ntss A and B are a and b respectively, and
the poin
points
OAB is a triangle.
1
Show that the area of the triangle
gle is given by aub .
2 [2]
1
Show that the maximum area of the tr
tria le is a b .
triangle
iang
ngle
2 [2]
§ a1 · § b1 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
By considering a b where a ¨ a2 ¸ and b ¨ b2 ¸ , show that
¨a ¸ ¨b ¸
© 3¹ © 3¹
a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 d a12 a2 2 a32 b12 b2 2 b32
2
[3]

258
Topic 10 Vectors

Q13. [2013/RVH/II/4]
The line l passes through the points A and B with coordinates 5, 1, 0 and 3, 2, 1 respectively.

The plane 31 has equation r O i 2 j k P i k , where O , P . Find

(i) the acute angle between l and 31 , [4]
(ii) the length of projection of AB on 31 [2]

Another plane 3 2 with equation 4 x 3 y z 12 intersects 31 at line l ' . Explain why l ' cannot be
equal to l. Find the equation of l ' . [2]

A third plane 3 3 has equation 7 x ay 2 z b . Given that the three planes have no point in common
12
and that the distance of 3 3 from the origin is , find the values of a and b.
62 [5]

Q14. [2013/CJC/I/9]
(a) Referred to the origin O, the points A and B have position vectors given respectively by
OA a and OB b . R is the point that divides AB internally in the ratio O : P .
2

o r a P a Oa b
It is given that OR = r and .
r b 2
O b Pa b
r a a [2]
Deduce that, when O : P a:b, .
r b b
Hence, show that the line OR bisects the angle AOB. [2]
(b) §1· §2· § 2·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Planes 31 , 3 2 , 33 have equations r . ¨ 2 ¸ = 1, r . ¨ 1 ¸ = 7 and r . ¨ a ¸ = 5 respectively.
¨ 3¸ ¨ 9 ¸ ¨b¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
(i) When a = 1 and d b = –3, find a vector equation of the linline of intersection of these three
planes. [2]
(ii) Given instead that the three planes
ness have
plaane have no
no point
poin
po intt in common,
com
om what can be said about the
values of a and
d b?
b? [3]

Q15. [2013/RVH/I/9]
Referred to an origin, O, the position vectors
osition vectoors off tw
two ppoints
o po nts A and
in d B are a and b respectively.
a and b are not parallel.
(i) The point C lies on AB produced
B produc ed ssuch
uced uch thatt AB
uc :BC is 1:3.
AB:BC
AB: 1:3. Find the position vector of C. [2]
(ii) The point D lies on OBB produced
produc
uced
ed such that
at OB:OD
OB is 1:k. Given
Giv also that CD is perpendicular
2 2
4 b 7a b 3 a
to AB, show that k 2
.
b ab [3]
(iii) Show that OADC cannot be a parallelogram. [2]
(iv) Find the area of triangle ABD in terms of k. [3]

259
Topic 10 Vectors

Q16. [2013/AJC/I/2]

O
A
The points A, B and C lie on a circle with center O and
diameter AC. It is given that OA a and OB b.
(i) Find BC in terms of a and b. Hence show that AB is perpendicular to BC. [4]
(ii) Show that the area of triangle ABC can be written as k a u b where k is a constant to be found.

Hence find, in terms of a , the maximum area of triangle ABC. [4]

(iii) Given that AOB 30
3 , find OF where F is the foot of perpendicular of B to AC.
o

Hence find OB ' where B ' is the reflection of B along the line AC. [3]

Q17. [2013/ACJC/I/13]
The equations of the plane S , and the lines l1 and l2 are given by
S : tx 2 y z 13 ,
l1 : r 2i j 3k O ª¬ 2t i t 2 1 j 2k º¼ ,
l2 : x 4 y, z 5,
where t and O are real constants.
(a) Given that the shortest distance from the point P with coordinates 3,3, 5 to S is 6, find the
possible values of t. [4]
(b) el to S , and find a condition on t such th
Show that l1 is parallel that l1 is not on S . [3]

For the case where t 2,

(i) show that l2 liess on S ,
lies [1]
(ii) given that A iss a point
poi n on
oint
nt on l1 and
nd B is a point onn l2 , fin
an find the position vectors of A and B
such that AB is per
perpendicular
erpe
pendic
pend
pe ndic
icularr too both
ular
ul both l1 and
and l2 , [4]
(iii) find the vectorr equation off the
the li ne ooff re
line e tiion ooff l1 in S .
reflection
efl
flec [2]

260
Topic 10 Vectors

Level 3

Q1. [2013/NYJC/I/5]
Relative to the origin O, the position vectors of two points A and B are a and b respectively. The
S
length of a is 2 units and the angle between a and b is radians. It is also given that the vector a and
6
b – 2a are perpendicular. Find
(i) the exact length of projection of a onto b, [2]
(ii) the exact length of b. [3]

The point P lies on OB such that the ratio OP : OB 3: 4 . Find

(iii) the exact area of triangle APB. [4]

Q2. [2013/TJC/II/2]
The position vectors of the points A, B and C, relative to the origin O are a i 2k , b 3i j 3k
and c i j k respectively.
(i) Determine whether the points A, B and C are collinear. [2]
(ii) The point D on the line segment AB is such that AD : DB k :1 k . Find the value of k such
that CD bisects the angle ACB. [4]

Q3. [2013/NJC/I/12]
The equations of line l, planes π1 and π 2 are given below.
§ 3·
l : r J ¨ 2 ¸, J
¨ ¸
© 4 ¹
π1 : px y qz 2 , where p and q are real constants.
constant
§1· § 0·
π2 : r D 0 E ¨ 1 ¸ , D , E
¨ ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©1¹ ©1¹
§ 2 6O ·
The line of intersection between
en thee ttwo lanees π1 and π 2 ha
wo pplanes
lane
la on r ¨ 7O 2 ¸ , O
hass equation
equa
equati
tion .
¨ ¸
© O ¹
(i) Find the values of p and
d q. [3]
(ii) Calculate the acute anglele betw
between
weeen th
the line l an
and
d plane π 2 .
plan
plane [3]
po Q ( 3, 2,4) to the plane π 2 .
(iii) Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the point [3]
(iv) Hence or otherwise, find the vector equation of the reflection of the line l in π 2 . [4]

261
Topic 10 Vectors

Q4. [2013/TJC/I/11]
The equations of two planes p1 and p2 are
2 x y 2 z 0 ,
3x + y + Oz = P,
respectively, where O and P are constants.
The line l is the line of intersection between p1 and p2 and has equation
1 x y 1 z
.
3 4 5

(i) Show that O = 1 and P = 2. [3]

(ii) Find the exact value of the cosine of the acute angle between p1 and p2. [2]
(iii) The point A with position vector 4j +2k lies on p2. Find the exact shortest distance from A to l.
Hence or otherwise, the exact value of the perpendicular distance from A to p1. [5]
(iv) Another plane p3 contains the origin.
(a) When p3 and p2 have no common point, state a vector equation of p3. [1]
(b) When p3 is perpendicular to p2, A lies on p3. Find the position vector of the common point
of intersection between p1, p2 and p3. [3]

Q5. [2013/HCI/I/12]
y
The point A has coordinates 1, 2, 2 and the line l1 has Cartesian equation x z 1 .
2
(i) Find a Cartesian equation of the plane 31 which contains A and l1 . [3]

The equation of the plane 3 2 is given by r j k

d , where d .
(ii) Find the acute angle between 31 and 3 2 . [2]
(iii) The point B on 3 2 such that AB is perpendicular to 3 2 , find the position vector of B ,
[3]
expressing your answerr in terms of d .

tersection betweenn 31 and

Given that l2 is the line of intersection and 3 2 , and
and th
the
he sshortest distance from A to l2 is
2 6
.
3
(iv) By using the answers inn parts
part
rtss (ii)
(ii) and
(i and (iii),
(iiii
(iii
i ), ddeduce
educe tthe
he vvalue
alue
al ue ooff d . [3]
(v) Given that the equation of the plane 3 3 is ax b byy 1 .
ut the constants
What can be said about con
nst
stan
ants d b iff 31 , 3 2 aand 3 3 have only one point in
ts a and
common? [3]

262
Topic 10 Vectors

Q6. [2013/MJC/II/4]
y4
The line L has equation x 2 z 2 , and the plane p1 has equation 3x y 2 z 5 .
2
(i) Find the position vector of the point of intersection between L and p1 . [3]
(ii) Find the acute angle between L and p1 . [2]
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, find the shortest distance from the point 2, 4, 2 to p1 . [3]

The plane p2 has equation x 2 y 3z 3 .

(iv) Find, in scalar product form, a vector equation of the plane that contains the
point 1, 1, 2 and is perpendicular to both the x-y plane and p2 . [2]
(v) Find the values of a and b for which the simultaneous equations
3x y 2 z 5
x 2 y 3z 3
x 5 y az b
have infinitely many solutions. [3]

Q7. [2013/AJC/I/8]
§a·
¨ ¸
The plane p with equation r ¨ b ¸ 15 contains point Q with coordinates (0,5,0). Plane p makes an
¨ 4¸
© ¹
acute angle of D with the x-axis.
(i) Find b. [1]
(ii) Write down an equation relating D , a and b. [1]
§a·
¨ ¸
It is known that the angle between axis direction is obtuse and D
ween ¨ b ¸ and the positive xx-axis 45o .
¨ 4¸
© ¹
(iii) Show that a 5 . [2]

Plane p, the x-z plane and the x-y

-y pl
plane
plan
lan
a e al
alll me
meet
eet
et aatt a co
com
common
mmon ppoint
oint W.
oi W
(iv) Find the position vectorr of WW.. [2]

The point M with coordinates (1,0,5) is a point

poin
pointt on plane
pla
lane
n pp.. T
The
he line l iis the intersection line between p
and the x-z plane.
(v) Explain why M is on l . Hencee oorr ot
oth
otherwise,
herwise,e, ffind
ind
ind th
thee shortest distance
dis of Q to the line l . [3]

263
Topic 10 Vectors

Q8. [2013/MJC/I/5(modified)]
The diagram shows a parallelepiped OBDCAPQR.
Referred to the origin O, the points A, B and C are P Q
such that OA a , OB b and OC c . The point
A R
E lies in the plane OBDC such that it is directly
below the point P. B
D
E
[A parallelepiped is a 6-faced polyhedron whose
faces are parallelograms lying in pairs of parallel O C
planes.]
(i) State a normal vector to the plane OBDC. Hence, by considering the triangle BEP, find the length
[2]
of PE. Give your answers in terms of a , b and c .
(ii) Show that the volume of the above parallelepiped is given by a b u c . [1]
(iii) The vectors a , b and c are now given by
a 10i 3j , b 2i 3k and c pi j 5k ,
[3]
where p is a constant.
Given that the volume of the above parallelepiped is 18 units3, find the possible value(s) of p.

A student claims that the following property holds:

a b u c b a u c
for any non-coplanar vectors a , b and c .
Do you agree? Justify your answer. [1]

Q9. [2013/SAJC/I/5]
V
The figure shows a right pyramid VABCD with a square
5
base ABCD, standing horizontally
rizontally on a cuboid
ABCDEFGH. It is given thatt VA = VB = VC = VD = D
5 cm, EF = FG = 4 cm and AE = 2 cm, as shown in the C
diagram. O is the centre off the squaresqu
q are ba base
asee EFGH.
EFGH
EF GH.
H A
B
Perpendicular unit vectors i, j,, k are
are pa
ar para
parallel
rall
ra llel
ll el tto
o EF
EF,
F FG
FG,
EA respectively. 2 k
H j G
O i
E 4 F

(i) re,, OV iiss 2 17

Show that the height off the figure
figure, 17 . [2]
(ii) VA u OV
VA V
State the geometrical meaning of .
2 17 [1]
(iii) Find the equation of the line passing through B and V. [2]
(iv) A plane S has the equation 3x 2 y D z E . Given that the planes S , VBC and VAB have
no point in common, what can be said about the values of D and E ? [3]

264
Topic 10 Vectors

Q10. [2013/HCI/II/3]
(a) o o
Referred to the origin O , the points A and B are such that OA a and OB b . The point

C on OA is such that OC : CA 1: 2 , the point D on OB is such that OD : DB 3: 4 and the

point M on CD is such that 11CM 5CD .
(i) o
Find OM in terms of a and b . [3]
(ii) By considering cross product, find the ratio of the area of triangle OCM to the area of
triangle OAB . [3]
(b) The points M and N have position vectors i j and i respectively. The point P has position
vector xi y j such that NM PM , PM PN and PN NM are consecutive terms of an
arithmetic progression. Show that the locus of P is a circle, and find the radius and the
coordinates of the centre of this circle. [5]

Q11. [2013/NJC/II/4]
A pyramid VOABC has a parallelogram base OABC and the vertex V is such that VC is perpendicular to
the base OABC. Relative to the origin O, the position vectors of the points A and C are pi 2 j k and
4i 2k respectively.
(a) The pyramid has a base area of 6p.
(i) Show that p = 2. [3]
(ii) Find the position vector of the point M on the line segment AB such that AM : AB = 2 : 3. [3]
(iii) The vector d is a unit vector in the direction of CV . Give a geometrical interpretation of

d u AV . [1]
(b) Let a, c and v be the position vectors of the points A, C and V respectively. Using the fact that
VC is perpendicular to both OA and OC , or otherwise, show that v a c c a q , where
q is a real constant in terms of c . [3]

Q12. [2013/VJC/I/11]
x 3 y 2 z
The line l1 has equation ; the
the line
line l2 pa
passes
pass
ses through
thrro the points with coordinates
2 1 k
(1, 4, 2k ) and (3, 1, k ) , wh
wher
where
eree k is a constant.
er con
onst
stan
ant.
(i) Determine a cartesian equation
quatition
on ooff l2.
on [2]
(ii) Show that there are no real values of k for for which
whichh l1 and
d l2 ar
aree perpendicular
p to each other. [2]
on x 4 y z
(iii) The plane p has equation a, wher
where
re a iss a constant. If l1 and p have no common
points, what can be saidd about the
the vvalues
alues off k and
al and a?
a? [4]
For the value of k found in part
rt (iii) and or a 2, fi
d ffor find the shortest distance
dis between l1 and p. [3]

It is given instead that k 3 and that l1 and l2 intersect. 3 is the plane containing l1 and l2 . By first
finding a vector perpendicular to 3 or otherwise, find an equation of 3 in the form r u O v P w,
such that v is perpendicular to w. [4]

265
Topic 10 Vectors

Answers

Level 1
§ 8 ·
1¨ ¸ 1
(i) ¨ 1 ¸ (ii) 78 or 2.94
1. a 3 , 18.9 2. 3¨ ¸ 3
© 13 ¹
(iii) 4 x y 3z 24
§3· § 2·
1¨ ¸ 2 1 ¨ ¸
3. (i) OA 3 (ii) sin T (iii) 4. (ii) ¨ 5 ¸ (iii) (5, 9, 0) (iv) 7 units2
2 ¨¨ ¸¸ 3 6 ¨0¸
©5¹ © ¹
(i) 125.8q (ii) 6,4, 3 or 6,0,5 (i) x 3 (ii) P(5, 2, 3)
5. 6.
(iii) B’ (6, 3, 0) (iv) 3 66
§0· § 1· a u b gives twice the area of triangle OAB.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
7. (i) r ¨ 6 ¸ O ¨ 2 ¸ (ii) 20 (iii) 9 8. 5,
¨ 1¸ ¨ 0¸
© ¹ © ¹ 6 3
(i) (a) the length of projection of OA onto OB .
(i) (b) the perpendicular distance from the point A
to the line OB. 8 m
OR the area of parallelogram with adjacent (i) (9, 6, )
3
9. sides OA and OB. 10.
OR twice the area of triangle OAB. 2
208
(iii) ON 3.50
2a b 1 17
(ii) OL , a×b
3 6
(iii) k 2
( ) 13.1
(i) (ii) (13,13, 5).
§ 2·
¨ ¸ (iii) x 8 y 10 z 41 .
(i) 31 : r ¨ 1 ¸ 3 (ii) 3 2 : x 4 y z 3
¨ 2¸ (iv)
( v) The
(i planes
Th 3 pl
pla
a meet at the line with equation
11. © ¹ 12.
12
§7· § 6 / 5 ·
45 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(iii) a r r ¨ 6 ¸ P ¨ 7 / 5 ¸ , P .
7 ¨ 0¸ ¨ 1¸¹
© ¹ ©
§ 4· §5·
7 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(a) O
13.
4
(b)(ii) l : r
¨7¸ O ¨6¸,O .
¨ 2¸ ¨1 ¸
© ¹ © ¹

266
Topic 10 Vectors

Level 2
§ 2 ·

o
¨ ¸ § 4· o §0·
(b)(i) OP ¨ 0 ¸, (ii) O 1, o
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 4
1. ¨ 10 ¸ 2. OA ¨ 0 ¸ , OB ¨ 0 ¸ (i) 2 x y z 4 (ii)
© ¹ 6
¨0¸ ¨8¸
1 © ¹ © ¹
(iii) Area of 'ACP 2
18696 68.4 unit 2

§ 0 · § 3·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(ii) r ¨ 1 ¸ s¨1¸, s (iii) P z 1
~ 1 1 k
¨ 3 ¸ ¨ 6 ¸ (i) OC b ka (ii) OY b a
3. © ¹ © ¹ 4. 2 2
(iv)
1 k
2
: 4k 2
(1 4 5 , 2, 4 2 5 ) and (1 4 5 , 2, 4 2 5 )

§ 3·
¨ ¸
(i) ¨ 3 ¸ (ii) 11 (iii) 2 x 3 y 4 z 23
¨ 2 ¸
5. (ii)
22 units 2 6.
© ¹
18 § 3·
¨ ¸ 9
(iv) ¨ 2 ¸ (v) D z and E
¨ 3¸ 2
© ¹
§5· § 14 ·
¨ ¸, c ¨ 21 ¸ 13
(i) a (ii) cos T
¨7¸ ¨ ¸ 2 217
(i) OC i j 2k (ii) r (i 2 j 2k ) 5 ¨6¸ ¨ 13 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
7. 1 x y 1 8.
(iii) z2 § 164 · § 23 ·
2 2 ¨ 85 ¸ O ¨ 13 ¸
(iii) l: r (iv) 8.15
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ 0 ¸ ¨ 1 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
(i) E 8, 3,8 ;
§8· § 1· (i) b
(i) 3.0
07 (2 d.p.)
3.07 (ii) A 9,3,0 , B 5,1,0
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Vector equation of l: r ¨ 3 ¸ O ¨ 1 ¸ , O § 2.5 · § 8 ·
¨8¸ ¨1¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
9. © ¹ © ¹ 10
10.
¨ 0.25 ¸ E ¨ 1 ¸ , E
(iv) l3 : r
§5· § 11 · ¨ 0 ¸ ¨ 2¸
© ¹ © ¹
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(ii) ¨ 0 ¸ and ¨ 6 ¸ (v l2 and
(v) and l3 do
d not intersect, skew lines, not parallel.
¨11¸ ¨5¸
© ¹ © ¹

267
Topic 10 Vectors

19
(i) 34.5 (ii) or 3.08 units
2
Since the angle between l and 31 is not zero, l
does not lie in 31 . Hence, l ' (which lies in 31 ) is
§ 17 · not equal to l.
¨ ¸ § 3 ·
(i) r ¨ 14 ¸ 3
14 (ii) B 0,5,3 §0·
11. ¨ 3 ¸ 13. ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹
l ':r ¨ 4 ¸ D ¨ 5 ¸ ,D or
¨0¸ ¨3¸
(iv) a 5, b 3 (v) a 5 , b z 3 © ¹ © ¹
§0· § 1 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
5
l ':r ¨ 4 ¸ D ¨ 3 ¸ ,D
¨0¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
© ¹ © 1 ¹
a 3 , b 12
§3· §3·
¨ 1¸ ¨3¸ (i) 4b 3a
(b) (i) r =
¨ ¸ + O ¨ ¸ ,O k 1
14. © 0¹ © 1¹ 15.
(iv) aub
(ii) b 3a 6, a \ ^1` 2
22
(a) t or t 2
3
(i) BC a b § 2 / 9 · § 14
14/9 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(ii) a u b , | a |2 (b)(ii) OA ¨ 2 / 3 ¸ , OB ¨ 22 / 9 ¸
16. 17. ¨ 37 / 9 ¸ ¨ 5 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
3
(iii) OF a , OB ' 3ab
3a § 10 / 3 · §4 ·
2
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(b)(iii) r
¨ 38 / 9 ¸ E ¨ 3 ¸
¨ 53 / 9 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
© ¹ © ¹

268
Topic 10 Vectors

Level 3
8 1 1
1. (i) 3 (ii) (iii) 2. (i) A, B and C are not collinear. (ii) k
3 3 3
7 11 4 22 8
(i) p 2, q 5 (ii) 74.8 (ii) (iii) ,
33 5 3
3. § 3· 4. §3· § 4·
(iii) (0,1,1) (iv) r t ¨ 4 ¸, t ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸
¨ ¸ (iv) (a) r 1
¨ ¸ 0 (b) 6
© 2 ¹ ¨ 1¸ 17 ¨¨ ¸¸
© ¹ ©1¹
§ 1·
¨ ¸
(i) OA ¨ 10 ¸ (ii) T 19.1q ( 1 d.p)
§ 1 · ¨ 1¸
S ¨ ¸ © ¹
(i) x z 1 ; (ii) ; (iii) OB ¨ 2 d / 2 ¸
5. 3 ¨ 2 d / 2¸ 6. § 2·
© ¹ 9 ¨ ¸
(iii) BN 2.41 (3 s.f) (iv) r ¨ 1 ¸ 1
(iv) d = 2; (v) a and b and a z b 14 ¨0¸
© ¹
(v) a 4 ; b 11
a a b u c
(i) b 3 (ii) sin D (i) Normal vector = b u c ; PE
a 2 25 buc
7. § 3 · 8. (iii) p r2 . Yes since
¨ ¸ 1250
(iv) OW ¨0¸ (v) units a b u c b a u c Volume of the
¨0¸ 41
© ¹ given parallelpiped
(ii) It represents the length OE. OR It represents
the shortest distance of A to OV.
2 15
§ 0 · § 2 · (a) (i) a+ b (ii) 5:77
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 11 77
9. (iii) r ¨ 0 ¸ O ¨ 2 ¸ , O 10. 5
2 2 5
¨ 2 17 ¸ ¨ 17 ¸ (b) ( x 1) y ; r ; Centre (1 , 0 )
© ¹ © ¹ 2 2
10 20
(iv) D , Ez 10
17 17
§ 2 ·
1¨ ¸
(a)(ii) OM 6 x 1 y4 z 2k
3 ¨¨ ¸¸ (i)
(i) (iii) k 6 , a z 5
© 7 ¹ 2 5 k
11. 122.
12. § 3 · § 2· § 4 ·
(iii) d u AV is the length of projectio
on of AV
projection AV 7 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
, r ¨ 1 ¸ O ¨ 1 ¸ P ¨ 5 ¸ , O, P
18 ¨ 3 ¸ ¨ 3¸ ¨ 1 ¸
onto AC © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
Or is the perpendicular distancee from A to CV
Or is the length of AC

269
ͳͲ Vectors Solution

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322
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

11 Differentiation & its Applications

Techniques of Differentiation

Level 1

Q1. [2013/RI/I/4]
It is given that x and y satisfy the equation
§ y2 ·
y 4 ln ¨ ¸ x 4 6 x 2 , y ! 0.
© 4 ¹

dy 2 xy( x 2 3)
(i) Show that .
dx 2 y4 1 [3]
dy
(ii) Hence obtain the possible exact value(s) of when y 2.
dx [3]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/VJC/I/10]
(a) The curve C has parametric equations
S S
x 3 cos t , y 3sin t , for . dt d
2 2
(i) Sketch C, indicating clearly the exact coordinates of the axial intercepts. [2]
(ii) Find the exact value of the area of the region bounded by C and the y – axis. [5]
(b) (i) Differentiate 1 x 2 with respect to x. [2]
1
S 1
³ cos 1 x dx 1
2
(ii) Show that .
0 4 2 2 [3]
(iii) The diagram below shows
hows the curve with equation y 1
cos x . The region bounded by
co
S
the curve, the line y and
and th
thee yy-axis
-ax
axis
is iiss de
deno
denoted
note
ted
d by R.
R.
2

Find the exact volume of revolution when R is rotated completely about the x-axis. [4]

323
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q2. [2013/VJC/II/2]
ax 2 bx c
The curve C has equation y , where a, b and c are non-zero constants.
x 1
(a) § 23 ·
It is given that C passes through the point ¨ 3, ¸ and has a minimum point at 2,10 .
© 2¹
(i) Find the values of a, b and c. [3]
(ii) Sketch C, giving the coordinates of any turning points, points of intersection with the
axes and the equations of any asymptotes. [3]
(iii) m
Find the set of values of , where m and k are positive constants, such that the curve
k
x y 1
2 2

with equation 2 1 does not intersect C.

k m2 [2]
(b) In the case when a 1 and b 1 , find the set of values of c, where c z 2 , such that C
has no stationary point. [3]

Q3. [2013/YJC/I/7]
The equation of a curve is y 2 xy 1 .
(i) Find the equations of all tangents to the curve that are parallel to the y-axis. [4]
(ii) State and justify whether the curve has any stationary points. [2]
Find the area of the region bounded by the axes, and the normal to the curve at the point
(iii)
where the y-coordinate is 2. [5]

Tangents & Normals

Level 1

Q1. [2013/NYJC/II/4]
The curve C has parametric equations
x t2 , y t2 t .
(i) The point P on the curve
rve has parameter
parametter p.
p. Show
Show that
tha
hatt the
the equation
eq of the tangent at P is
2 py 2 p 1 x p .
2
[3]
(ii) § 3·
If the tangent at P passes
ssess tthrough
hrou
hrou
hr ough tthe
ough hee ppoint
oint
oi nt ¨ 4,
4 ¸ , use
use a no
non-calculator method to find
© 2¹
the possible coordinates
tes of P. [2]
(iii) The tangent at P meetsts the line y x at A an aand
d th
the y-axis at B. Show that the area of
1
triangle OAB is p3 , wheree O is tthe he origi
origin.
gin.n.
4 [3]
(iv) If the point P moves along the th
he curve C su suchch
h that its x-coord
x-coordinate is increasing at a
constant rate of 2 units
ts per second, find the rate of increase of the area of the area of
triangle OAB when P is at 16,12 . [4]

324
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Level 2

Q1. [2013/ACJC/II/3]
A curve C has parametric equations
2 2
x 2t , y 2t ,
t t
where t < 0.

(a) dy
Find in terms of t and hence find the exact value of t for which the tangent to the
dx
curve at t is parallel to the y-axis. [4]
(b) Find the value of t for which the distance from the point (1, 0) to the curve is the
shortest possible. [2]
Find a Cartesian equation of C. [2]
The curve C is transformed by a translation of 2 units in the negative x-direction,
1
followed by a stretch with scale factor parallel to the y-axis. Write down a Cartesian
2
equation of C after the transformations. [2]

Q2. [2013/CJC/I/11]
The curve C has parametric equations

x t2 2 , y t 3 where t .
(i) Sketch the curve C . [1]
The tangent to the curve at point P where t 2 is denoted by l .

(ii) Find the cartesian equation of l . [3]

(iii) The tangent l meets C again at point Q . Use a non-calculator method to show that the
coordinates of Q is 3, 1 . [4]
(iv) nclosed by the curve C and l .
Find the exact area enclosed [4]

Q3 [2013/HCI/II/4]
meetr
tric eequations
tric
A curve C has parametric quat
quatio
ations
ions
S S
x an T ,
tta
tan ecT ,
y 1 ssec for T .
2 2
(a) S
The point P on the curve has pa
para ter D , wh
parameter
rame
mete here
where D 0 . The tangent at P
2
meets the y -axis at the popoint
oin
intt Q , show
w that
tha
hatt the
th area of
o triangle OPQ is given by
1
tan D sin D .
2 [5]
(b) (i) Find a Cartesian equation
ti off C , andd sketch
k t h C , giving
i i the
th coordinates of any stationary
points and the equations of any asymptotes.[4] [4]
(ii) The region bounded by the curve, the lines x 3 , x 3 and the x -axis is rotated
through S radians about the y -axis. Find the volume of the solid obtained numerically. [3]

325
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q4. [2013/RVHS/I/5]
The point P x, y moves along a curve of which equation is given by

2 x y 2 3 x y 2
16 . Find
(i) the gradient of the curve at P, [2]
(ii) the relationship between x and y if the normal at P is parallel to the x-axis, [2]
(iii) the equation of the normal at P where the curve cuts the negative y-axis [3]

Q5. [2013/SRJC/I/10]
(a) Find the coordinates of the point(s) to the curve
2 x 2 xy y 2 9
at which the tangent is parallel to the y – axis. [5]
(b) The curve C has parametric equations
x t 2 t , y 4 t.
(i) The point P on the curve has parameter p. Show that the equation of the tangent at P is
(2 p 1)(4 p y ) x p 2 p . [2]
Hence, show that every tangent to the curve C does not meet the curve again. [3]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/AJC/II/4]
A curve C has parametric equations

x 1 tan 1 t , y 1 tan 1 t where t

, t z 0.
t t
The curve has an oblique asymptote y = ax.
dy
(i) Find in terms of t and show that a = 1.
dx [3]
(ii) Sketch C, showing clearly
learly all the asymptote(s), axial axia
iall intercepts
inte
inter and end points [3]
Hence find the rangee of values of k su such
ch tthat
hatt th
ha thee li
lin
line
ne y kkx does not intersect C. [1]
(iii) Find the equation of tthe
he nnormal
he orma
or mall to C at tthe
ma he ppoint
oint
oi nt w
where
here
he re t =
=1. Hence find the value of
the parameter t at thee ppoint
oiintt w
where
here tthe
here he nnormal
orm
or mal inters
intersects
sects C again
[3]

326
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q2. [2013/PJC/I/8]
The parametric equations of a curve are

x a 3 secT , y a 2 tan T ,
S S
where T and a is a positive constant.
2 2
(i) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve at which the normal is parallel to the line
y + x =1. [3]
(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where T D , simplifying
your answer. [2]
(iii) Hence find the coordinates of the points A and B where this normal meets the x- and y-
axes respectively [2]
(iv) Find a cartesian equation of the locus of the mid-point of AB as D varies. [3]

Rates of Change

Level 1

Q1. [2013/IJC/I/2]
The surface area of a sphere of radius r cm is decreasing at a rate of 2.5 cm2 s−1 at an
instant when r 5 . Calculate the rate of decrease, at this instant, of the volume of the
sphere. [5]
4
[The surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4S r 2 and the volume is S r 3 .]
3

Q2. [2013/JJC/I/10]
ve is x 2 4 xy 2 y 2
The equation of a curve k , where k is a constant
dy
Find in terms of x and y.
(i) dx [2]
(ii) For the case where k 2 2,, fi
find
nd the
the ccoordinates
oordinat
oo natees off ea
each
ach ppoint
o on the curve at which the
tangent is parallel to thee x-axis.
x-ax
axxis.
is. [3]
(iii) For the case where k 2, a poi ppoint
oin
int P
int (x, yy)) moves
P(x, movees alalon
along
ongg th
thee ccurve in such a way that its
x-coordinate is increasing
sing at a cons
constant
sta
tant
n rrate
ate of 2 uunits
nits
ni ts pper
er ssecond.
e Find the exact rate of
change of its y-coordinate
rdinate at ththe
he in
inst
instant
stan
antt when
wh n x = 4 and y = 7. [2]
(iv) Show that for k > 0, every
very linee papara
parallel
rall
llel to th the
he y-axis
y-axxis cuts the curve at two distinct points. [3]

327
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q3. [2013/MJC/II/3]
(a) Each side of an equilateral triangle increases from an initial length of 9 cm at a steady
rate of 0.1 cm s 1 . Find the rate of increase of the area of the equilateral triangle after
30 seconds, giving your answer in exact form. [4]
(b)
y

3 P

O 2
T A
x

The diagram above shows a lline with negative tive gradient that passes through the
point P 2,3 and meets the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively. It is also given that
OAB T radians .
(i) Show that the length AB 2secT 3cosecT . [1]
(ii) Find, using differentiation, the value of T which gives a minimum length of AB. [5]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/DHS/I/11]

P O R x
rvee 4 x 2 xxyy y 2
The point Q(x, y) lies on thee curve
curv
cu 336,
6, wh eree y t 0, as shown in the diagram
where
wher
above. The curve cuts the x-axis
is aatt th
is thee po
poin
points
oin
i ts P and R..
(i) Show that A, the area of triangle PQ QR, is
PQR, i giv
given
ven by y A 3 y. [3]
(ii) dy
Find in terms of x and y.
dx [2]
(iii) Hence find the value of x fofor
or which
whic
wh ich A ha
hass a stationary
stat
st atio
ionary value.
value Using the second derivative
test, determine the nature
ture of th
thi
this
is stationary value. [6]
If x increases at a constant rate of 8 units/s, ffind the rate of change
of A when x = 0. [3]

328
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q2. [2013/MI/II/3]
The functions f and g are defined by
x2
f :xo , x , a x b,
1 2x

g : x o x 2 1, x , x 0.
(i) 1
Find g ( x) and write down the domain of g . 1
[4]
(ii) Solve g( x) g 1 ( x) , leaving your answer in exact form. [2]
(iii) Expand f ( x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3 . State the
minimum value of a and the maximum value of b for the expansion to be valid. [3]
Given that the rate of change of x is 0.25 unit per second, estimate the rate of change of f ( x)
when x 0.4 unit [2]

Q3. [2013/TJC/II/1]
The diagram below shows the points P and Q on the circumference of a circle with centre
O, and radius 2a cm, where POQ T . Points P and Q are moving on the circumference so
that T is increasing at a constant rate.

O
z

z
Pz Q

Find the acute angle T at tthe

he iinstant
nsta
nstan
tant when
nt when the the rate
rate
te of
of change
chaa
ch of the area of the shaded
a
segment is times the
he rate of change
chaange
ch ge off th
thee le
length
eng
ngth of the m
minor arc PQ.
2 [5]

329
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Level 3

Q1. [2013/AJC/I/5]
A trough is 8 metres long and its cross sectional ends are in the shape of an isosceles triangle
whose width is 5 metres and height is 2 metres. It is held in the position as shown in the
figure by stands of the same height. At time t seconds, the height of the water in the trough is
h metres and the width of the water surface is w metres. The trough is initially empty and water

is being pumped in at a constant rate of 5 m3 /s.

8
5
2
w h

5
(i) Show that w h . Hence find the volume of the water in the trough in terms of h.
2 [2]
(ii) Find the rate of change of h at t = 2. [3]
From t = 2, the rate at which water is being pumped into the trough is changed to 2h m3/s.
(iii) Find the total time taken for the trough to be completely filled [3]

Q2. [2013/SAJC/I/10]

In the diagram above,

e, the curvee C ha
hass pa
para
parametric
ame
metric
i equat
equation x 2a cos3 t , y 2a sin 3 t ,
S
where 0 d t d .In thee x-y
- pl
plane,
plan
ane,
e, tthe
he ori
origin
igi
ginn is O and
and the vvariable point P lies in the first
2
quadrant such that OPP = a andd O
OP P makess aan n angle T with the
t positive x-axis.
(i) he tangent to C at the point where t T .
Find the equation of the [4]
(ii) S
Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of P. Hence, show that, as T varies from 0 to ,
2
S
the locus of P touches C at the point where t = .
4 [5]

330
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

The variable point Q is such that it lies on the positive x-axis and OP = PQ = a.
S
Find at the point where T = , the rate of change of the area of triangle POQ when T is
(iii) 6
increasing at a rate of 0.5 radian/sec. [4]

Maxima & Minima

Level 1

Q1. [2013/HCI/I/3]
There are two particles A and B with particle A at 13, 0 and particle B at 0, 9 with
respect to origin O . A moves towards O at a constant speed of u cm s 1 in the positive x
4
direction and B moves towards O at a constant speed of u cm s 1 in the positive y -
3
direction (see diagram).

Show that, after a time of t seconds, the distance between A and B is given by
§ 25 2 2 ·
¨
u t 50ut 250 ¸ cm.
© 9 ¹ [2]
Find the coordinates of A andnd B at the instant when the two particles
part are closest. [4]

Q2. [2013/IJC/II/1]
The curve C has equation
2 y ax 2 ay 2 x ,
2

where a 0 . It is given thatt C has only oone

ne tturning
urning
ur g ppoint.
oint
nt.

2
(i) Show that the turning point of C sa
satisfies
sat
tisfiess th uattion 2y ax
thee equation
equa
eq .
a [3]
2
§ dydy ·
2
d y ¨2 a¸
©
dx ¹ . Determine whether the turning point is a maximum or
(ii) Show that
dx 2 4 y 2ax a
minimum. [4]

331
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q3. [2013/JJC/I/9]

2x
2x

The diagram shows a decoration in the shape of an octahedron, which is made by covering a
wire frame tightly with coloured paper.
The frame consists of twelve straight pieces of wire, joined at their ends to form two identical
right pyramids with a square base of side 2x cm and slant edges of l cm.
Given that the total length of the wire used is 200 cm, use differentiation to find the value of x
that makes the total surface area of the octahedron maximum.

Q4. [2013/MI/II/4]
(i) 6
Sketch the curve y , showing clearly any asymptotes and any points where the
2
x 2
curve crosses the axes. [2]
(ii) By sketching another curve on the graph in part (i), solve the inequality
6
t ln x 2 1 .
x 2
2
[3]
(iii) d § 6 ·
Find ¨ ¸
dx © x 2 2 ¹ [2]
(iv) Hence find the minimum mum and maxim
maximum
mum values
val
alue
uess of the
the gra
gradient
ad of the tangent to the
6
curve y , leaving
av
viin
ng your
your answer
ans
nswe
wer inn exact
we exa
xact for
form
rm
x 2
2
[6]

332
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q5. [2013/NYJC/I/2]
A company manufactures containers in the shape of a right cone. Each container is made from
a thin flat sheet of metal in the shape of a sector of a circle, with radius a cm and angle T
radians (see Diagram 1).
The two straight sides of each metal sector are then joined together, without overlap, to form a
cone with height h cm and radius r cm (see Diagram 2).

Diagram 1 Diagram 2
(i) Express r in terms of a , T and S . [2]
a 6T 4
4
(ii) Hence, show that the volume, V of a container is given by V 2 4S 2 T 2 .
576S [2]
(iii) Find, in exact form, the maximum volume of the container if the sector of the circle has
a radius of 2 cm as T varies. [4]
[Note: There is no need to show that the volume is a maximum.]

Q6. [2013/NJC/I/6]

River C B

10 m
A

100 m
In a fantasy land, a sheep att point A wi wishes
ish
shees tto
o ge
ggett tto the
th
he greener
h gre
reen
eneer grass at point B. In order to
get there, it has to swim across
ross the sstill
till
ti ll river
riv
iveer att an angangle
nglel T to getg to a variable point C first
before walking to point B. The sh sheep
hee
eepp ca
can n swim im aatt a spspeeed of 2 m s1 in water and walk at a
speed
speed of 4 m s1 on land.
(i) Find AC in terms of T . [1]
Show that the total time
i ttaken,
k t seconds, d ffor th the sheep
h tto get to point B from point A is
(ii) 5
given by t 25 cosT 2 .
2sin T [3]
Using differentiation, find the shortest travelling time the sheep can take to get to point
(iii)
B from point A [4]

333
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q7. [2013/TPJC/I/6]
A manufacturer needs to make a closed cylindrical can that will hold 1500 cm3 of liquid. The
radius of the circular base is r cm and the height of cylinder is h cm. Given that the amount of
material required in making the can is A cm2, find, using differentiation, the values of r and h
which give a minimum A cm2. [7]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/ACJC/I/8]
(a) x2 2 x
It is given that f(x) = .
ex
Find the range of values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is concave upwards. [3]
Hence sketch the graph of y = f(x), indicating clearly the equations of any asymptotes
and the coordinates of any stationary points and any intersections with the axes. [3]
(b) The diagram shows a circular cylinder with a ten-centimetre long rod passing through
the centre C of the cylinder and joining one rim to the other rim. The curved side of the
cylinder is perpendicular to the horizontal and the radius of each horizontal circular
face is r cm. The cylinder is made of thin cardboard and is closed at both ends.

(i) Show that the area, A square centimetres, of the cardboard used is given by
A = 2πr2 + 4πr (25 r2). [1]
(ii) By sketching an appropriate
ropriate graph or otherwise, find, as r varies, the value of r that
gives the greatest possible
ssible value of A. [2]

334
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Q2. [2013/VJC/II/1]
A trekker is standing at point A, on the edge of a very slow-moving river which is 1 km wide.
He wishes to return to his camp-ground at point D on the opposite side of the river, located 1
km downstream from the point B that is directly across where he is currently situated (refer to
the diagram below). He swims at a speed of 4 km per hour and walks at a speed of 6 km per
hour. It may be assumed that the current has insignificant impact on his swim across the river.
1 km

B x km C D

1 km

A
The trekker swims across the river from A to C, which is x km from B. He then walks along
the bank of the river from C to his camp-ground at D.

Using differentiation, calculate, in hours, the shortest travelling time taken by the trekker to
travel from A to D. [5]

Q3. [2013/YJC/I/9]
(i) An open container is made in the form of an upright prism with an equilateral
triangular base of side x, and height h. Each unit of area of the base costs a and
each unit of area of the sides costs b, where a and b are constants. The total cost of
the container is a fixed amount c.

Prove that the capacity, V, of the container is

3
48b

x 4c 3ax 2 . [3]
c
(ii) Hence show that V iss maximum when
wheen the
the cost
cost of
of the
th base
se is .
3 [4]

335
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Level 3

Q1. [2013/RVHS/II/2]
r
A B

E F
½x x

H G

D C
The diagram above shows ws a ssquare piece of cardboard
ard AB
ABCD of side x cm, with a square
1
EFGH of side x cm removed from the centre. Two circular drops of water landed on the
2
cardboard, one centred at B and the other centred at D. Both droplets spread out, with each
radius r cm increasing at a rate of 0.5 cm s–1.
(i) Given that the drop of water which landed at B takes 10 seconds to reach F, show that
before the drop of water reaches F, the area of the cardboard which is dry, S cm2, is
1
given by S 150 πr 2 .
2 [3]
(ii) Upon the start of the spreading of the water droplets, determine the minimum value of
S during the first 4 seconds and the rate at which S is changing at the end of the 4th
second, giving your answers in terms of π . [4]
(iii) Comment on the suitability of using the same method to find the rate at which S is
changing, when r 6 . [1]

336
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Techniques of Differentiation

Level 1
1. 40 2 40 2
or
31 31
Level 2
1. 1
2. (a)(i) a 3, b 2, c 2.
x 1 x
2 2

(ii)

(iii)^ mk : 0 mk d 3`
(b) ^c : c t 2`
3. (i) x 2 and x 2 (ii) no stationary points (iii) 10.0

Tangents & Normals

Level 1
3
1. (ii) 1, 0 or 16, 12 ((iv)
iv) p
4
Level 2
dy 2 t2 (i i) y 3x 10
(ii)
(a) , t = 2 b) 0.938
(b)
1. dx 2 t2 2.
7
x y 4 x y 8 ; x 2 y 2
2 2
8 (iv)
v) 2
10
units 2
uni

337
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

(b)(i) y (sin D ) x cos D 1 7x y

(i)
x 4y

(ii) x 4y
y 1 x
y 1 x (0, 2) (iii) y 4 x 2

3. 4.

x
O
23
(b)(ii) S or 24.1 unit 3
3
5. (a) (2, 1) and (–2, –1)
Level 3
dy
(i) 2t 2 1
dx
(ii) y
y=x
(i) 3a, 2a
§ 3· § 5a ·
(ii) y ¨¨ ¸¸ sin D x ¨ ¸ tan D
1. x © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
1.72 O 1.72
§ § 5a · ·
2. (iii) A is ¨ ¨ ¸ sec D , 0 ¸ ;
©© 3 ¹ ¹
§ § 5a · ·
B is ¨ 0, ¨ ¸ tan D ¸
© © 2¹ ¹
For y = kx not to intersect thee curve, 12 x 2 8 y 2 = 25a 2
(iv) 12x
k t 1 or k d 1

3 y 1 S
4 x 1 S4 , t = - 8.8.4141
Rates of Change
Level 1
2y x
(i)) (ii) (2, 1) and (2, 1)
2( y x)
1. 6.25 cm3 s−1 2.
10
(iii) (units/s)
(uni
3
dA 3 3
3. (a) cm2s 1 (b)(ii) T 0.853
dt 5

338
Topic 11 Differentiation & its Applications

Level 2
(i) f 1 ( x) x 1, x ! 1
dy 8x y
(ii) 1 5
dx x 2y (ii) x
1. 2. 2
3
(iii) A is maximum at x
; Area of the (iii) 20 x 10 x2 5x 2 ...
3

5 1 1
triangle decreases at a rate of 12 units2/s Min a and Max b ; 1.65 units/sec
2 2
S
3. T
3
Level 3
dh 1 (i) y ( tan T ) x 2a sin T
(i) V = 10 h2 (ii) m/s
1. dt 4 2. a2
(ii) x 2 y 2 a2 (iii)
(iii) 12 seconds 4

Maxima & Minima

Level 1
1. A (4, 0) and B (0, 3) 2. Maximum point
(ii) 1.95 d x d 1.95, x z 1, x z 1
12 x
25 (iii)
3. x 4. ( x 2) 2
2

3
27 2 27 2
(iv) m max ; m min
16 3 16 3
aT 16 3 10 S
5. (i) r (ii) S 6. AC ;T ; 29.3
2S 27 sin T 3
7. r = 6.20, h = 12.4
Level 2
(i) x < 33 or x > 3 + 3
y

1. 2. 0.353
0.3
353 hours
hours
(3.41, 0.159)
0 2 x
(0.586,-0.461)
Asymptote: y = 0

(ii) 4.25
Level 3
dS
1 (ii) 2 75 S cm2, π cm2s-1 (iii) Not suitable
dt

339
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7HFKQLTXHVRI'LIIHUHQWLDWLRQ
7HFKQLTXHVRI'LIIHUHQWLDWLRQ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. ΀ϮϬϭϯͬZ/ͬ/ͬϰ΁
/ƚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚǆĂŶĚǇƐĂƚŝƐĨǇƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
§ y2 ·
y 4 − ln ¨ ¸ = x 4 − 6 x 2 , y > 0.
© 4 ¹

RP
d y 2 xy ( x 2 −3)
(i) ^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ = .
dx 2 y4 −1 [3]
dy

UF
(ii) ,ĞŶĐĞŽďƚĂŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĞǆĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞ;ƐͿŽĨ ǁŚĞŶ y = 2 ͘
dx [3]
Solution
§ y2 ·
;ŝͿ
SH y − ln ¨ ¸ = x 4 − 6 x 2
4

dy 2 dy
P

4y 3 − = 4 x3 − 12 x
dx y dx
dy § 4 y 4 − 2 ·
[D

¨ ¸ = 4 x − 122 x
3

dx © y ¹
dy 4 xy ( x 2 −3) 2 xyy ( x 2 −3)
= =
XH

dx 2 ( 2 y 4 − 1) 2 y4 −1

;ŝŝͿ
DV

ĞŶ y = 2,
tŚĞŶ
16 = x 4 − 6 x 2
NL

( x 2 − 8 )(
) x2 + 2) = 0
x2 = 8 or x 2 = −2 (reject
reject as x 2 ≥ 0)
x = ±2 2.

,ĞŶĐĞ͕

340
ͳͳ Ƭ

( )
dy 4 2 2 (8 − 3)
= or
( )
4 −2 2 (8 − 3)
dx 2(16) − 1 2(16) − 1
40 2 40 2
= or − .
31 31

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

341
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. ΀ϮϬϭϯͬs:ͬ/ͬϭϬ΁
(a) dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
π π
x = 3 cos t ͕ y = 3sin t ͕ĨŽƌ −
≤ t ≤ .
2 2
(i) ^ŬĞƚĐŚ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůǇƚŚĞĞǆĂĐƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĂǆŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚƐ͘ [2]
(ii) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞǆĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶďŽƵŶĚĞĚďǇĂŶĚƚŚĞǇʹĂǆŝƐ͘ [5]
(b) (i) ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚĞ 1 − x2 ǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽǆ͘ [2]
1
π
³
1
(ii) ^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ 2
cos −1 x dx = +1− ͘

RP
0 4 2 2 [3]
(iii) dŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵďĞůŽǁƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞǁŝƚŚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ y = cos −1 x . dŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶďŽƵŶĚĞĚ
dŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶďŽƵŶĚĞ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶďŽ
π
ďǇƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ͕ƚŚĞůŝŶĞ y = ĂŶĚƚŚĞǇͲĂǆŝƐŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďǇZ͘
Z͘
2

UF
SH
SD

ůƵƚŝŽŶǁŚĞŶ
ŽŶǁŚĞŶZZ ŝƐƌŽ
ŝƐ
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞǆĂĐƚǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƌĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶǁŚĞŶZŝƐƌŽƚĂƚĞĚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǆͲĂǆŝƐ͘ [4]
P

^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ
[D

;ĂͿ;ŝͿ
y

( 0,3)
( 3, 0 ) x
XH

( 00,, −3)

DV

342
ͳͳ Ƭ

;ŝŝͿ
3
Area = ³−3 x dy
π
= ³ 2π 3 cos t ( 3cos t ) dt
−
2
π
= 3 3 ³ 2π cos2 t dt
−
2
π
cos 2t + 1
= 3 3´
2
µ dt
¶− π 2
2
π
ª sin 2t t º 2
=3 3« + »

RP
¬ 4 2 ¼−π
2
§ π § π ··
= 3 3 ¨¨ − ¨ − ¸ ¸¸
© 4 © 4 ¹¹

UF
§π ·
= 3 3¨ ¸
©2¹
3 3π
SH = unit 2
2
;ďͿ;ŝͿ
1 −1
d
1− x2( ) =
1
1 − x2( ) ( −2 x )
SD
2 2
dx 2
−1
= − x 1− x2 ( ) 2
P

;ŝŝͿ
1
1
1 ´ 2 x
x dx = ª¬ x coss x º¼ 2
[D

2 cos −1 −1
−µ −
³0 0 ¶0 1 − x2
dx
1
1 §π · ª 2º 2
= ¨ ¸ − 1− x »
2 © 4 ¹ ¬«
XH

¼0
π §¨ 1 ·
= − − 1¸
4 2 ¨© 2 ¸
¹
DV

π 1
= +1−
4 2 2
;ŝŝŝ
;ŝŝŝͿ
NL

2
1 § π · § 1 ·
Volume = π ³0 y
Volum
V 2 2
dx − π ¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
¨
© 2 ¸
¹ © 2 ¸¹
1
π2
= π ³0 2 cos −1 x dx −
4 2
π 2
π π 2
= +π − −
4 2 2 4 2
π
=π − unit 3
2

343
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2. ΀ϮϬϭϯͬs:ͬ//ͬϮ΁
ax 2 + bx + c
dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ y = ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂ͕ďĂŶĚĐĂƌĞŶŽŶͲǌĞƌŽĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ͘
x −1
(a) § 23 ·
/ƚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ ¨ 3, ¸ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƉŽŝŶƚĂƚ ( 2, 10 ) ͘
© 2 ¹
(i) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĂ͕ďĂŶĚĐ͘ [3]
(ii) ^ŬĞƚĐŚ͕ŐŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĂŶǇƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ĂǆĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨĂŶǇĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ͘ [3]
(iii) m
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨ ͕ǁŚĞƌĞŵĂŶĚŬĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ
ĂƚƚŚĞĐ
ŚĞĐ
k
x 2 ( y − 1)

RP
2

ǁŝƚŚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ 2 − = 1 ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ͘
k m2 [2]
(b) /ŶƚŚĞĐĂƐĞǁŚĞŶ a = −1 ĂŶĚ b = −1 ͕ĨŝŶĚƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ
ǁŚĞƌĞ c ≠ 2 ͕ƐƵ
Đ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ͕ƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ
ŚĂƐŶŽƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚ͘ [3]

UF

^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ
;ĂͿ;ŝͿ
y=
SH ax 2 + bx + c
x −1

23 a ( 3) + 3b + c
2

^ŝŶĐĞƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ §¨ 3, 23 ¸· , = 9a + 3b + c = 23
SD
© 2 ¹ 2 3 −1
a ( 2 ) + 2b + c
2

ƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ ( 2, 10 ) ƚŽŽ͕ƐŽ
ŽŽ͕ƐŽ 10 = 4a + 2b + c = 10
2 −1
P

dy
ƉŽŝŶƚ͕
ƚ͕
^ŝŶĐĞ;Ϯ͕ϭϬͿŝƐĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƉŽŝŶƚ͕ ǁŚĞŶ x = 2 ͘
= 0 ǁŚĞŶ
ǁ
dx
dy ( 2ax + b )( x − 1) − ( ax + bx + c ) (1)
2
[D

=
( x − 1)
2
dx
ax 2 − 2ax − b − c
=
( x − 1)
2
XH

^Ž 0 = 4a − 44aa − b − c b + c = 0.
ŶŐƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞĞƋƵĂƚ
ŚĞƚŚƌĞĞĞƋƵĂƚ ƵĂƚŝŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ'͕ a = 33, b = −2,
^ŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ'͕ 2 c = 2.
;ŝŝͿ
ŝͿ
DV

3x 2 − 2 x + 2
y=
x −1
NL

WĞƌĨŽƌŵ
WĞ
WĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐůŽŶŐĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕
ƐŝŽŶ͕
3x + 1
x − 1 3 x 2 − 2 x + 2
3x2 − 3x
x+2
x −1
3
3
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ y = 3 x + 1 +
x −1

344
ͳͳ Ƭ

( 2,10 )
3x 2 − 2 x + 2
y=
x −1

x 2 ( y − 1)
2

− =1
k2 m2

RP
O

UF
( 0, −2 )

y = 3x + 1
SH
;ŝŝŝͿ
x 2 ( y − 1)
2
m
− = 1 ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐĂŚǇƉĞƌďŽůĂƚŚĂƚŚĂƐĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐǁŝƚŚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
ŚĂƚŚĂƐĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ
ŚĂƐĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞ y = 1 ± x ͘
SD
k2 m2 k
&ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂƉŚ͕ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐ ĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ͕
ǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ͕ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ŽƚĞƐ͕ ǁĞ
ĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞǁŝƚŚƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŚǇƉĞƌďŽůĂŵƵƐƚďĞĂƚŵŽƐƚϯŝĨƚŚĞƚǁŽŐƌĂƉŚƐ
ĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŚǇƉĞƌďŽ
ŽĨƚŚĞŚǇƉĞ
P

ĂƌĞŶŽƚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ͘
ŽĨ mk ŝƐ { mk ∈ \ : 0 < mk ≤ 3} .
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨ
;ďͿ
[D

− x2 − x + 2
tŚĞŶĐсϮ͕ y = ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ͕ y = − x − 2, x ≠ 1 ĂŶĚŚĂƐŶŽƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚ͘
ďĞĐŽ
ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ
x −1

XH

dy − x 2 + 2 x + 1 − c
&ƌŽŵŽƵƌǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƉĂƌƚ;ŝͿ͕ǁŚĞŶ
ŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƉĂƌƚ
ƉĂƌƚ;ŝͿ͕ǁŚĞŶ
ƉĂƌƚ
ƵƌǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƉĂƌƚ
Ɖ a = b = −1, =
( x − 1)
2
dx
DV

dy
^ƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚƐŽ
ŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶ
^ƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĐŽĐĐƵƌǁŚĞŶ
Đ ŽĐĐ
ĐĐƵƌ
Ƶƌ ǁŚĞ
ŚĞŶŶ = 0, ŝ͘Ğ͘ − x 2 + 2 x + 1 − c = 0.
dx

&ŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƚŽ
&ŽƌƚŚĞ
&ŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƚŽďĞ ŶŽƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇ
ƐƚĂƚŝ
ƚŝŝŽŶ
ŽŶĂƌ ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ − x 2 + 2 x + 1 − c = 0 ŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞŶŽƌĞĂů
ĂƌǇ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
ƉŽŝŶ
ƉŽ ŝŶƚƚƐ͕ƚŚ
ŝŶ
NL

ƐŽůƵƚ
ƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐ
ƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐĨŽƌǆ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂŶƚ
ĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĞ ĚŝƐ
ŝƐĐƌ
Đƌŝŵ
ŝŵŝŶ
ŝŶ Ă ƚ 2 2 − 4 ( −1)(1 − c ) < 0.
ŶĂŶ
4 + 4 (1 − c ) < 0
c>2
Đ {c ∈ \ : c ≥ 2} .
^ŽƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĐŝƐ
ŽĨĐŝƐ

345
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q3. [2013/YJC/I/7]
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂĐƵƌǀĞŝƐ y 2 − xy = −1 ͘
(i) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨĂůůƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǇͲĂǆŝƐ͘ [4]
(ii) ^ƚĂƚĞĂŶĚũƵƐƚŝĨǇǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐĂŶǇƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘ [2]
&ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ďŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĂǆĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƌŵĂů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ
(iii)
ƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞǇͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŝƐϮ͘ [5]

^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ
;ŝͿ
y 2 − xy = −1
dy § dy ·

RP
2y − ¨ y + x ¸ = 0
dx © dx ¹
dy
(2 y − x) = y
dx

UF
dy y
=
dx 2 y − x

SH
dĂŶŐĞŶƚƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽǇͲĂǆŝƐŝŵƉůŝĞƐ 2 y − x = 0
y=
x
2
SD
2
§ x· §x·
¨ ¸ − x ¨ ¸ = −1
©2¹ ©2¹
1
− x 2 = −1
P

4
x2 = 4
[D

x = ±2
ŽĨƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƐ
ĂŶŐĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ
,ĞŶĐĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ Ăƌ x = 2 ĂŶĚ x = −2
;ŝŝͿ
XH

dy y
=
dx 2 y − x
dy
Ğ = 0 ŝŵƉůŝĞ ĞƐ y = 0 ͘
DV

,ĞŶĐĞ
ĞŶĐĞ ŝŝŵƉůŝĞƐ
dx
Ƶƚ y 2 − xyx = −1 ͘
dŚƵƐ y = 0 LHS = 0 ≠ RHS H
RHS
NL

,ĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘
,ĞŶĐ
,ĞŶĐĞƚ ƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŝŶƚƚƐ
ƚƐ͘
;ŝŝŝͿ
ŝͿ
2 − 2 x = −1
2

5
x=
2

5 dy 2 4
x = ͕ y = 2 = =
2 dx 2 2 − 5 3
( )
2

346
ͳͳ Ƭ

3
,ĞŶĐĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨŶŽƌŵĂůŝƐ − ͘
4

3§ 5·
y−2 = − ¨x− ¸
4© 2¹
3 31
ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŶŽƌŵĂů͗ y = − x +
4 8
31
x =0 y = = 3.875
8
31
y =0 x= = 5.16
6
1 § 31 · § 31 ·
,ĞŶĐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƌĞŐŝŽŶ = ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
2 © 6 ¹© 8 ¹
961
= = 10.0 ( 3 s.f.)
96

347
ͳͳ Ƭ

7DQJHQWV 1RUPDOV
7DQJHQWV 1RUPDOV

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/NYJC/II/4]
dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ

x = t 2 ͕ y = t 2 − t ͘
(i) ŶŐĞŶ
dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƉ͘^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚĂƚWŝƐ
2 py = ( 2 p − 1) x − p ͘
2
[3]

RP
(ii) § 3·
/ĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚĂƚWƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ ¨ 4, ¸ ͕ƵƐĞĂŶŽŶͲĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŽƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽĨŝŶĚ
ƵůĂƚŽƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽĨŝ
ŽƌŵĞƚŚŽĚ
© 2¹
ƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨW͘ [2]
(iii) dŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚĂƚWŵĞĞƚƐƚŚĞůŝŶĞ y = x ĂƚĂŶĚƚŚĞǇͲĂǆŝƐĂƚ͘^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨ
ƚ͘^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ŽǁƚŚĂ

UF
1
ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞKŝƐ p 3 ͕ǁŚĞƌĞKŝƐƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶ͘
4 [3]
ƚƐǆͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŝƐŝ
ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ
(iv) /ĨƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWŵŽǀĞƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚŝƚƐǆͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂ
SH
ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƌĂƚĞŽĨϮƵŶŝƚƐƉĞƌƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕ĨŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨ
ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞKǁŚĞŶWŝƐĂƚ (16,12 ) ͘
ĂƚĞŽĨŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŚ
ŽĨŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽ
[4]
SD
Solution
;ŝͿ
P

x = t2
dx
= 2t
dt
[D

y = t2 − t
dy
= 2t − 1
XH

dt
d y 2t − 1
=
dx 2t
W ( p 2 , p 2 − p ) ͕͕
DV

ƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚW
ƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ
ŚĞƉŽŝŶƚW
d y 2 p −1
=
dx 2p
NL

2 p −1
y − ( p2 − p ) = ( x − p2 )
2p
2 py − ( 2 p 3 − 2 p 2 ) = ( 2 p − 1) ( x − p 2 )
2 py − 2 p3 + 2 p 2 = ( 2 p − 1) x − 2 p 3 + p 2
2 py = ( 2 p − 1) x − p 2
;ŝŝͿ

348
ͳͳ Ƭ

3 § 1 · p
= ¨1 − ¸ ( 4) −
2 © 2p ¹ 2
3 2 p
= 4− −
2 p 2
p −5p + 4 = 0
2

( p − 1)( p − 4 ) = 0
p = 1 Žƌ p = 4

,ĞŶĐĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨW͗
(1, 0 ) Žƌ (16, 12 )

RP
;ŝŝŝͿ

tŚĞŶ y = x ͕
2 px = ( 2 p − 1) x − p 2

UF

x = − p2
,ĞŶĐĞ ( − p 2 , − p 2 )
K
•
SH
tŚĞŶ x = 0 ͕
p
y=− •
2
SD
•
•
§ p·
,ĞŶĐĞ ¨ 0, − ¸
© 2¹
1 2 § p· 1 3
( p ) ¨© 2 ¸¹ = 4 p
P

ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞK =
2
[D

;ŝǀͿ

x = p2
XH

dx dp
= 2p
dt dt
dx dp 1
= 2 =
DV

dt dt p

1 3
͕ S =
NL

ƌĞĂŽ
ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝ
ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞK͕ p
4
dS 3 2 d p
= p
dt 4 dt
3
= p
4
tŚĞŶWŝƐĂƚ (16,12 ) ͕ p = 4 ;ĨƌŽŵ;ŝŝͿͿ
;ĨƌŽŵ;ŝŝͿͿ
dS
= 3 units per second
dt

υτ

349
ͳͳ Ƭ

ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚ͗
1 3
ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞK͕ S = p
4
x = p 2 p = x ;ƌĞũĞĐƚ p = − x ƐŝŶĐĞǁŚĞŶWŝƐĂƚ (16,12 ) ͕ p = 4 ;ĨƌŽŵ;ŝŝͿͿ
1 32
,ĞŶĐĞ S = x
4
dS dS dx
= ⋅
dt dx dt
3 1
= x2 ⋅2
8

RP
3 1
= x2
4
tŚĞŶWŝƐĂƚ (16,12 ) ͕

UF
1
dS 3
= (16 ) 2 = 3 units per second
dt 4

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υυ

350
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1 [2013/ACJC/II/3]
.
ĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
2 2
x = 2+t + ͕ y = 2 − t + ͕
t t
ǁŚĞƌĞƚфϬ͘

;ĂͿ dy
&ŝŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞĞǆĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞ
ĂŶŐĞŶƚƚ
ĞŶƚƚ
dx

RP
ĐƵƌǀĞĂƚƚŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǇͲĂǆŝƐ͘ [4]
;ďͿ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ƚ ĨŽƌ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ;ϭ͕ ϬͿ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
ƚ
ƐŚŽƌƚĞƐƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘ [2]
&ŝŶĚĂĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ͘ [2]

UF
dŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞ ŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ďǇ Ă ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ϯ ƵŶŝƚƐƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ
ŶĞŐĂƚ ǆͲĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ͕
1
ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇĂƐƚƌĞƚĐŚǁŝƚŚƐĐĂůĞĨĂĐƚŽƌ ƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǇͲĂǆŝƐ͘tƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶĂĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶ
ƚŚĞǇǇͲĂǆŝƐ͘tƌŝƚĞĚ
ĂǆŝƐ͘tƌŝƚ
2
ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂĨƚĞƌƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ [2]
SH
Solution
;ĂͿ
SD
2 dx 2
x = 2+t + = 1− 2
t dt t
2 dy 2
y = 2 − t + = −1 − 2
P

t dt t
dy −t 2 − 2 dy 2 + t 2
= 2 Žƌ =
[D

dx t − 2 dx 2 − t 2

ͲĂǆŝƐ Ϯ
ĞůƚŽǇǇͲĂǆŝƐ
dĂŶŐĞŶƚƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽǇͲĂǆŝƐϮ−ƚ Ϯ − ϮсϬ
XH

ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
ŚĂǀĞƚƚ с−√−√Ϯ
−√Ϯ
−
−√
^ŝŶĐĞƚфϬ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞƚс−√Ϯ √Ϯ

DV

ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ŝŶĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĨŽƌŵ͕
ƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ŝŶĂƌƚ
ŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ŝŶ ƐŝĂĂŶ ĨŽ
ĨŽƌŵ
ƌŵ͕͕
( x − 2 )2 − ( y − 2 )2 = 8
dy
NL

2 ( x − 2) − 2 ( y − 2)
=0
dx
dy x − 2 t + 2 / t t2 + 2
= = = 2
dx y − 2 −t + 2 / t −t −t + 2
ĞůƚŽǇͲĂǆŝƐ Ǉ −ϮсϬ
dĂŶŐĞŶƚƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽǇͲĂǆŝƐǇ−ϮсϬ
2
ǇсϮ
2 = 2 − t +
t
ƚ сϮ ƚс−√Ϯ;ĂƐƚфϬͿ
Ϯ

;ďͿ
ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵ;ϭ͕ϬͿƚŽĂŶǇƉŽŝŶƚŽŶĐƵƌǀĞс>

υφ

351
ͳͳ Ƭ

2 2
§ 2 · § 2 ·
>с ¨ 2 + t + − 1¸ + ¨ 2 − t + − 0 ¸
© t ¹ © t ¹
2 2
§ 2· § 2·
с ¨1 + t + ¸ + ¨ 2 − t + ¸
© t¹ © t¹
dL
&ƌŽŵ'͕ = 0 ƚс−Ϭ͘ϵϯϳϴϵϵϵс−Ϭ͘ϵϯϴ;ϯƐĨͿ
dt
d2 L
ĂŶĚ 2 = 8.31 > 0 ƐŚŽƌƚĞƐƚ
dt
4
x+ y−4 =

RP
t
x − y = 2t
( x + y − 4 )( x − y ) = 8

UF
Kƌ x 2 − 4 x − y 2 + 4 y = 8
Kƌ ( x − 2 ) − ( y − 2 ) = 8 ĞƚĐ͘
2 2

SH
dƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞϮƵŶŝƚƐŝŶŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞǆͲĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ
( x + y − 2 )( x − y + 2 ) = 8
Kƌ ( x + 2 ) − 4 ( x + 2 ) − y 2 + 4 y = 8
2
SD

Kƌ x 2 − ( y − 2 ) = 8 ĞƚĐ͘
2

^ƚƌĞƚĐŚǁŝƚŚĨĂĐƚŽƌϭͬϮƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽǇͲĂǆŝƐ
ůƚŽǇǇͲĂǆŝƐ
ͲĂǆŝƐ
P

( x + 2 y − 2 )(( x − 2 y + 2 ) = 8
Kƌ ( x + 2 ) − 4 ( x + 2 ) − 4 y 2 + 8 y = 8
2
[D

Kƌ x 2 − ( 2 y − 2 ) = 8 ĞƚĐ
2
ĞƚĐ
XH

DV
NL

υχ

352
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2 [2013/CJC/I/11]
.
dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ C ŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ

x = t 2 + 2 ͕ y = t 3 ǁŚĞƌĞ t ∈ \ ͘
(i) ^ŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ C ͘ [1]
dŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƚƉŽŝŶƚ P ǁŚĞƌĞ t = 2 ŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďǇ l ͘

(ii) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ l ͘ [3]

(iii) dŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚ l ŵĞĞƚƐ C ĂŐĂŝŶĂƚƉŽŝŶƚ Q ͘hƐĞĂŶŽŶͲĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŽƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ŚŽǁƚŚ
ǁƚŚ
ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨYŝƐ ( 3, −1) ͘ [4]
(iv) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞǆĂĐƚĂƌĞĂĞŶĐůŽƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ C ĂŶĚ l ͘ [4]

Solution

(i)

ǆ
Ϯ

;ŝŝͿ
dy dy dt 1 3
= × = 3t 2 × = t
dx dt dx 2t 2
tŚĞŶ t = 2 ͕ x = 6
y = 8
dy
=3
dx
ŐĞŶ y − 8 = 3 ( x − 6 )
ŽĨƚĂŶŐĞŶƚ͗
ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚĂŶŐĞŶƚ͗
y = 3 x − 10

;ŝŝŝͿ
Ϳ
Ğƚ t = q ĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶ
>Ğƚ ĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶY͘
ĂƚƚŚĞ ĨŝŶ
ŝŶ
ŶƚƚĞĞƌƐƐĞĐƚŝ
ƚŝŽŶ
ŝŽŶ
ŽŶY
Y͘
dŚĞŶƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ ĞĐƚŝ
ƚŝŽŶ
ƚŝ
ŝŽŶ (
ŽŶ ŝƐ q 2 + 2, q 3 ͘
dŚĞŶƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐ
dŚĞŶƚŚĞƉŽ )
^ŝŶĐĞ Q ůŝĞ 3
(
ůŝĞƐŽŶůŝŶĞ l ͕ q = 3 q + 2 − 10
1 2
)
q − 3q + 4 = 0
3 2

^ŝŶĐĞ q = 2 ŝƐĂƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĐƵďŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͕
ŶƚŽƚŚĞĐƵďŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͕
q 3 − 3q 2 + 4 = ( q − 2 ) ( q 2 + aq − 2 )
ŶƚŽĨ q 2 ͕
ŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨ
−2q 2 + aq 2 = −3q 2
∴ a = −1

υψ

353
ͳͳ Ƭ

q 3 − 3q 2 + 4 = 0
( q − 2) ( q2 − q − 2) = 0

( q − 2 )( q − 2 )( q + 1) = 0
q = 2 ( rejected since that is point P ) or q = −1
∴ Q ( 3, −1)
;ŝǀͿ

RP
UF
8
Area = Area of trapezium − ³ x dy
−1

SH=
1
2
( 3 + 6 ) (8 − ( −1) ) − ³−1 x dy
8

x dy = ³ ( t 2 + 2 )( 3t 2 ) dt
8 2
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ³ −1 −1
SD
2
= ³ 3t 4 + 6t 2 dt
−1
2
ª3 º
= « t 5 + 2t 3 »
P

¬5 ¼ −1

ª3 º ª3 º
= « ( 32 ) + 2 ( 23 ) » − « ( −1) + 2 ( −1) »
[D

¬5 ¼ ¬5 ¼
4
= 37 units 2
5
XH

1 4 7
Area = 400 − 37 = 2 uun units 2
2 5 10
DV

υω

354
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q3 [2013/HCI/II/4]
ĐƵƌǀĞ C ŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
π π
x = tan θ , y = 1 + sec θ ͕ĨŽƌ − <θ < ͘
2 2

(a) π
dŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ P ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞ ŚĂƐ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌ α ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ − < α < 0 ͘ dŚĞ ƚĂŶŐĞŶƚ Ăƚ P
2
ŵĞĞƚƐ ƚŚĞ y ͲĂǆŝƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ Q ͕ ƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ OPQ ŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ďǇ
1
− ( tan α + sin α ) ͘
2 [5]

RP
(b) (i) &ŝŶĚĂĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ C ͕ĂŶĚƐŬĞƚĐŚ C ͕ŐŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĂŶǇƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇ
ŽĨĂŶǇƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇ
ŶǇƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨĂŶǇĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ͘΀ϰ΁ [4]
(ii) dŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶďŽƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ͕ƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐ x = − √ 3 ͕ x = √ 3 ĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ŶĚƚŚĞ
ƚŚĞ x ͲĂǆŝƐŝƐƌŽ
ͲĂǆŝƐŝƐƌŽƚĂƚĞĚ
ͲĂǆŝƐ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ π ƌĂĚŝĂŶƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ y ͲĂǆŝƐ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚŶƵŵĞƌŝĐĂůůǇ͘
ĞƐŽůŝĚŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚŶƵ
ŽďƚĂŝŶ [3]

UF
Solution
;ĂͿ
SH
x = tan θ
dx
dθ
= sec2 θ

dy
y = 1 + sec θ = sec θ tan θ
SD
dθ
dy sec θ tan θ sin θ
∴ = = × cos θ = sinn θ
dx sec 2 θ cos θ
P

ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚŝƐ͗
Ǉ
y − (1 + sec α ) = sin α ( x − tann α )
[D

y = (sin α ) x − sin α tan

ann α + sec
se α + 1
W Z
y = (sin α ) x + sec
ec α (11 − sin 2 α ) + 1
Y
XH

y = (sin α ) x + coss α + 1
K
K ǆ

c α +1
At Q, x = 0, y = cos
DV

1
ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐ KW с (OQ
ƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞKWYс Q)))(( PR )
2
1 π
NL

= (1 + cos α )( − tan α ) ( ' − < α < 0 PR = − tan

an α )
2 2
1
= − tan α (1 + cos α )
2
1
= − (tan α + sin α )
2
;ďͿ;ŝͿ
x = tan θ
y = 1 + sec θ sec θ = y − 1
hƐŝŶŐƚƌŝŐŽŶŽŵĞƚƌŝĐŝĚĞŶƚŝƚǇϭнƚĂŶϮθсƐĞĐϮθƚŽĨŝŶĚƚŚĞĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ

υϊ

355
ͳͳ Ƭ

1 + x 2 = ( y − 1) 2

( y − 1) 2 − x 2 = 1, y≥2
dŽĨŝŶĚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ͗ ( y − 1) 2 − x 2 = 0

( yǇ− 1) = x y = 1 ± x ͘
2 2

y = 1+ x
y = 1− x

;Ϭ͕ϮͿ

RP

ǆ
K

UF
π π
KŶůǇƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌŚĂůĨŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝƐƐŬĞƚĐŚĞĚďĞĐĂƵƐĞ − <θ < .
2 2
;ŝŝͿ
SH ϯ
ϯ

Z
SD

Ϯ
ǆ
P

− 3 K 3
tŚĞŶ x = ± 3, ( y − 1) 2 − 3 = 1 y = ±2 + 1 = 3 or − 1.
[D

^ŝŶĐĞǇхϬ͕Ǉсϯ͘
ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚǀŽůƵŵĞ Ğ
сǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌʹǀŽůƵŵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚďǇƌĞŐŝŽŶZ
ĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌʹǀŽůƵŵĞŐ
ĚĞƌʹǀŽůƵ Ő Ǉ Ő
XH

3
с π r 2 h − π ³ x 2dy
2
( 3 ) × 3 − π ³ ª¬( y − 1)) 23
2 3
DV

=π 2
− 1º¼ ddyy = π = 24.1 unit 3
2 3

υϋ

356
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q4. [2013/RVHS/I/5]
dŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ P ( x, y ) ŵŽǀĞƐ ĂůŽŶŐ Ă ĐƵƌǀĞ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ďǇ
( 2 x + y )2 + 3 ( x − y )2 = 16 ͘&ŝŶĚ
(i) ƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƚW͕ [2]
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶǆĂŶĚǇŝĨƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůĂƚWŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǆͲĂǆŝƐ͕ [2]
(iii) ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůĂƚWǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĐƵƚƐƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞǇͲĂǆŝƐ [3]

Solution
;ŝͿ
'ŝǀĞŶ ( 2 x + y ) + 3 ( x − y ) = 16 ͕
2 2

RP
ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚĞŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚůǇǁƌƚǆ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
§ dy · § dy ·
2 ( 2 x + y ) ¨ 2 + ¸ + 6 ( x − y ) ¨1 − ¸ = 0
© d x ¹ © dx ¹

UF
dy
dŚĞŶ͕ ( 2 ( 2 x + y ) − 6 ( x − y ) ) = −4 ( 2 x + y ) − 6 ( x − y )
dx
dy −8 x − 4 y − 6 x + 6 y
=
dx 4 x + 2 y − 6 x + 6 y
SH 2 y − 14 x
=
8 y − 2x
SD
7x − y
=
x − 4y
;ŝŝͿ
P

ƐƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǆͲĂǆŝƐ͕
ŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞ
ƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚ ǆ
ƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůŝƐϬ͘
ĂůŝƐϬ͘
Ϭ͘
^Ž͕ƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚĞŶĚƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ∞͘
ƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚĞŶĚƐƚŽǁ
ŐĞŶƚƚĞŶĚƐ
[D

dy 7 x − y
/͘Ğ͘ = → ∞ x − 4 y → 0 ͘
dx x − 4 y
͕ x = 4 y ͘
XH

dŚƵƐ͕ĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWǁŝƚŚŚŽƌŝǌŽŶƚĂůŶŽƌŵĂů͕
ƉŽŝŶƚWǁŝƚŚŚŽƌŝǌŽ
ƚWǁŝƚŚŚŽ
;ŝŝŝͿ
tŚĞŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĐƵƚƐƚŚĞǇĂǆŝƐ͕ǆсϬ͘
ƚŚĞǇĂǆŝƐ͕ǆсϬ͘
ƚŚĞ
ƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĐƵƚƐƚŚĞ
ĐƵƌǀĞĐƵƚƐƚŚĞŚ ǆ
^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐƵƌǀĞ͗
ďƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĞƋƵĂ
ƚƵƚŝŶŐŝŶƚŽ ĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐƵƌǀĞ͗
DV

( 0 + y )2 + 3 ( 0 − y )2 = 16
16
4 y 2 = 116
NL

dŚƵƐ͕Ǉ
dŚƵƐ͕Ǉ с ǇǇĂǆŝƐͿ
dŚƵƐ͕Ǉс−Ϯ;ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞǇĂǆŝƐͿ ƐͿ
ƵƐ͕ƚ
dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWŝƐ ( 0, −2 ) ͘
EĞǆƚ͕ĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚW͕ŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨŶŽƌŵĂů
ƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨŶŽƌŵĂů
1 8
с− = − = −4
§ 7(0) − ( −2) · 2
¨ 0 − 4( −2) ¸
© ¹
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWŝƐƚŚĞŶ͗
y = −4 x − 2

υό

357
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q5. [2013/SRJC/I/10]
(a) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ;ƐͿƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ
2 x 2 + xy − y 2 = 9
ĂƚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǇʹĂǆŝƐ͘ [5]
(b) ǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
x = t 2 + t , y = 4 − t.
dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚWŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƉ͘^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚĂƚWŝƐ
(i)
(2 p + 1)(4 − p − y ) = x − p 2 − p ͘ [2]
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌǇƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŵĞĞƚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂŐĂŝŶ͘
Ŷ͘ [3]

Solution
§ dy · dy
;ĂͿ 4x + ¨ x + y ¸ − 2 y =0
© d x ¹ dx
4 x + y dy
=
2 y − x dx
Ɛ͕
tŚĞŶƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǇʹĂǆŝƐ͕
2y − x = 0 x = 2y
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ 2(2 y ) + (2 y ) y − y = 9
2 2

8y + 2y − y = 9
2 2 2

^ŽůǀŝŶŐ͕ y = 1 or y = −1.
^ŝŶĐĞǆсϮǇ͕
ǆсϮŽƌǆсʹϮ͘
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐĂƌĞ;Ϯ͕ϭͿĂŶĚ;ʹϮ͕ʹϭͿ͘
ŶĂƚĞƐĂƌĞ;Ϯ͕ϭͿĂŶĚ
ĞƐĂƌĞ;Ϯ͕ϭͿĂ
dx dy
;ďͿ ;ŝͿ = 2t + 1,
1, = −1
dt dt
dy −1
D

=
dx 2t + 1
dy −1
x = p 2 + p , y = 4 − p, = .

ƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚW͕ dx 2 p + 1
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚĂŶŐĞŶƚĂƚW͗
−1
y − (4 − p ) =
2 p +1
( x − ( p 2 + p) )

(2 p + 1)(4
(44 − p − y ) = x − p 2 − p ;ƐŚŽǁŶͿ

;ŝŝͿ &ŽƌƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂŐĂŝŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŵƵƐƚďĞĂŶŽƚŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞ
ƌƚŚĞ ƚĂŶ
ĂŶŐĞ
ŐĞŶƚ
Ŷƚ ƚŽ ŵĞ
ŵ ĞƚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂŐĂŝŶ͕ƚ
ŽĨƚƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ͗
ƚ
ƚƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ͗

(2 p + 1)(4 − p − (4 − t )) = (t 2 + t ) − p 2 − p ͘
(2 p + 1)t − 2 p − p = t + t − p − p
2 2 2

t 2 − 2 pt + p 2 = 0
;ƚʹƉͿϮсϬ

^ŝŶĐĞƚсƉŝƐƚŚĞŽŶůǇƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŶĞǀĞƌǇƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚŵĞĞƚƚŚĞ
ĐƵƌǀĞĂŐĂŝŶ͘
υύ

358
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/AJC/II/4]
ĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ

x = 1 + tan −1 ( t ) ͕ y = 1 − tan −1 ( t ) ǁŚĞƌĞ t ∈ \ ͕ƚ≠Ϭ͘

t t
dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐĂŶŽďůŝƋƵĞĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞǇсĂǆ͘
dy
(i) &ŝŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚĂŶĚƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚĂсϭ͘
dx [3]

RP
(ii) ^ŬĞƚĐŚ͕ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůǇĂůůƚŚĞĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞ;ƐͿ͕ĂǆŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚƐĂŶĚĞŶĚƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ŶƚƐ [3]
,ĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨŬƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůŝŶĞ y = kx ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ͘
ƚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ
ƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ
͘ [1]
(iii) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůƚŽĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚсϭ͘,ĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀ
ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƚĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚƐĂŐĂŝŶ
Ŷ

UF
[3]

Solution
dy
;ŝͿ dx = − 12 + 1 2 ĂŶĚ
SH = − 12 − 1 2
dt t 1+ t dt t 1+ t
dy § dy · dx
=
dx ¨© dt ¸¹ dt ( )
= 2t 2 + 1
SD
∴ ĂƐ
ĂƐǆǆ→±∞
→±∞͕ƚŚĞŐ
^ŝŶĐĞǇсĂǆŝƐĂŶŽďůŝƋƵĞĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞ͕∴ĂƐǆ→±∞͕ƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ
ƚŚ
Ă͘
dy
Ƶƚǆ→±∞ƚ→Ϭ = 2t 2 + 1 → 1 ͕͕∴Ăсϭ;ƉƌŽǀĞĚͿ
∴Ăсϭ;
Ăсϭ
P

dx

[D

;ŝŝͿ
ǇǇ
ǇǇсǆ
сǆ
DV

ǆ
−ϭ͘ϳϮ K ϭ͘ϳϮ

Ɛ t → −∞ ͕ x → 0 − π ĂŶĚ
ĂŶĚ y → 0 + π ͘
͘
2 2
Ɛ t → ∞ ͕ x → 0 + π ĂŶĚ y → 0 − π ͘
2 2

φτ

359
ͳͳ Ƭ

Ǉ
ǇсŬǆ Ǉсǆ &ƌŽŵƚŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ͕
&ŽƌǇсŬǆŶŽƚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ͕
k ≥ 1 or k ≤ −1

ǆ
−ϭ͘ϳϮ K ϭ͘ϳϮ

RP
;ŝŝŝͿ
ƋŶŽĨŶŽƌŵĂůĂƚƚсϭ͕

( )
y − 1− π
4 = −1
( )π

UF
x − 1+ 3
4
( ) (
3 y −1 + π = − x −1 − π
4 4 )

SH
dŽĨŝŶĚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ͕

( ) (
3 1 − tan −1 ( t ) − 1 + π = − 1 + tan −1 ( t ) − 1 − π )
SD
t 4 t 4
4 − 2 tan −1 t − 4 + π = 0
t
() 2

P

hƐŝŶŐ'͕
[D

XH
DV
NL

φυ

360
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2. [2013/PJC/I/8]
dŚĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨĂĐƵƌǀĞĂƌĞ

( ) ( )
x = a 3 sec θ , y = a 2 tan θ ͕
π π
ǁŚĞƌĞ − <θ <
ĂŶĚĂŝƐĂƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͘
2 2
(i) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞůŝŶĞ
Ǉнǆсϭ͘ [3]
(ii) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞ θ = α ͕ƐŝŵƉůŝĨǇŝŶŐǇŽƵƌ
ƉůŝĨǇŝ
ĂŶƐǁĞƌ [2]

RP
(iii) ,ĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚŝƐŶŽƌŵĂůŵĞĞƚƐƚŚĞǆͲĂŶĚǇͲ
ĞĞƚƐƚŚĞ
ƐƚŚĞǆ
ǆͲĂŶĚ
ĂŶ
ĂǆĞƐƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůǇ [2]
(iv) &ŝŶĚĂĐĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŽĐƵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝĚͲƉŽŝŶƚŽĨĂƐ α ǀĂƌŝĞƐ͘
ǀĂƌŝĞƐ͘
ƌŝĞ [3]

Solution

UF
;ŝͿ
( )
x = a 3 sec θ , y = a 2 tan θ ( )
dy
dx
SH
=
a 2 sec2 θ

(
( = ¨¨
)
¸¨
)
§ 2 ·§ 1 ·
¸
a 3 sec θ tan θ © 3 ¸¹ © sin θ ¹
SD
−1 § 3·
Gradient of normal = = − ¨¨ s θ
¸¸ sin
§ 2 ·§ 1 · © 2¹
¨ ¸¨ ¸
© 3 ¹ © sin θ ¹
P

Normal // to line y + x = 1
§ 3·
[D

− ¨¨ ¸¸ sin θ = −1
© 2¹
2
XH

sin θ = ta θ = 2
, secc θ = 33,, ta
tan
3
he point is ( 3a, 2a )
nce the
Hence
DV

;ŝŝͿ
;ŝŝͿ
Equation
quation of tthe required
uired
edd nnormal
orrma
mall is
is
NL

§ 3·
(
y − a 2 tan α = − ¨¨ )
© 2¹
( ( )
i α x − a 3 sec α
¸¸ sin )
§ 3· § 5a ·
y + ¨¨ ¸¸ ( sin α ) x = ¨ ¸ tan α ....... (1)
© 2¹ © 2¹

;ŝŝŝͿ

φφ

361
ͳͳ Ƭ

§ § 5a · ·
Putting y = 0 into eqn (1) A is ¨ ¨ ¸ sec α , 0 ¸
©© 3 ¹ ¹

§ § 5a · ·
Putting x = 0 into eqn (1) B is ¨ 0, ¨ ¸ tan α ¸
© © 2¹ ¹

;ŝǀͿ
§ § 5a · § 5a · ·
Let the mid-point of AB be ( x, y ) = ¨ ¨ ¸ sec α , ¨ ¸ tan α ¸
©© 2 3 ¹ ©2 2¹ ¹
§ 5a · 12 x 2
x=¨ ¸ sec α sec α = 25a 2
2

RP
©2 3¹
§ 5a · 8y2
y=¨ ¸ tan α tan 2
α =
©2 2¹ 25a 2
Now using sec 2 α = 1 + tan 2 α

UF
12 x 2 8 y2
= 1 +
25a 2 25a 2
OR SH
12 x 2 − 8 y 2 = 25a 2
SD

P
[D
XH
DV
NL

φχ

362
ͳͳ Ƭ

5DWHVRI&KDQJH
5DWHVRI&KDQJH
5DWHVRI&KDQJH

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/IJC/I/2]
dŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨĂƐƉŚĞƌĞŽĨƌĂĚŝƵƐƌĐŵŝƐĚĞĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂƌĂƚĞŽĨϮ͘ϱĐŵϮƐоϭĂƚĂŶ
ŝŶƐƚĂŶƚǁŚĞŶ
r = 5 ͘ĂůĐƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞ͕ĂƚƚŚŝƐŝŶƐƚĂŶƚ͕ŽĨƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘
ŚĞƌ [5]
4
΀dŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨĂƐƉŚĞƌĞŽĨƌĂĚŝƵƐƌŝƐ 4π r 2 ĂŶĚƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŝƐ π r 3 ͘΁
͘΁
3

Solution
dA
A = 4π r 2 = 8π r
dr
4 dV
V = π r3 = 4π r 2
3 dr

tŚĞŶƌсϱ͕
dr dr dA 1
= = <( −2.5) = −0.0198943
943
dt dA dt 8π ( 5)

tŚĞŶƌсϱ͕
dV dV dr
= 4π ( 5 ) <( −0.0198943) = −6.25
2
= 6
dt dr dt

ϯ
dŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƉŚĞƌĞĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂŶƚǁŚĞŶƌсϱŝƐϲ͘ϮϱĐŵ
ĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞǀŽůƵ
ĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞ
оϭ
Ɛ ͘

φψ

363
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2. [2013/JJC/I/10]
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂĐƵƌǀĞŝƐ x 2 − 4 xy + 2 y 2 = k ͕ǁŚĞƌĞŬŝƐĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ
(i) dy
&ŝŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨǆĂŶĚǇ͘
dx [2]
(ii) &ŽƌƚŚĞĐĂƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ k = −2, ĨŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞ
ƚĂŶŐĞŶƚŝƐƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǆͲĂǆŝƐ͘ [3]
(iii) &ŽƌƚŚĞĐĂƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ k = 2, ĂƉŽŝŶƚW;ǆ͕ǇͿŵŽǀĞƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŝŶƐƵĐŚĂǁĂǇƚŚĂƚŝƚƐ
ǆͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƌĂƚĞŽĨϮƵŶŝƚƐƉĞƌƐĞĐŽŶĚ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞǆĂĐƚƌĂƚĞŽĨ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŝƚƐǇͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂŶƚǁŚĞŶǆсϰĂŶĚǇсϳ͘ [2]
ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚƉŽ
ƐƚŝŶĐƚƉŽ
(iv) ^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚĨŽƌŬхϬ͕ĞǀĞƌǇůŝŶĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǇͲĂǆŝƐĐƵƚƐƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĂƚƚǁŽĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘ [3]

RP
Solution
;ŝͿ
x 2 − 4 xy + 2 y 2 = k

UF
§ dy · dy
2x − 4 ¨ y + x ¸ + 4 y =0
© dx ¹ dx

SH dy
( 4 y − 4x)
dx
= 4 y − 2x

dy 4 y − 2 x
=
SD
dx 4 y − 4 x
2y − x
=
2( y − x)
P

;ŝŝͿ
[D

&Žƌ k = −2, x 2 − 4 xyy + 2 y 2 = −2 " (1)

(1
dy
ĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞ
ĞůƚŽƚŚĞǆǆͲĂǆŝƐ
&ŽƌƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞǆͲĂǆŝƐ͕ = 0
dx
XH

2y − x = 0

x = 2 y " (2)
DV

^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ;ϮͿ
^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ
^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ;ϮͿŝŶƚŽ;ϭͿ͕
ŶƚŽ
ŶƚŽ ;ϭ
ϭͿ͕
Ϳ͕
4 y 2 − 8 y 2 + 2 y 2 = −2

y2 = 1
NL

y = −1 or 1

x = −2 or 2
ƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐĂƌĞ ( −2,
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐĂƌĞ 2 −1) and (2, 1)

;ŝŝŝͿ
&Žƌ k = 2, x 2 − 4 xy + 2 y 2 = 2.
dx
ƚǆсϰĂŶĚǇсϳ͕ = 2,
dt

φω

364
ͳͳ Ƭ

dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
2(7) − 4
= ×2
2(7 − 4)

10
= (units/s)
3
;ŝǀͿ
&ŽƌŬхϬ͕ x 2 − 4 xy + 2 y 2 = k " (3)
>ŝŶĞͬͬƚŽǇͲĂǆŝƐ͗ x = a , a ∈ \ " (4)

RP
^Ƶď;ϰͿŝŶƚŽ;ϯͿ͗ a 2 − 4ay + 2 y 2 = k
2 y 2 − 4ay + a 2 − k = 0

ŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂŶƚ ( −4a ) 2 − 4(2)(a 2 − k )

UF
= 8a 2 + 8k > 0 ƐŝŶĐĞ a 2 ≥ 0 and k > 0 ͘
∴ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ Ϯ ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚ ƌĞĂů ƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƌ ǇǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚƵƐ
ƚŚƵ Ϯ ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŽĨ
SH
ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ͘
SD

P
[D
XH
DV
NL

φϊ

365
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q3. [2013/MJC/II/3]
(a) ĂĐŚƐŝĚĞŽĨĂŶĞƋƵŝůĂƚĞƌĂůƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŶŝŶŝƚŝĂůůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨϵĐŵĂƚĂƐƚĞĂĚǇ
ƌĂƚĞŽĨϬ͘ϭĐŵ s −1 ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĞƋƵŝůĂƚĞƌĂůƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĂĨƚĞƌ
ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ͕ŐŝǀŝŶŐǇŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌŝŶĞǆĂĐƚĨŽƌŵ͘ [4]
(b) Ǉ

ϯ W

RP

ǆ
K θ
Ϯ

UF
dŚĞ ĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ ĂďŽǀĞ ƐŚŽǁƐ Ă ůŝŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ ŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ ĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĂƐƐĞƐ
ƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ ƉĂƐƐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ
ƉĂ
ƉŽŝŶƚ W ( 2,3) ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƚƐ ƚŚĞ ǆͲĂǆŝƐ ĂŶĚ ǇͲĂǆŝƐ Ăƚ
ĂŶĚ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůǇ͘
ƌĞƐƉĞ
ƌĞ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ
ŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ ∠OAB = θ radians ͘
(i)
(ii)
SH
^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚ AB = 2 sec θ + 3cosecθ ͘
&ŝŶĚ͕ƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ θ ǁŚŝĐŚŐŝǀĞƐĂŵŝŶŝŵ
ǁŚŝĐŚŐŝǀĞƐĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨ͘
ŚŐŝǀĞƐĂŵ
[1]
[5]
SD
Solution
;ĂͿ
ǆ ǆ
P

ǆ
>ĞƚƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĞƋƵŝůĂƚĞƌĂůƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞďĞǆĐŵĂŶĚ
ĞƐĂŶĚĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĞ
ƌĞĂŽĨƚ cm 2 ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůǇ͘

dx
Ŷ͗ = 0.1
XH

'ŝǀĞŶ͗ 0.
dt
dA
dŽĨŝŶĚ͗
ŽĨŝŶĚ͗ hhe x = 12 cm
when
wh
w
whe
dt
DV

dA dx dA
ŚĂŝŶZƵůĞ͗
ŚĂŝŶ
ŚĂŝŶZƵůĞ = ×
dt dt dx
1 π
A= ( x )( x ) sin ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕
ůƚĞƌŶ
ƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕
NL

2 3
2
A=
3 2 §x· 3x 2
x h = x −¨ ¸ =
2
4 ©2¹ 4

1 § 3x 2 · 3 2
∴ A = ( x)¨ ¸= x
2 ¨ ¸ 4
© 4 ¹

φϋ

366
ͳͳ Ƭ

dA 3
= x
dx 2

dA 3
At x = 12, = (12 ) = 6 3
dx 2
dA 3 3
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ = 0.1× 6 3 = cm 2s −1.
dt 5
;ďͿ;ŝͿ
AB = BP + PA
2 3
AB = +
cos θ sin θ

RP
AB = 2sec θ + 3cosecθ ( shown )
;ŝŝͿ
>ĞƚůĞŶŐƚŚďĞ A ͘
A = 2sec θ + 3cosecθ

UF
dA
= 2sec θ tan θ − 3cosecθ cot θ
dθ

dA
SH
ƚƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚ;ƐͿ͕
=0
dθ
SD
2sec θ tan θ − 3 cosecθ cot θ = 0
Since θ is acute, using GC, θ = 00.85277 0.85 ( 3 s.f )
277 = 0.853
85277
5277

P

θ 0.85277 − 0.85277
85277
277 00.85277
0.8527
8 +

[D

dA

dθ
XH

ůĞŶŐƚŚ
Ś ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ θ = 0.853 ( 3 s.f ) ͘
,ĞŶĐĞůĞŶŐƚŚŝƐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ
ŵŝŶŝŵ
ŝƐŵŝŶŝŵ
Ɛŵ
ŵ
DV

φό

367
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/DHS/I/11]

Q

RP
P O R x
dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚY;ǆ͕ǇͿůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ 4 x + xy + y = 36, ǁŚĞƌĞ y ≥ 0, ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶŝŶƚŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ
2 2
ŚŽǁŶŝŶƚŚĞĚŝĂŐ
ŽǁŶŝŶƚŚĞĚ

ĂďŽǀĞ͘dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĐƵƚƐƚŚĞǆͲĂǆŝƐĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐWĂŶĚZ͘

UF
(i) ^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ͕ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞWYZ͕ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďǇ A = 3 y. [3]
(ii) dy
&ŝŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨǆĂŶĚǇ͘
SHdx
ƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇǀĂůƵĞ͘h
ŶĂƌǇǀĂ
(iii) ,ĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨǆĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐĂƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇǀĂůƵĞ͘hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚ
ĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞƚĞƐƚ͕ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇǀĂůƵĞ͘
ƚŚŝƐƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇǀĂůƵ
ƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇǀ
[2]

[6]
/Ĩ ǆ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ Ăƚ Ă ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ϴ ƵŶŝƚƐͬƐ͕ ĨŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ
SD
ŽĨǁŚĞŶǆсϬ͘ [3]

Solution
P

;ŝͿ

[D

Q( x, y)

XH

'ŝǀĞŶŶ͗ 4 x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
'ŝǀĞŶ͗ ƌĞ y ≥ 0. ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲc
366 ǁŚĞƌĞ
ǁŚĞ
ŚĞƌĞ
ŚĞƌĞ ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ c
NL

ƚ y = 0, 4 x 2 = 36 x = −3,
ƚ 3, 3

ŝĞ͕ďĂƐĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞWZсϲ
ŝĂŶŐůĞ WZсϲ

1
A = (6) y = 3 y ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲd
ͲͲͲͲ d
2
;ŝŝͿ
ŝĨĨccǁƌƚǆ
dy dy
8 x + x + y + 2 y = 0 ------- e
dx dx
φύ

368
ͳͳ Ƭ

dy
( x + 2y) = − (8x + y )
dx
dy 8x + y
=−
dx x + 2y
;ŝŝŝͿ
Diff d wrt x
dA dy
=3
dx dx
dA dy
For max A, =0 =0
dx dx
i.e. 8 x + y = 0 or y = −8 x ----- f
Substitute f into c:

4 x 2 + x ( −8 x ) + ( −8 x ) = 36
2

3 3 3
∴ 60 x 2 = x=− , (reject since y = −8 x < 0 )
5 5 5

For 2nd derivative test, diff e wrt x

d 2 y dy dy § d 2 y § dy · 2 ·
8+ x + + + 2 ¨¨ y 2 + ¨ ¸ ¸¸ = 0
dx 2 dx dx © dx © dx ¹ ¹
dy
At =0
dx
d2 y d2 y 8 8 8
∴8 + ( x + 2y)
H

= 0 =− =− =
dx 2
dx 2
x + 2y x + 2(
2 −8 x) 15 x
2 2
3 d y d A
At x = − < 0 ggives <0
DV

, 2
ives
5 dx dx 2
3
/͘/^Dy/DhDd
/͘
/͘
/^D
/^ d x = −
5
DĞƚŚŽĚϭ
D
DĞƚŚ

dy dy 1
ƚǆсϬ͕e͗ 0 + 0 + y + 2 y =0 =−
dx dx 2
A = 3 y
hƐŝŶŐĐŚĂŝŶƌƵůĞŽŶ͗

χτ

369
ͳͳ Ƭ

dA dy dx
=3 ⋅
dt dx dt

§ 1·
= 3 ¨ − ¸ ( 8 ) = −12 units /s
2

© 2¹
2
ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƚĂƌĂƚĞŽĨϭϮ units / s

DĞƚŚŽĚϮ

ŝĨĨccǁƌƚƚ
dx dy dx dy
8x + x + y + 2 y = 0
dt dt dt dt

ƚ x = 0 ͕
dx dy dy 1 dx
y + 2y = 0 = −
dt dt dt 2 dt

dy 1 dx 1
=− = − ( 8) = −4
dt 2 dt 2
dA dy
&ƌŽŵ A = 3 y =3
dt dt
dA
= 3(−4) = −12 units 2 /s
dt
2
ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƚĂƌĂƚĞŽĨϭϮ
ĞĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƚĂƌĂƚ
ƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƚĂ units / s ͘

χυ

370
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2. [2013/MI/II/3]
dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐĨĂŶĚŐĂƌĞĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďǇ
x−2
f :x→ , x ∈ \, a < x < b ͕
1+ 2x

g : x → x 2 − 1, x ∈ \, x < 0 ͘
(i) &ŝŶĚ g ( x) ĂŶĚǁƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ g −1 ͘
−1
[4]
−1
(ii) ^ŽůǀĞ g( x) = g ( x) ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐǇŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌŝŶĞǆĂĐƚĨŽƌŵ͘ [2]
(iii) ǆƉĂŶĚ f ( x) ŝŶĂƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐƉŽǁĞƌƐŽĨǆƵƉƚŽĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶ x3 ͘^ƚĂƚĞƚŚĞ
ĂƚĞ
ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǀĂůƵĞŽĨďĨŽƌƚŚĞĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶƚŽďĞǀĂůŝĚ͘
ĞǀĂůŝĚĚ͘ [3]
'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨǆŝƐϬ͘ϮϱƵŶŝƚƉĞƌƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕ĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ
ŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ f ( x)

RP
ǁŚĞŶ x = 0.4 ƵŶŝƚ [2]

Solution
;ŝͿ

UF
Let y = g( x)
y = x2 − 1
SH
x = − y + 1 (reject
−1
f ( y) = − y + 1
y + 1)

f −1 ( x) = − x + 1, x > −1
SD

;ŝŝͿ
Here, the solution of g( x ) = g −1 ( x) is the same aas that for g( x ) = x.
P

g( x) = x
x2 −1 = x
[D

x − x −1 = 0
2

1− 5 1+ 5
XH

x= or (r
(rejected)
reject
eject
(rej cted)
(rej
(rejecte
2 2

;ŝŝŝͿ
Ϳ
DV

f((x)
2)( + 2 x)−1
= ( x − 2)(1
= ( x − 2)(1
2) − 2 x + 4 x 2 − 8 x 3 + ..
NL

2)( ...)
.))
= 20 x 3 − 10 x 2 + 5 x − 2 + ...
For expansion to be valid,
1 1
Minimum a = − nd Maximum b =
and
2 2

χφ

371
ͳͳ Ƭ

df ( x) df(x) dx
= .
dt dx dt
dx
= (60 x 2 − 20 x + 5 + ...).
dt
At x = 0.4,
df ( x)
≈ ª¬60(0.4) 2 − 20(0.4) + 5º¼ .(0.25) = 1.65 units per second
dt

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

χχ

372
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q3. [2013/TJC/II/1]
dŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵďĞůŽǁƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐWĂŶĚYŽŶƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵŵĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝƌĐůĞǁŝƚŚĐĞŶƚƌĞ
K͕ĂŶĚƌĂĚŝƵƐϮĂĐŵ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ∠POQ = θ ͘WŽŝŶƚƐWĂŶĚYĂƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵŵĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŽ
ƚŚĂƚ θ ŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƌĂƚĞ͘

RP

K
z

UF

W z
z

SH Y
SD
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĂĐƵƚĞĂŶŐůĞ θ ĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂŶƚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƐŚĂĚĞĚ
ƚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨ
ŚĞŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞ
a
ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚŝƐ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŽƌĂƌĐWY͘
ĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚ
ŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞů
2 [5]
P

Solution
ƚŚĞŵŝŶŽƌĂƌĐ
ŵŝŶŽƌĂƌĐWY Ă
>ĞƚƐďĞƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŽƌĂƌĐWYĂŶĚďĞƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƐŚĂĚĞĚƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ͘
[D

ds dθ
s = 2aθ
= 2a
dt dt

A = ( 4a 2 ) (θ − sin θ )
1
XH

2
dA § dθ dθ ·

= 2a 2 ¨ − cos θ ¸
DV

dt © dt ddtt ¹
dθ
= 2a 2

(1 − cos θ )
dt
dt
NL

dA § a · ds
'ŝǀĞŶ = ¨ ¸ ͕͕
dt © 2 ¹ dt
dθ dθ
2a 2 (1 − cos θ ) с a 2
dt dt
1
cos θ =
2
π
θ= or 60°
3

χψ

373
ͳͳ Ƭ

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

χω

374
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/AJC/I/5]
ƚƌŽƵŐŚŝƐϴŵĞƚƌĞƐůŽŶŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĐƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶĂůĞŶĚƐĂƌĞŝŶƚŚĞƐŚĂƉĞŽĨĂŶŝƐŽƐĐĞůĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
ǁŚŽƐĞǁŝĚƚŚŝƐϱŵĞƚƌĞƐĂŶĚŚĞŝŐŚƚŝƐϮŵĞƚƌĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐŚĞůĚŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶĂƐƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĨŝŐƵƌĞďǇƐƚĂŶĚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŚĞŝŐŚƚ͘ƚƚŝŵĞƚƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ͕ƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚ
ǇĞŵ
ŝƐŚŵĞƚƌĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŝĚƚŚŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŝƐǁŵĞƚƌĞƐ͘dŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚŝƐŝŶŝƚŝĂůůǇĞŵƉƚǇĂŶĚ

ǁĂƚĞƌŝƐďĞŝŶŐƉƵŵƉĞĚŝŶĂƚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƌĂƚĞŽĨϱŵϯ ͬƐ͘

RP

ϴ
ϱ

UF
Ϯ
ǁ Ś

SH
5
(i) ^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ w =h ͘,ĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŚ͘
ůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌ
ŵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌ
SD
2 [2]
Ϯ͘
(ii) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚĂƚƚсϮ͘ [3]
ϯ
ƐďĞŝŶŐƉƵŵƉĞĚŝŶ
ĞŝŶŐƉƵŵƉĞĚ
&ƌŽŵƚсϮ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĂƚǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƚĞƌŝƐďĞŝŶŐƉƵŵƉĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚŝƐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƚŽϮŚŵ ͬƐ͘
P

ĨŽƌƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚƚŽďĞ
ƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚ
(iii) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƚŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚƚŽďĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇĨŝůůĞĚ [3]
[D

Solution
;ŝͿ hƐŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞƐĂŶĚ͕
ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞƐ
ĂƌƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
w h 5
= w= h
XH

5 2 2

DV

sŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƚĂŶŬсĂƐĞĂƌĞĂ
sŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞ
sŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂ ƌŝŶ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ŝŶ ŚĞ ƚĂŶ ƐĞ ĂƌĞĂ × ůĞŶŐƚŚ
ĂŶŬŬ с Ă ůĞŶŐƚŚ
1
sс
s с w whh × 8
2
NL

5
sсϰ
s Śǁсϰǁ Ś × h сϭϬŚϮ
sсϰŚǁсϰŚ
2
dV dV dh
;ŝŝͿ =
dt dh dt
dV dh
= 20h ͲͲͲͲ;ϭͿ ͲͲͲ;ϭͿ
dt dt

ƚƚсϮƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ͕sсϮ;ϱͿсϭϬŵϯ

dŽĨŝŶĚŚ͕ϭϬсϭϬŚϮ
χϊ

375
ͳͳ Ƭ

Śсϭŵ
dh
20 = 5
dt

dh 1
= m/s
dt 4

;ŝŝŝͿĨƌŽŵ;ϭͿ͕
dh
2h = 20h
dt

dh 1
= m/s

RP
dt 10
^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŚŝƐĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͕
ƚŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶĨŽƌŚĨƌŽŵϭƚŽϮŵсϭϬƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ

F
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞƚŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƚƌŽƵŐŚƚŽďĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇĨŝůůĞĚŝƐϭϮƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ͘
ĨŝůůĞĚŝƐϭϮƐĞĐŽŶĚ
ĞĚŝƐϭϮƐĞĐ

Q2. [2013/SAJC/I/10]

HU
XH

/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ ĂďŽǀǀĞ͕
Ăŵ ĂďŽǀĞ͕
ǀ ƚŚĞ ƚŚ ĐƵƌǀĞ
ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽ x = 2a cos3 t , y = 2a sin 3 t ͕
ŚĂƐ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
π
ĞƌĞ 0 ≤ t ≤ ͘/ŶƚŚ
ǁŚĞƌĞ ͘/ŶƚŚĞǆͲǇƉůĂŶĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶŝƐKĂŶĚƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƉŽŝŶƚWůŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚ
ŚĞ ǆͲǇƉůĂŶĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶŝƐKĂŶĚƚŚĞǀĂ
Ś
DV

2
ƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚƐƵ
ƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚƐƵĐŚƚŚ KWWсс Ă ĂŶĚĚ KW ŵĂŬĞ ĂŬĞƐĂŶĂŶŐůĞ θ ǁŝƚŚƚŚ
ƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚKWсĂĂŶĚKWŵĂŬĞƐĂŶĂŶŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞǆͲĂǆŝƐ͘
i)
(i) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞ
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂ ŚĞ ƚĂŶ Ő Ŷƚ ƚŽ ĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞ t = θ ͘
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞ
ĨƚŚĞ ŶŐĞ [4]
θǀĂƌŝĞƐĨƌŽŵϬƚŽ
NL

i) &ŝŶĚƚŚĞ
(ii) &ŝŶĚƚŚ ƋƵĂƚƚŝŽ
ŝŽŶ ŽĨĨ ƚŚĞ
ŚĞ ůŽĐ
Ž ƵƐŽĨW͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƐŚŽǁƚ
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŽĐƵƐŽĨW͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ͕ĂƐ
π π
͕ƚŚĞůŽĐƵƐŽĨWƚŽƵĐŚĞƐĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚс
͕ƚŚ ŽƵĐŚĞƐĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚс
͘
2 4 [5]
ŚƚŚĂƚŝƚůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞǆͲĂǆŝƐĂŶĚ K
dŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƉŽŝŶƚYŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚŝƚůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞǆͲĂǆŝƐĂŶĚKWсWYсĂ͘
π
ŚĞƌĞ θ с ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂ
&ŝŶĚĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞ ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞWKYǁŚĞŶ θ
(iii) 6
ŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂƌĂƚĞŽĨϬ͘ϱƌĂĚŝĂŶͬƐĞĐ͘
ĞŽĨϬ͘ϱƌĂĚŝĂŶͬƐĞĐ͘ [4]

Solution
;ŝͿ
͗ x = 2a cos3 t , y = 2a sin 3 t
χϋ

376
ͳͳ Ƭ

dy dy dt 2a (3sin 2 t cos t )
= × = = − tan t.
dx dt dx 2a (3cos 2 t )(− sin t )

ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽǁŚĞƌĞ t = θ ͘
y − 2a sin 3 θ
= − tan θ
x − 2a cos3 θ
y = − tan θ ( x − 2a cos3 θ ) + 2a sin 3 θ
y = (− tan θ ) x + 2a cos 2 θ sin θ + 2a sin 3 θ
y = (− tan θ ) x + 2a cos3 θ tan θ + 2a sin 3 θ = (− tan θ ) x + 2a sin θ (cos2 θ + sin 2 θ )
= ( − tan θ ) x + 2a sin θ

RP
;ŝŝͿ
&ŽƌƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚW͕
x = a cos θ , y = a sin θ
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) = a 2

UF
∴ x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ŝƐƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŽĐƵƐŽĨW͘

dŽĨŝŶĚƉƚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨůŽĐƵƐŽĨWǁŝƚŚ͕
SH
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ͲͲͲ;ϭͿ
^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ x = 2a cos3 t , y = 2a sin 3 t ŝŶƚŽ;ϭͿ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
;ϭͿ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
SD
4a 2 cos 6 t + 4a 2 sin 6 t = a 2
1
cos 6 t + sin 6 t =
4
P

1
(1 − sin 2 t )3 + sin 6 t =
4
[D

1
1 − 3sin 2 t + 3sin 4 t − sin
s n 6 t + ssin 6 t =
4
1
sin 4 t − sin 2 t + =0
XH

4
4(sin 2 t )2 − 4sin 2 t + 1 = 0
sin 2 t − 1) 2 = 0
(2sin
DV

1
sin 2 t =
2
1
NL

sin t =
2

ƐŝŶĐĞWůŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚ͘
ƐƚƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚ͘
π
∴t = (Shown)
4
;ŝŝŝͿ
>ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞKWY͘
1
(2a cos θ )( a sin θ ) 1 2
с 2 с a sin 2θ
2

χό

377
ͳͳ Ƭ

dA 1 2
= a (2 cos 2θ ) = a 2 cos 2θ
dθ 2
π
tŚĞŶ θ =,
6
dA dA dθ π 1 a2
= • = a 2 cos 2( ) • с ƵŶŝƚƐϮͬƐĞĐ͘
dt dθ dt 6 2 4

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

χύ

378
ͳͳ Ƭ

0D[LPD 0LQLPD
0D[LPD 0LQLPD
0D[LPD 0LQLPD

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/HCI/I/3]
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ A ĂŶĚ B ǁŝƚŚƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ A Ăƚ ( −13, 0 ) ĂŶĚƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ B Ăƚ ( 0, − 9 ) ǁŝƚŚ

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽŽƌŝŐŝŶ O ͘ A ŵŽǀĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ O ĂƚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐƉĞĞĚŽĨ u cm s−1 ŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ x
4
ĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ B ŵŽǀĞƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ O Ăƚ Ă ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ƐƉĞĞĚ ŽĨ u cm s −1 ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ
ƉŽƐŝƚŝ yͲ
3

RP
ĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ
;ƐĞĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵͿ͘

UF

SH

SD

^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ͕ĂĨƚĞƌĂƚŝŵĞŽĨ t ƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ŽŶĚƐ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ
ĚƐ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂ A ĂŶĚ B ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďǇ
P

§ 25 2 2 ·
√
¨ u t − 50ut + 250 ¸ Đŵ͘͘ [2
© 9 ¹ ]
[D

[4
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨ A ĂŶĚ B ĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚ
ĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂŶƚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐĂƌĞĐůŽƐĞƐƚ͘
ƚƚŚĞ
]

Solution
XH

ƚƚŝŵĞƚƐ͕
Ɛ͕ distance
istance betw
between
between
betwee
en A and B
4
S = (13 − ut ) 2 + (9 − ut )2
3
DV

166 2 2
= 169 − 226ut + u 2t 2 + 81
81 − 24
24utt + ut
9
NL

25 2 2
= u t − 50ut + 250
9

DĞƚŚŽĚϭ͗

ψτ

379
ͳͳ Ƭ

1
−
dS 1 § 25 2 2 · 2 § 50 2 ·
= ¨ u t − 50ut + 250 ¸ ¨ u t − 50u ¸
dt 2 © 9 ¹ © 9 ¹
50 2
u t − 50u
= 9
25 2 2
2 u t − 50ut + 250
9
dS 50
When S is min, = 0 u 2t − 50u = 0
dt 9
§ ut ·
50u ¨ − 1¸ = 0

RP
©9 ¹
ut = 9
− +
§9· §9· §9·
t ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©u ¹ ©u¹ ©u¹

UF
dS
Sign of
dt ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ EĞƵƚƌĂů ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ
ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ
SH
^ŚĂƉĞŽĨĐƵƌǀĞ
Ͱ ʹ ͬ
SD
,ĞŶĐĞ͕^ŝƐŵŝŶǁŚĞŶƵƚсϵ͘
P

DĞƚŚŽĚϮ͗
25
[D

S 2 = u 2t 2 − 50ut + 250
9
dS 50 2
2S = u t − 50 5 u
XH

dt 9
dS 25 2
S = u t − 25 5u (1)
dt 9
DV

tŚĞŶ Ŷ
ĂŶĚ
ĂŶĚĂƌĞĐ
Ă
tŚĞŶĂŶĚĂƌĞĐůŽƐĞƐƚ͕^ŝƐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ͘
ŽƐĞ
ƐĞĞƐƚƚ͕͕^^ ŝƐŵŝ
ŵŝŶŝ
ŶŝŵƵ
ŵƵŵ͘
dS 25
= 0 u 2t − 255u = 0
dt 9
NL

25
∴ u 2t = 25u
9
ut = 9
ŚĞĐŬƚŚĂƚ^ŝƐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ͗
ŵƵŵ͗
Ŷǁ͘ƌ͘ƚ͘ƚ͕
ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚĞ;ϭͿĂŐĂŝŶǁ͘ƌ͘ƚ͘ƚ͕
2
d 2 S § dS · 25
S + ¨ ¸ = u2
© dt ¹
2
dt 9
9 dS d S 25u 2 2
At t = , =0 2 = >0
u dt dt 9S
ψυ

380
ͳͳ Ƭ

,ĞŶĐĞ͕^ŝƐŵŝŶǁŚĞŶƵƚсϵ͘
ǆͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŽĨс−ϭϯнϵсʹϰ͖
4
y -coordinate of B = −9 + × 9 = 3
3
ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĂƌĞ;−ϰ͕ϬͿĂŶĚĂƌĞ;Ϭ͕ϯͿ͘

DĞƚŚŽĚϯ͗
25 2 2 §5 ·
u t − 50ut + 250 = ¨ u 2t 2 − 50ut + 225 ¸ + 25
9 ©3 ¹

RP
2
§5 ·
= ¨ ut − 15 ¸ + 25
©3 ¹
DŝŶŝŵƵŵŽĐĐƵƌƐǁŚĞŶ

UF
5
ut − 15 = 0
3
ut = 9
SH
ǆͲĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŽĨс−ϭϯнϵсͲϰ͖
4
y -coordinate of B = −9 + × 9 = 3
3
SD
ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĂƌĞ;−ϰ͕ϬͿĂŶĚĂƌĞ;Ϭ͕ϯͿ
Ğ;Ϭ͕ϯͿ
͕ϯͿ

P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ψφ

381
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2. [2013/IJC/II/1]
dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞŚĂƐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
( 2 y − ax ) = 2 ( ay + 2 x ) ͕
2

ǁŚĞƌĞ a < 0 ͘/ƚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŽŶůǇŽŶĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ͘

(i) 2 [3
^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƐĂƚŝƐĨŝĞƐƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ 2 y − ax = − ͘
a ]
2
(ii) § dy ·
2 ¨ 2 −a¸
^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ 2 = − © ¹ ͘ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŝƐĂŵĂǆŝŵƵŵŽƌ
d y dx
ĂŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ
ŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ
dx 4 y − 2ax − a [4
ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ͘ ]

Solution
;ŝͿ
( 2 y − ax ) = 2 ( ay + 2 x )
2

ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽǆ
§ dy · § dy ·
2 ( 2 y − ax ) ¨ 2 − a ¸ = 2 ¨ a + 2 ¸
© dx ¹ © dx ¹

( 2 y − ax ) §¨ 2 − a ¸· = §¨ a + 2 ¸· ͙͙;ΎͿ
dy dy
© dx ¹ © dx ¹
dy
&ŽƌƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ = 0 ͘
dx
( 2 y − ax )( −a ) = 2
2
2 y − ax = −
a
;ŝŝͿ
ǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽ
ŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽ ǆ Ă
ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽǆĂŐĂŝŶ͗
§ d y·
( 2 y − ax ) ¨ 2 2 ¸ + §¨ 2 − a ¸· §¨ 2 − a ¸· = a 2
2
dy dy d2 y
© dx ¹ © dx ¹ © dx ¹ dx
§ d2 y ·
2

( 2 y − ax ) ¨ 2 2 ¸ − a 2 = − §¨ 2 − a ·¸
d2 y ddyy
© dx ¹ dx © ddxx ¹
2
d2 y § dy ·
2 (
4 y − 2ax − a ) = − ¨ 2 − a ¸
N

dx © dx ¹
2
§ dy ·
d2 y ¨2 −a¸
=− © ¹
dx
dx 2 4 y − 2ax − a
2 dy
ƚƚŚĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ͕ 2 y − ax = − ;ĨƌŽŵ;ŝͿͿĂŶĚ
;ĨƌŽŵ;ŝͿͿĂŶĚ = 0 ͘
a dx
d2 y a2 a3
2 =− = < 0 ƐŝŶĐĞ a < 0
−4 −a 4+a
2
dx
a
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŝƐĂŵĂǆŝŵƵŵƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ͘
ψχ

382
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q3. [2013/JJC/I/9]

ů

Ϯǆ
Ϯǆ

UF
ĚƌŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŵĂĚ
Ŷ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŵ
dŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐŚŽǁƐĂĚĞĐŽƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƐŚĂƉĞŽĨĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŵĂĚĞďǇĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐĂ
ǁŝƌĞĨƌĂŵĞƚŝŐŚƚůǇǁŝƚŚĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚƉĂƉĞƌ͘
SH ƐŝĚĞϮ
Ğ͕ ũŽŝŶĞĚ Ăƚ
dŚĞ ĨƌĂŵĞ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚǁĞůǀĞ ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŝƌĞ͕
ĞϮǆǆĐŵĂŶĚƐůĂŶ
ĐŵĂŶĚ
Ă ƚƚŚĞŝƌ ĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĨŽƌŵ ƚǁŽ
ŝĚĞŶƚŝĐĂůƌŝŐŚƚƉǇƌĂŵŝĚƐǁŝƚŚĂƐƋƵĂƌĞďĂƐĞŽĨƐŝĚĞϮǆĐŵĂŶĚƐůĂŶƚĞĚŐĞƐŽĨůĐŵ͘
SD
ŝƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ŝƐ ϮϬϬ Đŵ͕
'ŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ůĞŶŐƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƌĞ Đŵ ƵƐĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ ƚŽ ĨŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞŽĐƚĂŚĞĚ
ĨƚŚĞŽĐ
ǀĂůƵĞŽĨǆƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌŽŶŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ͘

Solution
P

ƐůĂŶƚĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ
ŶƚĞĚŐĞĂŶĚď
>ĞƚůďĞƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐůĂŶƚĞĚŐĞĂŶĚďĞƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌŽŶ͘
'ŝǀĞŶƚŽƚĂůůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨǁŝƌĞсϮϬϬĐŵ
ǁŝƌĞс
с ϮϬϬĐŵ
[D

8l + 4(2 x ) = 2000

l = 25 − x
ŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
ŚсŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ Ś ů
XH

= l 2 − x 2
ǆ ǆ
= (25
25 − x ) 2 − x 2
DV

1
ƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
ƌĞĂ ŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶ
ŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ = ( x )h
(2
2

= x (2
( 25 − x ) 2 − x 2
(25
NL

= x 62
25 − 5500 x
625
∴ A = 8 x 625 − 50 x

ψψ

383
ͳͳ Ƭ

ŝƚŚĞƌDĞƚŚŽĚϭ͗
dA ª1 −
1
º
= 8 x « (625 − 50 x ) 2 ( −50) » + 8 625 − 50 x
dx ¬2 ¼
200 x
=− + 8 625 − 50 x
625 − 50 x
−200 x + 8(625 − 50 x )
=
625 − 50 x
5000 − 600 x
=
625 − 50 x

RP
dA
&ŽƌƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇǀĂůƵĞŽĨ͕ = Ϭ
dx
5000 − 600 x = 0

UF
25 1
x= =8
3 3
KƌDĞƚŚŽĚϮ͗
A2 = 64 x 2 (625 − 50 x) = 40000 x 2 − 3200 x3
SH dA
2 A = 80000 x − 9600 x 2
dx
SD
dA
When = 0, 80000 x − 9600 x 2 = 0
dx
25 1
x = = 8 (x ≠ 0)
P

3 3
hƐŝŶŐůƐƚĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞƚĞƐƚ͕

[D

dA dA
−
> 0 and <0
dx x = ¨ ¸
§ 25 · dx x =¨§ 25 ¸·+
© 3¹ © 3¹
XH

25
ŵƵŵ ǁŚĞŶ x =
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝƐŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ
ŵƵŵǁ
Ƶ ǁ
ĞŝƐŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǁ
ŝƐŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ .
3
DV

ψω

384
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q4. [2013/MI/II/4]
(i) 6
^ŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ y = ͕ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůǇĂŶǇĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐĂŶĚĂŶǇƉŽŝŶƚƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞ
2
x +2
ĐƵƌǀĞĐƌŽƐƐĞƐƚŚĞĂǆĞƐ͘ [2]
(ii) ǇƐŬĞƚĐŚŝŶŐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĐƵƌǀĞŽŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝŶƉĂƌƚ;ŝͿ͕ƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ
6
≥ ln x 2 − 1 ͘
x +2
2
[3]
(iii) d § 6 ·
&ŝŶĚ ¨ 2 ¸
dx © x + 2 ¹ [2]
(iv) ŶŐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚ
ƚƚŽƚŚ
,ĞŶĐĞĨŝŶĚƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĂŶĚŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞ

RP
6
ĐƵƌǀĞ y = 2 ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐǇŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌŝŶĞǆĂĐƚĨŽƌŵ
x +2 [6]

Solution
;ŝͿ

UF
SH
SD

;ŝŝͿ
XH
DV
NL

&ƌŽŵŐƌĂƉŚ͕
−1.95 ≤ x ≤ 1.95, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1
;ŝŝŝͿ
d § 6 · 12 x
¨ 2 ¸=− 2
dx © x + 2 ¹ ( x + 2) 2
;ŝǀͿ

ψϊ

385
ͳͳ Ƭ

Let m be gradient of the tangent to the curve
12 x
m=− 2
( x + 2) 2

dm ( x 2 + 2)2 (−12) − 2( x 2 + 2)(2 x)(−12 x)

=−
dx ( x 2 + 2) 4

12( x 2 + 2)(3 x 2 − 2)
=
( x 2 + 2) 4
&ŽƌŵĂǆŝŵƵŵͬŵŝŶŝŵƵŵŵ͕
dm
=0
dx

RP
12( x 2 + 2)(3 x 2 − 2)
= 0
( x 2 + 2)4
2
x=±

UF
3
hƐŝŶŐ&ŝƌƐƚͬ^ĞĐŽŶĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞdĞƐƚ͗
2
SH
m is maximum at x = −

2
3

m is minimum at x =
SD
3
§ 2·
12 ¨ − ¸
© 3¹ 27 2
m maximum = − =
P

2
ª§ 2 · 2
º 16 3
«¨ − ¸ + 2»
«¬© 3 ¹ »¼
[D

2
12
3 27 2
m minimum m =− =−
XH

2
ª§ 2 · 2 º 16 3
«¨ ¸ + 2»
«¬© 3 ¹ »¼
DV

ψϋ

386
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q5. [2013/NYJC/I/2]
ĐŽŵƉĂŶǇŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƐŚĂƉĞŽĨĂƌŝŐŚƚĐŽŶĞ͘ĂĐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝƐŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵ
Ă ƚŚŝŶ ĨůĂƚ ƐŚĞĞƚ ŽĨ ŵĞƚĂů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĂƉĞ ŽĨ Ă ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ Ă ĐŝƌĐůĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĂĚŝƵƐ a Đŵ ĂŶĚ ĂŶŐůĞ θ
ƌĂĚŝĂŶƐ;ƐĞĞŝĂŐƌĂŵϭͿ͘

dŚĞƚǁŽƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚƐŝĚĞƐŽĨĞĂĐŚŵĞƚĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌĂƌĞƚŚĞŶũŽŝŶĞĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŽǀĞƌůĂƉ͕ƚŽĨŽƌŵ
ĂĐŽŶĞǁŝƚŚŚĞŝŐŚƚ h ĐŵĂŶĚƌĂĚŝƵƐ r Đŵ;ƐĞĞŝĂŐƌĂŵϮͿ͘

UF

SH

SD
ŝĂŐƌĂŵϭ ŝĂŐƌĂŵϮ
P

(i) Ěπ͘
ǆƉƌĞƐƐ r ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ a ͕ θ ĂŶĚ
ĂŶĚ [2]
(ii) aθ 6 4
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞ͕
ǀŽůƵŵĞ͕ ŽĨĂĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďǇ V 2 =
ŵĞ͕ V ŽĨĂĐŽ
ŽĨ
576π 4
( 4π 2 − θ 2 ) ͘
[D

[2]
(iii) ŵ͕ƚŚĞŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǀ
ŚĞŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ
&ŝŶĚ͕ŝŶĞǆĂĐƚĨŽƌŵ͕ƚŚĞŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞŚĂƐ
Ɛ θ ǀĂƌŝĞƐ͘
ŵĂƐ
ĂƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨϮĐŵĂƐ ǀĂƌŝĞ [4]
ƌĞŝƐŶŽŶĞĞĚƚŽƐŚŽ
ƐŶŽŶĞĞĚƚŽ
΀EŽƚĞ͗dŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽŶĞĞĚƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŝƐĂŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ͘΁
XH

Solution
ution
n
;ŝͿ
ŝͿ
DV

KďƐĞƌǀĞƚŚ
KďƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚ ƌĐĐ ůĞŶ
ĞŶŐƚ
ŐƚŚ ŽĨĨ ƚŚĞ
Őƚ ŚĞ ƐĞĐ
ĞĐƚŽƌŝŶŝĂŐƌĂŵϭŝƐĂ
KďƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƌĐůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌŝŶŝĂŐƌĂŵϭŝƐĂůƐŽƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵŵĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ĐŝƌĐůĞŝŶŝĂŐƌĂŵϮ͘
ĐŝƌĐůĞŝŶ
ĐŝƌĐůĞŝŶŝĂŐ
NL

aθ
dŚƵƐ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ aθ = 2π r ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘
dŚ
dŚƵƐ͕ ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ r = ͘͘
2π
;ŝŝͿ

ψό

387
ͳͳ Ƭ

1
V = × base area × height
3
= (π r 2 ) a 2 − r 2
1
3
1 ª § aθ · º 2 § aθ ·
2 2

= «π ¨ ¸ » a − ¨ ¸
3 ¬« © 2π ¹ »¼ © 2π ¹
2
a 2θ 2 § a ·
= ¸ ( 4π − θ )
2 2
¨
12π © 2π ¹
a 3θ 2
( 4π 2 − θ 2 ).

RP
=
24π 2
a 6θ 4
V2 =
576π 4
( 4π 2 − θ 2 )

UF
;ŝŝŝͿ
a 6θ 4
4 (
ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŶŐ V 2 = 4π 2 − θ 2 ) ǁ͘ƌ͘ƚ͘ θ ǁŚĞŶ
Ŷ a = 2 ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
͕ǁĞŚĂ
576π
SH V2 =
9π
1
4
(4π 2θ 4 − θ 6 )
SD
= 4 (16π 2θ 3 − 6θ 5 )
dV 1
2V
dθ 9π
2θ 3
= 4 ( 8π 2 − 3θ 2 )
P

9π

= 0 ͕ θ 3 ( 8π 2 − 3θ 2 ) = 0 ͕ŝ͘Ğ
dV
[D

tŚĞŶ ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
dθ
8π 2
θ = 0 ;E͘͘ͿŽƌ
ͿŽƌ θ = ± ;ƌĞ
;ƌĞũĞĐƚʹǀĞͿ͘
XH

3

8π 2 8π 2 § 1 · § 2 8π 2 · 8 4π 2 16 3
Ɛ͕ θ =
dŚƵƐ͕ ĂŶĚ V =
ĂŶĚ ¨ ¸ ¨ 4π − ¸= = π ͘
DV

3 3 © 3π 2 ¹ © 3 ¹ 9 3 27

ψύ

388
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q6. [2013/NJC/I/6]

ZŝǀĞƌ

ϭϬŵ

/ŶĂĨĂŶƚĂƐǇůĂŶĚ͕ĂƐŚĞĞƉĂƚƉŽŝŶƚǁŝƐŚĞƐƚŽŐĞƚƚŽƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶĞƌŐƌĂƐƐĂƚƉŽŝŶƚ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ ͘/Ŷ
ϭϬϬŵ
ŐĞƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ͕ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ Ɛǁŝŵ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ Ɛƚŝůů ƌŝǀĞƌ Ăƚ ĂŶ ĂŶŐůĞ θ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ Ă ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ
ďůĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ĨŝƌƐƚ
−1

RP
ďĞĨŽƌĞǁĂůŬŝŶŐƚŽƉŽŝŶƚ ͘dŚĞƐŚĞĞƉĐĂŶƐǁŝŵ Ăƚ ĂƐƉĞĞĚŽĨ 2 m s ŝŶ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌ ĂŶĚ ǁĂůŬĂƚĂ
ǁĂůŬ
ǁĂůŬĂ
ƐƉĞĞĚŽĨ 4 m s −1 ŽŶůĂŶĚ͘
(i) &ŝŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ θ ͘ [1]
ŽŐĞƚƚŽƉŽŝŶƚ
ƚŽƉŽŝŶƚ
^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƚŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶ͕ƚƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ͕ĨŽƌƚŚĞƐŚĞĞƉƚŽŐĞƚƚŽƉŽŝŶƚĨƌŽŵƉŽŝŶƚ ĨƌŽ

UF
(ii) 5
ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďǇ t = 25 − ( cosθ − 2 ) ͘
2sin θ [3]
hƐŝŶŐ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ĨŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŽƌƚĞƐƚ ƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐ ŶŐ ƚŝŵĞ
ŝŵĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĞĞƉ
ƐƐŚĞĞƉ ĐĂŶ ƚĂŬĞ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ
(iii)
ƉŽŝŶƚĨƌŽŵƉŽŝŶƚ
SH [4]

Solution
;ŝͿ
SD
AC sin θ = 10
10
AC =
sin θ
P

;ŝŝͿ
10 5
cross the river = =
[D

Time taken for sheep

eep to
o cros
2sin θ sin θ
distance alongng river
iver travelled
travelle while
w crossing river
XH

100
= AC coos θ = ( cos θ )
in θ
sin
10
Distance C = 1000 −
nce CB ( cosθ )
sin θ
DV

10
1000 −
100 ( cos θ )
taken on landd =
time ttake sin
siinθ
NL

4
5
= 25 − ( cosθ )
2sin θ
5 5 5
t = 25 − ( cos θ ) + = 25 − ( cos
c θ − 2 ) (Shown)
(Sh
2sin θ sin θ 2sin θ
;ŝŝŝͿ
t = 25 − 2.5cot θ + 5 cosecθ

ωτ

389
ͳͳ Ƭ

dt
= 2.5 cosec 2θ − 5 cosecθ cot θ = 0
dθ
cosecθ − 2 cot θ = 0

1 − 2 cos θ = 0
1 π
cos θ = θ =
2 3

π
ϭ͘Ϭϰ ϭ͘Ϭϱ
3

RP
dt
оϬ͘Ϭϰϭϴ Ϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϭϲϭ
dθ

UF
^ŬĞƚĐŚ

d 2t
KZĨƌŽŵ'͕ = 5.77 (>0)
SH dθ 2

^ŚŽƌƚĞƐƚƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐƚŝŵĞ͗
θ=
ʌ
3

5 § ʌ · 5 § 3· 5 3
SD
t = 25 − ¨ cos − 2 ¸ = 25 − ¨ − ¸ = 25 + ;Žƌ ≈ 29.3 Ϳ
ʌ© 3 ¹ 3 © 2 ¹ 2
2sin
3
P

[D
XH
DV
NL

ωυ

390
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q7. [2013/TPJC/I/6]
ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽŵĂŬĞĂĐůŽƐĞĚĐǇůŝŶĚƌŝĐĂůĐĂŶƚŚĂƚǁŝůůŚŽůĚϭϱϬϬĐŵϯŽĨůŝƋƵŝĚ͘dŚĞ
ƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌďĂƐĞŝƐƌĐŵĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌŝƐŚĐŵ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĂŶŝƐĐŵϮ͕ĨŝŶĚ͕ƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƌĂŶĚŚ
ǁŚŝĐŚŐŝǀĞĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĐŵϮ͘ [7]

Solution
A = 2ʌrh + 2ʌr 2
V = ʌr 2 h = 1500
1500
h=
ʌr 2

RP

§ 1500 ·
A = 2ʌr ¨ 2 ¸ + 2ʌr 2
© ʌr ¹
3000
= + 2ʌr 2

UF
r

dA 3000
= − 2 + 4ʌr = 0
SH dr
r3 =
r
3000 750
=
4ʌ ʌ
SD
750
r= 3
ʌ
2
d A 6000
= 3 + 4ʌ
P

dr 2 r
6000
= ʌ = 12
+ 4ʌ 1 ʌ = 37.69
12ʌ 337.699 > 0
750
[D

ʌ
ŶŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ
ŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ
ŝƐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ
750 1500
r=3
XH

= 6.20 and ndd h = = 12.4 (3 s.f.)

ʌ § 750 ·
2

π¨3 ¸
© ʌ ¹
DV
NL

ωφ

391
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/ACJC/I/8]
(a) x2 − 2x
/ƚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚĨ;ǆͿс ͘
ex
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨǆĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞǇсĨ;ǆͿŝƐĐŽŶĐĂǀĞƵƉǁĂƌĚƐ͘ [3]
,ĞŶĐĞƐŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨǇсĨ;ǆͿ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůǇƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨĂŶǇĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĂŶǇƐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂƌǇƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚĂŶǇŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂǆĞƐ͘ [3]
(b) dŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐŚŽǁƐĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌǁŝƚŚĂƚĞŶͲĐĞŶƚŝŵĞƚƌĞůŽŶŐƌŽĚƉĂƐƐŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ŶŐƚ
ƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌĂŶĚũŽŝŶŝŶŐŽŶĞƌŝŵƚŽƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƌŝŵ͘dŚĞĐƵƌǀĞĚƐŝĚĞŽĨ
ƌǀĞĚƐŝĚĞ
ƐŝĚĞ
ƚŚĞĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌŝƐƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞŚŽƌŝǌŽŶƚĂůĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚŚŽƌŝǌŽŶƚĂů
ŚŽƌŝǌŽŶƚĂů
ƌŝǌŽŶƚĂ

RP
ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĨĂĐĞŝƐƌĐŵ͘dŚĞĐǇůŝŶĚĞƌŝƐŵĂĚĞŽĨƚŚŝŶĐĂƌĚďŽĂƌĚĂŶĚŝƐĐůŽƐĞĚĂƚďŽƚŚĞŶĚƐ͘
ĐůŽƐĞĚĂƚďŽƚŚĞŶĚ
ƐĞĚĂƚďŽƚŚ

UF

SH

SD
(i) ^ŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƌĞĂ͕ƐƋƵĂƌĞĐĞŶƚŝŵĞƚƌĞƐ͕ŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌĚďŽĂƌĚƵƐĞĚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďǇ
ƚŝŵĞƚƌĞƐ͕ŽĨƚŚĞĐĂ
ƚƌĞƐ͕ŽĨƚŚĞ
сϮʋƌϮнϰʋƌ√;Ϯϱ−ƌϮͿ͘ [1]
(ii) ĞŐƌĂƉŚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐ
ĂƉŚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌǁŝ
ǇƐŬĞƚĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ͕ĨŝŶĚ͕ĂƐƌǀĂƌŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƌƚŚĂƚ
P

ŐŝǀĞƐƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ͘
ďůĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ
ǀĂůƵĞŽĨ͘ [2]
[D

Solution
;ĂͿ
x2 − 2 x
y=
XH

ex
dy
dx
( )
= ( 2 x − 2 ) e− x − x 2 − 2 x e− x с;−ǆ нϰǆ −ϮͿĞ−ǆ
− Ϯнϰǆ−ϮͿĞ −
DV

Ǉ
d2 y
dx 2 ( )
= ( −2 x + 4 ) e − x − − x 2 + 4 x − 2 e − x

( )
= x 2 − 6 x + 6 e− x хϬ x2 − 2 x
NL

х Ϭ
y=
ǆфϭ͘ϮϳŽƌǆхϰ͘ϳϯ
ǆф ϳϯ e x
хϯн√ϯ
KZǆфϯ−√ϯŽƌǆхϯн√ϯ ;ϯ͘ϰϭ͕Ϭ͘ϭϱϵͿ
dy Ϭ Ϯ ǆ
Ϯ
ϰǆ −ϮͿĞ−ǆ
WƵƚ = Ϭ͕;−ǆ нϰǆ−ϮͿĞ −
сϬ
dx ;Ϭ͘ϱϴϲ͕ͲϬ͘ϰϲϭͿ
x = 2 ± 2 сϬ͘ϱϴϲ͕ϯ͘ϰϭ
ϯ͘ϰϭ
2−2 2
tŚĞŶ x = 2 − 2, y = = −0.461 ͘ ĂƐǇŵƉƚŽƚĞ͗ǇсϬ
e 2− 2

ωχ

392
ͳͳ Ƭ

2+2 2
tŚĞŶ x = 2 + 2, y = = 0.159
e2+ 2

;ďͿ
;ŝͿ >ĞƚŚĞŝŐŚƚďĞŚ͘
dŚĞŶϰƌϮнŚϮсϭϬϮŚс√;ϭϬϬ−ϰƌϮͿ
ƌĞĂсϮʋƌϮнϮʋƌŚсϮʋƌϮнϮʋƌ√;ϭϬϬ−ϰƌϮͿ
сϮʋƌϮнϮʋƌ√ϰ√;Ϯϱ−ƌϮͿ
сϮʋƌϮнϰʋƌ√;Ϯϱ−ƌϮͿ
;ŝŝͿ 'ƌĂƉŚŽĨсϮʋƌϮнϰʋƌ√;Ϯϱ−ƌϮͿ

RP
UF

DĂǆŝŵƵŵƉŽŝŶƚĂƚƌсϰ͘ϮϱĐŵ;ϯƐĨͿ
SH
ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ŐƌĂƉŚŽĨǇс
dA
dr
ŝƐ
SD
P

dA
hƐŝŶŐ'͕Ǉс сϬǁŚĞŶƌсϰ͘Ϯϱ;ϯƐĨͿ
сϬǁŚĞŶ
ǁŚĞ ƌƌсϰ͘Ϯϱ;ϯ
сϰ͘Ϯ
dr
dA
'ƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨǇс
Ǉс ŝƐŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĂƚƌсϰ͘ϮϱƐŽǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂƚƌсϰ͘ϮϱŝƐŵĂǆŝŵƵŵŽƌ
ŝƐŶĞŐĂ
ŝƐŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ
XH

dr
ƐƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ƵƐĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞƚĞƐƚ͗
ĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ ͕ƵƐĞ ŝƌƐƚ
ŝƌƐƚĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞƚĞƐƚ͗
ƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ƵƐĞĨŝƌƐƚ
ƌ
ƌ ϰ͘Ϯϱ− ϰ͘Ϯϱ ϰ͘Ϯϱн
DV

Ě
Ě ͬĚ
ͬĚƌ
ƌ
ĚͬĚƌ нǀĞ Ϭ
нǀ
нǀĞ
нǀĞ Ϭ
Ϭ −ǀĞ
ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝ
ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ
ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůǇ͕ƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕
ŐĚŝ
ĚŝŝĨĨ
ĨĨĞƌ
ĞƌĞŶ
Ğƌ ĞŶƚŝ
ĞŶƚŝĂƚ
ƚŝ
ŝĂƚ
ĂƚŝŽ
ŝŽŶ͕
ŝŽŶ
ŝŽ Ŷ͕
dA −2r
NL

с 4π r + 4π 25 − r 2 + 4π r
с сϬ
dr 2 2255 − r 2
hƐŝŶŐ'͕ƌсϰ͘ϮϱĐŵ;ϯƐĨͿ
ŵ;ϯƐĨͿ

&ŝƌƐƚĚĞƌŝǀĂƚŝǀĞƚĞƐƚ͗
͗
ƌ ϰ͘Ϯϱ− ϰ͘Ϯϱ ϰ͘Ϯϱн
ĚͬĚƌ нǀĞ Ϭ
Ϭ −ǀĞ

EŽƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽ ƐŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂůŐĞďƌĂŝĐĂůůǇ ďǇ ƐƋƵĂƌŝŶŐ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ƚǁŽ
ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶƐǁĞƌƐĨŽƌƌ͘^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞǆƉůĂŝŶͬũƵƐƚŝĨǇǁŚǇƚŚĞǇĐŚŽŽƐĞƌсϰ͘ϮϱĐŵĂƐ
ƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘
ωψ

393
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q2. [2013/VJC/II/1]
ƚƌĞŬŬĞƌŝƐƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĂƚƉŽŝŶƚ͕ŽŶƚŚĞĞĚŐĞŽĨĂǀĞƌǇƐůŽǁͲŵŽǀŝŶŐƌŝǀĞƌǁŚŝĐŚŝƐϭŬŵǁŝĚĞ͘
,ĞǁŝƐŚĞƐƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶƚŽŚŝƐĐĂŵƉͲŐƌŽƵŶĚĂƚƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌ͕ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ
ϭŬŵĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƚŚĂƚŝƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇĂĐƌŽƐƐǁŚĞƌĞŚĞŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ;ƌĞĨĞƌ
ƚŽƚŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵďĞůŽǁͿ͘,ĞƐǁŝŵƐĂƚĂƐƉĞĞĚŽĨϰŬŵƉĞƌŚŽƵƌĂŶĚǁĂůŬƐĂƚĂƐƉĞĞĚŽĨϲŬŵ
ƉĞƌŚŽƵƌ͘/ƚŵĂǇďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŚĂƐŝŶƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶŚŝƐƐǁŝŵĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞ
ƌŝǀĞƌ͘
ϭŬŵ

ǆŬŵ

RP

ϭŬŵ

SH
dŚĞƚƌĞŬŬĞƌƐǁŝŵƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŽ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǆŬŵĨƌŽŵ͘,ĞƚŚĞŶǁĂůŬƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞ
ďĂŶŬŽĨƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŽŚŝƐĐĂŵƉͲŐƌŽƵŶĚĂƚ͘

ŝƐǆŬŵĨƌŽŵ
ǆ ŬŵĨƌŽŵ͘,Ğ

hƐŝŶŐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞ͕ŝŶŚŽƵƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƐŚŽƌƚĞƐƚƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐƚŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶďǇƚŚĞƚƌĞŬŬĞƌƚŽ
ĞƐŚŽƌƚĞƐƚƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶ
ŽƌƚĞƐƚƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶ
SD
ƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵƚŽ͘

[5]

Solution
P

ŚŽƵƌƐďǇƚŚĞƚƌĞŬŬ
ƐďǇƚŚĞ
>ĞƚƚďĞƚŚĞƚŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶŝŶŚŽƵƌƐďǇƚŚĞƚƌĞŬŬĞƌƚŽŐĞƚĨƌŽŵƉŽŝŶƚƚŽƉŽŝŶƚ͘
AC = 1 + x 2
[D

1 + x2
Time taken from A too C = hhours
4
1
= 1 + x 2 hours
XH

4
CD = 1 − x
1− x
Time
me taken t D=
aken from C to hours
6
DV

1
= (1 − x ) ho
hhours
urs
ur
6
1 + x 2 (1 − x )
NL

,ĞŶĐ t =
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ +
4 6
dt § 1 · § 1 ·
( )
−1 1
= ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 1 + x2 2 ( 2 x ) −
dx © 4 ¹ © 2 ¹ 6
x 1
= −
4 1+ x 62

ωω

394
ͳͳ Ƭ

dt
=0
dx
x 1
− =0
4 1+ x 6 2

6 x = 4 1 + x2
36 x 2 = 16 + 16 x 2
20 x 2 = 16
4
x=
5
( since x ≥ 0)
ʹ н

RP
^ŝŐŶŽĨ

UF
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŝƐŝŶĚĞĞĚĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶ x = 4
5
^ŽƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƚƌĂǀĞůŝŶŐƚŝŵĞŝƐ 1 + 54 + 1 − ( 4
5 ) = 0.353
353 hours (3 s.f.)
s.

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ωϊ

395
ͳͳ Ƭ

Q3. [2013/YJC/I/9]
(i) ŶŽƉĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝƐŵĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨĂŶƵƉƌŝŐŚƚƉƌŝƐŵǁŝƚŚĂŶĞƋƵŝůĂƚĞƌĂů
ƚƌŝĂŶŐƵůĂƌďĂƐĞŽĨƐŝĚĞǆ͕ĂŶĚŚĞŝŐŚƚŚ͘ĂĐŚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞďĂƐĞĐŽƐƚƐĂĂŶĚ
ĞĂĐŚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐĐŽƐƚƐď͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂĂŶĚďĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ͘dŚĞƚŽƚĂůĐŽƐƚ
ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝƐĂĨŝǆĞĚĂŵŽƵŶƚĐ͘

WƌŽǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ͕s͕ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝƐ
3
48b
(
x 4c − 3ax 2 ͘ ) [3]
(ii) c
,ĞŶĐĞƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚsŝƐŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞďĂƐĞŝƐ ͘
3 [4]

RP
Solution
;ŝͿ
Cost of base = a × Area of base

UF
1
= a × x 2 sin 60°
2
SH =
4
3 2
ax
Cost of sides = b × Area of sides
SD
= b × 3 xh
= 3bhx
3 2
c− ax
P

3 2 4
,ĞŶĐĞ Ğ͘ h =
ax + 3bhx = c ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘
4 3bx
V = Area of base × heigh
eight
eigh
ht
[D

3 2
c− ax
3 2 4
= x ×
XH

4 3bxx

=
3
48b
(
x 4c − 3ax 2 )
DV

;ŝŝͿ

V=
48
4 b
3
(4cx − 3ax 3 )
NL

dV
=
dx 48b
3
(
4c − 3 3ax 2 )
dV
= 0 4c = 3 33axax 2
dx
3 2 c
,ĞŶĐĞĐŽƐƚŽĨďĂƐĞ = ax =
4 3

d 2V
dx 2
=
48b
3
( )
−6 3ax < 0 ĨŽƌ x > 0

ωϋ

396
ͳͳ Ƭ

c
,ĞŶĐĞsŝƐŵĂǆŝŵƵŵǁŚĞŶĐŽƐƚŽĨďĂƐĞŝƐ
3

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ωό

397
ͳͳ Ƭ

/HYHO
/HYHO

Q1. [2013/RVHS/II/2]
ƌ

&

Ъǆ ǆ
, '

RP

dŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵĂďŽǀĞƐŚŽǁƐĂƐƋƵĂƌĞƉŝĞĐĞŽĨĐĂƌĚďŽĂƌĚŽĨƐŝĚĞǆĐŵ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƐƋƵĂƌĞ&',
ĚĞǆĐŵ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƐƋƵ
ǆ ŵ͕ǁŝƚŚĂ

UF
1
ŽĨ ƐŝĚĞ x Đŵ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ dǁŽ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ ĚƌŽƉƐ ƉƐ ŽĨ ǁĂƚĞƌ
ǁĂƚĞ ůĂůĂŶĚĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
2
͘ŽƚŚĚƌŽƉůĞƚƐƐƉƌ
ŚĚƌŽƉůĞƚƐ
ĐĂƌĚďŽĂƌĚ͕ŽŶĞĐĞŶƚƌĞĚĂƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌĐĞŶƚƌĞĚĂƚ͘ŽƚŚĚƌŽƉůĞƚƐƐƉƌĞĂĚŽƵƚ͕ǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚ
SH
ƌĂĚŝƵƐƌĐŵŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂƌĂƚĞŽĨϬ͘ϱĐŵƐʹϭ͘
ĂƚƚĂŬĞƐϭϬƐĞĐŽ
ƚĂŬĞƐϭϬ
'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚƌŽƉŽĨǁĂƚĞƌǁŚŝĐŚůĂŶĚĞĚĂƚƚĂŬĞƐϭϬƐĞĐŽŶĚƐƚŽƌĞĂĐŚ&͕ƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ
ďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĚƌŽƉŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƌĞĂĐŚĞƐ&͕ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌĚďŽĂƌĚǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĚƌǇ͕^Đŵ
ĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌĚďŽ
ĂŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌ Ϯ
͕ŝƐ
(i)
SD
1
ŐŝǀĞŶďǇ S = 150 − ʌr 2 ͘
2 [3]
ŐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚƌŽ
ĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌ
hƉŽŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚƌŽƉůĞƚƐ͕ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǀĂůƵĞ
ƚŚ
(ii) ŽĨ^ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚϰƐĞĐŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĂƚǁŚŝĐŚ^ŝƐĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞϰ
ĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĂƚ
ŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĂƚ
P

ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ ʌ ͘
ĞƌƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ
ƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕ŐŝǀŝŶŐǇŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ [4]
ĂďŝůŝƚǇ
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ŽŵŵĞŶƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵŝƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
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(iii)
[D

ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ͕ǁŚĞŶ r = 6 ͘ [1]

Solution
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2 2
§1 · §1 ·
DH = ¨ x ¸ + ¨ x ¸
2

UF
©4 ¹ ©4 ¹
1
52 = x 2
8
SH x = 10 2
2
§1 · 1
Area S = x − ¨ x ¸ − ʌr 2 − − − − − (1)
2
SD
©2 ¹ 2
3 1
= x 2 − ʌr 2
4 2
P

3
( ) 1 2
2
= 10 2 − ʌr
4 2
[D

1 2
∴S = 150 − ʌr (shown)
2
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ŵĞĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐĞƐ͕
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1
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2
dŚƵƐ͕ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ
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1150 − 22ʌ = 2 ( 75 − π ) ĐŵϮ͘͘

1
EĞǆƚ͕ S = 150 − ʌr 2
2
dS
= − ʌr.
dr
dS dS dr
By Chain Rule, = ×
dt dr dt
At the end of 4th second, r = 2.
ϊτ

399
ͳͳ Ƭ

dr
Also, = 0.5
dt

dS
So, = − ʌ ( 2 ) × ( 0.5 ) = − ʌ cm s
2 -1

dt
dŚƵƐ^ŝƐĚĞĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂƚĂƌĂƚĞŽĨ ʌ cm 2s -1 ĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞϰƚŚƐĞĐŽŶĚ͘
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1
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2
0 ≤ r ≤ BF = 5

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ϊυ

400
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

12 Maclaurin’s Series

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/4] Binomial Expansion

S
In the triangle PQR, PQ = 3, QR= 2 and angle PQR= T radians. Given that T is a
4
sufficiently small angle, show that
1
PR | 5 6T 3T
2 2
| a bT cT 2 ,

for constants a, b and c to be determined. [5]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/4] Binomial Theorem

S S x
In triangle PQR , angle PQR radians and angle PRQ radians. Given that x is
4 4 2
5
sufficiently small for x and above to be ignored, show that

PR 2 § x2 5x4 ·
| ¨1 ¸. [7]
QR 2 © 8 384 ¹

Q3. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/2] Binomial Expansion

In the triangle PQR, angle PQR = T radians, PQ = r and QR = 1, where r > 1. Given that T is a
sufficiently small angle, show that
1
PR | ª¬(r 1) 2 rT 2 º¼ 2 .
1
uch that PR |
Find the constants r and a such aT 2 . [7]
4

Q4. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/2]

It is given that y 1 ln(1 x).

(i) By differentiating successively,

uccessivelly, find
fin
indd the Maclaurin’s
Macl
Ma clau
auri serie for y, up to and including
rin’s series
2
the term in x . [3]

1 §4·
(ii) By substituting x , approximate ln ¨ ¸ , leaving your answer
a in exact form. [3]
4 ©5¹

൩൤

401
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Q5. [2013/Prelim/CJC/I/8] Binomial Expansion

2
1 d2 y § dy ·
(i) Given that y sin x , show that (cos y ) 2 (sin y ) ¨ ¸ 0 .
dx © dx ¹
Hence write down the first two non-zero terms in the Maclaurin series for y . [5]

(ii) Given that the first two non-zero terms in the Maclaurin series for y are equal to
x
the first two non-zero terms in the series expansion of , where a and b are
a bx 2
constants, find a and b . [4]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/1]
Let y e2 x sin 3 x .
(i) Using the standard series expansions of ex and sin x, show that the Maclaurin’s series
for y is given by

y ax bx 2 cx 3 5 x 4 ... , where a, b and c are constants to be determined. [3]

(ii) The graph of y e 2 x sin 3 x for 0 d x d 1 is given below.

y0 y e2 x sin 3 x

x0 x

A student wants to use

se a polynomial
pol
olyn
lyn
y omiaal of degree
omia degreee up too 4 as an
a approximation for
y = e2 x sin 3x . Explain
plain with a clear
learr diagram,
cle dia
iagr
g am which
m, whhich of tthe
ich h following polynomials he should
use if he wants to usee it to estimate
estimatee y0, the
imat he maximum
th maxi
maximmum value of y in the above diagram.

y axx bx 2
y axx bx 2 cx3
y ax bx 2 cx3 5 x 4 [2]

൩൥

402
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Q7. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/12]
Given that y = (sin1x)2, show that
2
§ dy ·
1 x ¨ ¸ 4 y
© dx ¹
2

d2 y
and
1 x2
dx 2
x
dy
dx
2. [3]

By further differentiation of these results, find the Maclaurin series of y up to including the
term in x4. [3]
The series found above is to be used to estimate a value for π2. Explain with the aid of a
1
sketch why using x in the series gives a better approximation than x 1 , and hence find
2
an approximation to π2, giving your answer in fraction form. [4]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/MI/I/2] Definite Integral

It is given that y 3
x2 2 x
.
2
d2 y 1 § dy ·
(i) Show that 2 ¨ ¸ 2 y ln 3 . [3]
dx y © dx ¹

(ii) Find Maclaurin’s series for y , up to and including the term in x 2 , leaving the
coefficients in exact form. [3]
1 x 2 x
2

(iii) Hence estimate the value of ³3

0
dx , giving your answer in exact form.
Explain how the accuracy of the estimation can be improved. [3]

൩൦

403
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/TJC/II/4] Binomial Expansion

(a) (i) Express ln(1 x) as a series in ascending powers of x, up to and including the
term in x3. [1]
ln(1 x)6
(ii) Obtain the expansion of in ascending powers of x, up to and
(1 3x)4
including the term in x3. [2]
(iii) State the range of values of x for which the expansion in part (ii) is valid. [2]

(b) If y cos(ln( x 1)) sin(ln( x 1)) where x t 0, show that

d2 y dy
x 1 2 x 1 y
2
0. [2]
dx dx
By further differentiation of this result, find the Maclaurin's expansion for y up to and
including the term in x3. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/NJC/II/1]
(i) Using standard result given in the List of Formulae (MF15), find the Maclaurin’s series
for ln 1 x x 2 , up to and including the term in x3. [2]

(ii) Determine the set of values of x for which the expansion in part (i) is valid. [3]
1 2x
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, obtain the series expansion of up to and including the
1 x x2
term in x 2 . [2]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/6] Definite Integ

Integral
egra
rall

Let f ( x) 2e x 1 cos 2 ( x) .

(i) Find the series expansion

nsionn ooff f ( x) in
n ascending
asc
scendingg ppowers
oweers of xx, up to and including the term
ow
in x3 . [You may usee standard results
resu
sult
ltts given
gi n inn the
he List
Lis
istt of Formulae
F (MF15).] [4]
(ii) (a) Use your answer
wer to par
part
artt (i
(i)) to findd a nu
nume
numerical
merical valu
value of the approximation of
2

³ 2
f ( x ) dx . [1]
2
(b) Use your calculator
l t tto fi
find
d an accurate
t value
l for
f
³ 2
f ( x) dx . Why is the
approximation in part (ii)(a) not very good? [2]

൩൧

404
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Q4. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/4] Definite Integral

Given that y sin 1 (2 x) , show that

2
§ dy ·
(1 4 x ) ¨ ¸
2
4. [1]
© dx ¹
(i) By further differentiation of this result, find the Maclaurin’s series of y up to and
including the term in x3 . [4]
1 1
(ii) Region R is bounded by the curve y sin 1 (2 x) , the x-axis, the lines x
and x .
2 2
Using your answer to part (i), write down a definite integral that will give an approximate
value for the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated through 2S radians about
the x-axis. [1]

By referring to the graph of y sin 1 (2 x) and the Maclaurin’s series of y in part (i),
determine whether this approximate value is an under-estimation or over-estimation
to the actual volume of the solid generated. [2]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/HCI/II/2]
(i) Given that ln ky tan 1 kx , where k is a non-zero constant, show that

1 k x ddyx
2 2
ky . By further differentiation of this result, find the Maclaurin’s series

for y , in terms of k , up to and including the term in x 3 . [5]

(ii) Let k 1 . By using a suitable substitution for x , find, in terms of 3 , an approximate

S
value of e6 . [4]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/4]
d 1 x , find the expansion of
n
(i) By considering the standard
taanddard
ard series
seri
series
ries eexpansions
xppan
a si
sion
ons of ex an
and
1
3

e15 x in ascending powers off x, up to

to andd including
incl
includ
udin
ing
g the
the term
t in x2 . Express your answer

in the form e a bx cx
2
, where
wher
wh eree a
a,, b
b,, c ar
aaree coeffic
coefficients to be determined. [4]

(ii) State the range of values

lues off x fo
forr which
h th
thee ex
expa
expansion
pansion abo
above is valid. [1]
(iii) It is given that D and
d E are constants, where D ! 0 and 0 d E d S . In the series
1
3
15 x
expansions of e >cos(D x E )@ and e in ascending powers of x, the constant terms
and the terms in x 2 are equal. Find the exact values of D and E . [4]

൩൨

405
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Q7. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/2]
1
It is given that y 2 e x 3
.
dy
(i) Show that 3 y 2 y3 2 . [2]
dx

(ii) Hence find the Maclaurin’s series for y , up to and including the term in x3 . [4]
2
Deduce that, for small x , 2 e x e | 1 53 x 18
37
2
(iii) 3 x
x . [2]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/RI(JC)/I/2]
S S
In the triangle PQR, angle PQR §¨ T ·¸ radians, angle PRQ §¨ T ·¸ radians and QR = 3.
©6 ¹ ©6 ¹
Given that T is sufficiently small, show that

ª §S · §S ·º
PQ PR a «sin ¨ T ¸ sin ¨ T ¸ » | bT ,
¬ ©6 ¹ ©6 ¹¼

for constants a and b to be determined. [5]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/11] Binomial Expansion

Given that y sin e x 1 .

d2 y dy
(i) Show that ye 2 x . [2]
dx 2 dx
(ii) By further differentiation,
ation, find the first
fir
irst
st three
thr
hree
ee non-zero
non
o -ze
zero terms
ter
erm
m of the Maclaurin series for y. [5]
(iii) Given that x is sufficiently
cien
cientl
ently sm
smal
small,
all,
all, using
usi
sing
ng the
the result
res
esul
ultt in ppart
artt ((ii),
ar i show that
1 1 1 3
| 2 . [3]
sin 2 e x 1 x
sin x 4

Q10. [2013/Prelim/YJC/II/3]

(i) nsion of e4 x sin x , up to and including the term in x 4 .

Find the series expansion [3]

(ii) Using your answer in (i), find the series expansion of e4 x cos x , up to and including
the term in x3 . [2]

൩൩

406
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/I/3]
1 sin 2 2 x
(i) Given that f ( x) and that x is a sufficiently small angle in radians, show that
2cos x 1
1 2 x2
f ( x) | . [3]
1 x2

Hence find a series expansion for f ( x), up to and including the term in x2 . Find the range of
values of x for which this expansion is valid. [3]
1 sin 2 2 x
(ii) State the equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x) at the point where x = 0.[1]
2cos x 1

Q2. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/3] Binomial Expansion

1
Let f x 3 .
x 1
(i) Show that the series expansion of f x in descending powers of x, up to and including
1
1 4 2 7
the third term, is x 3
x 3 x 3. [3]
3 9

Denote the answer in part (i) by h x .

(ii) By evaluating h 8 , find an approximation for 3
7 as a fraction in its lowest form. [2]

(iii) Given that x

, find the minimum value of x such that the value of h x f x is
less than 0.001. [2]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/12] Definite IIntegral

nteg
nt
ntegral
egra
rall

The curve C has parametric eequations

quat
qu
uatio
tio
ions
ns

x t2 t 6
6,, y t 3 4t , t ! 1 .

(i) Sketch the curve C. [1]

dy d2 y 2(3t 2 3t 44))
2(3
(ii) Find and show that
hat . [4]
dx dx 2 (2t 11))3

(iii) Find the Maclaurin series

i for
f y up to andd including
i l di theh term in x2. [3]
(iv) Find the percentage error when the area of the region bounded by C, the x-axis and the
line x = 1 is approximated with the Maclaurin series found in part (iii). [5]

ൡൠൠ

407
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

Q4. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/I/7] Binomial Expansion

(a) Let f ( x) sin( x3 ) , where x . Using standard series, evaluate f (15) (0) . [3]

(b) By repeated differentiation, find the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin’s
x
series of the expression y . Use binomial expansion to express y as a series
1 x x2
of ascending powers of x to verify your answer. [7]

Answers

Level 1
3 5 3 5
1. a 5, b , c 2. –
5 25
1 3
(i) y 1 x x2
5 5 2 8
3. r and a 4.
4 2 §4· 3497
(ii) ln ¨ ¸ |
5
© ¹ 16384
x3 3 3
(i) x (i) 3x 6 x 2 x 5 x 4 ...
6 2
5. 6.
1 3
(ii) a 1, b (ii) Use the polynomial 3x 6 x 2 x3
6 2

1 39 (ii) y | 1 2 x ln 3 2 ln 3 1 x 2 ln 3
7. x 2 x 4 ... , S2 | 8.
3 4 ln 3
(iii) 1 ln 3 2ln 3 1
3
Level 2
x 2 x3
(a)(i) x ...
2 3 1 2
(i)
(i) x x 2 x3 ...
(a)(ii) 6 x 69 x2 506 x3 ... 2 3
1. 1 1 2..
11 5 1 5
(a)(iii) x (ii) dxd
3 3 2 2
2 x3 (iii)
(iii
(i ii)) 1 x 2 x ...
2
(b) y 1 x x2 ....
...
3
4 3
(i) f ( x)
ª 1 5
2e «1 x x 2 x3
º (i)
(i) f x 2x x ...
3. ¬ 2 6 ¼» 4.
3
2
1
(ii)(a) 7.25 § 4 3·
(ii) S³ 2
¨ 2 x x ¸ dx , under-estimation
(ii)(b) 10.9
1
2 © 3 ¹

ൡൠൡ

408
Topic 12 Maclaurin’s Series

§ 5 25 2 ·
1 k k 2 (i) e ¨1 x x ¸
(i) y x x 2 x3 ... © 3 18 ¹
k 2 6 1 1
5. 6. (ii) x
7 17 § 1 · 5 5
(ii)
6 18 ¨© 3 ¸¹ 5
(iii) D and E 0
3
1 5 37 3
7. (ii) y 1 x x2 x ... 8. a 2 3 and b 6
3 18 162
47 3
2 4 (i) x 4 x2 x 10 x 4
x 5x 6
9. (ii) x 10.
2 24 15 2 26 3
(ii) 1 4x x x
2 3
Level 3
576
(i) f x 1 3x 2 , 1 x 1 (ii) 3
7|
1. 2. 301
(ii) Eqn. of tangent : y = 1 (iii) Minimum value of x is 5.
2
dy 3t 4
(ii)
dx 2t 1 (a) 10897286400
3. 8 22 2 4.
(iii) y x x (b) y x x 2 2 x3 ...
5 125
(iv) 0.148 %

ൡൠൢ

409
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423
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424
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426
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427
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428
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Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

13 Integration & its Applications

Techniques of Integration

Level 1

Q1. [2013/MI/I/8]
Find
1
(i) ³ 1 cos 2 x dx [2]
2
(ii) ³
0
x 2 2 x 3 dx [3]
e2 x
(iii) ³ e x 2 dx , using the substitution u ex 2 . [4]

Q2. [2013/SRJC/I/Q2]
8x2 1
(a) Find
³
4x2 1
dx . [2]
(b) Find, using integration by parts,
[4]
³e
3x
tan 1 e 3 x dx

Q3. [2013/TPJC/I/3]
4

³
x2 4 3
By using the substitution x 2sec t , show that dx . [5]
2 x4 32

Level 2

Q1. [2013/DHS/II/1]
x2
(a) Find ³ x 1 x 2 dx [3]

(b) (i) Differentiate sin 1 x 2 wi

with
ith
h rrespect
espe
espect
pe ct tto
o xx.. [1]
S 1
ch tthat ³ x sin 1 x 2 dx
n
(ii) Hence or otherwise, find
nd a positive in
inte
integral
teegr
gral value
val
alu
ue ooff n su
such . [3]
0 4 2

447
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q2. [2013/HCI/I/9]
x2 1
(a) Use the substitution y 1 2 x to find
³ 1 2 x
dx . [4]

(b) (i) By writing sin n T sin n1 T sin T , show that

S S
n 1
³ S
2
sin n T dT
n ³S
2
sin n2 T dT , where n
,n t 2
[4]
S
(ii) Hence find the exact value of
³ S
2
sin 4 T dT . [3]

Q3. [2013/JJC/I/12]
(a) (i) 1
Given that a ! 1 , use the substitution u to show that
x
1 a 1 1
³1 1 x2 dx ³ a 1 u 2 du.
1
[4]
1
(ii) Hence show that tan 1 a tan 1 k , where k is a constant to be determined. [3]
a
1 x3 1 1
(b) (i) Show that ³ dx ln 2 . [2]
0 1 x 2
2 2
1
(ii) Without using a calculator, evaluate the integral ³ 0
x 2 tan 1 x dx . [3]

Q4. [2013/NYJC/I/10]
The use of a graphing calculator is not allowed in this question.
1 1
(a) By using integration by parts, find ³0 x tan x dx . [4]
d 1
(b) Find (tan 2 T ) . Hence usee the substitution T tan 1 x to evalu
evaluate ³0 x tan
1
x dx [6]
dT

Q5. [2013/RVHS/I/4]
(i) Given that y
cos ln x 2 , find
find
fi n dy
dx
. [2]
π
e2
(ii) Find the exact value off the integral
³
1
ln x
x
si
n x 2 dx .
in ln
sin [5]

Q6. [2013/IJC/I/3]
1
d
(i) Find
dx
1 e .
4x 2
[1]

³e sin 1 e2 x dx .
2x
(ii) Hence find [4]

448
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q7. [2013/PJC/II/2]
4
1 5
Use the substitution y
x
to find the exact value of ³ 2
3
3

x 9 x2 4
dx . [7]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/AJC/I/2]
By means of the substitution 2u cos x , show that
1
1 S2 2
³0
2
4u 2 1 4u 2 du
8 ³0
sin 2 x dx ,

and evaluate this definite integral exactly.

[3]

du exactly.
1 3
Hence or otherwise, evaluate ³ 2
1 4u 2 [2]
0

Q2. [2013/CJC/I/2]
0 2c
Find the value of k such that ³ x c dx k³ x c dx , where c is a positive constant. [4]
c 0

Q3. [2013/RI/I/12]
2
(a) Find the exact value of
³ 1
x 2 ln x dx . [3]
(b) 9
Find
³ 3 2 x x2
dx . Hence, find the exact value of the constant a for which
2
9
³ ³
a
dx S 1 2 x dx.
0 3 2x x2 12 [7]
Area Bounded by Curve
Level 1

Q1. [2013/MJC/I/8]
x
The curve C1 has equation y 3
.
x 2x 8 2

(i) A B
Express y in the form 3 andd shshow
ow bby
y differen
differentiation that C1 has no
xc xd
stationary points. [3]
(ii) Sketch C1, stating the axial inte
t rcepts andd tthe
intercepts he equations of an
any asymptotes. [3]
unded by the curve C1, the line x 2 aand the axes.
(iii) Find the exact area bounded [3]
x 5 y 2 1
2

(iv) The curve C2 has equation . Sketch C2 on the same diagram as C1 and
32 22
find the coordinates of any points of intersection between C1 and C2. [2]

449
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q2. [2013/NJC/I/8]
The curve C has parametric equations
x t 3 t , y et , for t t 1.
(i) Sketch C, labelling all axial intercept(s). [2]
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve when t 1 , leaving your answer in terms of
e.
[3]
(iii) The normal to the curve C at point P p p,e 3 p
is parallel to the x-axis and intersects
the y-axis at point S 0, s , where s < 1. Find the exact value of p. [2]
(iv) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve C and the y-axis. [3]

Q3. [2013/TPJC/I/12]
A curve C has parametric equations

x 4 cos t , y tan t ,
π π
where t .
2 2
π
(i) P is a point on C with parameter t . Find the equation of the normal at P. [5]
3
(ii) Sketch C, indicating clearly any asymptotes and axial intercept(s) if any. [2]
(iii) Find the exact area of the region bounded by C, the x-axis and the line x 2 . [5]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/AJC/II/1]
The function f is defined by
4 5
f: x for x , x d .
2 x 5 2
1 2

Sketch the graph of y = f (x) and show that f 1 exists. [3]

Find f 1 ( x) and write down the domain of f 1 . [3]
x) = f 1 ((x)
The solutions to the equation f ((x) x) are
a e x = a an
ar andd x = 2 wh
where
whee a < 2.
Find, in terms of a, the area of th
the re
the rregion
g on bbounded
gi ded by
ouund
nded currves y = f (x) and y = f 1 (x).
by the curves
cu [3]

450
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q2. [2013/ACJC/I/10]
e 2x
(i) By using the substitution u 2 x , find ³ 2 x
dx. [2]

Hence, using integration by parts, show that

³ e 2 x
dx 2e 2 x

2 x 1 C .
[3]
(ii) 1
The diagram below shows the graph of y ln 4 x 2 2, xt . The region R is
4
bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the lines y 2, y 2 . Using the result in (i), find
the area of R in exact form. y

x
O
[3]

Q3. [2013/HCI/I/7]
3x 2 14 x 15
The curve C has equation y f x , where f x
3x 1
(a) Sketch C , stating the equations of any asymptotes, the coordinates of any turning points and
the points of intersection of C with the axes. [4]
1
(b) (i) Find ³ 2 dx [2]
3x 1

(ii) Let g x f x 2 . Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y g x , the x -

axis, the lines x 1 and x 1 , giving your answer in exact form. [2]

Q4. [2013/TJC/I/8]
A curve is defined by the parametric
ame
metr
tric
tri
ic eequations
quat
atio
tio
i ns
1 t2 4t
x , y , 0 d t d1
1..
1 t2 1 t2
1
(i) Show that the equation of the norm
normal
mal to
to the
the curve
curv
rvee at tthe
he ppoint
oin
i where t is given by
2
2 6
y x .
3 5 [5]
(ii) Sketch the curve and the
he normal in part (i) on the same diagram.
diagr [2]
(iii) Show that the area bounded
nded by the curve,
curve the normal and the axes can be expressed in the
b
form ³a f (t ) dt c , where a, b and c are constants to be determined. Hence evaluate this
area. [3]

451
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q5. [2013/YJC/I/5]
2
´ § ex · A
(a) (i) Find the value of A such that µ ¨ 2 x ¸ dx C , where C is an arbitrary
¶ © e 1 ¹ e 2x
1
constant. [2]
e2 x
(ii) The region under the curve y , 0 d x d ln 2 is rotated 2S radians about the x-
e2 x 1
axis to form a solid. Using the result in (i), find the exact volume of the solid. [4]
(b) A curve has parametric equations
x 4sin T , y cot T , where 0 T S .
(i) Sketch the curve. [2]
(ii) Find the exact area of the region bounded by the curve, the 2 axes and the line y 1. [4]

Q6. [2013/JJC/II/1]
A curve C has parametric equations
S S
x 1 sin t sin t, y 1 sin t cos t,
. for dt d
2 2
(i) Sketch C, giving the coordinates of any points of intersection with the x- and y-axes. [3]
(ii) Show that the area of the region enclosed by C and the x-axis, A is

³ D cos t sin t cos t cos t 2sin t cos t dt ³ D sin t - sin t sin t cos 2 t sin t dt ,
E E
2 2

S
for some 0 d D , E d . Find the numerical value of A, giving your answer correct to 3
2
decimal places. [4]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/SRJC/I/11]
The curve C has equation 3 y 2 9 x 2 .
(i) Sketch the graph of C , labelling the exact coordinates of all turning points and points of
xes.
intersection with the axes. [2]
The region R is bounded by the he curve C, the positive x – axis is aand
nd tthe positive y – axis.
(ii) Find the exact dimensionsions of the rectaang
ngle
rectanglele ooff la
larg
rges
estt areaa tthat
largest h can be inscribed in region
R such that the origin iss one
o e of the
on the vertices
ver
e ti
tice
cess of the
the rectangle.
rec
ecta
tanglee. [7]
(iii) Hence, find the exact ma axxiimum
maximum mum ar
area
e ooff a re
ea ect
ctan
angle in
rectangle inscscri
ribe
inscribedbed in an ellipse with equation
3( y 2) 2 9 ( x 3) 2 .
[2]

Q2. [2013/ACJC/II/4b]
1
It is given that f ( x) .
x 1
(i) On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of y f x and y f x . [2]
(ii) Without the use of graphing calculator, find the exact value of the constant a, where
1
a
0 a 1 , for which ³ 2

1 f ( x ) dx ³ 0
f (x) dx .
2 [4]

452
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Volume of Revolution
Level 1

Q1. [2013/ACJC/I/5]
A curve C is defined by the parametric equations
x 4cosT 2, y sin T 1 , where S d T d 0 .
The region S is bounded by the curve C, the line x = 2, the x-axis and the y-axis.
Find the volume generated when S is rotated completely about the y-axis. [5]

Q2. [2013/CJC/I/10]
1
(a) Use the substitution x 2sec T to find ³x 2
x2 4
dx . [5]

1 3
(b) The region bounded by the curve y , the x-axis, the lines x and
1 2x 2 2
1
x is rotated completely about the x-axis to form a solid of revolution of volume
2
V. Find the exact value of V, giving your answer in the form kS 2 . [4]

Q3. [2013/MI/I/4]
A curve C has parametric equations x 4e3t , y 3et where t t 0 .
(i) Sketch the curve and write down the asymptote of C. [2]
(ii) The region R is bounded by C , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x 4 and x 32 .
Calculate the exact area of R . [4]
(iii) Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when R is rotated through 2S radians
about the x-axis, giving your answer in an exact form. [3]

Q4. [2013/TJC/I/9]

³e
2x
(i) Find cos 4 x dx . [4]
(ii) S
Sketch the curves y = ex sin 2x and y = ex for 0 d x d on a single diagram. Find the
2
exact x-coordinate of the
he poi
ppoint
pooin
int off intersection
int int
nter
e se
ersect
ctio
ionn between
betw
betwee
e n ththee two
tw curves. [3]
(iii) Find the exact volume off thethee solid
sol
olid
id generated
gen nerrated when
when the
th
he region bounded by the two curves
and the y-axis is rotatedd through
th S ra
rouuggh 22S
hro
roug radians
adi anss about th
d an thee xx-axis.
-axis. [4]

453
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Level 2

Q1. [2013/HCI/II/4]
A curve C has parametric equations
S S
x tan T , y 1 secT , for T .
2 2
(a) S
The point P on the curve has parameter D , where D 0 . The tangent at P meets
2
the y -axis at the point Q , show that the area of triangle OPQ is given by
1
tan D sin D .
2 [5]
(b) (i) Find a Cartesian equation of C , and sketch C , giving the coordinates of any stationary
points and the equations of any asymptotes. [4]
(ii) The region bounded by the curve, the lines x 3 , x 3 and the x -axis is rotated
through S radians about the y -axis. Find the volume of the solid obtained numerically. [3]

Q2. [2013/IJC/II/3]
(a) The curve C has equation y x 2 . The region R is bounded by C, the line x 2 and the
x-axis. The region S is bounded by C, the y-axis, and the line y a , where a > 0. The
volume of the solid formed when R is rotated completely about the y-axis is denoted by
VR. The volume of the solid formed when S is rotated completely about the x-axis is
denoted by VS. Given that VR VS , find the exact value of a. [6]
(b) x 1 1
The region Q is bounded by the curve y , the lines x , x and the x-
4
1 4 x2 4 4
axis. By using the substitution 2 x sin T , find the exact value of the volume of
revolution formed when Q is rotated through 4 right angles about the x-axis. [5]

Q3. [2013/MJC/I/9]
(a) Find the exact value off p such that
1
1 e2

³ ³
p
dx ln x d
dxx .
0 1 p2 x2 1 [5]
(b) x
The curve C has equation
on
n y .
1 x2
(i) Sketch the curve C. [1]

³ 1 x dx , for n ! 0 .
n
x
(ii) Use the substitution u x2 to findd 2 [3]
2
0

(iii) Hence find the exact volume

olume of rrevolution
evolutio
ev on formed
form
fo rmed
ed when the region between the curve and
the positive x-axis is rotated
otated co
completely
ompletely aabout
bou
bout the x-axis. [2]

454
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q4. [2013/NYJC/I/11]
The curve C is defined by the equations
x T sin T , y 1 cosT , for 2S d T d 2S .
(i) Sketch C, showing all axial-intercepts and endpoints clearly. [3]
(ii) Using the fact that C is periodic with period 2S , or otherwise, find the exact area
enclosed by C, the lines x 2S , x 2S and the x-axis. [4]
(iii) C1 is the part of the curve C for S d T d 2S . The region R is bounded by C1 , the axes
and the line y = 2. State the area of R. [1]
(iv) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through 2S radians about the y-
axis, giving your answer to 1 decimal place. [2]
(v) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through 2S radians about the x-
axis, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. [3]

Q5. [2013/NJC/II/3]

³ ( x 1)
x
(i) Use the substitution x u 1 to find dx . [3]
2
1
(ii) Hence, find ³ tan 1 ( x 1) dx . [2]
π
The region R is bounded by the axes, the curve y tan 1 x 1 and the line y
.
2
R is rotated completely through 4 right angles about the x-axis to form a solid of
revolution of volume V. Show that
V π aπ b ln 2 ,
where a and b are exact constants to be determined. [5]

Q6. [2013/RI/II/3]
16
The diagram shows the curve C with equation y .
( x 2) 2 4
It has a turning point (2, 4) .

y (2, 4) y=4

R
16
y
( x 2)2 4

x
0

ded by C , the y axis and the line y

The region R is bounded 4.
4
4 y
(i) By using the substitution y 4sin 2 T , find the exact value of
³ 2 y
dy . [5]

(ii) Using the result in (i), find the exact area of R . [3]
(iii) R is rotated through 2S radians about the x axis. Find the volume of the solid of [3]

455
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

revolution formed.

Q7. [2013/RVHS/I/11]
(a) §x·
Sketch the graph of y sec ¨ ¸ 2 for π x π , showing the exact coordinates of the
©2¹
points of intersection with the axes. [2]
π
§x·
³
3
Hence find the exact value of sec ¨ ¸ 2 dx . [3]
0 ©2¹
1
(b) (i) Find
³
1 x
dx using the substitution u x. [3]
(ii) Find the exact volume of revolution when the region bounded by the curve
2
§ 1 ·
¨1 2 ¸ , the line y e and the x-axis is rotated π radian about the y-axis.
2
y
© x ¹ [3]

Q8. [2013/SAJC/II/4]
(a) 2e
Find, in terms of n and e,
³ 1
x n1 ln x dx .
[4]
(b) 1
The diagram shows the curve C with equation y sec x where 0 d x d S .
6

O x

1
(i) The region R is bounded
d by
ed by the
the axes,
axes
ax es,, the
es thee curve
th curv
curvee C and line x
d the lin S.
6
Find the exact area of the rregion
eg
egi
gion
ion R . [3]
2

³
3 1
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find exact
nd the exac value
actt va
valu
lue of cos 1 dy . [2]
1 y
2
(iii) The region S is enclosed
sed by the
the curve C thee y-axis and the line y
C,, th .
3
Find the exact volume off the
h solid
lid off revolution
l i formed
f d when
h S is rotated
through 2π radians about the x-axis. [4]

456
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q9. [2013/SRJC/II/4]
The diagram shows a curve C defined by the parametric equations
S S
x 4 cos 2 T 1, y 4 cos 2
T 1 tan T , where
2
T
2
.
The curve C intersects the x axis aat the origin and at the point (3, 0).
y

x
0 3

dy 8 sini 2 T sec2 T 4
(i) Show that .
dx 8cos T sin T
What can be said about the tangent to C at T 0 ? [3]
(ii) Find the values of T at the origin. [2]
The region enclosed by C is denoted by R.
(iii) Find the exact area of R. [5]
(iv) Find the volume of revolution when R is rotated 180˚ about the x-axis
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. [2]

Q10. [2013/TPJC/I/13]
The curve C has equation 4 y 4 y 16 19 ( 2 x) .
19 3x(2
dy
(i) Find in terms of x an
and
nd y [2]
dx
(ii) Show that the equationn off C can
can be eexpressed
ca x ressed iin
xp n th
the form
form
(x 11)) ( y 2)
2
2) 2

2
2
1
a b
where a and b are constants
nstants to bebe determined.
determin
de ned
ed.. [3]
(iii) Sketch C, stating the coordinates
coordinanate
tess of anyy ppoints
oint
oi ntss of intersecti
intersection with the axes. [3]
(iv) By sketching another line on th the
he same diagram, find the va values of x which satisfy
3 x 3 x 16 19 3x(2 x) . [3]
(v) Find the numerical value of the volume of revolution when the smaller region bounded
by C and the line in part (iv) is rotated completely about the x-axis. Give your answer
correct to 3 decimal places. [4]

457
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q11. [2013/VJC/I/10]
(a) The curve C has parametric equations
S S
x 3 cos t , y 3sin t , for
. dt d
2 2
(i) Sketch C, indicating clearly the exact coordinates of the axial intercepts. [2]
(ii) Find the exact value of the area of the region bounded by C and the y – axis. [5]
(b) (i) Differentiate 1 x 2 with respect to x. [2]
1
S 1
³ cos 1 x dx 1
2
(ii) Show that .
0 4 2 2 [3]
(iii) The diagram below shows the curve with equation y 1
cos x . The region bounded
S
by the curve, the line y and the y-axis is denoted by R.
2

Find the exact volume of revolution when R is rotated completely about the x-axis. [4]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/AJC/I/4]
Given that y sin 1 (2 x) , show that
2
§ dy ·
(1 4 x ) ¨ ¸ 4 .
2

© ddxx ¹ [1]
(i) By further differentiation
tion of this result, find the Maclaurin’s
Macl
clau
auri
rin’
n series of y up to and
including the term in x3 . [4]
(ii) 1
Region R is bounded byy the
th
he curve
curv
curvee y
rv in 1 ((2
ssin 2 x) , thee xx-axis,
-aaxis, the lines x and
2
1
x . Using your answer
nswerr tto
o part
partt (i
(i),
i), write
write do
down
wn a ddefinite
efin
efinit
itee integral that will give an
2
approximate value forr the volumeme off ththe so
soli
solid
lid
d ge
gen
generated wh R is rotated through 2S
nerated when
radians about the x-axis.
xis. [1]
By referring to the graph of y si in 1 ((2
sin 2 x) andd th
thee Maclaurin’s
Maclaurin’s
l series
ser of y in part (i), determine
whether this approximate value
alue is an under-estimation or over-estover-estimation to the actual volume
of the solid generated. [2]

458
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Q2. [2013/PJC/I/5]
(a) Find the exact area, in terms of a, of the region bounded by the curve y 2 4ax and
x 2 4ay , where a is constant. [4]
(b) § 8x 9 ·
2
The region R is bounded by the curve y ¨ 2 ¸ , the positive x-axis and the lines
© x ¹
5
y 2 x and y. Find, numerically, the volume of the solid generated when R is
2
rotated completely about the x-axis. [4]

Answers

Techniques of Integration
Level 1
1 3 3
(i) tan x c (a) 2 x ln 2 x 1 ln 2 x 1 C
2 4 4
1. (ii) 4 2.
1 1
(b) e3 x tan 1 e3 x ln e6 x 1 C
(iii) e x 2 2 ln e x 2 c 3 6
Level 2
x ln x 1 4ln x 2 c (a) 1 1 2 x 2 1 1 2 x 2 5 1 2 x 2 C
5 3 1
(a)
20 6 4
1. 2x 2. 3S
(b)(i) (b)(ii) n = 1 (b)(ii)
1 x4 16
π 1 S
(a)(ii) k (a)
2 4 2
3. π 1 1 4.
(b)(ii) ln 2 S 1
12 6 6 (b)
4 2
2

sin ln x 2 ,
x
π
4
(i)
2e 4 x
1 e4 x
5. 6.
1
1 2 x 1 2 x 1
(ii)
(ii) e sii e 1 e4 x 2 C
sin
2 2
5S
7.
6
Level 3
S 3S 3
1. , 2. k
32 32 2
8ln 2 7
(a)
3 9
3.
§ x 1 · 1 2 2
(b) 9sin 1 ¨ ¸c, a
© 2 ¹ 2

459
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Area Bounded by Curve

Level 1

2 1
(i) y 3
3 x 4 3 x 2
1. 2.
1 1 1 e 1
(iii) 6 ln 2 ln 4 units 2 or 6 ln 2 units 2 y xe; p ;0.587
3 3 3 2 3

3
(i) y x
2
(ii)

2(2ln(2 3) 3)

460
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Level 2
(i)
(5/2, 4)

1 2
1. 2. (i) 2e 2 x
c;
2
e 1

(ii) f 1 ( x) 5 1 4
1
2 2 x
D f 1 (0, 4]

(iii) 4 S 4 tan 1 (2a 5) a 2

(a) (ii) y
2

1 x
3. 4.
0 § ·
21 4t ¨ 4t ¸
25 ³1 1 t 2 ¨ 1 t 2 2 ¸
(iii) dt , 1.29 units 2
2
© ¹

(b)(i)
3
3
tan 1 3x C (ii) 3403 S 283

461
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

1 §1 5 3 · (i)
(a)(i) C (ii) S ¨ ln ¸
2 e 1
2x
© 2 2 20 ¹
(0,1)
(b)(i)
y

(-2,0) (0,0)
5. 6. S
(ii) D ,E 0 ; 2.356
2
0 x

(ii) 4ln 2 1
Level 3
(i)

3 2 6
(ii) units by units
2 2

(iii) 6 3 units 2

462
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

(i)
y

-1 0 1 x
asymptote:
-1
y=0
x = -1 x=1
2.
y

asymptotes:

x = 1, y = 0
1

0 1 x
3
(b)(ii) a
4

Volume of Revolution

Level 1
x2 4 2 2
1. 6.24 2. C ; (b) S
4x
4x 24
1 2x
((i))
(i e ccos
os 4 x 2sin 4 x + c
(i) 10
10
(ii)
(i i)
y
y = ex

3. 4.
1 y = ex sin 2x
x
asymptote: y 0 S 0
x
(ii) 54 4
S
(iii) 108S 1 § 2 ·
(iii) S ¨¨ 2e 3 ¸¸ units3
10 © ¹

463
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

Level 2

(b)(i) y (sin D ) x cos D 1

y 1 x

(0, 2) (a) a 102/5

1. 2. S ªS 3º
(b) « »
8 ¬6 4 ¼

23
(ii) S or 24.1 unit 3
3

S
(a) p
4 e 2 1
(b)(i)
y

3. 4.
(ii) 2S
S
(iii) 4S
O x 2
(iv) 193.2
1§ 1 · 1 (v) 74.02
(ii) ¨1 2 ¸
(iii) S units3
2 © 1 n ¹ 2
1
ln ª¬( x 1)2 1º¼ tan 1 x 1 c
2
)(i)) S 2
(a)(i)
(a)(
(a
1
5. x 1 tan 1 x 1 ln ª¬( x 11))2 1º¼ c ; 6. (ii) 2(4 S )
(ii) 2(4
2
(b) 35.9
355.99
1 1
a ,b
4 2

1 ª
2 ¬
n 2e ln 2 1 2e 1º
n n
(a)(i)
(a)(
(a )(i)
i)
n ¼
1
(b)(i)
(b ln 3 or o ln 3
2
7. 8. S 1
(ii) ln l 3
3 3 2
2S 2 S § 2S 1 ·
(iii) or S ¨ ¸
9 3 © 9 3¹
, , ,

464
Topic 13 Integration & its Applications

dy 3(1 x)
(i) =
dx 16( y 2)
(ii) a 4, b 3
(iii)
(i) The tangent is vertical at T 0.
S S
(ii) T or
9. 3 3 10.
(iii) 3 3
(iv) 16.0

(iv) 1, 5; 25.198

y
0,3
3, 0 x
11.
0, 3
3 3S 1
S 1 S
(b)(i) x 1 x 2

(a)(i) (ii) 2
(ii) 1 (iii) S
2 4 2 2 2

Level 3
4 3 16a 2
(i) f x 2x x ... (a)
3 3
1. 1 2 2.
§ 4 3·
S³ 2
1 ¨ 2 x x ¸ dx , under-estimation (b) 12.0

2 © 3 ¹

465
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

13 Integration & its Applications Solution

Techniques of Integration

Level 1

4 [2013/MI/I/8]
Find

L ³ FRV x dx >@

P

³ x x dx

LL >@

R
x
e
³e ex .

U F
LLL dx , using the substitution u
x
>@
Solution

H
³ FRV x dx ³ FRV
x
dx

S

³
(i) VHF x dx

SD
³

x x dx

WDQ x c

³ x

x dx ³ x x dx

D

ª º ª º
«¬ x x x »¼ «¬ x x x »¼

(ii)

[

H
(iii)

X
u ex

V
u
du
ex u

D
dx

L u

e x
³ e x dx ³
N
du
du
u u

³ u duu
u OQ u c
e x OQ
O ex c

466
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 [2013/SRJC/I/Q2]
D
x
Find
³ x
Gx .
>@
E Find, using integration by parts,

³H
x
WDQ H x Gx >@
Solution
x
a)
³ x
Gx

ª º
³
«¬ x »¼ Gx

RP
ª º ª § ·º
³«
¬

x ¼
» Gx or ³ « ¨
¬

© x
¸ » Gx
x ¹ ¼
x

UF

x OQ C or x OQ x OQ x C
x

SH
(b) ³e
x
WDQ e x Gx
x e x
e WDQ e x ³ e x Gx
e x
SD

x
e WDQ e x ³ Gx
e x

P

x e x
e WDQ e x ³ x Gx
[D

e
x
e WDQ e x OQ e x C

XH
DV
NL

467
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 [2013/TPJC/I/3]

³
x
By using the substitution x VHF t , show that Gx .
x >@
6ROXWLRQ
S
x VHF t Gx
³ x
Gx ³ VHF t VHF t WDQ t Gt Gt VHF t WDQ t

S
WDQ t
³ VHF t Gt ZKHQx t

S VLQ t S

³ FRV t Gt ZKHQ
KHQx t

P
FRV t

S

³
R
VLQ t FRV t Gt

U F
S
ª VLQ t º
¬« ¼»

SH
ª §S ·
«
«
VLQ ¨ ¸
© ¹ VLQ »

º
»

D
« »
¬« ¼»

S § ·
¨ ¸

P
©¨ ¹¸

D

RZQ
6KRZQ

[

XH
DV
NL

468
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Level 2

4 [2013/DHS/II/1]
D x
Find ³ x x Gx .
>@
E L Differentiate VLQ
x with respect to x.

>@
LL Hence or otherwise, find a positive integral value of n such that
S
³ x VLQ x Gx .
n

>@
Solution

RP
(a)
x
³ x x Gx

UF
³ x x Gx
x OQ x OQ x c

G
SH
(b)(i)
VLQ x
x
Gx x
SD
(ii)
x VLQ x Gx
n
³
P

n
ª x º

» ³ x Gx
n x

« VLQ x
¬ ¼ x
[D

n
ª x §· º
« VLQ x ¨ ¸ x »

¬ © ¹ ¼
XH

n S
VLQ n n

DV

From
m GC or observation,
obser
observat on UHMHFWn
n, n = 1 UHMHFW VLQFHn
V
VL
VLQFH
V
NL

469
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >+&,,@
D x
Use the substitution y x to find
³ x
Gx .
>@
E L n
By writing VLQ T n
VLQ T VLQ T , show that
S S
n
³ S

VLQ n T GT
n ³ S

VLQ n T GT ,

where n ,n t >@
S
LL Hence find the exact value of
³ S

VLQ T GT .
>@

RP
Solution
(a)

UF
y x
Gx

x
³ SH x
Gx

§ y ·
SD
¨ ¸

³ © ¹ § ·
¨ ¸ Gy
y © ¹
P

³
y y

[D

Gy
y

³
XH

y y y Gy

DV

y y y C

NL

x x x C

(b)(i)
S S u VLQVLLQ n T

v
VLQ T
³S VLQ T GT ³S VLQ T VLQ T GT
n n

u
n VLQ T FRVn
FR T v FRV T

470
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

S S
³S VLQ T GT ³S VLQ T VLQ T GT
n n

ª¬ FRV T VLQ n T º¼ S n ³S VLQ n T FRV T GT

S S

n ³S VLQ n T FRV T GT

n ³S VLQ T VLQ n T GT

n ³S VLQ n T VLQ n T GT

S S
³S VLQ T GT
n

RP

S S S
³S VLQ
n
T GT n ³S VLQ n T GT n ³S VLQ n T GT

S S
n ³S VLQ n T GT n ³S VLQ n T GT

UF

S n S n
³S VLQ T GT
n ³
S VLQ T GT
n

(ii)

SH
Method 1:
SD
S S
³S

VLQ T GT
³
S VLQ T GT

§ ·§ · S
P

¨ ¸¨ ¸ ³S GT
© ¹© ¹
§ ·§ ·§ S ·
[D

¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸
© ¹©© ¹© ¹
S
XH

Method 2:
S S
³ ³
DV

S LQ T GT
VLQ VLQ T GT
S VLQ

S
³
V T GT
S FRV
NL

S
ª VLQ T º
«T
¬ »¼ S

§ S·
¨S ¸
© ¹
S

471
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >--&,@
D
Given that a ! , use the substitution u to show that
x
L
a
³ x Gx ³ a u Gu

>@

LL Hence show that WDQ a WDQ k , where k is a constant to be determined.
a >@
E x
L Show that ³ Gx OQ .
x
>@

³

LL Without using a calculator, evaluate the integral x WDQ x Gx .
>@

RP
Solution
(a) (i)

u
x

UF
Gu
u
Gx x
SH
When x u and x

a u

a
SD

a § ·
³ x
Gx ³a § · ¨© u ¸¹ Gu
¨ ¸
©u¹
P

³ a
Gu
u
[D

³ a u Gu
XH

(ii)
a
³ x
Gx ³
u
Gu
DV

a
a
¬ª WDQ
DQ x º¼ ª¬ WWDQ
DQ u º¼

a
NL

DQ a WD
WDQ WDQ WDQ WWDQ
DQ
a
ʌ ʌ 1
WDQ a WDQ
a
ʌ
WDQ a WDQ
a
(b)(i)

472
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

x § x ·
³ x
Gx ³ ¨x ¸
© x ¹
Gx

ª x º
« OQ x »
¬ ¼

OQ

(ii)

ª x º

x § ·
³ » ³ ¨ x ¸ Gx

x WDQ x Gx « WDQ x

¬ ¼ © ¹
ʌ 1 x
³ x

RP
Gx

ʌ 1§1 1 ·
¨ OQ ¸
© ¹

UF
ʌ 1 1
OQ

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

473
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >1<-&,@
The use of a graphing calculator is not allowed in this question.
D
By using integration by parts, find ³ x WDQ x Gx .
>@
E G
Find WDQ T . Hence use the substitution T WDQ x WRHYDOXDWH ³ x WDQ

x Gx
GT >@
Solution
(a)

ª x
º x § ·
³ x WDQ x dx « WDQ x » ³ ¨
«¬
¸
»¼ © x ¹
dx

§S · § ·
¨ ¸ ³ ¨ ¸ dx
© ¹ © x ¹
S
ª x WDQ x º
¬ ¼
S S½ S
® ¾
¯ ¿

(b)
d
WDQ T WDQ T VHF T
dT
dx
WDQ T x VHF T
dT
S

³ T WDQ T VHF T dT
S
S
ª WDQ T º ´ WDQ
DQ T
«T » µ dT
«¬ »¼ ¶
[

S
S §· HFF T dT
¨© ¸¹ ³
VHF
V
X

S
> WDQ T T @
S

S ª Sº S

«¬ ¼»

474
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >59+6,@
L Given that y
FRV OQ x , find Gy
Gx
.
>@
ʌ
H
LL Find the exact value of the integral
³

OQ x
x

VLQ OQ x Gx .
>@
Solution
(i)
y
FRV OQ x
Gy
Gx

VLQ OQ x x x

RP
VLQ OQ x
x
(ii)
S
e

³
OQ x

UF
VLQ OQ x Gx
x
S
e
ª º

SH
³

«¬ x VLQ OQ x »¼ OQ x Gx
OHWu OQ x DQG
dv
VLQ OQ x
SD
dx x

du
dx

x
DQGv FRV
FR OQ x
P

ª º
S S
e
«ª
³

e
OQ x FRV OQ x º
FFR OQ x Gx »
FRV
[D

«¬ ¼ x »
«¬ »¼
XH

ª º
S

«ªS º e

« FRV
«¬
RVS »
FRV OQ x G
³
Gx »
»

DV

¼ x
«¬ ¼»
ª« S ª e º
S

VLQ OQ x º »
NL

« ¬ ¼ »
¬ ¼
ª S º
« VLQ S »
¬ ¼
S

υτ

475
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 [2013/IJC/I/3]

G
L Find
Gx
H .
x

³H VLQ H x Gx .
x
LL Hence find
>@
Solution

G H x
H x H x H x

(i) Gx H x

³H VLQ H x Gx
x
(ii)

x x H x
H VLQ H
³ H x Gx -----(*)

RP
H x
x x H x

H VLQ H
³ H x
Gx

UF

x x
H VLQ H H x C

SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υυ

476
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >3-&,,@

Use the substitution y
x
to find the exact value of ³

x x
Gx .
>@
6ROXWLRQ

³

x x
Gx y
x

§ · Gy
y
³

¨ ¸ Gy
© y ¹
Gx x
§· §·
¨ y ¸ ¨ y ¸ x y
© ¹ © ¹

§ ·
³ § · y ¨© y ¸¹ Gy x y

RP

¨ y¸ y
© ¹

§ ·
³
¨ ¸ Gy

UF

§ · © y ¹
¨ y ¸ y

³

Gy Coefficient of y must be one before
§·
¨ ¸ y applying the formula in MF15.
[D

©¹

ª § y · º
« VLQ ¨ ¸ »
XH

¬ © ¹¼

§ ·
VLQQ ¨ ¸ VLQQ
DV

©¹
§S · §S ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
NL

υφ

477
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Level 3

4 >$-&,@
By means of the substitution u FRV x , show that

S
³

u u Gu
³
VLQ x Gx ,

and evaluate this definite integral exactly.

Gu exactly.

Hence or otherwise, evaluate ³
u

>@
Solution

RP
Gu VLQ x
u FRV x
Gx

³
u u Gu

§ VLQ x ·
³ SFRV x FRV x ¨
© ¹
¸ Gx
SH

³S FRV x VLQ x Gx

SD
S
³
VLQ x Gx

S
³
P

FRV x Gx
S
[D

ª VLQ x º
x
«¬ »¼
S
XH

Gu

DV

³

u

ª º

§
·

NL

« u u » ³ ¨

u u
u ¸ GGuu
¬ ¼ © ¹

³ u u

Gu

§S ·
¨ ¸
© ¹
S

Alternatively,

υχ

478
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

³ u

u Gu

³
u Gu ³ u u Gu

S
³S VLQ x Gx

S S
³

FRV x Gx

S
ª VLQ x º S
x
«¬ »¼

RP
S

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υψ

479
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 [2013/CJC/I/2]
c
Find the value of k such that ³ x c Gx k³ x c Gx , where c is a positive constant.
c >@
6ROXWLRQ
x c LIx t c
Note: x c ®
¯c x LIx c

³c
x c Gx ³c
c xGx

ª x º
«
»¼ c
cx
¬
ª c º
« c c
»¼

RP
¬

c c

UF
c

c c c
³ SH x c Gx ³
c xGx ³ x cGx
c
c c
ª x º ª x
º
«cx » « cx »
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼c
SD
c § c

· § c ·
c ¨ c ¸ ¨ c ¸
© ¹ © ¹
P

c
c
³ x c Gx k³ xc G
Gxx c kc
[D

c

?k

XH

Alternative:
y
DV

y xc
2cc
2
NL

c
A1 A2 A3
–c c 2c x

c
³c
x c Gx k ³

xcG
Gxx
Area A1 = k (Area A2 + Area A3)

υω

480
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

§ ·
cc c k ¨ cc cc ¸
© ¹

c kc

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

υϊ

481
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >5,,@
D
Find the exact value of
³
x OQ x Gx .
>@
E
Find
³
x x
Gx . Hence, find the exact value of the constant a for which

³ ³
a
Gx S x Gx
x x >@
Solution
(a)

³
x OQ x Gx

RP

ª x OQ x º
x § ·
«
¬ ¼
» ³
¨ ¸ Gx
©x¹

UF

ª x OQ x x º
« »
¬ ¼

¨
©
SH
§ OQ ·
¸
¹
OQ
SD

(b)

³ ³
P

Gx Gx
G
x x x
[D

§ x ·
VLQ ¨
VLQ ¸c
© ¹
XH

ª § x ·º ªS § S ·º
³ xx x

Gx «VL
¬
VLQ
V
L ¨
VVLQ
© ¹¼
¸» «
¬
¨ ¸ » S
© ¹¼
DV

ª§ · § ·º
³ S x GGx S ª¬ x x º¼

S «¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ » S

¬©
¹ © ¹¼
NL

a

6LQFH
³ x x
GGx S ! S V
VRRa !
VR
VR

³ ³
a
S x Gx S x GGx S

?

Y
OR
2 y x

X
υϋ

482
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

ª º
³ S x Gx S « » S

¬ ¼

6LQFH
³ x x
Gx S ! S VRa !

³ ³
a
S x Gx S x Gx S

?

a
S S ª¬ x x º¼ S

§ ·
a a ¨ ¸

UF
© ¹

a a
SH
r r
a

SD

6LQFHa !

P

? a

[D
XH
DV
NL

υό

483
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Area Bounded by Curve

Level 1

4 >0-&,@
x
The curve C1 has equation y .
x x

L A B
Express y in the form and show by differentiation that C1 has no
xc xd
stationary points. >@
LL Sketch C1, stating the axial intercepts and the equations of any asymptotes.
totes.
s. >@
LLL Find the exact area bounded by the curve C1, the line x and the axes. es. >@

RP
LY x

y
The curve C2 has equation . Sketch C2 on the same
e diagram as C1 and

find the coordinates of any points of intersection between en C1 and C2. >@

UF
6ROXWLRQ
(i)
x
y
SHx x

x x
SD
Gy

x x

Gx
P

Therefore, C1 has no stationary
ationary
nary points
points.
[D

(ii)
y
XH
DV

3
x
NL

––2.12 O 3.78
3 .78
78
8

(iii)

υύ

484
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

5HTXLUHGDUHD ³

x x
Gx

ª º
«¬x OQ x OQ x »¼

§ · § ·
¨ OQ OQ ¸ ¨ OQ OQ ¸
© ¹ © ¹

OQ OQ XQLWV RU OQ XQLWV

RP
(iv)
y

UF
3
SH 2
x
3
x
–2.12 O 3.78 5
SD
P
[D
XH

Using G.C., the

he coordinates
oordinate of the p
points of intersection are (3.50,1.73) and (3.86, –
1.85).
DV
NL

φτ

485
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >1-&,@
The curve C has parametric equations
x t t y Ht IRUt t
L Sketch C, labelling all axial intercept(s). >@
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve when t , leaving your answer in terms
LL
of e.
>@
The normal to the curve C at point P p pH is parallel to the x-axis and intersects
p

LLL
the y-axis at point S s , where s < 1. Find the exact value of p. >@
LY Find the area of the region bounded by the curve C and the y-axis. >@
6ROXWLRQ

P
(i)

FR
P

Gy Gx Gy Ht
[D

Ht ; t
Gt Gt Gx t
Gy H
H
XH

Gx t
t H
DV

(ii)
H H
tangent: y H
Equation of tan x y xH

NL

(iii)
Normal is parallel to x axis mean
means
an
ns tatangent
ang
n ennt iss p
parallel
arral
allel to y aaxis so

p p RU
RUU 1$VVLQFHs
1$VLQFH

Required area
H
³H ª¬ OQ y OQ y º¼ Gy ³ ª¬ OQ y OQ y º Gy

¼
VI

OR
φυ

486
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

p p RU 1$VLQFHs

(iv)
Required area

³ t t Ht Gt ³ t t Ht Gt

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

φφ

487
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >73-&,@
A curve C has parametric equations

x FRV t , y WDQ t ,
ʌ ʌ
where t .

ʌ
L P is a point on C with parameter t . Find the equation of the normal at P.
>@
LL Sketch C, indicating clearly any asymptotes and axial intercept(s) if any. >@
LLL Find the exact area of the region bounded by C, the x-axis and the line x . >@
6ROXWLRQ

P
Gx
L x FRV t VLQ t
Gt

R
U F
Gy
y WDQ t VHF t
Gt
Gy VHF t

H
Gx VLQ t

S

VLQ t FRV t

D
S Gy
When t , x y

S
Gx

mal: y x

P
Equation of normal:

D

y x

[

LL

H
y

VX
D
x

L
4

N
x=0
0

LLL Required
red are
area
reaa
re

φχ

488
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

³ yGx

³S WDQ t VLQ t Gt

S
³ WDQ t VLQ tGt

S
VLQ t
³ Gt
FRV t

S
FRV t
³ Gt
FRV t
S
³ VHF t FRV t Gt

RP

S
OQ VHF t WDQ t VLQ t

UF
OQ

OQ
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

φψ

489
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Level 2

4 >$-&,,@

The function f is defined by

Ix IRUx x d .
x

Sketch the graph of y = f (x) and show that I exists. >@

Find I x and write down the domain of I . >@
The solutions to the equation f (x) = I (x) are x = a and x = 2 where a < 2.

P
Find, in terms of a, the area of the region bounded by the curves y = f (x) and y = I (x).
(x). >@
6ROXWLRQ

FR
(i)Since any horizontal line y = k , where k is any real value, cuts
uts y = f (x)
(x) at most
mo once, f

is one-one I exists.
(5/2, 4)
y = f (x) curve (must indicate end pt)
(ii)

x d x

y
S
x

y
SD

x= since x d .
y
P

I x
x
[D

'I @

u area of region
XH

(iii) Required Area

rea =2 g bounded byy y = x and y = f (x)

³ > x I x@
@G
Gx ³ x Gx
a a
x
DV

³ x Gx

x
a

NL

ª x § x · º
« WDQ ¨ ¸ »

¨ ¸
«¬ © ¹ »¼ a
ª a º
« WDQDQ WWDQ DQ a »
¬ ¼
S WDQ a a

φω

490
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >$&-&,@

H x
L By using the substitution u x , find ³ x
Gx.
>@
Hence, using integration by parts, show that

³ H x
Gx H x
x C .
>@
LL
The diagram below shows the graph of y OQ x xt . The region R is

bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the lines y y . Using the result
sul in (i), find

P
the area of R in exact form. y

R
U F
H
x
O

6ROXWLRQ

DS >@

S
e x eu
³ Gx=³ u du
x u

DP = eu c
e x c

[
u x

H
du
x

V
=
u

D
dv e x
³
L
x
e Gx (where
(where
wh u x )
dxx
d x

³
N x

ª x e
¬
e x
x
x
Gx

º¼ ³ e x
Gx
x
x e x
ee c
x

e x

x C (shown)

φϊ

491
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >+&,,@
x x
The curve C has equation y I x , where I x
x
D Sketch C , stating the equations of any asymptotes, the coordinates of any turning
points and the points of intersection of C with the axes. >@
E
L Find ³ Gx
x >@

LL

Let J x I x . Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y J x , the x -
axis, the lines x and x , giving your answer in exact form. >@
6ROXWLRQ
(a)

RP
UF
SH ( )

SD
P
[D
XH
DV

(b)(i)
Method
ethod
hod 1:

³ x Gx ³
NL

Gx
§ ·
x ¨ ¸
© ¹
ª
¬
WDQ x º¼ C

WWDQQ
DDQ x C
Method 2:

³ x Gx ³

Gx

WDQ x C

x

(ii)

φϋ

492
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

y J x

.
Note that g is symmetrical about the y-axis because g(x) = f(x2)

J x I x x
x

§ · ª x º
³ ¨ x ¸ Gx « x » ³ Gx

© x ¹ ¬ ¼ x

ª
«
¬
WDQ º
x »
¼
ª
¬ WDQ
DQ WDQ º¼
WD

ª S º

S
DP

« »
¬¼

φό

493
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >7-&,@
A curve is defined by the parametric equations
t t
x y d t d
t t
.
L
Show that the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where t is given by

y x .
>@
LL Sketch the curve and the normal in part (i) on the same diagram. >@
LLL Show that the area bounded by the curve, the normal and the axes can bee expres
expressed in
b
the form ³a I t Gt c , where a, b and c are constants to be determined.
mined.
d. Hence eva
evaluate
this area. >@
6ROXWLRQ
Gx t t t t t t t t t
t
t t t

U
Gt
L
Gy t t t t t

t
= =
t t t
Gt
S

Gy Gx ¨ t ¸¨ t ¸ t
§ ·§§
·
Gy
y
Gx Gt Gt ¨ t ¸¨ tt ¸
t
© ¹© ¹
DP

At t = ,x= ,y=

§·

Gy ¨© ¸¹
Gradient of the normal =
XH

Gx

Equation o
Equat of the normal at
at t = :

§ ·
y ¨x ¸
© ¹

y x (Shown)

(ii)
y
2

1 x

φύ

494
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

§ ·§ ·
© ¹© ¹ ³
(iii) Area = ¨ ¸¨ ¸ y Gx

§ ·
t ¨ t ¸
³ t ¨ t ¸
Gt

© ¹
= 0.447295 + 0.84
= 1.29 units (Using GC)

? a= b= c=

RP
U F
SH
SD
DP
H[
VX
LD
N

χτ

495
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 ><-&,@
D L ´ § ex ·

A
Find the value of A such that µ ¨ x ¸ Gx C , where C is an arbitrary
¶ © e ¹ e x

constant. >@
LL e x
The region under the curve y , d x d OQ is rotated S radians about the x-
e x
axis to form a solid. Using the result in (i), find the exact volume of the solid. >@
E A curve has parametric equations
x VLQ T y FRW T , where T S .
L Sketch the curve. >@
LL Find the exact area of the region bounded by the curve, the 2 axes and d thee line y . >@

RP
6ROXWLRQ
(a)(i)

´ § ex · ´ e x
µ ¨ x ¸ Gx µ Gx
µ x
¶

UF
¶ © e ¹

e

e x e x Gx

³
SH
C
e
x
SD
(ii)
OQ OQ
´ § e x · ´ e x
Volume = S µ ¨ x ¸ Gx Sµ Gx
µ
e
P

¶ © e ¹
x
¶
e x
[D

u e x vc
e
x

uc e x v
e
x

Volume
DV

ª º
OQ
OOQ ½
° e x ´ e x °
S ®« » µ Gx ¾
°¯ «¬ e »¼ ¶ e °¿
x x
NL

°ª º OQ ½
°
S ®« » ª¬OQ
O e x º¼ ¾
° ¬ ¼
¯

°
¿
½
S ® > OQ OQ @¾
¯ ¿
§ ·
S ¨ OQ ¸
© ¹
(b)(i)

χυ

496
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

0 x

(ii)
Gy
y FRW T FRVHF T y T S
GT
y T S

$UHD ³
x Gy SH $UHD ³

y G[

S

³S

VLQ T FRVHF T GT S
RW T FRV T GT
³ S FRW
SD

S
³ S FRVHF T GT S
´ FR T
FRV

µ GT
DP

ª¬OQ FRVHF T FRW T º¼ S

S
¶ S VLQ T
S

OQ
OQ ³ S FRVHF T VLQ T GT

H[

S
¬ OQ FRVHF T FRW T FRV T º¼ S
ª
OQ

ª
«OQ
¬
OQ º
¼»
OQ

χφ

497
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >--&,,@
A curve C has parametric equations
S S
x VLQ t VLQ t y VLQ t FRV t
. for dt d

L Sketch C, giving the coordinates of any points of intersection with the x- and y-axes. >@
LL 6KRZWKDWWKHDUHDRIWKHUHJLRQHQFORVHGE\C DQGWKHxD[LVA LV

³D FRV t VLQ t FRV t FRV t VLQ t FRV t Gt ³ D VLQ t VLQ t VLQ t FRV t VLQ t Gt
E E

S
for some d D E d . Find the numerical value of A, giving your answer correct to 3

decimal places. >@
6ROXWLRQ

RP
L

(0,1)

UF
SH (-2,0)

LL
VLQ t VLQ t
SD
x VLQ t VLQ t
y VLQ t FRV t FRV t VLQ t FRV t
Gx
P

FRV t VLQ t FRV t

Gt
G\
[D

VLQ t FRV t VLQ

VLQ t
Gt
Area of region bounded ded by C and x-axis, A
XH

³
y Gx ³ x Gy

³ VLQ t FRV t FRV t VLQ t FRV t Gt
S
DV

L t Gt
³ S VLQ t VLQ t VLQ t FRV t VLQ

NL

³ FR

S

V t FRVV t Gt
FRV t VLQ t FRV t FRV t VLQ

³ S VLQ t VLQ t VLQ t FRV t VLQ t Gt

|
GHFLPDOSODFHV

χχ

498
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Level 3

4 >65-&,@
The curve C has equation y x .
Sketch the graph of C , labelling the exact coordinates of all turning points and points of
L
intersection with the axes. >@
The region R is bounded by the curve C, the positive x – axis and the positive y – axis.
Find the exact dimensions of the rectangle of largest area that can be inscribed in region
LL
R such that the origin is one of the vertices of the rectangle. >@
LLL Hence, find the exact maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in an ellipse with equation

y x .
>@

RP
6ROXWLRQ
(i)

UF
SH
SD
P

cribed
bed in the ellipse,
(ii) Consider a rectangle inscribed ellip touching the curve at the point (x, y).
x
[D

Area of rectangle, A = xy x

GA § § x ·

· § x · § x ·
x¨ ¨ ¸
XH

Gx ¨ © ¹¸ ¸ ©¨ ¸¹ ©¨ ¸¹
© ¹

GA § x ·
ª
xx º
¨ ¸
DV

Gx « »
© ¹ ¬ ¼
GA
At maximum
maxim area,
NL

Gx

§ x · ª xx º
i.e. ¨ ¸ « »
© ¹ ¬ ¼
x
x

Hence, x RUU x (reject as x > 0)

χψ

499
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

GA + 0 –
Gx
Slope

Thus, area is a maximum at x .

Sub. x into y x .

§ ·
y ¨

¸
© ¹

RP

So, y y RUy UHMDVy !

Thus, rectangle of maximum area has dimensions units by units.

UF

(ii) Alternative solution

‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ݕݔ‬
݀‫ܣ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
SH
݀‫ݕ‬
ൌ ‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬-----------------------------------------------(1)
------- (1)
ଶ ଶ
͵‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͻ െ ‫ݔ‬
SD
݀‫ݕ‬
͸‫ݕ‬ ൌ െʹ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬
ൌ െ ͸‫ݕ‬----------------------------------------------(2)
----------------
------------(2)
2)
P

݀‫ݔ‬
Substituting (1) into (2), we obtain
btain
݀‫ܣ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬ െʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅͸‫ʹݕ‬
ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ቀെ ͸‫ݕ‬ቁ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ
[D

݀‫ݔ‬ ͸‫ݕ‬‫ݕ‬
.
݀‫ܣ‬
When area is m, ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ
maximum,
mum, Ͳ
ଶ ଶ
Thus, െʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸‫ݕ‬ ‫ ݕ‬ൌͲ
XH

ʹ ʹ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵‫ ݕ‬-----------------------------------------------(3)
---------------------
-----------------
------------------------------(3)
Substituting
ing equation (3) (3) into
in
i the equation of the curve
currve ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͻ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ,
v ͵‫ݕ‬
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ͻ െ ‫ʹݔ‬
DV

ͻ
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ
ʹ

NL

ce ‫ ݔ‬൐ Ͳǡ
Since Ͳ x .

§ ·
y
¨ ¸
© ¹

So, y y RUy
RU MDVy !
UHMDV
UH
UHMDV

x

GA + 0 –
Gx

χω

500
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Slope

Thus the dimensions units by units make area a maximum.

RP
U F
SH
SD
DP
H[
VX
LD
N

χϊ

501
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >$&-&,,E@

It is given that I x .
x
L On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of y I x and y I x . >@
LL Without the use of graphing calculator, find the exact value of the constant a, where

a
a , for which ³

I x Gx ³

Ix Gx .
>@
6ROXWLRQ
(i) y
y Ix

RP

x

UF
y=0 -1 -1 1

SH x = -1 x=1
SD

y I x
y
P

x
[D

y=0 x
XH

O x=1

(ii)
DV

a
³

I x Gx ³
Ix Gx
NL

a
³

x
Gx ³ x
Gx

a
³
Gx ³ Gx
x x

a
ª¬OQ x º¼ ª¬OQ x º¼

§ ·
¨ OQ OQ¸ ª¬OQ a OQº¼
© ¹
OQ OQ a

χϋ

502
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

OQ OQ a
OQ OQ a

a

a or

a or

Since 0 < a < 1, a

RP
U F
SH
SD
DP
H[
VX
LD
N

χό

503
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Volume of Revolution

Level 1

4 >$&-&,@
A curve C is defined by the parametric equations
x FRVT y VLQ T , where S d T d .
The region S is bounded by the curve C, the line x = 2, the x-axis and the y-axis.
Find the volume generated when S is rotated completely about the y-axis. >@
6ROXWLRQ
x FRVT y VLQ T

RP
y
1

UF
S
x
SH O 2

S
When x FRV T T y
SD

When x FRVT T y
dy
VLQ T FRV T
P

y
dT

S S ³

Volume of revolution x dy
[D

S S ³

S FRVT FRVT dT XQLWV VI
XH

DV
NL

χύ

504
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >&-&,@
D
Use the substitution x VHFT to find ³x
x
Gx .
>@
E
The region bounded by the curve y , the x-axis, the lines x and
x

x is rotated completely about the x-axis to form a solid of revolution of volume

V. Find the exact value of V, giving your answer in the form kS . >@
6ROXWLRQ
(a) x VHFT

RP
Gx
VHF T WDQ T
GT

³ x x Gx

UF

³ VHF T VHF T VHFT WDQT GT
SH
³ VHFT WDQ T WDQT GT

SD
³ VHFT WDQ T WDQT GT

³ VHFT GT
P

³
FRV T GT
[D

VLQ T C

XH

x
C
x
DV

ote x
ote:
Note: T FRV
VHF RV T
x
NL

2

§ ·
(b) V S³

¨ ¸ Gx
© x ¹

S³
Gx

x

ψτ

505
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

S
³

Gx

x

ª § ·º
«
S ¨ x ¸»
« WDQ ¨ ¸»
« ¨ ¸»
«¬ ¨ ¸
© ¹ »¼

Sª

WDQ x º

¬ ¼

Sª
WDQ WDQ º ¼

RP
¬
Sª § S· § S ·º
« ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸»
¬ © ¹ © ¹¼

UF
ª º
S « »
¬ ¼

S
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ψυ

506
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >0,,@
A curve C has parametric equations x et , y et where t t .
L Sketch the curve and write down the asymptote of C. >@
The region R is bounded by C , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x and x .
LL
Calculate the exact area of R . >@
Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when R is rotated through S radians
LLL
about the x-axis, giving your answer in an exact form. >@
6ROXWLRQ
(i)

Asymptote y

(ii)

$UHD ³
y dx
OQ
³
e t et dtt
OQ
³ e tt dt

OQ
ª º
« e tt »
¬ ¼

(iii)
x e t

§ x ·
et ¨ ¸
©¹
y e t

§x·
¨ ¸
©¹

ψφ

507
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

9ROXPH S ³ y dx

§ ·

§ x ·
S ³ ¨ ¨ ¸ ¸ dx

¨
©¹ ¸
© ¹
S
Alternatively,

9ROXPH S ³ y dx

OQ
S ³ e t et dt

OQ
S ³ et dt

RP

OQ
S ª¬et º¼

UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ψχ

508
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >7-&,@
L
³
Find H x FRV x Gx . >@
LL S
Sketch the curves y = ex sin 2x and y = ex for d x don a single diagram. Find the

exact x-coordinate of the point of intersection between the two curves. >@
LLL Find the exact volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by the two
curves and the y-axis is rotated through 2S radians about the x-axis. >@

6ROXWLRQ
x
H FRV x ³ H x VLQ x Gx

RP
³H
x
(i) FRV x Gx

x
H FRV x ³ H x VLQ x Gx

UF
x § ·
H FRV x ¨ H x VLQ LQ x ³ H x FRV x Gx ¸
© ¹
x
SH Q x ³ Hx
H FRV x H x VLQ x
FFRV x Gx

x
³ H x FRV x Gx H FRV x VLQ xx + cccc
VLQ

SD
x
³ H FRV xGx H FRVV x VLQ V x c
x
P

Alternatively,
§ ·

[D

³H V x ¸ H x ³ VLQ x H x Gx

x
FRVV x Gx ¨ VLQ
© ¹
x
H VLQ x ³ H x VLQ x Gx
XH

x ª§ · § · º

FRV x ¸ H x ³ ¨ FRV x ¸ H x Gx »
DV

H VLQ x «¨ FRV
¬© ¹ © ¹ ¼
x
H VL
VVLQ H x FFR
LQ x
RV x ³ H x FRV x Gx
FRV
NL

x x
³ H FRV x G
Gx H FFRRVV x
FRV
R VLQ Q x + cccc
VLLQ

x
³ H FRV xGGx H FFRV VLQ x c
x
RV x VLQ

y
(ii) y = ex

1 y = ex sin 2x

ψψ x
0

509
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

At the point of intersection, ex sin 2x = ex

ex (sin 2x 1) = 0
ex = 0 or sin 2x = 1
no solution as ex > 0 S
x

S
x

(iii)
y
y = ex

RP
y = ex sin 2x

UF
1

x
0
SH
H H
S S
S³ Gx S ³

Volume of solid generated x
G x
VLQ x Gx

SD
S S

S ³ H x GGx S ³ H x VLQ x Gx

S S
§ FRV x ·
S ³ H x GGx S ³ H x ¨
P

¸ Gx

© ¹
S S
§ ·
[D

¨ ª x º ª x º ¸
S H H FRV x VLQ x » using
¨¨ ¬« ¼» ¬« ¼ ¸¸
© ¹
XH

§§ ··
S S
· §
(i) answer
nswer
er S ¨ ¨¨ H ¸¸ ¨¨ H H ¸¸ ¸
¨© © ©
¹ ¹¹
¸
DV

S
§ ·
S ¨¨ HH ¸¸ un it s 3
units
unit
nit

© ¹
NL

ψω

510
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

Level 2

4 >+&,,,@
A curve C has parametric equations
S S
x WDQ T y VHFT , for T .

D S
The point P on the curve has parameter D , where D . The tangent at P

meets the y -axis at the point Q , show that the area of triangle OPQ is given by
>
WDQ D VLQ D .
@

RP
E L Find a Cartesian equation of C , and sketch C , giving the coordinates
nateses of any statio
stationary
st >
points and the equations of any asymptotes. @
LL The region bounded by the curve, the lines x , x and the x -ax -axis is rotated >
through S radians about the y -axis. Find the volume of the

UF
he solid ob
obtain
obtained numerically. @
6ROXWLRQ
(a)
SH
x WDQ T
Gx
GT
VHF T

Gy
y VHFT VHFT WDQ T
SD
GT
Gy VHF T WDQ T VLQ T
? u FRV T VLQ T
Gx VHF T FRV T
P

Equation of the tangent is:

y
y VHF D VLQ D x WDQ
DQ D
[D

y VLQ D x VLQ D WDQ

Q D VHF D
DQ
P R
y VLQ D x VHF
HFF D
VLQ D
XH

Q
y VLQ D x FRV
RV D
O x
DV

$WQx y F D
FRV

Area of trian
triangle OPQ = OQ
PR

NL

S
F D WDQ D D PR
FRV
DQ D
WWDQ

WDQ D FRV D

WDQ D VLQ D

(b)(i)
x WDQ T
y VHFT VHFT y
Using trigonometric identity 1 + tan2T = sec2T to find the Cartesian equation, we have

ψϊ

511
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

x y
y x yt
To find equations of the asymptotes: y x
y
x y r x .

y
y x
y x

(0, 2)

RP
x
O

UF
S S
Only the upper half of the graph is sketched because T

(ii)
SH
3
SD
R
2
P

x
O
[D

When x r y y r RU

Since y > 0, y = 3.
XH

Required volume
ume
= volume of cylinder – volu
volume
vol generated by region R

= S r h S ³ x Gy
DV

u S ³ ª¬ y

S
º¼ Gy S QLW
XQLW
XQ

NL

ψϋ

512
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >,-&,,@
D The curve C has equation y x . The region R is bounded by C, the line x and the
x-axis. The region S is bounded by C, the y-axis, and the line y a , where a > 0. The
volume of the solid formed when R is rotated completely about the y-axis is denoted by
VR. The volume of the solid formed when S is rotated completely about the x-axis is >
denoted by VS. Given that VR VS , find the exact value of a. @
E x
The region Q is bounded by the curve y , the lines x , x and the x-

x
axis. By using the substitution x VLQ T , find the exact value of the volume of >
axis.
revolution formed when Q is rotated through 4 right angles about the x-axis. @
6ROXWLRQ

RP
(a)

a
S

UF
R
-2 0

VR
SH
S S
³

y Gy S S S

³
a
SD
VS S a a S x Gx

S ª º a
S a x
P

¬ ¼
S ª º
S a a
¬ ¼
[D

S
a

XH

S
VR VS a S

a
DV

a
(b
(b)
NL

LQ T
x VVLQ

‫ ݔ‬ൌ
ʹ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ
ʹ݀ ߠ ݀ߠ

Volume of revolution of solid formed

³ y

S Gx

ψό

513
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

x
³

S Gx
x
S
VLQ T
³

S FRV T GT
VLQ T
S
S
³

VLQ T GT

S
S
³

FRV T GT

S

P
Sª º
«T VLQ T »

R
¬ ¼

U F
S ªS º
« »
¬ ¼

SH
SD
DP
H[
VX
LD
N

ψύ

514
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >0-&,@
D Find the exact value of p such that

H

³ ³ >
p
Gx OQ x Gx .
p x @
E x
The curve C has equation y .
x
Sketch the curve C. >
L
@

³ x Gx , for n ! .
n
x
LL Use the substitution u x to find >

@

RP
Hence find the exact volume of revolution formed when the regionon between
etween tthe curve >
LLL
and the positive x-axis is rotated completely about the x-axis. @
6ROXWLRQ
(a)

UF

H

³ ³
p
Gx OQ x Gx
p x
SH ª ºp
« p WDQ px »

> x OQ x
H

H § ·
@ ³ ¨ ¸ x Gx
Gx
¬ ¼ © x¹
SD

ª¬ WDQ WDQ º¼ H OQ H > x @
H

p
§S ·
P

¨ ¸ H H

p© ¹
S
[D

H
p
S
XH

p
H
DV

(b)(i)
NL

O x

(ii)

ωτ

515
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

x u
x nu n
Gu
u x x
Gx

³
n
x
Gx
x

n
§ ·
³ u ¨ ¸ Gu
© ¹

n
³ u Gu

RP

ª n
u º
¬ ¼
§ ·

UF
¨ ¸
© n ¹
(iii)
SH
Volume of the revolution
ª º

³
n

OLP S« x
Gx »
SD
nof «
¬ x
»
¼

S S XQLWV
P

[D
XH
DV
NL

ωυ

516
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >1<-&,@
The curve C is defined by the equations
x T VLQ T y FRVT IRU S d T d S
L Sketch C, showing all axial-intercepts and endpoints clearly. >
@
LL Using the fact that C is periodic with period S , or otherwise, find the exact area >
enclosed by C, the lines x S , x S and the x-axis. @
LLL C is the part of the curve C for S d T d S . The region R is bounded by C , the axes >
and the line y = 2. State the area of R. @
LY Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through S radians ns about
a the y- >
axis, giving your answer to 1 decimal place. @
Y Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through S radians

RP
dians about
abou tthe x- >
axis, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. @
6ROXWLRQ
(i)

UF
y

SH
SD

O x
P

(ii) By symmetry
[D

S
$UHD ³ y dx

S
³ FRV T
FFRV T dT
XH

S
³ FRV
FR T dT

S
DV

³ VLQ T dT

S
³ FRVV T dT
NL

S
ª º
«T VLQ
L T »
¬ ¼
S
S
(iii) The area is S units
uni ts2.
nits
ni ts

(iv) We have

ωφ

517
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

O x

9ROXPH S ³ x dy

RP
S
S ³ T VLQ T VLQ T dT
S

(v) We have

UF
y

SH
SD

O x
P

S
S S ³
9ROXPH S y dx
[D

S
S
S S ³ FR T FRV T dT
FRV
S
XH

S
S S ³ VLQ

V T
VL FRV T dT
S

DV
NL

ωχ

518
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >1-&,,@

³ x
x >
L Use the substitution x u to find Gx .

@
LL Hence, find ³ WDQ x Gx . >
@
ʌ
The region R is bounded by the axes, the curve y WDQ x and the line y
.

R is rotated completely through 4 right angles about the x-axis to form a solid of
revolution of volume V. Show that
V ʌ aʌ b ln 2 , >
where a and b are exact constants to be determined. @

RP
6ROXWLRQ
(i)
Gx
Let x u . Then .
Gu

UF
x u
³ x Gx ³ u Gu
SH u
³ u Gu ³ u Gu

OQ u WDQ u c
SD

OQ ª x ¼º WDQ x c
¬
P

(ii)
x
³ WDQ x Gx x WDQQ x ³ x Gx

[D

x WDQ x OQ ª¬ x º¼ + c
XH

DV
NL

§ ʌ·

V ʌ ¨¨ ¸¸ (2) ʌ ³ tan ( x 1) dx
© ¹

ωψ

519
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

§ ʌ· ª 1 º

¸ (2) ʌ «( x 1) tan ( x 1) ln ( x 1) 1»

ʌ¨
© ¹ ¬ ¼
ªʌ 1

ʌ « (2 1) tan (2 1) ln 2 1 1 0 0 »
¬
º
¼
ªʌ ʌ 1 º
ʌ « ln 2 »
¬ ¼
§ʌ 1 ·
ʌ ¨ ln 2 ¸
© ¹

?a b

RP
UF
SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
NL

ωω

520
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >5,,,@

The diagram shows the curve C with equation y .
x
It has a turning point .

y
(2, 4) y=4

R

y
x

RP
0

The region R is bounded by C , the y axis and the line y .

UF

y
L By using the substitution y VLQ T , find the exact valuee of
³ y
Gy . >
@
Using the result in (i), find the exact area of R . >
LL SH @
R is rotated through 2S radians about the x axis. Find the volume of the solid of >
LLL
revolution formed. @
SD
6ROXWLRQ
(i)
Gy
y VLQ T y VLQ T VLQ T FRV
F T
P

GT
S
When y VLQT T
[D

S
When y QT
VLQ T

XH

S

y VLQ T
³ ³ VLQ T FRV T GGT

G
Gy
DV

y S

VLQ T
VLQ
S
FRVV T
³ VLQ T FRV T GGT

NL

S

VLQ T
S

³

FRV T GT
S

ωϊ

521
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

S
FRV T
³

GT
S

S
ª VLQ T º
«T
¬ »¼ S

ª S § S ·º
« ¨ ¸»
¬ © ¹¼
S
(ii)
When x y
y

RP
y x r r
x y y
y
Since x d , x
y

UF

Required area
³
x Gy
SH
³
§
¨¨
y ·
y
¸¸ Gy
© ¹
SD
°
y ½°
® > y @
³

Gy ¾
G
°¯ y °¿
> S @@
P

S
[D

(iii)

Required volume S S ³ y Gx

XH

ª º
S S ³ «
Gx
» G
¬ x ¼

VI
DV
NL

ωϋ

522
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

4 >59+6,@
D § x·
Sketch the graph of y VHF ¨ ¸ for ʌ x ʌ , showing the exact coordinates of
©¹ >
the points of intersection with the axes. @
ʌ
§x·
³

Hence find the exact value of VHF ¨ ¸ Gx . >
©¹ @
E L
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y ¨ ¸ , the line y H and the x-axis is rotated ʋ radian about thee y-axis.
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³ x
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§ ·
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y

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4 >6$-&,,@
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SH

³

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y >@
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The region S is enclosed by the curve
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P

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-axis. >@
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e

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525
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

S
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S
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526
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4 >65-&,,@
The diagram shows a curve C defined by the parametric equations
S S
x FRV T y FRV T WDQ T , where T .

The curve C intersects the x axis at the origin and at the point (3, 0).

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0 3

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S
L
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DP
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.

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r vol
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527
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

FRV T

S S
FRV T or FRV T (no solution for T )

S S
?T RU

S S
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S
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528
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4 >73-&,@
The curve C has equation y y x x .
Gy
L Find in terms of x and y
Gx >@
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x y
LL
a b
where a and b are constants to be determined. >@
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es. >@
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hich satisfy
satisf
LY
x x x x .

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Find the numerical value of the volume of revolution when the smaller aller region
regi bounded
b
Y by C and the line in part (iv) is rotated completely about the he xx-axis.
-axis. Give
Giv yyour answer
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529
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(iii)

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530
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4 >9-&,@
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S S
x FRV t , y VLQ t , for
dt d

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LL Find the exact value of the area of the region bounded by C and the y – axis. >@
E L Differentiate x with respect to x. >@
LL
S
³ FRV x Gx

Show that .
>@
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egion
on bo
bounded

RP
by the curve, the line y

S
and the y-axis is denoted by R.

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SH
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volution
ion whe
when R is
i rotated completely about the x-axis. >@

[
(a)(i) y

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X
x

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a)(ii)
ii)
(a)(ii)

ϊϊ

531
ͳ͵ Integration & its Applications Solution

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S
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S
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¨ ¸ « x »

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¨
¸
¨© ¸
¹
S

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(
(iii)

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Level 3

4 >$-&,@
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x ¨ ¸ .

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including the term in x . >@
LL
Region R is bounded by the curve y VLQ x , the x-axis, the lines x aand

RP
x . Using your answer to part (i), write down a definite integral
ral that
hat will give
g an a

approximate value for the volume of the solid generated when en R is rotate through 2S
rotated th
radians about the x-axis. >@

UF
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ries of y in part
pa (i), determine
whether this approximate value is an under-estimation orr over-estimation
over
ver--estimation
estimat to the actual
volume of the solid generated.
SH >@
6ROXWLRQ
y VLQ x
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x
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x
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x
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Gx
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Gy ·
x ¨ ¸ x ¨ ¸
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Gx ¹
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533
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I I
I

I x I I
x x x

I x x x

(ii)

§ ·
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¨ x x ¸ Gx

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er--estimation
estima
under-estimation
The approximated volume is an under of the actual volume. This can be seen
gion under the graph of y VLQ x is larger than the
P

from the above diagram, thee region

region under the graph of y x x .
[D

XH
DV
NL

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534
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4 >3-&,@
D Find the exact area, in terms of a, of the region bounded by the curve y ax and
x ay , where a is constant. >@
E § x ·

The region R is bounded by the curve y ¨ ¸ , the positive x-axis and the lines
© x ¹

y x and y. Find, numerically, the volume of the solid generated when R is

rotated completely about the x-axis. >@
6ROXWLRQ
(a)
6ROYLQJWKHHTXDWLRQV a>0

RP
y ax DQGx ay
x

ax x x a x a
a

UF
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a a
x
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SH ³

ax Gx ³

a
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a
ª º a
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SD
a «
« » a ¬ »¼
«¬ »¼
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a
a <0
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XH

y
DV

y=2
2xx

x
O

(b)
Volume of revolution required
= Volume of cone + Volume of cylinder – Volume of solid rotated of region under the
curve

ϋτ

535
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§· §· §· § x ·
S ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ S ¨ ¸ S ³ ¨ ¸Gx
©¹ ©¹ ©¹ © x ¹
6)

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SH
SD
P
[D
XH
DV
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536
Topic 14 Differential Equations

14 Differential Equations

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/1] Graphing Techniques

d2 y
(i) Find the general solution of the differential equation x 2 x 2 1. [3]
dx 2
1
(ii) Given that y when x 1 , sketch, on a single diagram, three members of the family of
2
solution curves for x ! 0. [5]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/9]
(a) Find the general solution of the differential equation
2
3 d y
4 2x 2 1 ,
dx
giving your answer in the form y f x . [3]

(b) A water tank contains 500 litres of a solution with 15 kilograms of dissolved salt. Pure water
enters the tank at a rate of 20 litres per minute. The solution is drained from the tank at the
same rate. Let x kg be the amount of salt in the tank at time t minutes.
dx x
(i) Show that . [1]
dt 25
(ii) State an assumption required for this model to be more appropriate. [1]
Find the amount salt in the tank after 30 minutes. [4]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/PJC/II/3]
In a loan repayment scheme offered by a finance company, the su sum of money owed is $M at time t
months. Both M and t are taken variables.
ken to be continuous variables s. Th ssum of money owed increases, due
Thee su
to interest at a rate proportional
onal to the sum of m moneyey oowed.
oney
on wed
we Money
d. Mon ne is also repaid at a constant rate of
$500 per month. When M = 10 10000,
000, interest
000
000, int
nter s charged
eres
erest
es char
ch arge d will
ged ll equal
will equ al repayment.
qual rep A man takes out an initial
loan of $8000 under such schemeheme on 1 M March
arch
ar h 22013.
ch 013
01 3.
dM 1
(i) Show that M 10000 . [2]
dt 20
(ii) Find M in terms of t. [4]
(iii) Find the date when the
he man
n wi ll clear aall
will ll hhis
is lloan.
oan.
oa [2]

537
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Graphing Techniques
Q4. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/7]
dy y 1 3
The variables x and y are connected by the differential equation .
dx 2 x 2 2x
du 1 3
By using the substitution u y x , show that x . [3]
dx 2 2 x
Sketch, for x ! 0, three typical members of the family of solution curves of the differential equation
dy y 1 3
. [5]
dx 2 x 2 2 x

Q5. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/8]

The resistance R of a newly-manufactured conductor is known to increase with the temperature T .

d2 R 1
Engineer A proposes the differential equation e0.01T to model the relationship between
dT 2
10000
dR
R and T while Engineer B believes that the relationship is better represented by R sec2 2T .
dT
(i) Find the general solutions of the two differential equations given above, expressing R in
terms of T for both cases. You may assume that both R and T are non-negative quantities.
[4]
(ii) Give a reason why the model proposed by Engineer B cannot represent the relationship
between R and T well. [1]

(iii) Using the model proposed by Engineer A, find the value of T when R 200 , given that
dR
R 100 and 0.1 when T 0. [4]
dT

Q6. [2013/Prelim/HCI/I/10] Graphing Techniques

hers is investigating the spread of the H2C2 virus in a province by

A group of medical researchers
keeping track of n , the population
ulation of infected people t week
weeks
ks aft
after the virus is first discovered.
Initially, 50 people are infected
cted with the virus.
virrus
us..
t
d2n
5
It is suspected that n and t ar
are
re rela
rrelated
reela
l te
tedd by
by tthe
h ddifferential
he iffe
fere
renntiall eq
equation
qua
uati
tion 2 e .
dt
(i) Find the general solution
utionn of tthe
he ddifferential
he ifffe
iffe
fere
rential eq
equation.
qua
uatiion
on. [3]
(ii) Explain why all solution
ution curves of the
the differential
dif
i fere
rent
ntiall equation
equa
equati
tioon are concave upwards. [1]
(iii) Sketch on a single diagram,
iagram, two
tw distinct
disstinct solution
di sol
olut
utio
i n curves for
fo the differential equation to
illustrate the following
ng twoo cases:
cas
ases
es:
(a) the populationn of infected
infe
fect
cted peopl
people
le iincreases
ncreases indefin
indefinitely,
(b) the populationn of infected people stabilizes at a cer
certain positive number. [4]
(iv) Given that one week later, the population of infected people reduces to half of its initial
value, predict what will eventually happen to the population of infected people. [2]

538
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q7. [2015/Prelim/IJC/II/2]
d2 y
(i) Find the general solution of the differential equation x3 2 x. [3]
dx 2

(ii) It is given that y 1 when x 1 . On a single diagram, sketch three members of the family of
solution curves for x ! 0 . [5]

Q8. [2015/Prelim/MI/I/5]
dy
(i) Find the general solution of the differential equation 1 y2 . [3]
dx
1
(ii) Find the particular solution of the differential equation for which y when x 0. [1]
3
(iii) What can you say about the gradient of every solution curve as x o rf ? [1]

(iv) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graph of the solution found in part (ii), together with 2
other members of the family of solution curves. [3]

Q9. [2015/Prelim/MJC/I/8]
A cup of hot liquid is placed in a room where the temperature is a constant 25qC . As the liquid
cools down, the rate of decrease of its temperature T qC after time t minutes is proportional to the
temperature difference T 25 qC . Initially the temperature of the liquid is 75qC .

(i) Find T in terms of t and sketch this solution curve. [7]

(ii) After 10 minutes, the temperature of the liquid was recorded to be 35qC . Find the time it
takes for the liquid to cool from 75qC to 30qC , giving your answer to the nearest minute.
[3]

Q10. [2015/Prelim/NYJC/I/2]
The result of an experiment
nt is modelled by the following
ng ddifferential
iffe
iffere
re equation
d2 x 4
t 1
3
dt 2

where x is the distance of an object

ob
bje
ject
ct measured
mea
easu
sure
su
ured from
m a ffixed
ixed
ix ed ppoint
oint
oi nt at any time t.
(i) Find x in terms of t, given thatt tthe
he iinitial
niti
ni tial
al pposition
osit
os itio
i n is at x 3. [4]
(ii) Sketch three members
mbers off tthe
he ffamily
amily
y of ssolution
olut
olutio
on curve
curves for the solution in (i), stating the
equation of any asymptotes.
symptot
otes sketch
es. Your ske
ketc h should show the different characteristics of the
tch
family. [3]

539
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q11. [2015/Prelim/PJC/I/1]
The volume of water V in a filtration tank at time t satisfies the differential equation
dV
5 kV ,
dt

where k is a positive constant. Find V in terms of k and t, given that the tank is initially empty. [5]

State what happens to V for large values of t. [1]

Q12. [2015/Prelim/SAJC/I/6]

The variables u and t are related by t 2 1 ddut 5t .
(i) Find the particular solution of the differential equation for which u 3 when t 0 . [4]
(ii) What can be said about the gradient of every solution curve as t o rf ? [1]
(iii) On a single diagram, sketch the curve represented by the result in part (i), together with
another member of the family of solution curves. [2]

Q13. [2015/Prelim/YJC/I/4]
d2 y dy
Find the solution of the differential equation 2
in the form y f ( x) , given that y 0
dx dx
dy
and 1 when x 0 . [4]
dx
Sketch the solution curve, stating the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any points
of intersection with the axes. [2]

540
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/11]

(a) Find the equation of the curve in the form y f x , given that it passes through the points
d2 y 6 x4 2
1, 0 , 1, 2 , and . [4]
dx 2 x3
(b) Perry is jogging in a park. The distance covered, x kilometres, varies with time, t hours. As
he jogs, the difference between his initial speed and speed at time t, is proportional to the
distance he has covered. Given that he starts his jog with a speed of 5 km/h, and his speed is
4 km/h when he has jogged 2 km, find the exact time he takes to complete a 5 km jog. [6]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/CJC/II/4] Graphing Techniques

A population of fish is modelled by the differential equation

dP
0.02 P 100 P ,
dt
where P is the size of the population at time t (in weeks).
(i) Find the range of values of P for which the population is strictly increasing. [2]
Initially, P = 20.
100
(ii) Show that P . [5]
1 4e2t
(iii) What happens to P for large values of t? Sketch the graph of P against t. [3]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/JJC/II/2]
A researcher is investigating g the spread of a certain disease in a to town with a population of 3000
people. The researcher suggestsests that II, the number of people
peopple infected
inf
nfec
e by the disease at time t days
dI
satisfies the differential equation
atio
at ion
n k I 3000 I , wh
where
wherre k iss a positive constant.
dt
3000
3000
(i) Given that I 30 when
hen t 0 , showw tthat
shhow hat I
ha . [6]
99e300
1 99e 3000
0 kt

(ii) d that I 2
It is further observed 240
40 when
wh n t 7,
7, find
fi the time
tim it takes for 90% of the
population to be infected
ected byy the
th disease.
dissease.
di [3]
(iii) State, in the context of this question,
queestion, one
qu ne assumption
on assumption needed
need to model the spread of the
disease in the town by the given differential equation. [1]

541
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q4. [2013/Prelim/IJC/II/4]
dy
Graphing Techniques
(i) tution z
By means of the substitution (2 x 1) , express the differential equation
dx
d2 y§ dy ·
2 x 1 2 ¨1 ¸ as a differential equation involving z and x. [2]
dx 2© dx ¹
d2 y § dy ·
(ii) Find the solution of the differential equation 2 x 1 2 2 ¨1 ¸ given that y 2 and
dx © dx ¹
dy
2 when x 0. [5]
dx
(iii) What can you say about the gradient of every solution curve as

(a) x o rf ? [1]
1
(b) xo ? [1]
2
(iv) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graph of the solution found in part (ii), together with 1 other
member of the family of solution curves [3]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/10] Graphing Techniques

dy 1
(a) The general solution of the differential equation 2 y 2 x 2 is y , where
dx x 4x C
2

C is an arbitrary constant.
(i) When C = 4, show that there is no stationary point for this particular solution. [2]
(ii) Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graph of the solution in part (i), and 2 other typical
members of the family of solution curves.
[You need not work out the values of the axial intercepts and the equations of the
asymptotes (if any) in your diagrams.] [3]
(b) aped leaf has radius r cm that is pproportional
A certain circular-shaped ropo to the amount of water, w,
it contains during a period of its growth at time t. The The lleaf
ea absorbs water from the plant at a
rate equals to 8 timess the
the radius
rad
adiu
iuss off the
the leaf
lea
eaff and
and loses
lose
loses water
wate
terr by evaporation at a rate equals to
1
th
he leaf.
times the area of the leaf
leaf
leaf.. During
Duri
Du ring
ri ng the
ng the
h pperiod
eriiod off growth,
er growth it may be assumed that the shape
S
of the leaf will be thee same
me.
me
me.
same.
dr
Given that 6 when r = 2,, sshow
how
ho w tthat
hat
at tthe
he ggrowth
rowt
row h of the leaf can be represented by the
dt
dr 1
differential equation
dt 2
8r r 2 [3]

Given that, when t = 0, r = 4, find r in terms of t. What happens to the radius of the leaf for
large values of t. [4]

542
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q6. [2013/Prelim/RJC/I/7]
An entomologist is investigating the change in population size N of a certain species of insects at
time t weeks. He suggests that N and t are related by the differential equation
dN
N kN 2 ,
dt
where k is a positive constant.
Show that (do not merely verify) the general solution to the differential equation is
1
N ,
k Aet
where A is an arbitrary constant. [4]
Given that initially, there are 250 insects and after a very long time, the insect population is expected
to approach a limit of 10, 000. Find the time required for the insect population to reach three times
the initial population, giving your answer correct to the nearest number of days. [3]

Q7. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/II/1] Graphing Techniques

Find the general solution of the differential equation

dy
ky(1 y) ,
dt

where 0 y 1 and k . Give your answer in the form y f (t ) . [3]

1
Find the particular solution given that y when t 0 . Sketch the graph of the solution. [3]
4
The above differential equation is used to model the spread of certain disease among a community of
people, where y represents the proportion of people being infected with the disease at time t. Explain
why the differential equation may be suitable. [2]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/7]
A skydiver opens her parachute
huute
te when
whe
hen he
hher
er sp
spee
speed
eed 0 m s11. Her
d is 220 Heer speed
s t seconds after this is w m s1,
reennttia
tia
and is modelled by the differentialial
al eq
equa
uati
ua tion
ti
equationon
n
dw 1
(w 8))(( w 1
8)( 10)
0) .
dt 2
w8
(i) Using this result, show
ow that 0.4ee9t . [5]
w 1
10
0
(ii) According to this model,
odel, what is the speed of the skydiver in the long term? [2]

543
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q9. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/2]
A police officer discovered the dead body of a murdered man. The body was located in a room that
was kept constant at 20oC. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the body will radiate heat energy
into the room at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and the room.
Let T oC be the body temperature t minutes after cooling starts.
(i) Write down a differential equation relating T and t. [1]

(ii) By solving this differential equation, show that T 20 Ae k t where A and k are constants.
[3]
The coroner arrived at the scene at 10.40 pm and the body temperature of the victim was measured
to be 34oC. He made another measurement of the temperature after 90 minutes and temperature was
30oC. It is assumed that the victim’s temperature was 37oC at the time of death. Find the time of the
victim’s death. [3]

Q10. [2015/Prelim/ACJC/I/8]
In order to model a particular predator-prey relationship, a biology student came up with the
following differential equations:
dx x
1 (A)
dt 100
dy
x 100 (B),
dt
where the variables x and y denote the number (in thousands) of predator and prey respectively, t
days after the start of the observation. There were 50 000 predators at the start of the observation.
(i) By solving equation (A), show that x 100 ke0.01t , where k is a constant to be determined.
[4]
(ii) What can you say about the population of the predator after several years? [1]
(iii) In the long run, the model shows that number of prey approaches 5 million. Using your
answer in (i), find y in terms of t. [3]

Q11. [2015/Prelim/AJC/II/1]
(a) The variables w, x and
nd y are connected
conneccte
tedd by tthe
he ffollowing
o lo
ol lowing ddifferential equations:
dw dy
e2 x w2 aand
nd w.
dx dx
2 dw
(i) Verify that w is th
2 x
the
he ggeneral
enera
rall solu on ooff e2 x
solution
luti
tion w2 , where A is an
e A dx
arbitrary constant.
tant. [2]
(ii) Hence find y inn termss of
of xx.. [3]
(b) A tank initially contains
ains 50 grams of salt dissolved in 100 litres of water. Brine that contains
2 grams of salt per litre of brine flows into the tank at a rate of 5 litres per minute. The
solution is kept thoroughly mixed and flows out from the tank at a rate of 5 litres per minute.
Given that the amount of salt in the tank at time t minutes is given by S , show that

544
Topic 14 Differential Equations

dS 200 S
.
dt 20
Hence find the time, in minutes, at which the concentration of salt in the tank reaches 1 gram
per litre. [7]

Q12. [2015/Prelim/DHS/I/10]
(a) Show that the substitution w xy 2 reduces the differential equation
dy
2 xy 4 x2 y 4 y 2 1
dx
to the form
dw
aw2 b,
dx
where a and b are to be determined. Hence obtain the general solution in the form
y 2 f ( x). [5]

(b) A certain species of bird with a population of size n thousand at time t months satisfies the
differential equation
1
d2n 4 t
e .
dt 2
Find the general solution of this differential equation. [2]

Sketch three members of the family of solution curves, given that n 30 when t 0. [4]

Q13. [2015/Prelim/RJC/II/4]
(a) The variables u and t are related by the differential equation
du
a u b u ,
dt
where a and b are positive constants such that u a and d u b.
It is given that u = 0 when t = 0.
Find, simplifying your answer,
(i) u, in terms of
of t anand
daa,, wh
whene a=b
en b,, [3]
(ii) t, in terms off u,
u, a an
and
db when a z b
b,, when
wh b.. [5]

dy
(b) A differential equation
ation iiss off th
the
he fo
form y pxx q
qxx , where p and q are constants. Its
dx
C
general solution is y x , wh
where
wheere C is an
an arbitrary
arb
arbitrary co
constant.
x
(i) Find the values
lues off p and
and q. [2]

(ii) Sketch, on a single diagram, for x ! 0, a member of the family of solution curves for
each of the following cases: C = 0, C > 0 and C < 0. [3]

545
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q14. [2015/Prelim/SRJC/II/2]
A tank contains water which is heated by an electric water heater working under the action of a
thermostat. When the water heater is first switched on, the temperature of the water is 35 C . The
heater causes the temperature to increase at a rate r C per minute, where r is a constant, until the
water temperature hits 75 C .The heater then switches off.
(i) Write down, in terms of r, the time taken for the temperature to increase from 35 C to
75 C . [1]

The temperature of the water then immediately starts to decrease. The temperature of the water at
time t minutes after the heater is switched off is T C . It is known that the temperature of the water
decreases at a variable rate k (T 25) C per minute, where k is a positive constant, until T 35 .
(ii) Write down a differential equation involving T and t, to represent the situation as the
temperature is decreasing. [1]
(iii) Given that when T 55 , the temperature is decreasing at a rate of 5 C per minute, find the
total length of time for the temperature to increase from 35 C to 75 C and then decrease
to 35 C , leaving your answer in exact form, in terms of r. [7]

Q15. [2015/Prelim/TPJC/I/1]
A parachutist leaves the aircraft with zero speed and falls vertically downward. At t seconds later,
his speed, v metres per second, and the distance fallen, y metres, satisfy the following differential
equations respectively.
dv
10 0.02v (A)
dt
dy
v (B)
dt
(i) Solve equation (A) to show that v 500 1 e0.02t . [4]
(ii) Hence find y in terms
ms of t. [2]
(iii) Find the distance fallen
allen by the parachutist when hhis
is spe
speed
peee is 50 metres per second. [2]

Q16. [2015/Prelim/VJC/I/7]
A tank initially contains 400 li
lit
litres
tres ooff so
tres
tr solution
oluuti
tion with h 10
100
00 kg
g of salt dissolved in it. A solution
containing 0.125 kg of salt
lt per litre flow
flows
owss iinto
nto tthe
he ttank
an
nk at a rrate
a of 12 litres per minute and the
solution flows out at the same rate. Y Youou sshould
houl
ho uld as
assus me that tthe inflow is instantaneously and
assume
thoroughly mixed with thee contentss ooff th
thee tank. If tthe
he aamount
mount oof salt in the tank is q kg at the end
of t minutes, show that
dq
5 0.03q .
1.5
1 [2]
dt
Find the time taken for the concentration of salt in the tank to reach 0.16 kg per litre. [5]
(Concentration of salt = the amount of salt per unit volume of solution in the tank.)

State what happens to q for large values of t. Sketch a graph of q against t. [3]

546
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/7] Graphing Techniques

A tank contains 2 m3 of water initially. Water flows into the tank at a constant rate of 4 m3s1 and
flows out at a rate which is proportional to the amount of water
V m3 in the tank. The rate of change of volume of water in the tank is equal to
1 m3s1 at the instant when V = 6. By setting up and solving a differential equation, show that
V 8 6e0.5t . [7]
(i) What will happen to the volume of water in the tank eventually? [1]
(ii) Sketch a graph of V against t. [2]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/MI/I/9] Graphing Techniques

When a cake is removed from the oven, its temperature decreases at a rate proportional to the
positive difference between its temperature and the temperature of the room. The temperature of the
room is constant at 25qC and T is the temperature of the cake t hours after removing from the oven.
The temperature of the cake at the instant when it is removed from the oven is 50qC .

(i) Show that T 25 25e kt , where k is a positive constant. [5]

(ii) Sketch a solution curve for T where t t 0 . [2]

(iii) Pradip is a world renowned baker who is uncompromising on the freshness of the cakes
served by his bakery. On a particular morning at 10.00am, he found the temperature of a cake
at 40qC , and 1 hour later, it was 31qC . At what time, to the nearest minute, was the cake
removed from the oven? [4]
mperature of the cake in the long run.
State what happens to the temperature [1]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/11]
In a yogurt-making process, Ja JJane
aane
nee aadds
ddss 10 g ooff yo
dd yogurt
ogu
gurt
rt at 12
2 000
0 hr
hrs into 500 g of warm milk to turn
the milk into yogurt. After t ho hours,
our
urs,
s, the
the aamount
mooun
u t of yogurtt in n tthe
he mi
mixture is x g. In a simple model, it
is assumed that the rate of growth
row wthh ooff yo
yyogurt
g rt iiss proport
gu proportional
rtio
iona the product of x and 500 x . Show
nall to the
500
that x , wheree k is a const
constant.
stan
ant.
t. [6]
1 49e500 kt
98
It is given that initially, the rate off gr
grow
growth
owth of yo
yogu
yogurt
gurt ln 2 g per
rt is p hr. Jane wishes to place the
5
yogurt formed into the refrigerator
gerator once there is 450 g of yogurt in the mixture. At what time should
she place the yogurt in the refrigerator? [3]

Graphing Techniques

547
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q4. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/I/8]
Gossipboy.com is interested to find out how fast gossip spreads in Northern Country. The variable y
is defined as the proportion of the population who had heard the gossip after t days. According to
their research finding, one model for the spread of gossip is that the rate of change of y is
proportional to the product of the proportion of the population who had heard the gossip and the
proportion who had not heard it.
(i) Write down a differential equation relating y and t, where t is in terms of days. [1]
(ii) If 10% of the population knew the gossip initially, show that the general solution for the
1
differential equation can be written as y kt
, where k is a positive constant. [5]
9e 1
(iii) It is given that 90% of the population will know the gossip after 30 days. Show that
2
k ln A , where A is a positive constant to be determined and hence, sketch a curve to
15
illustrate the relationship between y and t. [4]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/9]
In a model of loan repayment offered by ABC Bank, the amount of money owed by the borrower, x
(dollars) at time t (months), increases, due to interest, at a rate proportional to the amount of money
owed. The borrower repays the loan at a constant rate r. Theoretically, the model suggests that when
x = a, the interest and repayment balance, i.e. the amount of money owed by the borrower remains
constant.
It is assumed that both x and t are continuous variables.
dx r
(i) Show that x a . [3]
dt a
A man borrows $A from the bank.
(ii) Find the amount owed
ed by the man at time t, in termss of
of t, rr, a and A. [3]
iag
gram if the loan
Determine with a suitable diagram loa
oan
n can
can be rrepaid
epaaid
ep d in a ffinite
i time if A < a. [2]

Q6. [2015/Prelim/CJC/II/4]
In a research project, the population
pulaat
atio
atio
on is
is m
modelled
od
del
elle
ledd by thee ffollowing
ollo
ol lowing logistic differential equation,
dP § P·
0.64
0 64 P ¨1
.64 ¸,
1
dt © 10 ¹
where P is the population function of ttime
imee t .
im

(i) Solve the differential

al equatio
equation
ion
n by expressing
expreess o t , given that P 1 when t
ssiing P in terms of 0.
[5]
Sketch the solution curve for t 0 . Comment on the population in the long run. [2]

An alternative model for the population is the Gompertz function, which is the solution to the
following differential equation,

548
Topic 14 Differential Equations

dP
0.4 P ln10 ln P .
dt
0.4t
(ii) By solving the differential equation, show that the general solution is P 10e Ae , where
A is a constant. [3]

Given the same initial condition that P 1 when t 0 , sketch the solution curve of the particular
solution for t 0 on the same diagram in part (i). Comment on the similarity and difference between
the two models. [4]

Q7. [2015/Prelim/HCI/I/8] Rate of Change

Mac has a 400 000 m farm and on his farm, an area of 60 000 m 2 is covered in weeds in June, and
2

in September, the area increases to 69 500 m 2 . The growth of weeds is such that the area covered in
weeds increases at a monthly rate directly proportional to its area. At the same time, Mac does
weeding at a constant rate of 4 000 m 2 per month. Let the area of the farm covered in weeds at time
t (in months) be A m2 .

(i) By considering a differential equation, show that A D ekt O , where D , k and O are
constants to be determined. [5]
(ii) The region covered in weeds is in the shape of a circle. Find the monthly rate at which the
radius of the region changes when the radius is 200 m . [2]

(iii) Mac understands that having some weeds on the farm can be beneficial. Find the monthly
dA
rate at which Mac needs to do weeding if 0 in September. [2]
dt
dA
(iv) Comment on the significance of 0 in the context of this question. [1]
dt

Q8. [2015/Prelim/NJC/I/10]
The population (in thousands) ds) of fish present in a lake at ttime
ime t years is denoted by x. It is found
im
that the growth rate of x is proportional
roportional to (200
(20
200
0–2 2tt – x).

It is given that the initial population

pu
ulat
ul atio
ion
io n of tthe
hee ffish
ish
ish in
n tthe
he lak
lake
ke is 8000
800
000 and the population grows at a rate
of 16000 per year initially. Sho
Show
how
ho w th
tthat
hat tthe
hee ggrowth
ro
owt
wth
h rate ooff x at tim
time t years can be modelled by the
differential equation

dx 200 2t x
200
. [2]
dt 12
12

Find x in terms of t by using ng the ssubstitution

ubstitution
b u 2t x . Deduce,
2t Deduc to the nearest number of years,
the time taken for the fish to
o die out in this lake. [6]

It is given that the solution curve that describes that population size of the fish at time t years
intersects the graph of x = 200 – 2t at the point t1, x1 . Describe, in context, what t1 and x1
represent. [2]

549
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Q9. [2015/Prelim/RVHS/II/4]
(a) Show that the differential equation
du
x u 4 (ux)2 0
dx
may be reduced by means of the substitution y ux 2 to
dy
4 y y2 . [2]
dx
Hence, find the general solution of the differential equation, leaving your answer in exact
form. [4]
(b) The displacement s (metres) of an object moving in a straight line from a fixed point O is
related to time t (seconds) by the differential equation
ds
4s s 2 .
dt
(i) Sketch the solution curve of the particular solution for 0 d t d 4π given that s 1
5π
when t . [4]
6
(ii) Describe the motion of the object and comment on whether the differential equation
in s and t is an appropriate model in the real-life context. [2]

Series Expansion
Q10. [2015/Prelim/TJC/II/3]
(a) By considering a standard series expansion, find the general solution of the differential
2 3 r
§ dy · 1 § dy · 1 § dy · 1 § dy ·
equation x 1 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ . [4]
© dx ¹ 2! © dx ¹ 3! © dx ¹ r ! © dx ¹

(b) An empty rectangular

ar tank has vertical sides of depth H metres
m and a horizontal base of unit
ed into the tank at a constant ra
area. Water is pumped rate
te ssuch
uch that if no water flows out, the tank
uc
can be filled up in timee T se
seconds.
seco
cond
nd
ds. W
Water
ater
ater fflows
lows
low out aatt a rate which is proportional to the
depth of water in thee ta
tank.
ank.
nk
k. At ttime
imee t seconds,
im seeco
c nd
ndss, the ddepth
epth
th of water in the tank is x metres.
When the depth of waterr is
is 1 m
metre,
ettree, it rremains
etre emainss aatt th
this
his cons
constant value. Show that
dx
k (1 x) , wheree k is a constant
con
nst
staantt in terms
ter
erms
ms ooff H and T.
T [2]
dt
Find x in terms of t, H and T.
T. [4]

550
Topic 14 Differential Equations

Answers

Level 1
x2
(i) y ln x Ax B
2
A=1
1. 2.
(a) y 4 2 x Bx C
(ii) A=0
A = –1 (b)(ii) 4.52

1 D
y x 3
3 x

y x3 D!0
D 0
§ t · D0
(ii) M 10000 2000 ¨ e 20 ¸
3. © ¹ 4.
(iii) 1 December, 2015 3

x 0
t

(i) n 25e Ct 25
5

d2n
t
(ii) e ! 0 for all values of t , hence
5
dt 2
solution curves are concave upwards.
(i) Model A: R e0.01T AT B (a)
1
tan 2T
Model B: R C e 2
(iii
(i
(iii)
ii))
(ii) The reasons are: 50
- R is not increasing with h T (o
th (orr R is (b)
5. only increasing with T fo or di
for isjjoi
oint
disjointint 6. 25
intervals of T ).
ome values of T
- R is not defined at some
(iv)
(iv) The ppopulation of infected people will
(2k 1)S reduc
reduce to 0, i.e. there will no infected
(i.e. at T , k ).
4 people after 2.03 weeks.
peop
(iii) When R 200 , T 415 15 (3 s.f.)
s.f
.f.)
.)

551
Topic 14 Differential Equations

1 Ae2 x 1
(i) y ln x Cx D (i) y
x Ae2 x 1
2e 2 x 1
y (ii) y
2e 2 x 1
dy
(iii) As x o rf, y o r1, o 0.
dx
(iv)
7. 8.

(i) ?T 25 50e kt (i) x

2
At 1
t 1
(ii)
x ,
75

9. 10.

,
O t
t

(ii) 14 minutes ,

5
(i) u ln t 2 1 3
2
(ii)
(i i) Thee ggradient of every solution curve
nds towards zero as t o rf .
tends
tend
te
(iii))
y
V
5
k

1 e kt 3
11. 12.
12
2.
5
t o f, V o 1
k
x
0

552
Topic 14 Differential Equations

y 1 e x

13.

Level 2
(a) y x3 x 1 3x 1 (i) 0 P 100
1. 2.
(b) 2 ln 2 (iii) P o 100
dz
(i) 2
dx
1
(ii) y x ln 2 x 1 2
2
dy
(iii)(a) As x o rf , o 1.
dx
1 dy
(ii) 22.1 days (iii)(b) As x o , o rf .
2 dx
(iii) Possible Answer:
Assume that the total population of the y
town remains constant at 3000 during (iv)
the spread of the disease.
Or: Assume that a person infected by the
disease will remain infected
fected by the 2
3. disease. 4.
Or: Assume that everyonee in the town has as
an equal chance of being
ingg iinfected
nfec
nf ecte
ected
ted by
y O x
the disease.

553
Topic 14 Differential Equations

(a)(i) – 6. 8 days
(a)(ii) Ae kt e kt
y ; y
1 Ae kt 3 e kt
x The higher the proportion of people
7. infected with the disease (y), the faster the
when C = 4 disease will be spread by these people ;
The higher the proportion of people not
infected with the disease (1 – y), the faster
the disease can be spread to these people.
8. (ii) 8 m s1
5.
dT
when C > 4 (i) k T 20 , k ! 0
9. dt
(ii) 9.48pm
(i) ? x 100 50e0.01t
(ii) The population of the predators
10. approaches 100 000 after several years.
when C < 4 (iii) ? y 5000e0.01t 5000
8 1
(b) r , grow to a radius of 8 cm (a) (ii) y ln 1 Ae2 x B
1 e4t 11. A
for large values of t (a) (iii) 8.11 min
tan 2 x D a 2t
(a) y2 (a) (i) u
2x at 1

t
1 a b u
(b) n 16e Ct D
4
(a) (ii) t ln
b a b a u
(b) (i) p 2 , q 1
(b) (ii) y
12.
n / thousands

30
13
13.

O 14.4 t/w
weeks
eeks
O x

554
Topic 14 Differential Equations

40
(i) Time taken mins (ii) y 500(t 50e 0.02 t ) 25000
r 15.
(iii) 134 metres
dT
(ii) k T 25
14. dt
t 42.4 min
§ 40 ·
(iii) Total length of time = ¨ 6 ln 5 ¸ 16. The amount of salt in the tank decreases to
© r ¹ 50kg.
mins
Level 3
(i) As t o f, e0.5t o 0, V o 8 .
Therefore, the volume of water in the
tank will increase and converge to 8 m3 .
(ii) (ii)
V
V=8
1. 2.

(iii) The cake was removed at 9.26am (or

2 9.27am).
t The cake will cool to 25 qC .

dy
(i) k ( y )(1 y )
dt
2
3. 16 24 hrs (iii) k ln 3
15
y
y 1
4.

r
5. (ii) x = (A – a ) e a + a
t

dr
6. (i) P
10
7
7.
((ii)
ii)) 7.93 3 s.f.
1 9e0.64t dt
(iii)
(i
iii
ii)) n = 77720

t 2sin x c
2
x 224 2t Ae 12 9. (a)
(a u
x
t | 112 (years)
8. x1 is the maximum population size of the fish. (a) y x ln x x C
t1 is the number of years for the population to 10.
H
t
(b) x 1 e T
reach its maximum.

555
ͳͶ Differential Equations Solution

14 Differential Equations Solution

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621
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

15 Complex Numbers

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MI/I/3]
3π π
The complex number z satisfies the relations arg z 3 3i d and z 3 3i d 2 .
4 2
Illustrate both of these relations on a single Argand diagram. [4]
Find the greatest and least values of z 3i . [3]
Find the least possible value of arg z in radians. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/I/3]
The complex number z satisfies the relations z 25 d 15 and z 25 z 35 20i .
(i) Illustrate both of these relations on a single Argand diagram, indicating clearly the
intersection of the two loci. [3]
(ii) Find the greatest value of arg z 25 . [2]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/1]
(i) On an Argand diagram, sketch the locus of the point representing z such that both
z 2 i 2 and z 2 i d iz 3 are satisfied. [4]
(ii) Find the range of arg( z 1 i) . [3]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/5]
(i) Find the cartesian equation of the locus of a point P representing the complex number z,
2 Im z . Sketch the locus on an Argand diagram.
2
where z [4]
(ii)
Hence find the greatest possible value of arg z 3 in exact form.
[2]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/MJC/II/1]
A graphing calculator is nott to be used in answering this question
question.
One root of the equation x ax 5x x 10
4 3 2
10 0 , whereere a is real, is x 1 2i . Find the
whher
value of a and the other roots.
ts. [5]
Hence find the x-coordinates
naates
tes off tthe
te he ppoint(s)
he oint
oin (s
(s)) of intersection
int
nter
erse
sect
ctio between the graphs of
y 5 x 2 x and y x 3x 1 .
2 4 3
[3]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/II/3]
Do not use a graphing calculator
culator in n an
answ
answering
sweeringg th
this is q
question.
u stion.
ue
(a) The complex number z satisfsatisfies
fie
iess th
thee relations
relation
onss ||zz – 44|| ≤ 3 and |z| = |z – 4|.
(i) Sketch, on a single
gle Argand
Arrga
gand
nd diagram,
diagraam, the
the locus
locus of points
poi representing the complex
number z. [3]
(ii) Find the greatestt and least possible values of arg z, z gi
giving your answers in radians
correct to 3 decimal places. [3]
(b) (i) Given that w = 1 + i is a root of the equation
w3 + 3w2 + pw +q = 0,
find the values of the real numbers p and q. [4]
(ii) For these values of p and q, solve the equation in part (i). [2]

622
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q7. [2013/Prelim/CJC/I/12]
1 i
3

(a) Given that z , find the exact value of the modulus of z and show that the
3 i
11S
argument of z is .
12 [4]
By first expressing z in the form x iy , where x and y are real numbers, find the exact
11S
real and imaginary parts of z and hence find the exact value of tan .
12 [4]
(b) On a single Argand diagram, sketch the following loci given by
(i) z 4 3i 5 ,
(ii) z i t z 7i . [2]
Hence, or otherwise, find the greatest and least possible values of arg(z 6), giving
your answers in radians correct to 3 decimal places. [4]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/TJC/I/5]
A graphic calculator is not to be used in answering this question
p
Two complex numbers p and q are given by p 1 i and q 1 3i , and z .
q
(i) Express z in the form x + yi, where x and y are exact real values to be determined. [2]
(ii) By considering the moduli and arguments of p and q, find the exact values of |z| and arg
z, where π arg z d π . [4]
6 2
(iii) Hence, show that sin §¨ π ·¸
11
.
© 12 ¹ 4 [3]

Q9. [2015/Prelim/TPJC/I/3]
The complex number z satisfies both z 3 4i d 5 and z d z 6 8i .
(i) On an Argand diagram, sketch the region in which the point representing z can lie. [4]
It is given that π arg z 3 6i d π and that arg z 3 6i is as small as possible.
(ii) Find z in the form x iiyy . [3]
(iii) Find the value of arg z 3 6i in radians,
rad
adia
ians
ns, co
corr
rrec
ect to
correct t 4 ssignificant
ig figures. [2]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/MI/II/2]
Given that eiT is a root to the
he equat
tio
ionn
equation
z3
3 1 z 2 O z 1 0
π
where 0 T and O , show h thatth t
2
( z 2 2 z cos T 1)( z 1) 0 . [4]
Find the values of T and O . [2]

Using the results obtained above, solve z 9 3 1 z 6 O z 3 1 0 .
[4]

623
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q2. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/I/4]
The complex numbers z1 2 and z2 i are roots of the cubic equation
z3 + Az2 + Bz + C = 0, where A, B and C are real constants.
(i) State the third root and find the values of A, B and C. [3]
(ii) Hence, with a suitable substitution, find the roots of the equation
2w3 – w2 + 2w – 1 = 0. [3]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/DHS/II/4]
The equation z 4 4 z 3 az 2 20 z 25 0, a , has a root ki, where k is a real number.
(i) Explain clearly why there is more than one possible value for k. [1]
(ii) Find the possible exact values of k and show that a = 10.
Hence find the roots of the above equation. [7]
(iii) Deduce the roots of the following equations in the form x iy, where x and y are real,

(a) w4 4iw3 10w2 20iw 25 0,

(b) 25v4 20v3 10v2 4v 1 0. [4]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/YJC/II/4]
(i) Let f z z 3 z 2 bz 4, b
. Given f 1+i 3 0 , obtain all the roots of f z 0 . [3]
(ii) Hence find the exact roots of the equation 4w bw w 1 0 .
3 2
[2]
(iii) For the value of z found in (i) for which Im z 0 , find the smallest positive
integer n such that z n . State the value of z n when n takes this value. [4]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/IJC/I/9]
Do not use a calculator in answering this question.
The complex number z is given by z k i 3 , where k is a non-zero real number.
(i) Find z 4 in the form x iy . [3]
(ii) Given that z 4 is real, find the possible values of z, leaving your answers in exact form. [2]
und in part (ii) for which k 0 , find the
(iii) For the value of z found t smallest positive integer n
π
such that arg( z n ) = . State the modulus of z n whwhen en n takes this value, leaving your
4
answer in the form a b . [3]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/NJC/I/11]
(a) It is given that z 3 2i iss a root
roo
oott off the
the equat ionn 2 z 3 p
atio
equation pzz 2 qz 65 0 ,
where p and q are real num mbebers
numbers. rs..
(i) Find the valuess of p andd qq.. [3]
(ii) Without the use se of a ccalculator,
alcu
al cullator,
r, ffind
indd th
in thee values oof all the other roots of the
equation. [3]
(b) Solve the equation z 4 1 1 3i . [3]
Hence deduce the roots of the equation 3 i w4 i .
[2]
iθ
[Express all answers in the form re , where r ! 0 and π θ d π. Give r and θ in
exact form.]

624
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q7. [2013/Prelim/RI/II/4]
(a) If one of the roots of the equation z 3 2 z k 0 is i , find k .
Hence find the other two roots. [4]
(b) The complex number w has modulus r and argument T .
1
(i) Write down in the form x iy .
w [1]
Given that w satisfies
500
3 w 40i ,
w
use a non-calculator method to find, in either order,
(ii) the value of r ,
(iii) the complex number w in the form x iy . [6]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/I/6]
(a) Find, in the form x iy , where x, y , the possible values of the complex number z
z 3 4
satisfying both of the equations * i and zz * 5 .
z 5 5 [4]
(b) The real numbers r and T , where r ! 0 and π T d π , are such that
r cos T 2r 2 cos 2T 3r 3 cos 3T 0 and r sin T 2r 2 sin 2T 3r 3 sin 3T 0.
By writing z r (cosT isinT ) , and using (cos T isinT )n cos nT i sin nT , show that
z 2 z 2 3z 3 0 . Hence find the exact values of z, giving your answer in the form
a ib , where a, b . Deduce the value of r and the two possible values of tan T . [5]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/I/8]
A graphing calculator is not to be used in answering this question.
(i) Find the cube roots of −2+2i in the form reiT where r > 0 and −S < T ≤ S. [3]
These cube roots z1 , z2 , z3 are represented by points A, B and C respectively on an
Argand diagram, with arg z3 arg z1 arg z2 .
(ii) Show the roots on an Argand diagram. [2]
The midpoint of AB is M, and nd M represents the complex number w.
w
(iii) Find the modulus and nd argument of w. [3]

Q10. [2013/Prelim/TJC/II/5]
(a) It is given that w m( m(m 2 2)) (m2 2m 9)i eree m .
9)i , wher
where
Find the value of m iff aarg rgg w = π aand nd the po
poin
point
nt repr
representing w lies on the line
2
x + y + 9 = 0. [3]
(b) The complex number z satisfies th thee relations
rela
relati
tion
ons
z 2 3i z 2 i an andd π d arg( z 2 3i) d 0 .
3
(i) Illustrate both of these
theese rrelations
elationss on
on a single Argan
Argand diagram and indicate the
locus of the point
int representing z. [3]
(ii) Find z when z is the least. Give your answer in the form a + bi where a and b
are exact real numbers. [2]
(c) Find the fourth roots of 8(1 3 i) , giving your answers in the form reiT where r > 0
and π T d π . [4]

625
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q11. [2013/Prelim/DHS/I/5]
Sketch on a single Argand diagram the set of points representing all complex numbers z
satisfying both the inequalities
1
π
0 d arg( z 2 2i) 3 d and Im( z ) Re( z ) 4 t 0.
4 [5]
(i) State the range of arg( z 2i). [2]
(ii) The locus of the complex number w is defined by w 2i k , where k is a real positive
constant. Find the range of values of k such that the loci of w and z intersect. [2]

Q12. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/II/2]
The polynomial P z 2 z 4 aiz 3 2 z ai , a , has factor 2 z i .
(i) Find the exact value of a. [2]
(ii) Solve the equation P z 0 , leaving your answers in the form re , where iT

r ! 0 and S T d S . [4]
(iii) One of the roots, z1 , is such that 0 arg z1 S . The locus of points representing z,
2
where arg(z z1 ) k , passes through the origin. Find the exact value of k, and the
cartesian equation of this locus. [3]

Q13. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/6]
Do not use a graphic calculator in answering this question.
5
ª § π π ·º
(i) It is given that z « 2 ¨ cos isin ¸ » . Solve the equation giving the roots in the
6

¬ © 6 6 ¹¼
form re , where r ! 0 and π T d π .
iT
[4]
(ii) Show the roots clearly on an Argand diagram. [2]
π
(iii) The complex roots represented by za and zb are such that arg za arg zb 0 .
2
Draw the locus of z za z zb on your
y Argand
g diagram
g and hence find the exact
cartesian equation of the locus. [4]

Q14. [2013/Prelim/HCI/II/1]
(i) Solve the equation
w5 1 i 3 0 ,
stating the roots clearly
ly inn the
the m reiT , wheree r ! 0 an
he form
for
orm andd π T d π . [3]
(ii) Sketch on an Argand diagram, the sset ett ooff poin
points
ints
ts sat
satisfying
atis
isfy
fyin
ingg z 2 d iz 2 . [3]
π
ation w5 1 i 3 0 is suc
(iii) A root w1 of the equation uch that 0 arg ( w1)
such .
2
Find the value of z w1 su
such
uch tthat
hat it is a mi
minimum. [2]

Q15. [2013/Prelim/JJC/I/5]

626
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Sketch on an Argand diagram the set of points representing all complex numbers z
satisfying all of the following inequalities:
π π
z 1 i d 2 , z 1 i t z 1 i and d arg( z 1 i) .
4 4 [4]
Hence find
(i) the least possible exact value of z 3 2i , [2]
(ii) the largest possible value of arg( z 3 2i) . [2]

Q16. [2013/Prelim/AJC/II/3]
The complex number z satisfies the following conditions:
(a) z 3 4i d 5 ,
(b) z 3 4i t z 4 3i .
On a single Argand diagram, sketch the locus of the points representing z. [4]
Find
(i)

the range of values for arg z 10 . [4]
(ii) the least value of iz 7 i . [2]

Q17. [2013/Prelim/MJC/I/11]
1 i tan T π π
(a) Show that ei 2T where T .
1 i tan T 2 2
11
§ 1 i 3 · iD
Hence find the value of ¨
¨ 1 i 3 ¸¸ , giving your answer in the form re
© ¹
where r ! 0 and π D d π . [5]
(b) (i) Find all the fifth roots of unity, giving your answers in the form reiT where r ! 0
and π T d π . [3]
(ii) Show all the roots on an Argand diagram. [2]
(iii) Two roots from part (i) are represented by z1 and z2 such that
0 arg z1 arg z2 S . Draw the locus w z1 w z2 on your Argand
g w ggiven that w z 0 .
diagram. Hencee find the possible values of arg [4]

Q18. [2013/Prelim/HCI/I/11]
Do not use a calculator in aanswering
nsswe
n sweri
eri
ringngg tthis
hiis qu
ques
question.
esti
tioon.
(i) Given that 2 3i is a roott off tthe
he equation
he equuata io
ionn
z 4 110 0z3 4 48 8z 2 122 z 1
122
12 143
4 0,
solve the equation, giving
ving your answers
annsw
swer erss in exact
exaact form. [4]
(ii) It is given that all the roots in part
part (i(i)) satisfy
satisf
sfyy the
th equation
eq
wa b,
where w is a complexx number,
numbeberr, and a , b are non-zero real numbers.
Show that a 1 and d find the exact value of b . [4]
Sketch the locus of points representing w and all the roots obtained in part (i) on a
single Argand diagram. [2]
Find the least value of arg w 5 6i , giving your answer in exact form. [2]

Q19. [2013/Prelim/PJC/I/10]

627
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

(a) 3S
The complex number w has modulus 3 and argument and w* denotes the
4
conjugate of w.
1 i
Find the modulus and argument of p, where p .
w* [2]
Given that p n is purely imaginary, find the possible values of n. [3]
(b) The complex number z satisfies the relations
§ z4·
z 2 i 2 d 1 i 3 and arg ¨ ¸ arg(1 i)
© i ¹
(i) Illustrate both of these relations on a single Argand diagram. [4]
(ii) Find the least and greatest possible values of arg(z). [4]

Q20. [2013/Prelim/VJC/I/9]
The complex numbers w and z satisfy the relations w 6 8i d w 8 6i and z 8 6i 5
respectively.
(i) Illustrate both of these relations on a single Argand diagram. [4]
(ii) Find, in either order,
(a) the least value of z w , and
(b) the value of z in the form x iy when z w attains its least value, leaving your
answers in exact form. [5]
(iii) Find the range of values for R such that the system of equations
z 8 6i 5,
arg z 4i T
has more than one solution for z. [4]

Q21. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/2]
On an Argand diagram, the complex number a  3 4i is represented by A and ia is
represented by B. On a single
le Argand diagram, sketch the followi
following loci:
(i) za d5, [2]
(ii) z ia d 5 . [2]
(iii) State a single transformation
rm
mat
ation
io
on th
that
at w
will
ill ma
ill
il m
map
p th
thee llocus
ocuus of (i)
(i) to
t the locus of (ii). [1]
The point C represents the complex
com
mpl
p ex ber a  iia
ex number
num
umb
be a on the Argand
A rgand diagram.
(iv) Explain why C lies on n the loci of z a 5 an
locii of
lo andd z ia 5 . [1]
(v) Find the exact area off the region sa sat
satisfying
tisf
sfyi
ying
ng bot
both
othh (i)
( ) and (ii).
(i (ii) [2]
(vi) If z satisfies both (i) and (ii),, find
find the
the maximum
maxxim um value of arg(z ia  a) , leaving your
imum
answer in exact form. [2]

Q22. [2013/Prelim/YJC/I/10]

w
628
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

S
2 , Re w ! 0 , arg §¨ * ·¸
w
(i) Given that w , prove that w 3 i. [3]
©w ¹ 3
(ii) Hence find the equation of the locus z a r , where a, r , which contains the
points representing i and w. [2]
(a) Find the exact maximum and minimum possible values of z 3i . [3]
§ 3 ·
(b) Find the range of arg ¨ z 7¸. [2]
© 2 ¹

Q23. [2013/Prelim/NJC/II/2]
π
(a) The complex number a has modulus r and argument T , where 0 r 1 and 0 T .
2
b
The complex number b is such that 1 and arg(a) arg(b) π.
a
b
Let the points A, B, C and D represent the complex numbers a, b, a + b and
a*
respectively, where a* denotes the conjugate of a.
On a single clearly labelled Argand diagram, illustrate these four points. [5]
(b) The complex number z satisfies the relations z 3 2i d 13 and z t z 4i .
(i) Sketch, on an Argand diagram, the locus of points representing the complex
number z. [3]
(ii) Find the range of values of z .
[2]
(iii) Find the largest value of arg( z 10) , leaving your answer correct to 3 decimal
places. [3]

629
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q24. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/II/3]
(a) In an Argand diagram, the points A, B, C, D and E represent the complex numbers
π π
z1 2 ( cos T1 i sin T1 ) where T1 ,
6 4
π π
z2 cos T 2 i sin T 2 where T 2 ,
3 2
2
, where z1* is the conjugate of z1,
z1*
z1 z2 ,
and z1 z2 respectively.
Mark and label the points A, B, C, D and E in the same Argand diagram.
Show your working clearly in your answer. [4]
π
(b) The fixed complex number a is such that 0 < arg a < .
2
In an Argand diagram, a is represented by the point A and the variable
complex number z is represented by P.
Sketch in an Argand diagram the set of all possible positions of P satisfying
both of the following inequalities:
z a d ia* and 0 arg( z a ) d arg(ia) ,
where a* is the conjugate of complex number a. [3]
Hence find, in terms of a,
(i) the range of values of z , [2]
(ii) the range of values of arg z. [2]
The loci given by arg ( z a) 0 and arg ( z a) arg (ia) intersect the locus of
z a ia* at B and C respectively.
(iii) Find, in terms of a, the complex numbers representing the points B and C. [2]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/JJC/II/3]
Do not use a calculator in aanswering
nswe
ns weri
weri
ring
ng tthis
his
hi
i quques
question.
esti
tion
on..
(i) n z 6
The roots of the equation
tion 3
4i ar
64i ree z1 , z2 and z3 . Find z1 , z2 and z3 in the form
aare
d π T d π .
reiT , where r ! 0 and [4]
(ii) Hence show that the roots w1 , w2 an
and
d w3 off tthe
he equ
equation
quat
atio
ion
n
( w 1))3 8
8ii 0
§ 4 k1 ·
i¨ ¸π
lie on a circle with
h equat n w 1
equation
atio
ion 1 given by 1 2e
2 and are giv © 6 ¹
,
k 1, 0, 1 . [3]
(iii) Show w1 , w2 and w3 clearly by the points W1 , W2 and W3 respectively on an Argand
diagram and find the exact area of the triangle WW
1 2W3 . [4]

630
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q2. [2013/Prelim/VJC/II/4]
A graphic calculator is not to be used in answering this question.
(i) Find the roots of the equation z 3 4 3 4i , giving each root in the form reiT , where
r ! 0 and S T d S . [4]
Show the roots obtained on a single Argand diagram. [2]
Hence, or otherwise, find the exact value of z12 z2 2 where z1 and z2 are any two of
the roots. [3]
(ii) Hence solve the equation z 6 8 3z 3 64 0 . [3]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/AJC/I/11]
(a) The complex numbers s and w satisfy the equations
s w 6i and sw 10 .
Given that Re(s) > 0, solve the equations for s and w , giving all answers in the form
x iy , where x and y are real. [4]
Hence find the solution to the following equations
u v 6 and uv 10 .
Give your answers for u and v in the form x iy , where x and y are real. [2]
(b) Find, in the form z reiT , the three roots z1 , z2 and z3 of the equation z 3 3 3i
where arg( z1 ) arg( z2 ) arg( z3 ) . Give your answers in exact form. [3]
The points Z1, Z2 and Z3 represent z1 , z2 and z3 respectively. Find the area of the
triangle formed by Z1 Z2 Z3. [2]
The constant c is a complex number such that the points representing cz1 , cz2 and
cz3 forms another equilateral triangle which is congruent to triangle Z1 Z2 Z3, and
one of its vertices lies on the positive real axis. Find a suitable value for the complex
constant c in the exponential form. [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/7]
The complex numbers w and z satisfy the equations
w 3
i
z 2
z * 2 w 4 4i.
Find w and z. [4]
The complex numbers w, z and and v ar
an aree re
repr
represented
p es
pr esen
e teed bby
y tthe
he ppoints
oinnt W, Z and V on an Argand
oi
diagram. Given that arg (v)) < 0 an
aandd WV
WVZ Z fo
fforms
ormss an equilateral
orm equ
quillateral triangle, show that v can be
expressed as
1 a w az,
where a is to be found in thee form reiT . [3]
Find the exact value of arg (w v).
). [2]

631
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q5. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/I/10]
4
(i) Describe completely, in geometrical terms, the locus of z given by
1 i
z 2 2i
and sketch it on an Argand diagram. [3]
π
The locus of w is given by arg( w k ki)
where k is a real constant.
4
(ii) Find the set of values of k for which the locus of w intersects the locus of z at two
distinct points. [3]
For the case where k = –4,
(iii) sketch the locus of w on the same Argand diagram. [1]
(iv) find the range of values of |w – z|. [3]
Q6. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/I/11]
(a) 1 3
The complex number w1 is given by w1 i.
2 2
(i) Find w1 and arg( w1 ) . [2]
π π
Let z1 be a complex number such that arg( z1 ) . On an Argand diagram, the
6 3
points P , Q and R represent the complex numbers z1 , w1 z1 and w12 z1 respectively.
(ii) Sketch P , Q and R on the Argand diagram, showing clearly the relationship
between the three points, and explain why triangle PQR is equilateral. [3]
(iii) Find the Cartesian equation of the locus z z1 z w1 z1 if it is given that
π
arg z1 .
4 [3]
(b) (i) Given that z p is a solution of the equation
az 3 bz 2 cz d 0 ,
where a and c are real constants while b and d are purely imaginary
constants, show algebraically that z p* is another solution.
[You may use the result z w z * w* .]
*
[3]
(ii) Hence, without
ut using a calculator, solve the equation
equ
quatio
z 1
3
11i1iz 6
2
4 z 17
64 70i 0 ,
170i
given that z 5 3
3ii is oone
ne o
off th
thee so
solu
solutions.
luti
tion
ons.
s [3]
Q7. [2015/Prelim/AJC/II/2]
Solve the equation z 5 32
2 0 , expr
eexpressing
xpr
p es
essi
siing
g your answeerss in tthe form re i T , where r ! 0 and
answ
answers
S T d S . [2]
he roots off z 5 3
z1 , z2 and z3 are three of the 32 uch that 0 aarg z1 arg z2 arg z3 d S .
2 0 su
such
n
§ z ·
(i) Find the smallest positive
sitive iinteger
nteg
nt egeer n such hatt ¨ 1 ¸ is rea
ch tthat
ha real and positive. [3]
© z2 ¹
(ii) The points A and B represent the roots z1 and z3 respe respectively in the Argand diagram. The
S
line segment BA ' is obtained by rotating the line segment BA through clockwise about
2
the point B. Find the real part of the complex number represented by point A ' , giving your
answer in exact trigonometric form. [4]

632
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q8. [2012/Prelim/RI/II/4]
(a) Solve the equation z 6 1 0, giving the roots in the form

reiD , where r ! 0 and S D d S . [2]

(b) Let the points P1 , P2 , , Pn represent complex numbers satisfying z n 1 0, n t 5 , as

shown on the Argand diagram below. The points Q2 , Q3 , , Qn are formed by dropping
perpendiculars from P1 to OP2 , and Qk to OPk 1 for k 2 , 3 , , n 1 .

(i) State Pk OPk 1 , wh eree 1 d k d n 1 .

where
w
wher
her
Find the length
gth off OQ
O 2 anandd PQ
1 2. [2]

(ii) Q2 , OQ3 ,..., OQ

Show that OQ OQn aare
re inn geometric
geom
ge met
etri
ricc pr
pro
progression.
o
Show that Q2Q3 , Q3Q4 , ..., Qn1Qn ar
are al
also
s in geogeometric progression with the same
common ratio.
o. [2]

(iii) Show that thee sum of the lengths,

1 2 Q2Q3
PQ Qn1Qn
§S ·
does not exceed cot ¨ ¸ . [4]
©n¹

633
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Q9. [2015/Prelim/RI/I/12]

A calculator is not to be used in answering this question.

(a) Find the 6 roots of the equation z6 i , giving your answer in the form reiT , where r ! 0 and
S T d S . [3]

(b) The equation z 3 az 2 6 z 2 0 , where a is a real constant, has 2 roots which are purely
imaginary. Find the value of a and solve the equation. [4]

3S 3S
1 sin i cos
8 8 S S
(c) (i) Prove that cos i sin . [3]
3S 3S 8 8
1 sin i cos
8 8

(ii) Hence find the two smallest positive integer values of n for which
3S 3S
n
§ ·
¨ 1 sin 8 i cos 8 ¸
¨ ¸ i 0. [2]
¨ 1 sin 3S i cos 3S ¸
© 8 8 ¹

634
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Answers

Level 1
(i) (i)

1. 2.

(ii) greatest z 3i 3 52,

(ii) 1.84
least z 3i 3 5 2
(iii) 0.295 rad
(i) x 2 y 1
2
(i) 1
Im(z)
2

1
3. 4.

O Re(z)

S
(ii)
(ii
3
(ii) 0.730 d arg( z 1 i) d 0.588
588

635
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

(a)(i)

a = –3
1 – 2i, –1 and 2
5. 1 6.
x 1 or x
2

(ii) Greatest arg(z) = 0.841 rad

Least arg(z) = −0.841
(b)(i) p = −8 and q = 10
(ii) 1 – i, 1 + i, –5
(a) 2;
(1 3) ( 3 1)
Re z , Im z ;
2 2
32
(b)

(i) z
1
4

1
1 3 1 3 i
4

7. 8. 2 11
(ii) z , arg z S
2 12

2.737; 0.785
(ii) z 7 i
9.
(iii) 1.052
Level 2
S
T , O 3 1
6
§ S 2 kS · (i) The third root is z3 i ,
i¨ ¸
z e © 18 3 ¹
where k 1,0,1
1 or A 2 2, B 1 and C 2
1. 2.
§ S 2 kS ·
i¨ 1
z e
¸
© 18 3 ¹
where k 1,0,1 or (ii) w = , ri
2
§ 2 kS ·
i¨ ¸
z e© 3 ¹
where k 1,0,1

636
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

(i) Conjugate Root Theorem, coefficients all

real (i) z 1 i 3 , 1 i 3 , 1
(ii) k r 5 , z r 5i, 2 r i
3. 4. 1 i 3 1 i 3
(iii)(a) w r 5, r 1 2i (ii) 1, , or
4 4
i 1 (iii) n = 3, z 8
, 2 r i
n
(b) v r
5 5
(a)(i) p 17 and q 56
(ii) 3 2i and 2.5

(i) k 4 18k 2 9 i 4 3k 3 12 3k 1
§ 5S ·
i¨ ¸
§ S·
1 i¨ ¸
§S ·
1 i¨ ¸
§ 2S ·
1 i¨ ¸
5. (ii) z 3 i 3 or z 3 i 3 6. (b) z 2 4
e © 6 ¹
,2 e
4 © 3¹
,2 e ,2 e © 3 ¹
4 © 6¹ 4

(iii) n = 5, z n 36 6 1 1
§ 5S ·
i¨ ¸ 1
§S·
i¨ ¸
1
§ S·
i¨ ¸
1
§ 2S ·
i¨ ¸
w 2 4 e © 6 ¹,2 4 e © 3 ¹,2 4 e © 6¹
,2 4e © 3 ¹

z
i+i 5 i i 5
(a) and
2 2
1 (a) z 2 i or 2 i
(b) (i) (cos T i sin T )
7.
r
8.
(b) z
1
3

1 r i 2 , tan T r 2
(ii) r 10

(iii) 6 8i
(a) m 0
1
i
π 1
i
11π 1
i
5π (b)(i)
(i) z1 2 e , z2
2 4
2 e 2 12
, z3 2 e
2 12

(ii)

9. 10.
O

7π § 2 ·i
(iii) arg(w) = ; |w| =
2 (ii)
(i ) z ¨2 ¸
12 2 © 3¹
π § 5π · 7π § 11π ·
i i ¨ ¸ i i ¨ ¸
© 12 ¹ © 12 ¹
(c)) 2e 12
, 2e
2 , 2e 12
, 2e

637
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

Im
y x4
Locus of P

11. O 4 Re
B 3S
A (i) 1
2 4
π π
i i
(2, 2) (ii) e 3, e 3, eiπ
4 12.
2π
(iii) k , y 3x
3

3S
(i) 0 arg( z (2i))
4
(ii) kt 2
1 § 29π · 1 § 17 π · 1 § 5π ·
i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸
1 § 2S
(i) z 32 6 e © 36 ¹
,32 6 e © 36 ¹
,32 6 e © 36 ¹ 1 i ¨
·
2 kS ¸

1 § 7π · 1 § 19π · 1 § 31π ·
(i) w 2 e 5 5© 3 ¹
k 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 or
i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸
© 36 ¹ © 36 ¹ © 36 ¹ § 2S · § 8S · § 14S · § 4S · § 2S ·
,32 e 6
,32 e 6
,32 e
6 1 i¨ ¸
© 15 ¹
1 i¨ ¸
© 15 ¹
1 i¨
© 15 ¹
¸
1 i ¨ ¸
© 15 ¹
1 i ¨
© 3 ¹
¸
w 2 e 5
,2 e 5
,2 e
5
, 25 e , 25 e
(ii) & (iii)
(ii)

13. 14.

cartesian equation of locus:

minimum z w1
(iii) minimu 1.07
§ 11π · § 11π ·
y tan ¨ ¸ x or y tan ¨ ¸x
© 36 ¹ © 36 ¹

15. 16.
16.
S
(i) 1.29 arg
a z 10
2
(ii) Least value of iz 7 i = 0
(i) 5 2
(ii) 2.21rad

638
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

§ 2S ·
i¨ ¸
(a) e © 3 ¹ (i) 2 r 3i, 3 r 2 i .
§ 4S · § 2S · § 2S · § 4S ·
i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸ i¨ ¸ (ii) b 3 2
(b) (i) z e© 5 ¹
,e © 5 ¹
, ei0 , e © 5 ¹
,e © 5 ¹

(ii)

17. 18.

2S S 3S
(iii) arg w
5 5 5
11S
2S Least value of arg w 5 6i
or arg w 12
5
(i)
2 S
(a) p ; arg( p)
3 2
n r1, r 3, r 5, r 7, 2k 1, k
(b)(i)

19. 20.

(ii) Least value arg(z) | 0.214

4 rad 5 § 5 ·
( i)(a
(i (a)) 7 2 5 (b) 8
(ii)(a) ¨6 ¸i
& Greatest value of arg(z) | 1.357rad 2 © 2¹
((iii)
iii)) 0.
0.40
0. 6 T 0.896
0.406
406

639
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

(i) & (ii)

3 7
(i) a ;
2 2
1 1
(ii)(a) 39 7 ; 39 7
21. 22. 2 2
(iii) A 90 anti-clockwise rotation about the S § 3 · S
origin. (b) d arg ¨ z1 7¸d
6 © 2 ¹ 6
(iv) Since (a  ia) a  (a  ia) ia  5, thus
z  a  ia satisfies the equations
z a  5 and z ia  5. Thus C lies on
the loci of z a  5 and z ia  5.
25
(v) (S 2)
2
§4· S §1·
(vi) tan 1 ¨ ¸ or tan 1 ¨ ¸
© 3¹ 4 ©7¹
(a) Im

(a) E
D
2
z1z2 2
B z1+z2 A
θ1 z2 C 1
θ2 1 z1
θ1
O Re

(b) Im(z)
23. (b)(i) 24.
2 4.

B
|a| A
(ii) 2 d z d 2 13 arg(a)
Re(z)
(iii) 0.796 0

www.ki
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

(i) az d2a

1 S
(ii) arg a arg z d arg a
2 4
(iii) B: z a a , C: z a ia
Level 3
§ 5· § 1· §1·
i ¨ ¸S i ¨ ¸S i ¨ ¸S
© 6¹ © 6¹ © 2¹
(i) z1 4e , z2 4e , z3 4e .
(ii) y

2
13S S 11S
(i) 2e 18 i , 2e18 i , 2e 18 i ; 4 3
1. 2. 13Si 11Si Si
18 Si 11S i 13S i

x
(ii) 2e 18
, 2e 18
, 2e , 2e18 , 2e 18 , 2e 18
O 1

1 2W3 = 3 3 .
(iii) Area of triangle WW
(a) s 1 3i, w 1 3i
u 3 i and v 3 i
or v 3 i and u 3 i z 2 2i
1 7π
i
1 5π
i w 3 3i
(b) z1 12 6 e 18 , z2 12 6 e 18 i π3
a e
3. 1 17π
i 4. 4π
and z3 12 e 6 18
; tan 1 5
3
3 3 1
12 3 ;
4
5π 17 π 7π
i i i
c e 18
or e 18
or e 18

641
Topic 15 Complex Numbers

(i)

2S
(a)(i) w1 1 , arg( w1 )
3
(ii)

5. (ii) 6.
(iii)

(iii) y 3.73x
(b)(ii) z 5 3i, 5 3i, 5i .

(iv) w z t 2 2
§S ·
k ¨ ¸i
(i) 5 z e © 3 ¹ ,k
2, 1, 0,1, 2,3
7. S 8. § 2S · § 2S ·
(ii) 2 2sin (i) cos
(i) cos ¨ ¸ , sin ¨ ¸
5 © n ¹ © n ¹

(4k 1)S
i
(a) e 12
2, 1, 0,1, 2,3
, k 3
9. 1 1
(b) ; 6 i, 6 i ,
3 3
(c)(ii) 4 and 20

642
ͳͷ Complex Numbers Solution

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716
Topic 16 Permutations and Combinations

16 Permutations and Combinations

Level 1

Q1. [2015/Prelim/JJC/II/7(a)]
I1 , I 2 , I3 , I 4 and I5 are five different digits. A code is formed by writing down
I1 , I 2 , I3 , I 4 and I5 in some order. How many different codes can be formed if
(i) I 2 and I 4 are always next to each other, [2]
(ii) either I1 is first or I5 is last , or both? [2]
Q2. [2013/Prelim/PJC/II/6]
Find the number of five-letter code-words that can be formed from the letters of the word
MATHEMATICS. [4]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/NJC/II/6]
Find the number of ways in which the letters of the word STATISTICS can be arranged if
(i) the consonants (C, S, T) are not all together, [3]
(ii) all the vowels (A, I) cannot be next to one another. [3]
How many ways can 3 letters be selected from the letters of the word STATISTICS (order in
which the letters are selected is not important)? [3]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/MI/II/6]
Six identical boxes are arranged in 3 rows as shown in the following diagram.

Top Row

Middle Row

Bottom Row

Sandra is given 1 green, 2 blue and 3 red balls. The balls are identical
iden except for their
colour. She is to put one ballll in each box. Find the number of ways wa she can do this when
(i) there is no restriction, . [2]
(ii) the balls in the bottom m row are of different
difffe
fere
rent
nt colours,
col
olou
ours
rs, [2]
(iii) there are at least 2 red
d bballs
alls iin
al n th
thee bo
bott
bottom
ottom
om rrow.
ow.
ow [3]

Q5. [2015/Prelim/MJC/II/5]

A group of nine people consists

sists of fiv
five
ve me
men
n an
and
d fo
four
ur w
women.
o en.
om

(a) The nine people are to form

m a queue.
queu
ue. F
Find
ind thee number
in numb
nu mber
er of
of different
differen arrangements if there are no
two people of the same gender
der standing next to each other. [2]
(b) The group of nine people finds a round table with eight seats. Assuming only eight people are to be
seated, find the number of different arrangements if

(i) there are no restrictions, [2]

717
Topic 16 Permutations and Combinations

(ii) two particular woman are seated at the round table but are not next to each other. [2]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/9]
Find the number of ways in which the letters of the word SYSTEMATIC can be arranged if
(i) there are no restrictions, [1]
(ii) the two ‘T’s must not be next to each other, [2]
(iii) there must be exactly 3 letters between the two ‘T’s, [2]
(iv) the first letter is ‘Y’ and the last letter is a consonant. [3]

Q2. [2015/Prelim/IJC/II/6]
A jackpot game machine at an arcade contains 4 slots where each of the first 2 slots displays
any of the twelve zodiac signs and each of the next 2 slots display any of the twenty-six
letters of the alphabets A‒Z. The jackpot is won if the 4 slots display two identical letters.
Find the probability that a random game played at the machine results in
(i) two different zodiac signs and two different vowels, [2]
(ii) winning the jackpot, [2]
(iii) exactly two identical zodiac signs or exactly two identical letters or both. [3]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/CJC/II/7]
10 students from 2T39 and 2T40 are to be seated in a round table of 10 during Graduation
Night this year. The number of boys and girls who are attending Graduation Night from these
two classes are shown below.

Boys Girls

2T39 4 2

2T40 1 3

Find the number of ways thee students can be seated if

(i) there are no restrictions.
ns. [1]
(ii) the boys and girls must stt alternate.
altern
alte
alteern
rnat
ate.
ate. [2]
The 10 seats are now numbered.
ereed.
(iii) Find the number of wayss these th
thes
hes
esee students
stud
st uden
ud ents
ts can bee seated
seeat
ated if students from the same class
must sit together [2]
(iv) The boy from 2T40 is absent. Find Fin
indd the
the number
numb
number
er off ways the
th remaining students can be
seated in the 10 seats if students ts from
fro
om the same
same cclass
lass must sit
la s together. [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/RJC/II/6]
Find the number of ways to arrange six married couples if
(i) they stand in a line with
ith att lleastt one man nott standing
t di nextt to his wife, [3]
(ii) they stand in a circle with exactly five men standing next to their wives. [3]

718
Topic 16 Permutations and Combinations

Q5. [2015/Prelim/AJC/II/6]
Three friends, Andy, Ben and Charlie attend a graduation lunch with their parents. How many
ways can the nine people be seated around a round table if each family must be seated
together? [2]
After the lunch, the nine people stand in a single row to take a group photograph. How many
ways can they be arranged if Andy and Ben are each standing between their respective parents
and Charlie is standing either beside his father or his mother (or both)? [4]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/II/7]
Ten chefs, six males and four females, qualify for the final phase of a ‘Top Chef’ competition
consisting of nine ‘Elimination Challenges’. One chef is eliminated after every challenge and
the last chef remaining is the winner of the competition.
(i) In how many ways can the eliminations be done? [1]
(ii) For the first challenge, the ten chefs are divided into two groups of five to work in two
different restaurants. In how many ways can the two groups be formed such that each
group has at least one female chef? [2]
(iii) After the first challenge, a particular male chef was eliminated. At a photography
session before the next challenge, nine chairs are arranged in two rows: four in front
and five at the back. In how many ways can the remaining chefs be arranged so that the
male chefs and the female chefs must alternate? [3]

Q7. [2013/Prelim/JJC/II/8]
The layout of a minivan consisting of eight passenger seats is as shown below.

driver

door

(i) To make the ride more re comfortable, each of the eig eight
ght passenger
pas seats is to be attached
with either a red cushion
hion or a blue cucushion.
ush
shio
ion.
n. Fi
Find
nd the
he num
number
mbe of ways this can be done if
both colours are used.. [2]
Four boys and three girls board
oar
arrd the
t e minivan
th mini
mi niva
ni vaan and
and occupy
oc the
the passenger
pass seats. Find the number
of possible seating arrangements
men nts
ts
(iii) if there are no restrictions,
ions, [1]
(iv) if no two boys sit nextt to each other er when
whe
hen they
th
hey aree oon
n th
thee same
s side. [4]

719
Topic 16 Permutations and Combinations

Q8. [2013/Prelim/HCI/II/8]
Find the number of ways in which the eleven letters of the word ARRANGEMENT can be
arranged if
(i) there are no restrictions, [1]
(ii) either the letter A is in the first position or the letter T is in the last position but not
both [3]
(iii) between any two vowels there is exactly one consonant. [3]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/TJC/II/7]
(a) (i) At a wedding dinner, 6 men and 4 women are to be seated at a round table with
10 identical seats. Find the number of different arrangements if there are no
restrictions. [1]
(ii) At another round table, 2 of the 10 identical seats are each tied with a red ribbon
and are adjacent to each other. How many ways can 7 people be seated at the
table? [2]
(b) Eight students participate in the semi-final round of a Mathematics Quiz. They are
randomly paired up to compete with each other and the winner of each pair will
advance to the final round.
(i) Find the number of possible sets of results from the semi-final round. For
example, one possible set of results is A beats C, B beats H, D beats F, and E
beats G. [2]
(ii) How many ways can the prizes be awarded to the four finalists if there are one
$500, one $200 and two $100 book prizes? [1]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/II/6]
(a) Ten points are marked on the circumference of a circle. Find the number of triangles
that can be formed. [1]
(b) Twelve points are marked on the circumference of a circle and labelled with digits from
1 to 12. Find the number
mber of possible arrangements such th that points labelled with digits
divisible by 3 are separated.
arated. [3]
(c) Fifteen points are markedrked on the circumference off a ci circ
circle.
rcle
le. All possible chords that join
any two of these points
nts are drawn. A ppair airr of ssuch
ai uch
uch chords
chordss is
i defined as “free” if the two
chords in the pair doo nonnot
ot in
iintersect
ters
tersec
rs ectt an
ec and
d ha
haveve nnoo co
comm
common
mmonon endpoints. Find the possible
number of “free” chords.
rdds. [2]

720
Topic 16 Permutations and Combinations

Answers

Level 1
1. (i) 48 (ii) 42 2. 13560
3. (i) 48 720 (ii) 23 520; 24 4. (i) 60 (ii) 18 (iii) 30
5. (a) 2880 b(i) 45 360 b(iii) 25 200
Level 2
(i) 907200 (ii) 725760 55 1 37
1. 2. (i) (ii) (iii)
(iii) 120960 (iv) 60 480 2028 312 312
(i) 362 880 (ii) 2 880
3. 4. (i) 478 955 520 (ii) 92 160
(iii) 172 800 (iv) 86 400
5. 432 ; 336 6. (i) 3 628 800 (ii) 120 (iii) 5760
7. (i) 254 (ii) 40 320 (iii) 5184 8. (i) 2 494 800 (ii) 589 680 (iii) 37 800
9. (a)(i) 362 880 (ii) 604 800 (b)(i) 1 680 (ii) 12
Level 3
1. (i) 120 (ii) 8 467 200 (iii) 2 730

721
ͳ͸ Permutations and Combinations Solution

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Topic 17 Probability

17 Probability

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/II/5]
A fair die is thrown twice. The events A and B are defined as follows:

A: an even number is obtained on the first throw.

B: the sum of the two throws is more than 4.

(i) Determine if A and B are independent. You should justify your conclusion with relevant
working. [3]
(ii) Find P( A ' B) where Ac is the complement of the event A. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/II/5]
1 1 1
Events A and B are such that P( B) , P( A B) and P( Ac Bc) .
3 5 6
Find
(i) P( A B) , [1]
(ii) P( A | Bc) . [3]
Hence determine whether events A and B are independent. [2]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/CJC/II/6]
3 7 11
For events A and B, it is given that P ( B) , P ( A B) and P ( A ' B) .
5 8 36
Find
(i) P ( A) , [2]
(ii) P ( B ' | A) . [2]
4
A third event C, has P (C ) and that A and C are independent
7
(iii) Find P ( A ' C ) . [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/IJC/II/5]
Diabetes is present in 27% ooff th thee el
eld
elderly
lde
derlrly
ly popopu
population.
pula
lati
tion
on. In a health
heal
he alth
th screening exercise, a quick
test for diabetes is used, butut tthehe ttest
he estt is nnot
es ott ttotally
otal
ot ally
ly reliabl
reliable.
le. It
It has 0.98 probability of giving a
positive result when an elderly erlly has
has diabetes,
diab
di abet
ab ettes
e , and
an 0.044 probability
pro
robabili of giving a positive result
when an elderly does not have ave ddiabetes.
iabe
iabete
be tess. A rrandomly
te andomlly ch cho
chosen
osen
en eelderly
ldee is given the test. Find the
ld
probability that
(i) the result of the test iss positive,, [2]
(ii) the elderly has diabetes es given n tthat
hatt th
ha the resu
result
ult ooff th
the
he test is positive.
po [2]

738
Topic 17 Probability

Q5. [2013/Prelim/YJC/II/7]
I have a choice of two routes to get to school. The probability that I am punctual for school is
43 3
and the probability that I choose the first route is . If I get to school punctually, the
50 5
27
probability that the first route is chosen is . Find the probability that I get to school
43
punctually if
(i) I choose the first route, [2]
(ii) I choose the second route. [2]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/II/7]
“Call-to-Win” is a recent telephone game that a caller calls in to test his luck on whether he
will win a prize at random. On average, one in every 1000 calls could get through. However,
the outcome of this game is not completely reliable. If a person could get through, he has 1%
chance of not receiving his prize, and if a person could not get through when he calls, there is
a 0.5% chance of still receiving a prize from the game organiser.
(i) Show that the probability that a person receives a prize is 0.005985. Hence, find the
expected number of people who receive a prize in a random sample of 1700 callers. [2]
(ii) For the events “call gets through” and “receives a prize”, determine whether they are
mutually exclusive and whether they are independent. [2]

Q7. [2013/Prelim/MJC/II/6]
A group of student representatives is to be chosen from three schools, R, S and T. The group is
to consist of 10 students and is chosen from a set of 15 students consisting of 3 from R,
4 from S and 8 from T. Find the probability that the group consists of
(i) students from S and T only, [2]
(ii) at least 1 student from each school. [3]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/VJC/II/6]
A student has 2 ten-cent coins, 3 twenty-cent coins, 4 fifty-cent coins and 1 one-dollar coin.
(i) He arranges the coins in a line. Find the number of ways of arranging the coins such
that any two adjacent coins do not add to a total value of $1 $1. [3]
(ii) He puts all the coins in his coin pouch and randomly pic picks 4 coins, one after another
without replacement. Assuming that each coin hass an an equal
equ
equ chance to be chosen, find
the probability that thee total value off th
thee 4 co
coin
coins
inss is $$1.
1. [3]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/6]
During the college carnival,l, a cclass
laassss decides
dec
ecid
id
des oonn a gameme w which
hich re
requires a player to pick some
coloured cards which are indistinguishable
ndistinguiishhab abl
ble
le except
exxcept foforr th
thei
their
eirr co
colo
colour.
louu In total, there are 10 cards:
3 blue, 5 red and 2 yellow cards.
(i) Find the number of ways for a pl play
player
ayer
er to
to arrange
arrra
rang
nge 9 cards in a row. [3]
(ii) The class decides thatt the gamgame
ame is playe
playeded by ppicking
icki
ic king 4 car
cards from the 10 cards without
replacement and the total po poin
points
ints
ts are add
added
ddeded ffrom
rom the 4 ca cards with each coloured card
assigned a different score
core as follows:

Blue: no point Red: 1 point Yellow: 3 points

Find the probability that a player obtains exactly 4 points. [3]

739
Topic 17 Probability

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/JJC/II/9]
A bag contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls. Three balls are drawn from the bag at random,
one by one. If a black ball is drawn, it is replaced in the bag. If a white ball is drawn, it is not
replaced and 2 extra black balls are added to the bag.
(i) 1
Show that the probability that all balls drawn are white is .
11 [2]
(ii) Given that at least one of the balls drawn is black, find the probability that all balls
drawn are black. [3]
A fourth ball is further drawn from the bag at random.
(iii) Find the probability that the third white ball appears on this fourth draw. [3]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/HCI/II/10]
A bag contains 15 tokens that are indistinguishable apart from their colours. 2 of the tokens
are blue and the rest are either red or green. Participants are required to draw the tokens
randomly, one at a time, from the bag without replacement.
(i) Given that the probability that a participant draws 2 red tokens on the first 2 draws is
1
, show that there are 3 red tokens in the bag.
35 [3]
(ii) Find the probability that a participant draws a red or green token on the second draw. [2]
Events A and B are defined as follows.
A: A participant draws his/her second red token on the third draw.
B: A participant draws a blue token on the second draw.
(iii) Find P A B .
[2]
(iv) Determine if A and B are independent events. [1]

Q3. [2013/Prelim/DHS/II/7]
A box contains 5 red balls, 5 green balls and 5 blue balls. The balls are identical in size.
Balls of the same colour aree each printed with a distinct number from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Two balls
are randomly drawn withoutt replacement. Find the probab
bil
ilit
ity
probabilityy th
that
(i) at least 1 red ball is drawn,
rawn,, [2]
(ii) the sum of the numbers rss oon
n th
tthee ba
ball
balls
llss drawn
ll draw
dr awn is at
at leas
least
astt 9, [2]
(iii) the sum of the numbers erss oonn th
thee ball
bballs
ba all
llss dr
dra
drawn
awn is at le
aw least
east 9 gi
given that at least 1 red ball is
drawn. [3]
State, with a reason, whether er the event
eventsts ‘‘the
the
th
he sum of tthe
he nnumbers
umbe
um bers
rs on the balls drawn is at least
9’ and ‘at least 1 red ball is drawn’ are in inde
depepend
nden
independent.e t.
t [1]

740
Topic 17 Probability

Q4. [2013/Prelim/NJC/II/8]
Find the number of ways to group 24 students into two teams of 12. [2]
These 24 students enjoy either dancing or singing. Of these, 16 enjoy dancing and 13 enjoy
singing. A committee of 7 students is randomly selected from this group of students. Find the
probability that the committee consists of at least 4 students who enjoy both dancing and
singing. [3]
Of the 14 girls in the group, 8 enjoy only dancing and 3 enjoy only singing. Given that 2 girls
and 1 boy are randomly selected, what is the probability that the trio enjoy both dancing and
singing? [3]
A student is randomly chosen. Let A be the event that a student is a girl and B be the event
that a student enjoys dancing.
Determine if A and B are independent. [2]

Q5. [2013/Prelim/PJC/II/7]
In Haha College, 70% of the students watch the show Jogging man and 60% of the students
watch the show Voice of me. 40% of those who do not watch the show Voice of me watch the
show Jogging man. Find the probability that a student chosen at random from the college
(i) watches both shows, [3]
(ii) watches exactly one show, [2]
(iii) watches the show Voice of me given that the student does not watch the show Jogging
man. [2]
State, with a reason, whether the events ‘watches Jogging man’ and ‘watches Voice of me’ are
independent. [1]

Q6. [2013/Prelim/MI/II/7]
/MI/II/7] Applications of Differentiation
A group of students take an examination in Science. A student who fails the examination at the
first attempt is allowed one further attempt. For a randomly chosen student, the probability of
passing the examination at the first attempt is p . If the student fails the examination at the first
attempt, the probability of passing at the second attempt is 0.3 more than the probability of
passing the examination at the first attempt.
Show that the probability that
hat a randomly chosen student passes tthe examination is
0.3 1.7 p p 2 .
[1]
(a) Find the value of p such that the probability
prob
pr obab
abililit
ityy that
that a randomly
rando
do chosen student passes the
examination on the first
rsstt attempt
att
ttem
empt
em pt given
giv
iven
en that
tha
hatt the
the student
stud
uden
entt passes
pass
passe is 0.6. [2]
Two students are randomly chosen.
chhososen
en..
en
(b) (i) Find the probability
bilityty
y tthat
hat
haat one
one pa
pass
passes
sses the eexamination
xam
xa minatio on the first attempt and the [1]
other passes thee exami
examination
miinati
tion
ion oon
n tthe
he second
seco
condnd aattempt,
tttem
empt
pt, lleaving your answer in terms of
p.
(ii) Find the value of p such tthat hat th
ha thee valu
value
luee of tthe
he probabi
probability in part (i) is maximum. [3]

741
Topic 17 Probability

Q7. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/7]
A teacher conducted a survey on a large number of students to determine the choice of
colours for painting the school hall from 3 colour options of white, green and blue. Of the
students surveyed, 40% were boys and 60% were girls. Of the boys, 50% chose white, 20%
chose green and the rest chose blue. Of the girls, 25% chose white, 45% chose green and the
rest chose blue.
Draw a probability tree diagram to illustrate the above information. [1]
(i) One student is randomly selected. Find the probability that the student chose white. [1]
(ii) Two students are randomly selected. Find the probability that the two students are of
the same gender or chose different colours (or both). [3]
(iii) Three girls are randomly selected. Find the probability that exactly 1 girl chose white,
given that none of them chose blue. [3]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/AJC/II/6]
The Winner’s Club consists of 2 married couples and 8 singles. The club is to select a
delegation of 4 members to participate in an overseas conference.
(i) Find the probability that the delegation contains exactly one married couple. [2]
The 4 selected delegates from the Winner’s Club are invited for a photo shoot with 8
delegates from other clubs after the conference. They are required to stand in two rows of 6.
(ii) Find the probability that at least 3 delegates from the Winner’s Club stand in the same
row. [3]

Q9. [2013/Prelim/YJC/II/6(modified)]
Betty has one black, one yellow, two red, two green and three blue beads. The nine beads are
arranged randomly in a line. Find the probability that
(i) the two red beads are next to each other, [2]
(ii) all the red and green beads are separated, [2]
(iii) either the two red beads are next to each other or the two green beads are next to each
other or both. [3]

Q10. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/II/6]
A committee of fourteen people consists of one group of four brothers, one group of five
sisters and five other people.
e. The fourteen people are randomly aarranged in a line.
(i) Find the probability that
hat the brothers are all separat
separatedted oorr th
the sisters are all together [4]
(ii) The brothers are all separated. Find d tthe
he pprobability
roba
ro babi
biliity
y thatt tthe sisters are not all next to
each other. [3]

Q11. [2013/Prelim/TJC/II/10(a)] )]
In a box, there are 12 marbles
les off wh
whi
which
ich 5 are
ich
ic ar red,, 4 aare
re bblack
lack
lack aand
n 3 are white. 4 marbles are
taken at random from the box,ox, each marble
mararblblee be
bein
being
i g re
repl
replaced
placced bbefore
efo
efor the next one is taken. Find
the probability that
(i) at least one marble off each co
colour
olo
lour
ur iiss obta
obtained,
ain
ined
ed, [2]
(ii) at least one marble is white. [2]

742
Topic 17 Probability

Q12. [2013/Prelim/AJC/II/8]
In an online statistics quiz, students are given two problems to solve, the second of which is
3
harder than the first. The probability of any student solving the first problem correctly is
4
7
and the probability of solving the second problem correctly is . If a student solves the first
12
3
problem correctly, the probability of solving the second problem correctly is .
5
A student is chosen at random.
(i) Find the probability that the student solves both problems correctly [1]
(ii) Find the probability that the student solves at least one problem correctly. [2]
(iii) Given that the student solves the second problem wrongly, find the probability that the
first problem is solved correctly. [3]
A student makes multiple attempts until he solves both problems correctly in the same
attempt. For each new attempt, the student has to solve a new pair of problems. Find the least
value of n if the probability that he needs to make at most n attempts until he solves both
problems correctly exceeds 0.999. [3]

Level 3

Q1. [2013/Prelim/VJC/II/5]
2 1
For events A and B, it is given that P( A) and P( B) .
3 2
(i) State an inequality satisfied by P( A B) . [2]
It is given further that A and B are independent. Find
(ii) P( A B) , [1]
(iii) P( A ' B) . [2]
Q2. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/II/8]
2n marbles, identical exceptt for their colour, are such that n are re red and the rest are white. Box
A contains 3 of the red marbles
rbles and n – 3 of the white marbles marbles. The remaining marbles are
placed in box B. A marble iss taken at random m fr
from
om bbox
o A aand
ox ndd pu
putt into box B. A marble is then
taken at random from box B B..
Find, in terms of n, the probability
bab
abbillit
ity th
that
at
(i) the marble taken fromm bobox x B is w
white
hite
hi tee [2]
(ii) the marble taken from m box x A is red
red ggiven
iv
ven that the
the marble
marb
ma rble
le ttaken
a from box B is white. [3]

743
Topic 17 Probability

Q3. [2013/Prelim/RJC/II/7]
A box contains r identical red balls and w identical white balls, where r and w are integers
greater than 1. Balls are removed one at a time, at random and without replacement, until
only those of the same colour are left in the box.

Expressing your answers as single fractions in terms of r and w , find the probability that
(i) a red ball is removed on the first draw, given that a red ball is removed on the second
draw, [3]
(ii) a white ball is removed on the first draw, or a white ball is removed on the second draw,
or both, [2]
(iii) exactly one white ball remains in the box when the removal stops. [3]

Geometric Progression
Q4. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/12]
/II/12]
A machine-operated car wash offers four different options as follows:

Option Description Duration

A Wash only 2 minutes
B Wash and dry 3 minutes
C Bubble-wash and dry 3 minutes
D Steam-wash and dry 4 minutes

A driver makes his choice and then proceeds to the car wash. The probability of a driver
5
choosing Option A, Option B, Option C or Option D is given to be , a , ar and ar 2
12
respectively, where a and r are positive constants and r z 1 .
At a particular instant, there are three cars queuing to use the car wash.
(i) Show that the probability that at least one of the three drivers has chosen option C is
given by 1 1 ar .
3
[1]
(ii) 7
By considering the sum of the probabilities for all the options, deduce that 0 a .
9 [3]
1 1
For the rest of the question, take a and r .
3 2
A fourth car, car X joins the queue at the instant when wheen th
thee ffirst car enters the car wash.
Assuming that no time is lost ost between the th
he time
time a ccar
ar lea
leaving
eaving ththe
h car wash and the next car
starting the wash, find the probability
ro
oba
babibili
lity
lity tthat
hatt
ha
(iii) it will be at least 10 minutes
miin
nnut
utes
ut es before
bef
efor
oree car
or caar X enters the he car wash and at least one of the
previous three drivers chochose
hoossee O
Option
ptio
pttion
ion C,C [2]
(iv) it will be at least 10 minutes es before
bef
efor
oree car
or car X en
ca enters
nte
ters
rs tthe
he car
car wwash, given that at least one of
the previous three drivers
vers chose O Option
ptiion
pt n C.
C [2]
State a necessary assumption n for yourr ca calc
calculations
cul
ulatio
ions
ns iin
n (i
(iii)
(iii
ii) and (iv
(iv). [1]

744
Topic 17 Probability

Answers

Level 1
17 5 3
1. (i) A and B are not independent (ii) 2. (i) (ii) ; A and B are not independent.
18 6 4
41 99 31
3. (i) (ii) (iii) 4. (i) 0.2938 (ii) 0.901
72 205 126
9 4 (i) 10.2
(i) (ii)
5. 10 5 6.
(ii) Not mutually exclusive, not independent
2 38 4
(i) (ii) (i) 2100 (ii)
7. 91 39 8.
35

1
9. (i) 2520 (ii)
6
Level 2
248
1 44 266 (ii) 0.867 (iii)
1. (i) (ii) (iii) 2. 1365
11 625 1815
(iv) A and B are not independent events.
4 4
(i) (ii)
7 35 1 3
3. 4. 1352078; ; ; not independent
7 69 455
(iii) ; not independent
60
(i) 0.54 (ii) 0.22 (a) 0.565
5. 6.
(iii) 0.2 ; not independent (b)(i) 0.6 p 1.4 p 2 2 p 3 (ii) 0.626

(i) 0.35 (ii) 0.8536 (iii) 0.443 8 6

7. 8. (i) (ii)
45 11
2 5 7 395
(i) (ii) (iii) (i) 0.334 (ii)
9. 10. 396
9 42 18
5 175 9
(i) (ii) 53
11. 12 256 12.
12
2. (i) (ii) (iii) 0.72 ; Least n = 12
20
20 60
Level 3
1 2 4n 3 9
(i) 1
d P A B d 12 . (ii) (iii) (i))
(i (ii)
1. 6
2.
3 3 n n 1 4n 3
r 1
(i)
r w 1 11 33
(iii) (iv)
2wr w2 w 288 364
3. (ii) 4.
(r w)(r w 1)
We need to assume that the choice each driver
wr makes is independent of each other.
(iii)
(r w)(r w 1)

745
ͳ͹ Probability Solution

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Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Level 1

Q1. [2013/CJC/II/8]
A school bought Upads for JC1 students to use in Project Work lessons. On average, 3% of the
Upads are faulty. Faults occur independently and randomly.

(i) In a sample of 25 Upads, find the probability that more than 2 Upads are faulty. [2]

(ii) Three samples of 25 Upads are taken. Find the probability that there are more than two
faulty Upads in one sample and exactly one faulty Upad in each of the other two samples. [2]

The school bought a batch of 80 Upads for JC1 students.

(iii) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that there are at least 77 Upads that
are not faulty in this batch. [3]

Q2. [2013/DHS/II/10(b)(modified)]
One question in a survey is as follows:
“Do you use Facebook during office hours at least once a day? Yes or No?”

It is known that on average, 7 out of 9 staff members answered “yes” to the above question.
For a random sample of 60 staff members,

(i) find the standard deviation of the number of staff members who answer “yes”, [1]

(ii) find the probability that

hat the number of staff members who aanswer “yes” exceeds the
mean, [3]

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berr of staff
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rs who
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775
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q3. [2013/HCI/II/6]
In a carton of apples, a sample of 8 apples is taken and examined for spoilt apples.

(i) State, in context, an assumption for the number of spoilt apples in the sample to be
modelled by a binomial distribution. [1]

The number of spoilt apples in a random sample of size 8 may be modelled by the distribution
B 8, p . If at least 2 apples in a sample are found to be spoilt, the carton is rejected. It is
known that the probability of a carton being rejected is 0.04 .

(ii) Write down an equation satisfied by p and find the value of p . [3]

(iii) 60 Cartons of apples are loaded onto a lorry. Use a suitable approximation to find the
probability that more than 56 cartons loaded onto the lorry are not rejected. [3]

Q4. [2013/NYJC/II/6]
The number of chocolate chips found in a scone is denoted by X.

(i) State, in context, a condition needed for the number of chocolate chips found in a scone
to be well modelled by a Poisson distribution.
[1]

Assuming that the number of chocolate chips in a scone has the distribution Po(6).

(ii) A random sample of 50 scones is taken. By using a suitable approximation, find the
[2]
probability that the mean number of chocolate chips in each scone is greater than 5.5.

Raisins are also found in thee scone. The number of raisins found in a scone, denoted by Y, is an
independent random variable le with the distribution Po(6.5).
).

(iii) A random sample of n scones

s on
sc ones
es iiss ta
take
taken,
ken, w
where
here
re n is large.
lar
arge
ge. Fi
Fin
Find the least value of n in order
to be more than 85% sure
surre
re that
tha
hat
at the
the mean
mean number
me num
umber of chocolate
chocola chips is less than the mean
number of raisins found
nd inn n scones.
scon
sc ones
on es..
es [3]

776
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q5. [2013/RVHS/II/10]
Calls made by children to an emergency service occur randomly.

(i) State two conditions needed for the number of calls made by children to the emergency
service in a random 1-hour period to be well modelled by a Poisson distribution. [2]

Assume that the number of calls made to the emergency service by children and adults in a
random 1-hour period have independent Poisson distributions with means 0.8 and 0.6
respectively.

(ii) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that in a random 20-hour period,
there are at least 5 more cases of emergency calls made by children than adults. [3]

(iii) In a 10-hour period in which there are more than 4 calls to the emergency service, find
the probability that at least 4 of the calls are made by adults. [3]

Q6. [2013/TPJC/II/7]
Mechanical faults occur at random on a speed train, at an average rate of D per week.

(i) Given that the probability of at least 3 mechanical faults occurring in a period of 3 weeks
is 0.7, show that D 1.2 , correct to 1 decimal place. [2]

(ii) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that there are exactly 35 mechanical
faults occurring in a period of 30 weeks. [3]

Electrical faults also occur at random on the speed train, at an average rate of 2.3 per week.

(iii) Find the probability that there are exactly 2 electrical faufaults occurring in a week, given
that there is a total of less than 4 faults occurring in a week
week. [3]

777
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q7. [2013/CJC/II/10(modified)]
In a junior college in Singapore, the number of students who are on crutches per month is
recorded. It is known that the number of JC2 students on crutches per month follows a Poisson
distribution with mean 4 and the number of JC1 students who are on crutches per month
follows a Poisson distribution with mean O .

(i) Find the probability that the number of JC2 students who are on crutches is greater than
3 and less than 7 in a randomly chosen month. [2]

(ii) Write down an equation involving λ if the probability that the total number of JC1 and
JC2 students on crutches in a month being exactly 2 is 0.0027. Hence, find the value of
λ, correct to the nearest integer. State an assumption you have made. [3]

(iii) Using the integer value of λ found in (ii), find the probability that exactly one JC1
student is on crutches in a month, given that the total number of students on crutches in
that particular month is exactly 4. [3]

(iv) Explain why the Poisson distribution may not be appropriate in modelling the number of
students who are on crutches over a period of one year. [1]

Q8. [2013/IJC/II/8]
(a) The random variable X has the binomial distribution B(10, p) such that
P( X 2) 0.0325 . Write down an equation in terms of p and find the value of p given
that p 0.4 . [3]

(b) The random variable W has the binomial distribution B(25, 0.4) and the independent
random variable R has the binomial distribution B(30, 0.6). By using suitable
se parameters should be stated, find P R W ! 18 .
approximations, whose [7]

778
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q9. [2013/SAJC/II/9]
In a 24-hour operating MacDuck shop, the number of Hello Daniel toys sold per hour, S,
follows a Poisson distribution with mean O .
(i) If the probability that a shop sells exactly one Hello Daniel toy in a randomly chosen
minute is 0.1, show that the value of O corrected to 3 significant figures is 6.71. [2]

(ii) Find the least number of Hello Daniel toys that the shop needs to stock up on a given day
so that the probability that it is sold out is less than 80%. [3]

(iii) Find the probability that, in an hour, there are at most 10 Hello Daniel toys sold given
that there are more than 6 sold. [3]

(iv) The number of Hello Daniel toys sold was recorded for n 1-hour periods, where n is
large. Find n such that the probability of the mean number of Hello Daniel toys sold per
hour is more than 7 is approximately 5%. [2]

Q10. [2013/NJC/II/10]
The table below shows the mean number of traffic accidents per km of each stretch of the
expressways: CTE, AYE and KPE, over a three-month period.
CTE AYE KPE
Mean number of traffic accidents per km 10.58 5.70 3.00

(i) State two conditions needed for the number of traffic accidents occurring in a randomly
chosen 1 km stretch of an expressway over a three-month period to be well modelled by
a Poisson distribution. [2]

Assume that the number of traffic accidents occurring on each 1 km stretch of an expressway
over a three-month period follows a Poisson distribution.

(ii) It is given that the probability

obability that 35 traffic accidents occu
occur on the whole stretch of KPE
(d km) over a three-month
month period is 0.0663. Writ
Write
te do
downwn an equation for d, and solve it
numerically given that at d > 11
11.5,
.5,
5 le
leav
leaving
avin
av ng your
your answer
ans
nswe
werr to 3 decimal
d places. [2]

(iii) The Transport Authority

rity
y re
rrecords
eco
cord
cord
rdss da
data
ta oon
ta n th
the numb
number
mberer of tra
traffic accidents occurring on the
whole stretch of CTE (15.5
E (155.55 km)
km) over
oveer a three-mo
ver three-month
montnth
h period.
peri
pe riod
od A random sample of 70 such
recordings was collected.
cted. Find the he pprobability
rooba
babili
lity
ty tha
that
at th
thee me
mean number of traffic accidents
from the sample is no
o less than n 16
165.5. [2]

(iv) In a particular three-month

e-montth pe
period, th
thee nu
number of traf
traffic accidents occurring on a
randomly chosen 2 km m stretch of CTE and AYE are deno
denoted by the random variables U
and V respectively.

State the approximate distribution of V – U, and hence find an approximate value for
P(0 V U d 10) . [3]

779
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q11. [2013/DHS/II/11]
Marc, a building manager, is tasked to furbish an office building by changing the carpets and
window blinds. State two conditions needed for the number of flaws found on a randomly
chosen region of area 2 m2 on the carpet to be well modelled by a Poisson distribution. [2]

Assume that the number of flaws on 2 m2 of carpet has the distribution Po(0.5).

(i) Find the probability that there are exactly 2 flaws on 7 m2 of carpet. [2]

(ii) Each floor (with identical layout) of the office building requires 200 m2 of carpet. Use a
suitable approximation to find the probability that there are between 40 and 50 flaws on
the carpet of a randomly chosen floor. State the parameters of the distribution that you
use. [3]

Marc chooses Superior Quality roller blinds for the windows. The number of flaws on the
roller blinds of a level, R, has the distribution Po(0.3).

(iii) Find the probability that the average number of flaws on the roller blinds per level of the
50 level building is less than 0.4. State any approximation made. [3]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/RVHS/II/12]
A machine produces light bulbs in which defects occur randomly at an average rate of 1 per
250 produced. The light bulbs produced are then packed in boxes of 100.

(i) Find the probability that

hat there are more than 2 defective lig
light bulbs in box. [2]

(ii) In a weekly routine check, 80 boxes of light bul bulbs

ulbs
bs aare
re randomly selected. Find the
probability that the number
umber of boxes
boxees w
which
hich
hi ch ccontain
onta
ontain
n mor
more
re than 2 defective light bulbs is
less than 3. [2]

(iii) In the monthly inspection,

ectio
on,
n, 11000
000
00 0 li
llight
igh
ghtt bulbs are
are randomly
rand
random
om selected to be checked for
defectiveness. By usingng a suitablee aapproximation,
ppro
pp roxima
mattion
n, es
esti
estimate
tima
matt the probability that there are
at least 995 light bulbs
bs that are no
nott de
defe
defective.
fect
ctiv
ive.
e. [3]

The weight of a light bulbb is known

kn
now
own n to have
hav
avee mean
me 2.5 grams and standard deviation 0.15
grams. For a random samplee of 150 light bulbs, estimate the probability
prob that the mean weight is
between 2.48 grams and 2.52 grams.

Giving a reason, state whether it is necessary to make any assumptions about the distribution of
the weight of the light bulb. [3]

780
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q2. [2013/VJC/II/7]
During the dry and hot months of June and July, forest fires are prevalent in the forested areas
of a particular country. Smoke from the forest fire affects air quality and causes the country
and its surrounding regions to be shrouded by haze. In a neighbouring country A, the air
quality is exacerbated by the direction of seasonal monsoon winds. It was found that during
this period, the number of patients admitted per week to the National General Hospital in
country A due to respiratory problems follows a Poisson distribution with mean 4.9.

(i) Calculate the probability that in a randomly chosen week in June or July, the National
General Hospital admits more than 5 patients with respiratory problems. [1]

(ii) Calculate the probability that in a week in June or July where the National General
Hospital admits more than 5 patients with respiratory problems, there will be exactly 8
patients with respiratory problems admitted at the hospital. [2]

(iii) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that the National General Hospital
admits more than 22 patients with respiratory problems in a 4-week period in June or
July. [3]

(iv) The probability that not more than 1 patient admitted to the National General Hospital
due to respiratory problems in n consecutive days in June or July is at most 0.38. Find
the smallest value of n. [3]

(v) Explain why the Poisson distribution may not be a good model for the number of
patients admitted to the National General Hospital due to respiratory problems in a year. [1]

Q3. [2013/PJC/II/12]
In a certain hospital, the number of newborn is recorded. On average, there are 5 newborn in a
day.

(i) Find the probability that

hat there are at lleast
east
east 330
0 ne
newb
newborn
wborrn in a pperiod of a week (7days). [2]

(ii) In a period of a week,, fi

find
ind th
tthee le
lleast
leas
eas
astt va
valu
value
lue of r such that
lue
lu th
hat the probability that the number of
newborn is at least r iss les
less
ss than
tth
han 0.2.
0.2.
2. [2]

(iii) Taking a year as 52 weeks, estim

estimate
mat
ate th
the pr
prob
probability
obab
abil
ilit
ity that the average number of newborn
per week in a year is between
n 34 aand
nd 37 incl
inclusive.
clus
usive.
e. [2]

(iv) A day is considered as ‘normal’ if the number of newb

newborn that day differs from its
expected value by at most 33. In a month of 30 days
days, estim
estimate the probability that more
than 25 days are ‘normal’. [5]

781
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q4. [2013/HCI/II/12]
Ponding is observed to occur singly along Bukit Road.

(i) State, in context, two assumptions needed for the number of ponding occurrences along
Bukit Road to be well modelled by a Poisson distribution. [2]

On average, there are 4 ponding occurrences along Bukit Road in a year.

(ii) In a particular year, the probability that at least n ponding occurrences are observed is at
most 0.05 . Find the least value of n . [2]

(iii) Find the probability that, along Bukit Road, there are at most 5 ponding occurrences in a
particular year given that there are at least 3 ponding occurrences in the first 6 months
of the same year. [4]

On average, ponding is observed to occur singly along Orchid Road 3 times a year.

(iv) Find the probability that over a period of 5 years, there are at least 10 more ponding
occurrences along Bukit Road than ponding occurrences along Orchid Road. [4]

Q5. [2013/IJC/II/10]
A website “Koogle” receives hits at a rate of 120 per hour. State two conditions required for
the number of hits obtained in a 1-minute interval to be well modelled by a Poisson
distribution. [2]

Assume that the number of hits “Koogle” receives in a 1-minute interval follows a Poisson
distribution.

(i) Find the probability that

hat in a 2-minute interval, the number
numb
num e of hits received by “Koogle”
is less than 5. [1]

Another website “Noogle” receives

rec
eccei
eive
ive
ves hi
ves hits
ts at
at a ra
rate ooff 360 pper
rate err hour. The number of hits it receives
in a 1-minute interval is an independent
indeepe
pennd
den
entt random
raand
ndom variabl
variable
blee th
that foll
follows a Poisson distribution.

(ii) Find the probability that

hat in a 1-mi
1-minute
minu
nute
te iinterval,
nter
nt e vaal, tthe
he total nu
number of hits received by both
websites is more than
n 10. [2]

(iii) By using suitable approximations,

proximat
atio
ions, find
d tthe
he probability tha
that in a 30-minute interval, the
number of hits received
ved by “Noogle” is at least 4 times as many as that received by
“Koogle”. [6]

782
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q6. [2013/YJC/II/8]
In a factory, a machine fills and seals tin cans of milk automatically. It is given that 5 % of the
cans are dented.

(i) Given a random sample of 10 cans, find the probability that more than two cans are
dented. [2]

(ii) Given 30 random samples of 100 cans, find the probability that the mean number of
dented cans per sample does not exceed four. [3]

(iii) Find the least number of cans that must be taken such that the probability for more than
one can to be dented exceeds 0.95. [3]

It is found that 99.7 % of the cans are not rusty.

(iv) Given a random sample of 1000 cans, use a suitable approximation to find the
probability that at most 998 cans are not rusty. [3]

Q7. [2013/YJC/II/11]
At a car rental firm, there are 5 cars and 3 vans available each day. The demand for cars
follows a Poisson distribution with a mean of 2 on a weekday and a mean of 5 per day on
weekends. The demand for vans follows a Poisson distribution with a mean of 2 on any day of
the week. The demand for cars and the demand for vans on any day are independent.

(i) Find the probability that, on a particular weekday, the demand for cars is 5. [1]

(ii) Find the least number of cars the rental firm should have to meet the demand on a
particular weekday with at least a pprobability
y of 0.9. [2]

(iii) Using a suitable approximation,

roximation, find the probabilityty tthat,
hat,
ha t, oout of 104 Saturdays, there are
at least 50 days in which
hich the total demand
deema
mand
nd for
for vehicles
veh
ehiiclles exceeds
ex
xce 6 each day. [4]

(iv) Find the probability that,

thaat,
t, on
on a Wednesday,
Wedn
We dnees
dn esda
day, 5 cars
carrs are hhired out given that at most 6
vehicles were hired out
ut onn tthat
h t day
ha dday.
daay.
y. [4]

783
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q8. [2013/MJC/II/8]
(a) The random variable Y has a binomial distribution with mean 1.6 and P Y 0 0.1296 .
[4
Find P Y ! 2 . ]

(b) A car park has a large number of parking lots. 80 parking lots are observed and the
number of occupied parking lots is denoted by X. State, in context, two assumptions [2
needed for X to be well modelled by a binomial distribution. ]

The probability of a parking lot being occupied is 0.95. Using a suitable approximation, [4
find the probability that out of the 80 chosen parking lots, at least 90% are occupied. ]

Q9. [2013/PJC/II/9]
In a certain college, the probability that a randomly selected graduating student will enrol in an
overseas university is 0.3.

From a randomly chosen graduating class of 20 students, find the probability that more than 4
students will enrol in an overseas university. [2]

Given that the graduating batch consists of 15 classes of 20 students each, find the probability
that there will be less than 13 classes in which at least 5 students in each class will enrol in an
overseas university. [3]

In the graduating batch of 300 students, find, using a suitable approximation, the largest value
of n such that the probability of having more than n students enrolling in an overseas university
is more than 0.6. [4]

Q10. [2015/HCI/II/10]
(i) Using a suitable approximation,
mation, find the probability that tthe
he n
number
umb of customers arriving in Day 1 and
um
Day 2 differs by at most 2. [4]

(ii) John’s restaurant is opened

ed
d for
fo
or 8 hours
hour
ho urss onn a day.
ur day
ay. The
The probability
pro
oba
babi
billity that at most two customers arrive in a
period of n hours on a particular
artic
iccul
ula
lar
ar day,
day
ay, whw eree n , is lless
where
her ess than 0.01. Express this information as an
es
inequality in n and hence find th
the sett off vvalues
a ues of nn..
al [4]

(iii) A consultant for John’s restaurant

estaurant cclaims
laim
laimss th
that a P
Poisson
oissson distributi
oi distribution may not be a suitable model for the
ving on a particular
number of customers arriving part
pa rtic
icular day
ay. G
day. ivee ttwo
iv
Give wo reason
reasons to support the consultant’s claim.[2]

784
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Level 3

Q1. [2013/AJC/II/11]
Over a period of 120 days, the number of serious accidents in a day along a certain expressway
are recorded as follows:
No. of serious
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or more
accidents in a day
No. of days 21 36 32 18 9 3 1 0
Find the mean and variance of the data and hence suggest why a Poisson model may be valid. [2]

The number of minor accidents in a day along this expressway is a random variable with the
distribution Po(3). The number of serious accidents in a day along the same expressway is a
random variable with the distribution Po(1.76). It can be assumed that the accidents occur
independently.

(i) In a randomly chosen week, find the probability that there are 9 serious accidents from
[2]
Monday to Friday and 7 of them occur from Monday to Wednesday.

(ii) In a given day, at least 2 accidents have occurred. Find the probability that all are minor
[3]
accidents.

(iii) Find, by using suitable approximations, the probability that the number of days with
exactly 2 serious accidents exceeds the number of days with exactly 2 minor accidents in
a randomly chosen 50-day period. [3]

(iv) Explain why a Poisson distribution may not be a good model for the number of serious
accidents in a year. [1]

785
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q2. [2013/MI/II/11]
(a) A special type of jackfruits can be of poor, mediocre and premium grades. The
percentage of jackfruits of poor, mediocre and premium grades are on average 20%,
65% and 15% respectively. A customer randomly selects 5 jackfruits. To calculate the
probability that 3 of the jackfruits are mediocre and 2 are premium, the following
calculation was carried out.

Let Y be the number of mediocre jackfruits

Y ~ B(5, 0.65)
P(Y 3) C3 (0.65)3 (1 0.65) 2 | 0.336
5

Explain, by giving two reasons, why the calculation is not valid. [2]

(b) A target board in an archery practice school is as shown in the following diagram. The
target board is a rectangle with a length of 100 cm and a width of 60 cm. It contains a
shaded diamond-shaped region in the middle which has sides of equal lengths.

15 cm

20 cm 20 cm
60 cm

15 cm

100 cm

(i) By considering the area of the shaded region, show that the probability that an
archer will hit the shaded area is 0.15. [1]

(ii) State two assumptions

mptions for the probability in part (b)(i
(b)(i) to be valid. [2]

(iii) The archer shoots

ots at the target board
boar
bo ardd 100
100 times
time
ti mes as practice.
pra Using a suitable
approximation, find
fin
ind the
ind the probability
prob
probab
ob a il
abilit
ity
y that
that he
he hits
hi s the
the shaded
sh area more than 20 times. [4]

(iv) The archer practiced

ticedd ddaily
aily
ai
aily
y ffor
orr 8 w
weeks.
eeks. Ea Each
ach dday,
ay, he shoots at the target board 100
times. Using a suitable approx
approximation,
oxximmat
a ion,
n, ffind
ind th
in thee pr
prob
probability
obaa that he hits the shaded
area at most 9 times
imes in fewer
fewe
werr than
han 4 ddays.
a s.
ay [3]

786
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q3. [2013/RI/II/11]
Records had shown that 18% of the eggs from a particular farm were classified as “small”
while 8% of the eggs from the farm were classified as “large”. The rest were classified as
“medium” eggs, of which m% were substandard, m 20 .

(i) Mrs Egg randomly selects 10 medium eggs from the farm.
Given that the probability that Mrs Egg found 2 substandard medium eggs is 0.3, write
down an equation involving m and hence find m . [2]

A two-stage inspection scheme for accepting or rejecting a large batch of eggs from the farm is
as follows:

Stage 1: Randomly select and inspect a tray of 30 eggs.

Accept the batch if the tray contains at most 5 “small” eggs.
Proceed to stage 2 if the tray contains 6 or 7 “small” eggs.
Reject the batch otherwise.

Stage 2: Randomly select and inspect a further sample of 10 eggs.

Accept the batch if the further sample contains at least 1 “large” egg.
Reject the batch otherwise.

(ii) Find the probability that the batch is eventually accepted. [3]

Mr Egg randomly selects 60 eggs from the farm.

(iii) By using a suitable approximation, find the probability that the total number of “small”
eggs and “medium” eggs in his sample is more than 55. [3]

A supermarket which openss from 7 am to 5pm daily sells eggs fr from the farm in trays of 30.
The average hourly demandd of eggs in the morning (7 am m ttoo 12 nnoon) is 19 trays while in the
afternoon (12 noon to 5pm),
), the average hourly
hour
ho urly
ly demand
dem
emanandd ooff eggss rreduces to 9 trays. You may
assume that both the demand
nd of
of eeggs
ggss in the
gg the
h morning
mor
orni
ning
ng aand
nd tha
that
hatt in the
t afternoon follow Poisson
distributions.

(iv) State an assumption

on needed ffor
or tthe
he dai
daily
aily
ly ddemand
eman
emand
d oof eggs to follow a Poisson
distribution.
[1]
(v) Calculate the least numberr ooff tr
trays off eeggs
ggss th
gg the supermar
supermarket must stock up each day to
ensure that the probability
ability of meeting the daily demand of eggs is more than 0.9. [4]

787
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q4. [2013/TJC/II/12]
A factory produces a particular type of electronic component. The probability of a component
being acceptable is 0.96. The components are packed in boxes of 24. A box is rejected if it
contains fewer than 22 acceptable components.

(i) Show that the probability that a randomly chosen box is rejected is 0.0693. [1]

(ii) 5 boxes are chosen at random. Find the probability that two of the boxes each contain
exactly 22 acceptable components and one box is rejected. [3]

The factory produces 70 boxes each day. The production is being monitored for n days, where
n is large.

(iii) Find the expected number of rejected boxes in a day. [2]

(iv) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that at least 65 boxes are not
rejected in a day. [2]

(v) Find the least value of n such that there is a 0.8 chance that the mean number of boxes
being rejected per day is at most 5. [4]

It is proposed to introduce an alternative policy with regard to packing and inspection, as

follows:

The daily production of components is to be packed in 140 boxes, each containing 12

components, and boxes containing fewer than 11 acceptable components are to be rejected.

Explain clearly if the alternative policy is more profitable for the factory. [2]

788
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Q5. [2013/SRJC/II/8]
On a random day, the Pollutants Standard Index (PSI) readings are updated every hour. The
1
chance that a random PSI reading in a day will hit more than 200 is .
8
A day is considered a “hazy” day if the PSI readings hit more than 200 for more than seven
times in a day.

(i) Show that the probability that a day will be considered a “hazy” day is 0.00683, correct
to 5 decimal places. [2]

(ii) State an assumption needed for the distribution used in part (i) to be valid. [1]

(iii) Find the least number of days such that the probability of having less than one “hazy”
day is less than 0.5. [4]

(iv) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that the number of “hazy” days in a
year with 365 days is not less than three. [3]

(v) A new weather model predicted that the total number of “hazy” days in the next five
years will be at most 6. Assuming that the model is accurate, use the approximate
distribution in part (iv) to find the probability that the number of “hazy” days in each of
the five years is at least one. [3]

Q6. [2015/RI/II/11]
A photography studio records the number of photoshoot orders received each day. Over a long
period of time, it is found that the average number of orders received in a day is O.
State, in this context, a condition that must be met for the number of orders to be well modelled by
a Poisson distribution. Explain why y yyour condition may
y not be met. [2]
The number of orders received
eived in a randomly chosen day ay iiss denoted
d by X. Assuming a Poisson
distribution for X, the probability
ability that the studio
stu
tudi
dioo receives
rece
receives
es aatt le
lleast
astt 2 orders in a randomly chosen day
as
is 0.6.
Find an equation for the value of O an
luuuee of and
d show
shhow tha at O 2
that .02, co
2.02, correct to 3 significant figures.
corr [2]

th
he number
A day is considered ‘good’ if the nu
n umber
mb
ber ooff oorders
rders received
rec
ecei
eiv
ved
d by
y the
th studio in that day exceeds k.
(i) Given that k = 3,
(a) find the probability
lity that in a rrandomly
andomlly chosen
an chossen period of 30 consecutive days, there are at
ch
least 5 good days,
s, [3]
(b) estimate the probability
obabiliity tthat
hat in 5050 randomly
randomly chosen
chos periods each consisting of 30
consecutive days,
s, the average number of good days pper period is at most 4. [3]
(ii) The number of good days in a randomly chosen period of 100 consecutive days can be
assumed to have an approximate distribution Po(1.73). Find the value of k. [3]

789
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Answers

Level 1
(i) 3.22 (ii) 0.532 (iii) 47
(i) 0.038
(iv) Not valid, probability of a staff member
1. (ii) 0.0148 2.
answering “yes” will not be approximately
(iii) 0.779
constant.
(i) The probability of obtaining a spoilt apple is (i) Chocolate chips are scattered independently or
constant. randomly
Or Obtaining a spoilt apple is independent of other Or Average number of chocolate chips found in a
3. spoilt apples. 4. scone is a constant
(ii) (1 p) 8 p(1 p)
8 7
0.96 ; p 0.0410 (ii) 0.926
(iii) 54
(iii) 0.779
(i) Any two of the following: (ii) 0.0655
1: The event that an emergency call is made by a (iii) 0.327
child is independent of one another.
2: The mean number of emergency calls made by
5. children is proportional to the duration of time 6.
interval.
3: The mean number of calls in an 1-hour period is
constant over a period of time.
(ii) 0.462 (iii) 0.850
(i) 0.456 (ii) (4 O ) 2 0.0054e(4 O ) ; O | 6 (a) 45 p 2 (1 p)8 0.0325 , 0.0304
(iii) 0.154 (b) 0.00193
7. 8.
(iv) The average number of students who are on
crutches may vary from month to month.
(ii) 151 (i) Any two of the following:
(iii) 0.844 1. Traffic accidents occur independently of one
(iv) 216 another on the 1 km stretch of the expressway over
a three-month period.
2. Th
Thehe me
mean an nnumber of traffic accidents per km
9. 10.
10 stretch
stre
st rettch
h of the
th
he expressway over a three-month period
is a constant.
connst
stan
antt.
3. Traf
Traffic
affic acc
accidents occur randomly on the 1 km
stretch
stre
st rettch
h of the expressway over a three-month
period.
p eri
riod
od.
(ii)
(ii) 12.007 (iii) 0.255 (or 0.356) (iv) 0.0359
1) Flaws are randomly distributed
d on the ccarpet.
arpe
ar pett.
2) The mean number of flaws found
und in an
anyy
randomly chosen region of area 2 m2 off ccarpet
arp
ar pet is
constant.
11. (i) 0.266
(ii) N 50,50 , CLT, 0.382
(iii) 0.902, follows normal by CLT due to large
sample size

790
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Level 2
(i) 0.00775 (i) 0.366 (ii) 0.167 (iii) 0.256 (iv) 3
(ii) 0.975 (v) The Poisson distribution may not be a good
(iii) 0.785 model for the number of patients admitted in a year
0.898, not necessary to make assumption because the mean number of admission per week
1. 2.
may not be constant throughout the year – it
fluctuates according to the severity of the haze
which may be less severe outside of the June and
July months.
(i) 0.823 (i) Any two of the following:
(ii) Least r = 41 1. Mean rate of ponding occurrences along Bukit

Timah road remains constant.
(iii) P 34 d X d 37 | 0.881 2. Average number of ponding occurrences per unit
3. 4. time along Bukit Timah Road is constant.
(iv) P more than 25 days 'normal' | 0.771
3. Ponding occurs independently (or randomly)
along Bukit Timah road.
(ii) n t 9 (iii) 0.506 (iv) 0.223
Conditions: (i) 0.0115 (ii) 0.00598 / 0.00551
1. The hits occur independently / randomly (iii) least n = 93 (iv) 0.801
2. The average number of hits in a 1-min interval
5. 6.
remains constant (or constant rate of hit
against time).
(i) 0.629 (ii) 0.184 (iii) 0.0390
(i) 0.0361 (ii) Least no of cars = 4 (a) 0.1792
(iii) 0.936 (iv) 0.0228 (b) - The probability of a parking lot being occupied
is constant throughout the 80 parking lots.
7. 8. - Whether a parking lot is occupied is
independent of whether any other parking lot is
occupied
0.979
0.762 (i) , ;
0.728 (iii) 1. The arrival
arr of customers may not be
87 independent, for example, relatives/friends visit the
restau
aura
rantt together.
restaurant tog
9. 10.
10
2
2.. Thehe m ean
ea
mean n nnumber of customers per unit time
may y no
not be constant
co throughout the day. For
exam
ex ampl
example,plee, llunch
unc time we may expect more
un
ccustomers.
cu stom
st omer
erss.

791
Topic 18 Binomial & Poisson Distributions

Level 3
(a) Any two of the following:
mean of data 1.76 ( 3 s.f.)
1. There are more than 2 outcomes in the selection
variance of data 1.75 ( 3 s.f. )
of jackfruits.
The data support the expectation that the
2. The selection of jackfruits may not be
distribution can be approximated by a Poisson
distribution as the mean of the data is independent.
1. 2. 3. The probability of selecting a jackfruit of the
approximately equal to the variance of the data.
different grades may not be constant.
(i) 0.0212 (ii) 0.145 (iii) 0.647
(b)(ii) 1. All the archer’s shots hit the target board.
(iv) As the traffic conditions may differ over a 2. There is equal chance for an archer’s shot
year, more accidents may occur during the rainy to hit any point on the target board.
season of the year. (b)(iii) 0.0617 (b)(iv) 0.628
(i) m 18.6 (ii) 0.0379 (iii) 4.85
(iv) 0.642 (v) 143
(ii) 0.710
Under the alternative policy,
(iii) 0.476
3. (iv) Assume that the daily demand of eggs in the 4. P(a box is rejected) = 0.080935
morning and that in the afternoon are The probability that a box is being rejected is
independent. higher. Hence the alternative policy is not more
(v) 155 profitable.
(ii) The PSI readings in a day are independent of One of the following conditions:
one another. (1)Each photoshoot order received occurs
(iii) 102 independently of one another.
(2)The average number of orders per day is constant
(iv) 0.454
over time.
(v) 0.0762 (3)The probability of receiving two or more
photoshoot orders within a very short interval of
time is negligible.

Condition (1) may fail because orders may be made

due to recommendations from one customer to
5. 6.
another.
Condition (2) may fail because the average rate of
orders may vary over time e.g. during sales season,
there may be more orders
Condition
Condit tio
ion (3) may fail because a customer may
n (3
place
p
pl acee m
many
anyy pphotoshoot
h orders within a short
interval
inte
in rval of ti
terv time,
m especially if it is a corporate order.
tim

(i)(a)) 0.454
0.454
(i)(b)
(i
i)( b 0.0746
)(b) 0.0746
(ii)
(ii) 5

792
ͳͺ Binomial & Poisson Distributions Solution

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Solution

Level 3

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Solution

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818
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819
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Solution

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820
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Solution

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821
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Solution

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822
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Solution

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823
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Solution

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824
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Solution

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826
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

19 Normal Distribution

Level 1

Q1. [2013/JJC/II/7(modified)]
The lifetime of a light bulb is normally distributed with mean 1100 hours and standard deviation 38
hours.

(i) Find the probability that a randomly selected bulb has lifetime between 1100 hours and
1200 hours. [1]

(ii) A random sample of 100 of these bulbs is selected. State the distribution of the number
of bulbs in the sample that have a lifetime between 1100 hours and 1200 hours. Use a
suitable approximation to find the probability that more than 40 bulbs have a lifetime
between 1100 hours and 1200 hours. [4]

Q2. [2013/TPJC/II/10]
The time taken for a car to be serviced at Workshop A follows a normal distribution with mean 120
minutes and standard deviation 10 minutes. The time taken for a car to be serviced at Workshop B
follows a normal distribution with mean 130 minutes and standard deviation 7 minutes. The time
taken for a car to be serviced at Workshop A is independent of the time taken for a car to be serviced
at Workshop B.

(i) Find the probability that the time taken for a car to be serviced at Workshop A is shorter
than the time taken for a car to be serviced at Workshop B. [3]

(ii) Find the probability that

at the average time taken for 4 cars to be serviced at Workshop A
differs from the average
ge time taken for 3 cars to be serviced at Workshop B by at least 15
minutes. [4]

(iii) A random sample of 60 0 cars

cars
ca rs iiss tak
ttaken
aken
ken fr
ffrom
om Wo
Work
Workshop
rkshop
pA A.. U
Using
s a suitable approximation,
find the probability that
at at least
lea
east st 49
st 49 cars
caars
r eeach
ach
ach take les
less
e s th
tthan
an 130
1 minutes to be serviced at
Workshop A. [4]

827
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q3. [2013/RI/II/10]
X and Y are independent, normally distributed random variables with the following
parameters:
Mean Variance
X 100 25
Y 90 36
Calculate
(i) P X Y ! 5 , [3]

(ii) P X1 X 2 3Y ! 495 , where X 1 and X 2 are two independent observations of X . [3]

150 independent observations of Y are taken.

Use a suitable approximation to calculate the probability that at least 68 of these observations
are less than 90, giving 5 decimal places in your answer. [4]

Q4. [2013/SRJC/II/7]
The boys and girls in a school participate in an obstacle course as part of a fitness programme. The
time taken by a girl to complete the obstacle course can be assumed to follow a normal distribution
with mean 48 minutes and standard deviation 7 minutes. The time taken by a boy to complete the
same obstacle course can also be assumed to follow an independent normal distribution with mean 33
minutes and standard deviation 5 minutes.

(i) It was noted that 80% of the boys completed the obstacle course within k minutes of the
mean time of 33 minutes. Find the value of k, correct to three significant figures. [3]

(ii) Find the probability that

at the total time taken by two girls is more
m than three times that
taken by a boy in completing
pleting the obstacle course. [4]

(iii) A group of 60 girls is randomly

ran
anddoml
doml
do mlyy selected
sele
se lect
lec ed ffrom
ct rom
ro m th
thos
those
osee wh
who o co
com
completed the obstacle course.
By using a suitable approximation,
prox
oxim
ox
oxim
imat
imat
atio
ion
ion, find
n, finnd the
t e probability
th probabillit
pr ity that at most 10% of them took
more than 57 minutes each h to
o ccomplete
ompl
om p et
pl ete th
the obstac
obstacle
acle
le ccourse.
ourse. [4]

828
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q5. [2013/PJC/II/10]
A telecommunication company finds that the duration of calls made by its customers to City A are
normally distributed with mean 8 minutes and standard deviation 1.5 minutes. The duration of calls
made by its customers to City B are normally distributed with mean 10 minutes and standard
deviation 1.8 minutes.

(i) Find the probability that the total duration of three randomly selected calls to City A
differs from the total duration of two randomly selected calls to City B by more than
three minutes. [3]

The company charges a rate of 22 cents per minute for every call to City A and a rate of 30 cents per
minute for every call to City B.

(ii) Find the probability that the total cost of one call made to City A and one call made to
City B is at least $4.50. [2]

(iii) Three calls were made to City A. Find the probability that exactly one call costs more
than $1.80 and exactly one call costs less than $1.70. [3]

(iv) State an assumption needed for your calculations to be valid. [1]

Q6. [2013/NJC/II/7]
In this question, you should state clearly the values of the parameters of any normal
distribution you use.

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to men
and women. Typically, the BMI of eighteen year old well-built male and female students are
modelled as having normal distributions with means and standard deviations as shown in the table.
Gender Mean BMI Standard deviation
Stand
Male P 1.5
Female 25 1.2
(i) Let M denote the BMI ooff an eeighteen
ight
ightee
ht een
een ye
year
ar old
ld w
well-built
elll-bu
el buil
iltt ma
male student. Given that
P M ! 25 P M 31 ,
determine the value off P . [1]

(ii) Find the probability that the mean

mean BMII of of three
thrree rando
th randomly chosen male and five
randomly chosen female
ale eight
eighteen
htee
eenn year
year oold
ld w
well-built
elll-bu
el built studen
students is more than 26. [3]

(iii) Four eighteen-year-old ld well-built female students are randomly chosen. Find the
probability that exactly two of them have BMI less than 26. [2]

(iv) State, with a reason, whether or not a normal model is likely to be appropriate for the
BMI reading of a combined group of male and female students in a school. [2]

829
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q7. [2013/JJC/II/12]
In the vegetable section of a supermarket, leeks are sold loose and unprepared. The weight, X grams ,
of an unprepared leek has a normal distribution with mean 260 grams and standard deviation 24
grams.

(i) Two unprepared leeks are chosen. Find the probability that one of the leeks weighs less
than 300 grams and the other weighs more than 300 grams. [2]

The supermarket also sells leeks prepared in packs of four. The prepared leeks have had 40% of their
weight removed, so that the weight, Y grams, of a prepared leek, is modelled by Y 0.6 X .

(ii) Find the probability that the total weight of four prepared leeks in a pack is less than
600 grams . [4]

Onions are also on sale in the vegetable section of the supermarket. The weight of an onion has a
normal distribution with mean 150 grams and standard deviation 18 grams.

(iii) Find the probability that the weight of an onion is within 10 grams of the weight of a
prepared leek. [4]

(iv) State an assumption needed for your calculations in parts (i), (ii) and (iii). [1]

Level 2

Q1. [2013/MI/II/10]
A fruit stall sells 2 types of durians, XO and D24. For each type oof durian, a randomly chosen durian
has a mass that is normally distributed with mean and standard
stan
anda
dard deviation, as well as unit price as
shown in the following table.

Mean
Meean
an ((kg)
kg))
kg Standard
S
Sttan
anda
d rdd deviation
deviattio
de ion
n (k
(kg)
g) Price per kg
XO 22.5
.5 0.8 $12
D24 2.00 0.5
0. 5 $7
(i) Find the probability that
hat the total mamasss ofof 2 ra
rand
randomly
ndommly cchosen
hosse XO durians is more than 3
ho
times the mass of a randomly
ndomly chosen
cho
hose
sennD D24
24 du
duri
durian.
rian
an. [3]

(ii) Find the probability that

hat the price
pric
price of a randomly
ran
ando
dommly chosen XO durian differs from the price
of a randomly chosen D24 durian by less than $15. [4]

(iii) A sample of n XO durians is randomly chosen. Find the least value of n such that the
probability that the mean mass is more than 2.25 kg exceeds 0.9. [4]

830
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q2. [2013/NYJC/II/10]
An athlete training for track event told his new manager that his time taken to complete a race may be
taken to be normally distributed. The manager remembered that the athlete told him the mean was 10
s but cannot remember whether the standard deviation mentioned was 5 s or 0.5 s.

(a) Which do you think is the wrong standard deviation? Justify your answer. [2]

(b) Suppose the standard deviation is 2 s.

(i) The probability that the athlete will complete a race in less than t s is 0.99. Find t. [1]

(ii) Find the probability that not more than 18 of 20 races will take less than t s. [2]

(iii) Find the probability that the mean time taken for 5 randomly chosen races will be
more than twice that of another randomly chosen race. [3]

Q3. [2013/CJC/II/12]
The waiting times, in minutes, for orders of Chili Crab and Pepper Crab at a popular hawker stall are
modelled as having independent normal distributions with means and standard deviations as shown in
the following table:
Mean Waiting Time Standard Deviation
Chili Crab P 3
Pepper Crab 10 2

(i) If the probability that one randomly chosen order of Pepper Crab takes a longer waiting
time than one randomly chosen order of Chili Crab is 0.290, show that P = 12.0, correct
to 3 significant figures. [3]

Customers who drive park their cars at a nearby car park at $0.05$0 per minute. The walking time
between the car park and the hawker stall is negligible. e. The
The time
t taken by a randomly chosen
customer to finish his meal is normally dist
distributed
stri
ribu
bute
ted
d wi
with
th m
mean
ean 20 minutes and standard deviation 4
minutes.

(ii) Find the probability that

hat a rand
rrandomly
raandom
ndom
omly
ly cho
chosen
h sen cust
ho customer
stom
omer
er w
who
ho pparked at the car park, bought
one order of Pepper Crab, finished d hhis
is m
meal
eal and
and im
immediately
mme
medi
diat
atee drove off, spent more than
$2 on car park charges.
s. [3]

(iii) A random sample of n cust customers

tom
omerers whoo each
each make one or order of Pepper Crab is taken.
Given that the probability
ility that their mean waiting time exceeds
exc 10.5 minutes is at most
0.0385, find the smallest possible
ibl value
l off n. E
Explain
l i briefly
b i fl if any assumption is needed
for the above calculation. [4]

831
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q4. [2013/DHS/II/5]
A lemonade dispensing machine dispenses S ml of syrup and W ml of water in each cup of lemonade.
S and W are independent random variables which follow the distributions N(50,32 ) and N(140,52 )
respectively.

(i) Find the probability that the volume of water exceeds three times the volume of syrup by
more than 5 ml in a randomly chosen cup of lemonade. [2]

(ii) The machine initially contains 10 litres of syrup and an unlimited supply of water. If the
probability that the machine is able to dispense n cups of lemonade exceeds 0.99, find
the greatest value of n. (Answers obtained by trial and improvement from a calculator
will obtain no marks.) [5]

Q5. [2013/YJC/II/9]

The random variable X has the distribution N P , V 2 . It is known that P X ! 10 0.1 and
P 9 X 10 0.2 . Calculate the values of P and V . [4]

Another random variable Y has the distribution N 4.8, 1.32 . Given that P 10 and V 1.5 , find
P X ! 2Y . [3]

Q6. [2013/TJC/II/9]
A particular brand of orange juice is sold in bottles of two sizes. The amount in each bottle, in
millilitres, is normally distributed as shown in the table below.

Size Mean
e ((ml)) Standard
S d d dev
deviation
o (ml)
Small 305 V
Medium 600 30
(i) It is given that 80% off sm
smal
small
alll bottles
al bott
bo ttle
ttless contains
le cont
contai
ains
ns between
bet
etwe
ween
en 3300
00 m
ml and 312 ml of orange juice.
Find the value of V.
[2]

(ii) Find the probability that

hat the averag
average
agee am
amount
mou
ount ooff or
oorange
ange
ange jjuice
uice
ui ce in three randomly chosen
small bottles is more than
han half the
the am
amo
amount
ount ooff or
oran
orange
angge juice in a randomly chosen medium
bottle. [3]

(iii) Clara bought fifteen medium bottles of orange juice for a paparty. Find the least number of
paper cups each of maximum capacity 120 ml that she must buy such that the probability
that there are sufficient paper cups to contain the total amount of orange juice is at least
95%. Assume that the paper cups are not to be reused and there is no wastage of orange
juice. [4]

832
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Level 3

Q1. [2013/VJC/II/9]
The manager of a fast food restaurant in a small town decides to launch a lunch-time promotion.
During the promotion period, each customer can choose to purchase either one set meal at a
discounted price from counter A, or one set meal with a limited edition soft toy from counter B. The
waiting times, in minutes, at counter A and counter B follow independent normal distributions with
means and standard deviations as shown in the table.
Mean waiting time Standard deviation
(minutes) (minutes)
Counter A 12 2.7
Counter B 20 4.4

(i) 5 customers at the restaurant are randomly selected and their waiting times recorded. 3
of them made their purchase at counter A and 2 of them made their purchase at counter
B. Find the probability that the average waiting time for the 5 customers is less than 14
minutes. [3]

(ii) Using a suitable approximation, calculate the probability that out of 50 customers who
queued at counter A, there were at least 43 customers who waited for more than 8.5
minutes. [4]

(iii) The manager wishes to provide quality service by promising customers at counter B that
no more than 5% of customers need to queue for more than k minutes. Find the least
integer value of k. [3]

(iv) Annie and Betty arrive together at the fast food restaurant and start to queue
simultaneously, one att each counter. The two of them leav
leave the restaurant together after
both have completed their purchases. Calculate the pprobability
roba
ro that the first person to
complete her purchasee needs to wait no
no more
more tthan
han 5 m
ha minutes
inu
ute for the other person. [4]

833
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q2. [2013/AJC/II/7]
(a) In an experiment involving a large group of students, each student is asked to bend a wire of
length 15 cm into 2 straight segments to form an L-shaped figure with lengths X and Y, such
that Y is as close to thrice the length of X as possible. This is to be done without the assistance
of any measuring tools.

X
It is found that X follows a normal distribution with mean μ cm and standard deviation σ cm.
It is known that P(X < 5) = 0.579 and P(Y < 10.5) = 0.788.

(i) Find μ and σ. [3]

(ii) Find P(X < 5 and Y < 10.5). [2]

(b) At a durian plantation, a large consignment of grade A durians was mixed with an equal
number of grade B durians. As the durians are indistinguishable, the workers were unable to
separate them.

It is known that the mass of a grade A durian is normally distributed with mean 800g and
standard deviation 40g and the mass of a grade B durian is normally distributed with mean
1000g and standard deviation 65g.

(i) Find the probability that two randomly chosen durians from the consignment each
has a mass of more than 880g. [3]

The workers decided to pack the durians into baskets of 550. It is known that the mean and
standard deviation for the mass of a durian from th the
he mi
mixe
mixed
x consignment are 900 g and 78 g
respectively. The masss of an empty bas
aske
kett is 5500
basket 00 gg..

(ii) Find the probability

iliity
y that
tha
hat a randomly
hat rand
rand
ndom
dom
omly
mly
l chosen
cho
hosen ba
basket
asket fil
filled with durians has a mass
that differ from 44.5 5 kg bbyy mo
more
ore
r tthan
han 500 g.
ha [4]

834
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q3. [2013/MJC/II/11]
Ken makes X minutes of outgoing overseas calls and Y minutes of outgoing local calls in a day. X and
Y are independent random variables. The expected value of X is 2.4 and its standard deviation is 1.5.
The expected value of Y is 5 and its standard deviation is 2.5.

(i) Find the probability that, over a 60-day period, the number of minutes of outgoing local
calls made by Ken is more than twice the number of minutes of outgoing overseas calls. [4]

Giving a reason, state whether any assumption(s) about the distributions of X and Y are needed
for the calculation in part (i) to be valid. [1]

Outgoing overseas calls cost $0.20 per minute and outgoing local calls cost $0.10 per minute.

(ii) Find the probability that, over a 60-day period, the total cost of outgoing calls made by
Ken is greater than $60. [3]

The number of incoming calls received by Ken in a day is a random variable with the distribution
Po(3).

(iii) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that, over a 60-day period, the
number of incoming calls received by Ken is at most 200. [4]

Q4. [2013/SAJC/II/11(modified)]
At ABC supermarket, the mass of a randomly chosen apple is normally distributed with a mean of P g
and a standard deviation of 30.5g. An apple is labelled as “large” if its mass is at least 300g.

(i) What is the greatest integer value of P given that the probability of picking up a large
apple is at most 0.7? [3]

Subsequently, it is found thatt P 320 g

320 g..
(ii) Apples are packed into to cartons
carrto
tons
ns ooff 45
45.
5. A ca
cart
carton
rton is cconsidered
onsider to have passed the quality
test if it contains more
re tha
than
han 35 llarge
ha
han arg
ar ge aapples.
pples. UUsing
sing
si ng a suita
suitable approximation, calculate
the probability that in a randomly chosen
cho
hose
sen batch
baatc
tch
h off 880
0 ca
cart
cartons
rto
o of apples, more than 30 of
them passed the qualityty test. [4]

(iii) The mass of a randomly

mly cho
chosen
oseen du
durian iiss no
norm
normally
rmal
allly distribut
distributed with a mean of 1600g and
a standard deviation of 300g. Find the probability that the average mass of 3 randomly
chosen durians exceeds
ds twice the mass of two randomly chosen cho apples by less than 50g.
State an assumption needed for your calculation. [5]

835
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Q5. [2013/RVHS/II/8]
A factory produces different kinds of fruit juice and packs them into 1-litre cartons for sale. The mass
of vitamin C in a carton of apple juice has a normal distribution with mean 51 mg and standard
deviation 3 mg. The mass of vitamin C in a carton of blueberry juice has a normal distribution with
mean P mg and standard deviation V mg.

(i) The amount of vitamin C in a randomly chosen carton of blueberry juice is equally likely
to be less than 76 mg and more than 160 mg. Show that the value of P is 118. [1]

(ii) Let the variable B denote the mass, in mg, of the amount of vitamin C in a randomly
2
chosen carton of blueberry juice. Given that P( B 115) P( B 121) , show that the
5
value of V is 5.30, correct to 3 significant figures. [3]

(iii) Find the probability that of two randomly chosen cartons of apple juice, one has more
than 51 mg of vitamin C and the other has less than 51 mg of vitamin C. [2]

(iv) A sample of five cartons of blueberry juice is chosen. Find the probability that the carton
with the least amount of vitamin C has a vitamin C content of more than 115 mg. [2]

Q6. [2013/HCI/II/11]
The time taken S (in minutes) for Tom to complete any statistics question has distribution
N 10, 2.42 .

(a) (i) By considering the normal distribution graph of S , explain why

P S ! 11 P S 9 . [1]

(ii) Tom attempts 4 statistics questions. Find the

he probability
pro
roba
ba that 3 of the questions
take him less than
an 9 minutes each
each aand
nd 1 of th
the
he que
questions
es takes him more than 11
minutes to complete.
pleete
te. [2]

The time taken C (in minutes)) for hhim

im to
im to complete
com
complete any
mp ny ccalculus
alcu
alculu question has distribution N P , 1.62 .
luss qu

(b) It is given that the probability

obability that
tha
hatt Tom
To completes
comp
mple
lete
tess a statisti
statistics question within 9 minutes
is the same as the probability
bability
ty that
tha
hatt he
he takes
tak
akes
es m
more han 7 m
oree tthan
or minutes to complete a calculus
question. By using thee method
methood of
of standar dizzation, find the vvalue of P .
standardization,
rdi [3]

(c) Instead, it is given that P 6.4 . Find the probability that the time Tom takes to complete
3 calculus questions is more than twice the time he takes to complete a statistics
question by less than a minute. [3]

836
Topic 19 Normal Distribution

Answers

Level 1
1. (i) 0.496 (ii) 0.965 2. (i) 0.794 (ii) 0.218 (iii) 0.760
3. (i) 0.766 (ii) 0.0981 , 0.88966 4. (i) k 6.41 (ii) 0.434 (iii) 0.590
5. (i) 0.635 (ii) 0.659 (iii) 0.140 6. (i) 28 (ii) 0.606 (iii) 0.156
(iv) The duration of any call is assumed to be (iv) As the combined BMI have more than one
independent of one another. maximum point, it does not follow the
7. characteristic of a normal distribution that it has
(i) 0.0910 (ii) 0.202 (iii) 0.325
only one maximum point only. (Bimodal)
(iv) The distributions of the weights of all
OR The distribution does not follow a
vegetables are independent of one another.
symmetrical bell-shaped curve.
Level 2
(a) Let T s be the time taken to complete a race.
I think 5s is the wrong standard deviation.
Suppose T~N(10, 52).
1. (i) 0.297 (ii) 0.460 (iii) 17 2. Then P(T < 0) | 0.0228 which is
significantly large. However T is a non-
negative quantity.
(b)(i) 14.7 (ii) 0.0169 (iii) 0.00735
3. (ii) 0.0127 (iii) 51; No. 4. (i) 0.0726 (ii) 198
5. P | 8.31, V | 1.32 ; 0.553 6. (i) V = 4.57 (ii) 0.629 (iii) 77
Level 3
(i) 0.220 (ii) 0.880 (iii) 28 6. (a)(i)
1. From the graph,
(iv) 0.275
(a)(i) P 4.90 , V 0.501 (a)(ii) 0.367 S 11 and
2. S 9 are
(b)(i) 0.245 (b)(ii) 0.821
symmetrical
(i) 0.654
about th
thee me
m a
mean
It is not necessary. Since the
he sample size of
P 110.0. He
Hence
enc 9 11
60 is large, by Central Limitimi
mit Th
Theo
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eorerem,
m,, C
3.
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sttri
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tion
o s
on P S ! 11 P S 9 .
approximately. (Alt
(Alternatively
lterrnatively without sketch)
(ii) 0.346 (iii) 0.937 (orr 0.93
0.932
32 ) Thee ddistribution
Th ist
stri
ribu
buti
t graph of S is symmetrical about the
mean an S = 10,10, and 9 and 11 are both 1 unit away
(i) 315g (ii) 0.00337 (iii) 0.032
0.032424
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fr om the mean,
mea so the area under graph from -∞ to 9
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nd
i the
is the same as that from 11 to ∞.
durians are independent of each ch othe
other.
er.
ence P S ! 11
Hence
H P S 9 .
5. (iii) 0.5 (iv) 0.186 (a)(ii) 0.0525
(b) P 6.33 (c) 0.0699

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861
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

20 Sampling Methods

Q1. [2013/AJC/II/5]
At the final football match of the World Cup 2014 in Brazil, the organisers wants to sample 2% of
the spectators in the stadium to find out their opinions of the catering facilities.

(i) Give a reason why it would be difficult to use a stratified sample. [1]

(ii) Explain how a systematic sample could be carried out. [1]

Q2. [2013/CJC/II/5]
The Student Council wants to collect feedback for the Student Leaders Appreciation Ceremony from
800 JC1 and 700 JC2 students.

(i) Explain how a systematic sample of size 50 might be obtained. [2]

(ii) Give one disadvantage of using systematic sampling in this context. [1]

(iii) Suggest a method of obtaining a more representative sample and describe how it may
be carried out. [2]

Q3. [2013/DHS/II/10a]
In a large company, the percentages of directors, managers and executives are 5%, 20% and
75% respectively. A random sample of 60 staff members is chosen to take part in a survey to
determine the productivity of staff in the company. Describe how a stratified sample can be
obtained and state an advantage
tage of this method of sampling comp
compared to random sampling. [3]

Q4. [2013/HCI/II/5]
The manager of a popular fast-food
asst-food
foood rrestaurant
esta
estaur
tauran
ur
ran
nt wishes
wish
wi shees to samplle 1
sam
sample 100 of the walk-in customers on the
quality of their food.

(i) Describe how a quota sample can

n be oobtained.
btai
btaine
n d.
d [2]

(ii) Explain why stratified

d sampl
sampling
plin
ing
g is not an
an appropriate
appr
approp
opri
riate samp
sampling method. [1]

862
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

Q5. [2013/IJC/II/7]
One thousand five hundred employees of a large enterprise travel to work either by car, by bus or by
bicycle. Any given employee travels by the same method each day. The numbers in each of the
gender groups using each method of travel are summarised in the table below.
Car Bus Bicycle
Men 280 400 150
Women 200 380 90

A researcher carries out a survey to investigate the length of journey times to work, using a random
sample of 100 employees.

(i) Explain what is meant in this context by the term ‘a random sample’. [2]

Another researcher decides to use stratified sampling with the data given in the table above.

(ii) Describe how a sample of 100 employees can be obtained. [3]

(iii) State one advantage that stratified sampling would have compared to random sampling
in this context. [1]

Q6. [2013/JJC/II/5]
A school has 600 pupils. It is intended to obtain a sample of 12 pupils to attend a popular course. All
the 600 pupils are listed by class. A number, from 1 to 600, is allocated to each name.

(i) Twelve random numbers, from 1 to 600, are obtained and the pupils whose names
correspond to those numbers are chosen. What is this type of sampling method called? [1]

(ii) When the selection has as been made, it is found that all of the numbers chosen are 500 or
less. A pupil in the school
hool says, “The sample obtained must be biased.” Explain
whether the statementt made is valid. [1]

(iii) Describe, in this context,

ex
xtt,, hhow
ow a ssystematic
y temaaticc sample
ys sam
sample ccan
an bbee oobtained. [1]

(iv) State, in this context, one advantage

ad
adva
dva
vant
ntag
nt ag
ge th
that
hat systema
systematic
mati
t c sa
samp
sampling
mpli
lin has compared to the
sampling method described
cribed in partt (i
(i).
(i)
). [1]

863
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

Q7. [2013/MI/II/5]
M Institute has a student population of 1500, of whom 375 students are from the Arts stream, 600
from Business and 525 from Science. M Institute intends to obtain a sample of 60 students for a
survey. After assembly one morning, the teachers in charge of the survey selected the first 20
students they see from each stream into the sample.

(i) State the sampling method described in the question. [1]

(ii) Describe an alternative method to obtain the sample. [3]

(iii) State an advantage of the alternative method in part (ii) as compared to the method in
part (i). [1]

Q8. [2013/MJC/II/5]
Merilian Secondary School has 1600 students. To celebrate its 10th anniversary, the school
decides to organise a carnival. A sample of 100 students is to be chosen to take part in a
survey. The purpose of the survey is to investigate students’ opinions about the types of
activities to be included in the carnival. Describe how the sample could be chosen using
systematic sampling. [2]

Give a reason why a stratified sample might be preferable in this context. [2]

Explain whether it would be realistic to use stratified sampling in this context. [1]

Q9. [2013/NYJC/II/5(modified)]
Alan wishes to choose 1 child at random from the 11 children in his music class. The children are
numbered from 2, 3, 4, andnd so on, up to 12. Alan then throws
throw two fair dice, each of which is
numbered from 1 to 6, and chooses the child whose number is the sum of the scores on the 2 dice.

(i) Find the probability the

he cchild
hild
hild numbered
num
umbe
beere
red
d ‘7
‘7’’ is cchosen.
hose
hosen.
n [2]

(ii) Suppose Alan uses this

is method
met
etho
hod to choose
hod cho
hoos
osee 2 children.
childrren
en. Expla
Explain why his method will not
yield a random sample.
e. [1]

(iii) Describe how a simplee random

m ssample
ampl
amplee off 2 cchildren
hild
hildre
ren can be obtained. [2]

864
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

Q10. [2013/NJC/II/5(modified)]
The Student Council of Nationally Junior College is organising a fun-fair to raise funds for the
CCAs. The College has 1500 students and the Council intends to survey a sample of 200 students to
find out the kind of stalls they will like to have in the fun-fair.

The Student Councillors decide to conduct the survey by getting the first 100 male and 100 female
students who enter the school on one particular day.

(i) Identify this sampling method and explain one disadvantage of this method used. [2]

(ii) Suggest how this method can be further improved. [1]

Q11. [2013/RI/II/5]
A polyclinic wishes to conduct a survey to find out its patients’ opinions of its service quality.

(i) Explain how 200 respondents can be chosen using simple random sampling. [2]

(ii) The following is known about the patients who have visited the polyclinic in the past
year:
Age ( x ) x d 20 20 x d 35 35 x d 50 x ! 50
Percentage of patients 15% 20% 40% 25%
Describe how stratified sampling can be performed to obtain a random sample of 200
respondents. [2]

(iii) State one disadvantage of the sampling method in (i) as compared to that in (ii). [1]

Q12. [2013/RVHS/II/5]
Each of the two thousand students
udents in Excel Secondary School ow owns a calculator manufactured either
by Company A, Company B or Company C C.. Thee number
nuumbber off students
stu
st u using each type of calculator
are summarised in the table be
belo
below.
ow.
Calculator
Ca
C alc
alc
lcul
ulat
ulator
ator CCompany
ommpa
pany
ny A B C
Number
N
Nuumb
m er off sstudents
tude
tu dents 52 5200 620 860
Researchers X and Y wishh to carry
carr
carry oout
utt a surveyey tto
o in
inve
investigate
vest
stig
igaa the lifespan of the calculators.
Researcher X uses a randomm sample of 10100 0 st
stud
students.
uden
e tss.

(i) Explain the meaning of the pphrase

hras
hrasee “a ran
random
ando
domm sa
sam
sample”
mple” in th
this context. [1]

Researcher Y decides to use stratified sampling to select 100 stud

students instead.

(ii) Describe how a stratified sample can be obtained. [2]

(iii) State one advantage that stratified sampling would have compared to random sampling
in this context. [1]

865
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

Q13. [2013/SAJC/II/5]
A cinema wishes to conduct a survey of the cinema-goers on a particular day to investigate how
gender and age affect the types of food preferred.

(i) Describe how you would carry out quota sampling to obtain a sample of 50 cinema-
goers. [3]

(ii) State one disadvantage of quota sampling, in the context of the question. [1]

Q14. [2013/TJC/II/6]
On a particular day, an insurance company receives 90 claims for flight delays. Due to staff
shortage, it is only able to process 9 of these claims.

(i) Describe how you would choose a systematic random sample of size 9 from the
received claims. [2]

(ii) Comment on whether this method of sampling gives a better indication of the value of
the 90 claims as compared to simply choosing as the sample the first 9 claims received. [1]

Q15. [2013/VJC/II/10a]
A machine in a factory operates 7 hours a day and produces 50 steel rods in an hour. The length of a
rod is denoted by x cm. Over a long period of time, it is known that the mean length of a rod is 22.0
cm.

On his first day of work, a quality surveyor takes the first 7 rods produced and calculates their mean
length.

(i) Explain why the sample

ple collected could
cou
uld be
be biased.
bias
biased
e . [1]

(ii) Suggest a more appropriate

pria
iate
ia
iate
te sampling
sam
ampl
plin
pl ing
ing method
meth
method
od and describe
des
escribe briefly how this can be done
in the context of the quest
question.
tion.
tion
ti onn [2]

Q16. [2013/YJC/II/10]
A journalist intends to conduct
uct a survey
surv
su rvey
ey to find
nd out
out the
the perception of different age groups of
citizens on the effectivenesss and relevance
rellevance of th
the
he education system
system. Describe how a quota
sample of size 50 might be carried out in this context
context. Explain a disadvantage
d of quota
sampling in the context of your answer. [3]

State, with a reason, whether stratified sampling is realistic to be used in this case. [1]

866
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

Q17. [2015/DHS/II/5]
A student decides to conduct a survey in his secondary school. His school consists of four levels, with 400
students in each level.

(i) The student randomly surveys 10 students from level 1, 20 students from level 2, 30 students from
level 3 and 40 students from level 4. Explain whether this method is stratified sampling. [1]

(ii) Describe how a quota sample of size 40 might be obtained, and state one disadvantage of quota
sampling. [3]

Q18. [2015/NYJC/II/5]
A college has 500 students who travel to school either by car, public transport or on foot and the
numbers of students using each mode of travel are summarised in the table below.

Mode of travel Car Public Transport On foot

No. of students 150 250 100

Discipline Master, DM Toh carries out a survey to investigate the length of students’ journey time to
college, using a random sample of 50 students.
(i) Explain what is meant in this context by the term ‘a random sample’. [2]

(ii) State an appropriate sampling method, and describe how it can be carried out to provide the
representative sample that DM Toh wants. [3]

Q19. [2015/RI/II/5]
At a career fair which is open to the public, the organizers wish to obtain a sample of 200 attendees
to survey their career goals and aspirations with reference to their highest qualifications.
(i) State, with a reason, which sampling method is the most appropriate in this context. [2]

(ii) Describe how the method

ethod chosen in (i) could be carried
e ou
out. [2]

867
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

Answers

(i) It is difficult to obtain the profile of all the spectators in the stadium to form the sampling frame for a
1. stratified sampling method to be carried out.
(ii) Sample every 1 out 50 spectators that exit the stadium after the match to take the survey.
(i)
x Obtain the list of all 1500 students (i.e. sampling frame)
x Arrange them in some order (e.g. alphabetical, NRIC, class, level, etc)
x Select a random starting point.
1500
x Subsequently select students at regular intervals of 30 students until the sample of 50 is obtained.
50
(ii)
Systematic sampling of every 30th student arranged in by class may result in the smaller classes being skipped
2. over altogether.
OR Any reasonable answer.
(iii) Stratified sampling.
Divide the students into non-overlapping strata (e.g. JC1 and JC2).
Select the number of students to pick from each stratum according to proportion.
JC1 JC2
800 700
u 50 26.67 | 27 u 50 23.33 | 23
1500 1500
Select required number of students randomly from each stratum.
Obtain a staff list and group the staff into the following 3 mutually exclusive strata: directors, mangers &
executives.
No of directors No of managers No of executives
5% u 60 3 20% u 60 12 75% u 60 45
3. Randomly select the number of staff from each stratum according to the numbers above to obtain a stratified
sample.

The advantage of stratified sampling is that the sample obtained is representative of the various strata (types of
staff) by proportion.
(i) Quota sampling can be carriedd out as follows:
Manager will then pick customers rs at his own disc
discretion
cre
reti
tion
on according
acc
ccor
ordi
d ng to thee age
a group and quota specified in the
table till all the quotas are met.
d 20 yyrs
rss 2121-30
2 1-30
30 31-40 0 t 41
30 30
3 0 20 20
4.
(ii) In order to use stratified sampling,
pling, tthe
he manag
manager
agger
e wwill
ill ne
need
ed too kn
know
ow tthe
he composition of the customers
(sampling frame) according to strata,
rata, i.e. race,
e, gender,
gen nde
der,
r, aage
g eetc.
ge tc.. Ho
tc H
However,
wever, the manager may not have such
information on walk-in customers. rs.
Or
The sampling frame in this situation
tion is unknown
unk
nknnown since ce the
the walk-in customers
custom vary from day to day.

868
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

(i) A random sample is a sample drawn from the population of 1500 employees such that every employee has
an equal chance of being selected. The event that a working adult is chosen or not is independent of the event
that any other adult is being chosen or not.
(ii) Using the given information, the strata used are the men and women traveling by car, by bus and by bicycle.
To obtain a sample
of 100 working Strata Car Bus Bicycle
adults, draw Number of 280 400 150
random sample of u100 18.67 | 19 u100 26.67 | 27 u100 10
men 1500 1500 1500
5. the required size
Number of 200 380 90
from each stratum u100 13.33 | 13 u100 25.33 | 25 u100 6
women 1500 1500 1500
as shown in the
table.
(iii) Mention sample is more representative, with context, as compared to random sample.
E.g.: One advantage is that using stratified sampling, the proportion of employees in each stratum would be the
same as that among all 1500 employees, thus making the sample more representative of the population than
random sampling, which may have omitted women who travel by bicycle they only constituted 6% of the
population.
(i) Simple random sampling.
(ii) Not valid because every student has an equal chance of being chosen as a member of the sample and one
student being chosen is independent of any other student then being chosen.
600
6. (iii) k 50 . Select the first student randomly from the first 50 students, then select every 50th student
12
thereafter.
(iv) The students selected are spread evenly over all the classes.
Or: Avoids clusters of students from the same class being selected.
(i) Quota Sampling
(ii)
Alternative 1:
Simple Random Sampling:
Number each student on the student
dent roster (or equivalent step) and rrandomly andom select 60 students for the survey.
an
Advantage: Reduce biasness
Alternative 2:
Stratified Sampling:
Divide student population into distinct
istiincct strata
stra
stra
st rata
ta ii.e.
.e.
e sstreams
tre
ream
ams
7. Randomly select the students from m each ch
h sstream
trea
tream
ea m aaccording
cco
c rding too tthe
he proportional
pro
ropo
port
rtio
io size of the stream as follows:
tudents, Scienc
Arts: 15 students, Business: 24 students, nce:
Science: e: 221
1 stud
den
entts
students
Advantage: Representative of thee student population
poopulati
atio
on
Alternative 3:
Systematic Sampling:
Arrange the students in alphabetical
ical order (or any form of reasonable arra arrangement)
Randomly select a student into thehe sample
sample.
Select every 25th student after the student above until the sample size is reached.
Advantage: The sample could be more evenly spread across the classes in each stream (quota sampling likely to
end up with many students from the same class in this case).

869
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

1600
Number all the students in the school from 1 to 1600. Compute the sampling interval, k, using k 16 .
100
Randomly select an integer from 1 to 16. Select every 16th student thereafter until 100 members are obtained.

8. Stratified sampling which could draw random samples from the gender groups (or any possible strata) might be
preferable as it could ensure the representation of the opinions from different gender groups across the entire
population.

It is realistic to use stratified sampling as the school would have the exact number of students in each gender
group (or any possible strata).
1
(i)
6
9. (ii) Each child do not have an equal probability of getting selected, thus it is not a random sample.
(iii) Number the children from 1 to 11, use a random number generator/table to generate 2 numbers, and that
will be correspond to the 2 children to be chosen.
(i) Quota sampling.
Disadvantages:
x Selection is biased as those who come to school later have no chance of being selected and hence their
views will not be considered.
x It does not provide a fair representation of the distribution of the preference of the stalls as too many
10. students from one particular level may be selected.
(ii)
x Survey students over the entire day rather than getting the first 200 students.
x Random selection of the 100 male and 100 female students.
x Using stratified sampling (or any other method that resembles stratified sampling i.e. proportionate and
random sampling)
(i) Obtain the name list of all patients and number them from 1 to N , N being the number of patients in the
clinic’s records.
Then use a random number generator to obtain 200 numbers from 1 to N , and the patients with the
corresponding numbers will be selected
elected as respondents.
(ii) Use simple random samplingg to choose y number of patients from ea each age group as shown in the table,
11. with the sample size y proportional
onal to the number
er of
of patients
pati
pa tien
ents
t within
wit
ithi
hin ea
each
ach age group.
(iii) Simple random Age ( x ) x d 2200 2200 x d 35
35 35 x d 50 x ! 50
sampling may not give
Sample
le ssize
izee
iz 1155 20 40 25
a fair representation of u 2200
00 30 u2
200
00 40
4 u 200 80 u 200 50
(y) 1100
00 100
100 100 100
patients from different
age groups.

870
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

(i) A random sample here means the sample is obtained by selecting 100 students from the 2000 students in
100 1
such a way that each of the 2000 students will have an equal probability of of being selected to do
2000 20
the survey.
(ii)
Calculator Company A B C
12. 520 620 860
Number of students to be surveyed u100 26 u100 31 u100 43
2000 2000 2000
26 students who use calculator A, 31 students who use calculator B and 43 students who use calculator C will be
randomly selected to be surveyed.
(iii) Stratified sampling would ensure that each group (stratum) in the population is proportionally represented,
while random sampling may have a chance of missing out an important group completely, or may end up with a
certain group overly represented in the sample.
(i) Decide on the strata and number to be selected for each stratum. For example, we could have
Age (below 21) Age (21 and above)
Female 10 10
Male 20 10
13.
Select the required numbers in a non-random way, for example, pick the first 10 females aged below 21 who
leave the cinema.
(ii) One disadvantage would be that it produces a biased sample as only those who leave earlier will be
surveyed.
(i) Arrange the 90 claims in an ordered list based on the value of claims and assign numbers from 1 to 90 to
them.
90
As 10 , generate a random number from 1 to 10, and select the claim with this number. Then select every
9
10th claim down the list until a sample of 9 claims is obtained.
14. (ii) Answer 1 (The 90 claims have been arranged based on the value of the claims in (i))
Systematic sampling is better as it gives an even spread on the different values of claim. The first nine claims
received may not cover a good range of values of claim.
Answer 2: (The 90 claims have been arranged based on the time the claim claims are received or based on the name
of the people making the claims in (i))
Systematic sampling may not be better as it may not necessarily gi gives
givvess an even spread on the different values of
claim than the sample of the firstt 9 cla
claims
laim
imss re
rece
received.
ceiv
iv
ved
ed..
(i) The method of sampling fails too acacco
account
c un
co untt for
for po
poss
possible
ssib
ible cchanges
hannges inn pr
ha prod
production
odu conditions throughout the day
which may affect the lengths of the rods.
rod
ods.s. H
Hence,
ence
en ce,, th
ce tthe
he sa
sam
sample
mple colcollected
lle
lect
cted may not be representative of the
15. population of the rods produced.
(ii) The surveyor could pick a randomly
ndomly produced
produuce
cedd rorod in tthe
he first
st hhour, ay the kth rod where 1 d k d 50, and
ourr, ssay
ou
then pick every 50th rod thereafter.
er. This is called
cal
alle
ledd systematic
syst
sy stem
emataticc sampling.
sam
ampling.
Quota sampling might be carriedd out by
- dividing the range of ages into severa
severalal groups
grou
gr oups (strata
(straataa such
suc
uchh as 13-16, 17-19,
17- 20-22, 23-30, 31-50 etc)
- assigning a quota for each age group with a total of 50
- by waiting outside a library and d picking citizens at the journalist’s discr discretion until all the quotas are met.
16.
One disadvantage is that the journalist may likely have collected a biased sample of citizens due to his/her non-
random selection process. For example, he/she might choose people that he/she thought are more approachable.

Stratified sampling is not realistic in this context because it is difficult to obtain the sampling frame.

871
Topic 20 Sampling Methods

(i) Each level/strata is not proportionally represented and hence not stratified sampling.
(ii) Divide the students of the school into strata in terms of age or gender. Select the number of
students in each stratum e.g. 15 male and 35 female students for the survey in order to meet the quota.
17 Then stand at the entrance of the school at the start of a school day to survey the first 15 male and first
35 female students that enter the school.
One disadvantage of quota sampling is that the sample obtained is likely to be biased as students who
come to school later will not have a chance to be considered (or selected).
(i) A random sample refers to the sample is obtained by selecting 50 students from 500 students in such a way
that each of the 500 students will have an equal chance of being selected. Each selection is independent.
(ii) To obtain a sample of 50 students using stratified random sampling, we will determine the sample size of
the method of transport such that the sample size of each method of travel is proportional to the size of each
method of travel in the school.

18 Car Public transport On foot

30% of 50 50% of 50 20% of 50
Sample Size
(=15 ) (= 25) (= 10)

Then conduct simple random sampling from each method of travel. These simple random samples from the
different method of travel groups are combined to form the overall stratified random sample of 50 students.

Sampling frame is not easily obtainable as the fair is opened to the public.
Quota Sampling is most appropriate.
Divide the sample into following subgroups:
Highest Diploma Degree Masters and Others
Qualification Holders Holders PhD
19
Holders
Number to
60 100 20 20
be included
Within each subgroup, select the first x number of attendees who enters the fair, where x is the number to be
included as stated above.

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883
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

21 Hypothesis Testing

Level 2

Q1. [2013/Prelim/TPJC/II/8]
A school has used an established leadership appraisal score to determine whether a student has
displayed leadership qualities. The school claims that the mean leadership score of a student is 3.8
and the population variance is 0.1. The Dean wants to test whether the mean score has improved at
5% level of significance. A random sample of 10 students is examined and the sample mean is
denoted by ̅ .

(i) Explain the meaning of “5% level of significance” in the context of the question. [1]

(ii) Find the range of values of the mean score if the claim is not rejected at the 5% level of
significance. State any assumptions you have made. [5]

(iii) Another sample of 10 students is taken and the total score is found to be 45. State the
conclusion of the test. [2]

Q2. [2013/Prelim/RVHS/II/9]
A publishing company claims that the mean time to write a book is at most 16 months. A random
sample of 15 book authors is selected and the time taken by each writer to write a book, x months, is
measured. The results are summarised by

¦x 247.5 , ¦ ( x 16) 2
25 .

(i) A test at 5% significance

nce level is carried out on the compan
company’s claim. Find the p-value of
the test and state the meaning of this p-value in the contex
context of the question. What is the
conclusion of the test?? [7]

(ii) Using the p-value obtained

taain
ined
ned d iin
n pa
ppart
rt ((i
(i),
i), state
s atte wi
st with a rea
reason
easo
son tthe conclusion, if a two-tailed
test is conducted at 5%
% level
levve
le vel of ssignificance.
ig
gniifica
canc
nce. [1]

884
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q3. [2013/Prelim/JJC/II/6]
A machine is designed to make paper with mean thickness 56.8 micrometres. The thickness, T
micrometres, of a piece of paper made by the machine is normally distributed with standard
deviation 2.85 micrometres. A random sample of 300 pieces of the paper is taken and a test is
carried out, at the 5% significance level, to determine whether the machine is producing paper of the
desired thickness.

(i) State appropriate hypotheses for the test. [1]

The sample mean thickness is denoted by t micrometres.

(ii) Use an algebraic method to calculate the range of values of t for which the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
[3]

(iii) State the conclusion of the test if t 56.9 . [2]

Q4. [2013/Prelim/HCI/II/9]
A fish farmer breeds a new species of fish and investigates the life span, x years, of this species of
fish using a sample of 10 fishes. The results are summarized by
¦ x 74.8 and ¦ x2 702.68 .
(i) In a test at the 5% significance level, it is found that the mean life span is not m years.
Find the set of possible values of m and state an assumption made for the test to be
valid. [6]

(ii) Instead, the test is carried out at 2.5% significance level with the following hypotheses.

:The mean life span of fish is 9 ye

Null hypothesis:The years.
year
ars
Alternative hypothesis:
othesis: The me
mean
an llife span ooff fish iiss less than 9 years.
ifee span
if

Without carrying out an

any
ny ccalculations,
ny alcu
al
lcu
culla
lati
tion
ion
ns,
s, w
write
ritte down
ri n your conclusion
c of the test. Justify
your answer. [1]

885
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q5. [2013/Prelim/RI/II/8]
The manufacturer of a particular type of battery claims that the lifetime is distributed with mean 150
hours and standard deviation 16.877 hours. A random sample of n batteries, where n is large, is
taken and the lifetime, t hours, of each battery is measured.

It is found that ¦t 10 317 .

A test is carried out to determine whether the manufacturer has overstated the mean lifetime of the
batteries, and the p value is found to be 0.0975.

(i) Write down appropriate hypotheses for the test, defining any symbols you use.
State, in context, the conclusion of the test if the level of significance is 8%. [3]

(ii) 10317 21.871

Show that n satisfies the equation 150 0 , and solve it numerically.
n n [5]

(iii) State, with a reason, whether it is necessary to assume that the lifetime of the batteries is
normally distributed in order to carry out the calculation in (ii). [1]

Q6. [2013/PJC/II/11]
A company sells packets of flour. A manager claims that the average mass of flour in a packet is at
least 100 g.

(i) To test this claim, a random sample

p of 10 packets
p of flour is checked and the masses of flour
ummarised by ¦ x 100 120 , ¦ x 100
2
per packet, x g, are summarised 4800 .

(a) Find unbiased es

estimates
sti
tima
mate
mate
tess off tthe
h ppopulation
he opul
op ulat
atio
ionn m
mean
ean
an and
and variance. [2]

(b) Test, at the 10%

% significance
sig
gnifi
nifi
nifica
canc
ca ncee leve
nc llevel,
leevell, whether
wheth
her tthe
he manager’s
man claim is valid. [4]

(c) Explain, in the context off tthe

he question,
que
uest
stio
ion,
n the
the
h meaning of “at the 10% significance
level”. [1]

(ii) The packing process is improved and the new population sstandard deviation is known to
be 3g. A new randomm sample of 10 packets of flour is chosen.
cho Find the range of values
of the average mass of the sample that will justify the manager’s claim at 5% level of
significance. [3]

State any assumption(s) for your calculations in (i) and (ii) to be valid. [1]

886
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q7. [2013/Prelim/NYJC/II/8]
(i) A particular machine is designed to produce steel rods of length 50 cm. A random
sample of 5 steel rods produced by that machine were measured and the length in cm
were found to be: 50.5, 51.1, 49.9, 50.3, 50.8

Perform an appropriate test at the 5% level of significance to check if the machine is

producing steel rods of the desired length. State one assumption that is used in the test. [5]

(ii) Another sample of 60 steel rods was measured and the mean length x recorded. If the
population variance of the steel rods is 0.4602 cm2, find the range of values of x to
conclude, at the 1% level of significance, that the machines produced steel rods that are
more than 50 cm. [3]

Q8. [2013/Prelim/SAJC/II/10]
A manufacturer claims that his new pill helps people lose weight. A random sample of 20 people
took the pill for a month and the loss in weight (initial weight – final weight) after a month, x kg,
were summarized as follows.
¦x ¦x
2
20.49 88.4253

(i) Find unbiased estimates of the population mean and variance. [2]

(ii) Test whether the manufacturer’s claim is justified at the 5% level of significance. State
an assumption necessary for the test to be carried out. [5]

(iii) Suppose that the population standard deviation is known to be 1.6 kg and the assumption
made in part (ii) is still valid. The manufacturer claims that the average weight loss for
people taking the pill is at least P0 . A test, using the same set of data above at the 10%
level of significance, indicates that the manufacturer
manufacturer’s
er’ss cl
claim is valid. Find the largest
value of P0 . [4]

887
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q9. [2013/Prelim/DHS/II/9]
The masses of mooncakes follow a normal distribution with mean 300 g when produced under
standard conditions. Recently, the machine producing the mooncakes was replaced and customers
claim that the mooncakes have become lighter. A random sample of 8 mooncakes is obtained and
their masses (in grams) are measured as follows,
280, 285, 290, 295, 294, 297, 299, 302.

(i) Calculate the unbiased estimates of the population mean and variance. [2]

(ii) Test the customers’ claim at the 2% significance level. [4]

(iii) The population mean and standard deviation of the masses of mooncakes are now given
as P 0 g and 6.4 g respectively. If the null hypothesis is not rejected at 2% significance
level, find the range of possible values of P 0 , using the same data given above. [3]

Q10. [2013/Prelim/IJC/II/11]
In a shopping mall, the number of hours that customers spend shopping in the mall follows a normal
distribution. The manager of the mall claims that the average number of hours customers spend in
the mall is at least 2 hours. To test this claim, a random sample of 60 customers is taken and the
time, x hours, spent is measured. The results are summarized by
¦x 110.5 and ¦ x2 220.3 .

(i) Find unbiased estimates of the population mean and variance. [3]

(ii) Test at the 2% significance level whether the manager's claim is valid. [4]

(iii) Explain, in the context

xt of the question, the meaning of “at tthe 2% significance level”. [1]

After an upgrading projectt to improve th thee fa

faci
facilities
cili
liti
ties
es iin
n the m mall, a new random sample of 15
customers is taken. The dataa ggives
ives a ssample
iv
ives ampl
am ple mean
mean ofof x wiwith
w th ssample
amp standard deviation 0.51 hours. A
am
test at the 2% significancee lelevel
eveel indi
iindicates
inndi
dica
cattes tthat
ca hat the ma
hat manager’s
ana
nager’s claim is valid with the improved
facilities.

(iv) Using an algebraic method,

ethod, calcu
calculate
cula
latee tthe
he rrange
ange
an ge ooff values of x . [5]

888
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q11. [2013/Prelim/NJC/II/11]
A manufacturer claims that the rice from his factory is packed in bags with a mean mass of 10 kg
each.
(i) A random sample of 8 bags are examined and the mass, x kilograms, of the contents are
summarised by:
¦x 76.6 and ¦x 2
736.5 .

Test, at 5% level of significance, whether the manufacturer is overstating the mean mass
of rice in a bag, stating an assumption that has to be made for the test to be valid. [6]

(ii) Another random sample of 50 bags are now examined and the sample variance is found
to be 0.461. Calculate the set of values of x for the test to conclude, at 2% level of
significance, that the mean mass of rice in a bag is not 10 kg.

Explain why the assumption made in part (i) is not necessary in this context. [4]

Q12. [2013/Prelim/CJC/II/9(modified)]
A factory manufactures light bulbs. The lifetime of a light bulb is denoted by X and, over a long
time, it is known that the mean lifetime of a light bulb is 330.4 hours. After the factory replaces
all its machines with new ones, 15 light bulbs are randomly selected for testing. The results are
summarised below:
¦ x 330.4 ¦ x 330.4
2
26.3 159.49

(i) Find unbiased estimates of the population mean and variance. [2]

(ii) Test at 1% level of significance whether the mean lifetime of a light bulb has increased.
What assumptions, if any, should be made about the popula
population, in order to carry out this
test? [4]

It is now known that the standard

nddar
ard de
devi
deviation
viat
vi atio
ation
ion of X is 4.1
4.1 hours.
hou
ours
rs. 50 light
l bulbs are selected for
testing at α % level of significance,
ficaancce,
e, w
with
ith
ith th
the
he same
same null andd alterna
alternative hypotheses as (ii). The
sample mean is 331.5.

(iii) Is it still necessary to make the as

assu
assumption(s)
sump
mptiion
on(s
(s)) in (i
(ii)? Expla
Explain your reasoning. [1]

(iv) Find the least integer value ooff α ssuch

uch tha
that
at th
thee nnull
ull hypothes
hypothesis can be rejected. [1]

889
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q13. [2013/Prelim/VJC/II/10(b)]
The machine is reset when it is found that the mean length of the rods produced is more than 22.0
cm. The quality surveyor took a random sample of 10 rods produced and measured their lengths.
The results are summarized by
¦x 228.66 , ¦x 2
5234.58 .

(i) Test, at the 5% significance level, whether the machine has to be reset. [6]

(ii) State clearly any assumption that is necessary in order for the test to be valid. [1]

An upgrade of the machine gives a population variance of V 2 cm2. A random sample of 100 rods
selected after the upgrade gives a mean of 22.5 cm. The machine is reset whenever the mean length
of rods produced is more than 22.0 cm. A test at the 10% significance level indicates that the
machine need not be reset.

(iii) Find the set of values of V . [4]

Level 3

1 [2015 AJC Prelim P2/10]

A farmer claims that the mean weight of the melons grown in his farm is at least
1.2 kg. A random sample of 10 melons is chosen and the weight, x kg, of each melon is
recorded. The results are as follows:
1.037 0.914 1.019 1.234
1.2 1.110
1.417 1.008 0.846 1.105
1.1
1.1 1.331
Assuming the weight off a randomly
ran
anddo
doml
mly
ly chosen
chos
ch osen
en melon
mel
elon
on ffollows
ollows
ol ws a normal distribution, carry
out an appropriate test
st off the
the
h farmer’s
far
arme
mer’
me r s cl
r’ cclaim
aim
aim at the 10%
10% sig
significance level.

A buyer concludes that the sample

sam
mpl
plee could
c ulld no
co idee sufficient evidence, at D%
nnott provide
prov
provid
significance level, that mean
at the mea weight
an weight ddiffers
weig iffe
if rs ffrom
fers rom 1.2 kg
ro kg. State the range of values of
D for him to draw such
h a con
conclusion.
ncl
clus
usio
ion.

Another random sample

ple of 40 melons is weighed and the results
re are as follows:

¦x 45.738 and ¦ x2 72.576

(i) By combining the 2 sets of data, find unbiased estimates of the population mean and

890
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

population variance of the weight of a melon grown by this farmer.

(ii) The farmer decides to change the claim to “the mean weight of the melons grown in his
farm is at least m kg”. Based on the combined sample of size 50, find the set of values of
m for which the farmer’s claim is not rejected at the 5% significance level.

2 [Prelim 2015/HCI/P2/11]
In a school, the time (in seconds) for a boy to complete a 4×10 m shuttle run is denoted
by X.
The expected value of X is taken to be 10.8 seconds.

(a) A random sample of 9 boys from the school is chosen and a test at 5% significance level
is carried out to determine if the mean time for a boy to complete a 4 u10 m shuttle run
has been incorrectly stated. The timings for the 9 boys to complete a 4 u10 m shuttle run
are as shown below.

9.99 10.30 13.01

11.90 10.29 14.12
12.23 12.12 k

It is known that the standard deviation of the above sample is 1.09 seconds.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for the test, defining any symbols that you used.
(i)
[1]

(ii) Find the set of values of k for the null hypothesis to be rejected.
State a necessary assumption for the test to be carried out. [5]

(b) A teacher from the school

chool tries a new teaching strategy
stratteg
egyy on a random sample of 50 boys
to help them improvee on their 4×10 m sh shut
shuttle
uttl
tlee ru
runn ti
timing
timings.gs. The timings, y (in seconds),
for each of these 50 boys
boy
oys to complete
oys com
ompl etee a 4
plet
pl 4×10
×10 m shuttle
shut
sh uttl
tlee run
ru after the implementation of
the new teaching strategy
teg
gy ar
aree su
summ
summarised
mmar
mm aris
ar ised
sed
e bbyy
¦ y y
2
¦y 517.49,
517.4
49, 122.32.
122
(i) A test at D % level of significanc
significance
ncee us
usin
using
ing
g th
this
is sam
sample
mpl
plee re
res
results in sufficient evidence to
conclude that the new w teachingng str
strategy
trat
ategy is eeffective.
ffec
ff ective. FiFind the minimum value of D
correct to 2 decimal places.
laces. St
Stat
State,
ate,
e, givin
giving
ng a reason,
reas
re ason
on, whether it is necessary to assume that
the population is normally
mally ddistributed.
istr
istrib
ibuted. [4]

The population standard deviation for the boys in the school to complete a 4×10 m
shuttle run is now assumed to be 2.8 seconds. A large random sample of boys of size n
is taken from the school. The probability that their mean time to complete a 4×10 m
shuttle run exceeds the actual population mean by at least 0.8 seconds is not more than

891
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

(ii) 0.001. Form an inequality involving n and hence find the least possible value of n. [4]

Q3. [2013/MI/II/9]
(a) The Traffic Authority claims that the average speed of vehicles along a road is at most
70 km per hour. The speed, x km per hour, of 20 randomly selected vehicles are
recorded and summarised as follows:
¦ x 70 ¦ x 70
2
71 1122 .
It is assumed that the speed of the vehicles is normally distributed.

(i) Find the unbiased estimates of the mean and variance of the speed of vehicles
along the road. [2]

(ii) Test, at 5% significance level, the Traffic Authority’s claim. [4]

(b) In XYZ School, the students’ mean running time in the 2.4 km run is claimed to be 705
seconds. A programme to help the students perform better in the run is introduced. After the
programme, a sample of 100 students was taken and their mean running time is 690 seconds.
At a significance level of 7%, a z-test was done to test if the students are performing better. It
was concluded that there is sufficient evidence that the students are performing better in the
2.4 km run.
(i) In the test above, explain if any assumption about the students’ 2.4 km running
times is necessary. [1]

(ii) If a two-tailed test had been conducted, is it necessarily true, necessarily false or
not necessarily true or false that the conclusion will remain the same? [2]

(iii) What can you do to increase the p-value in the test in part (b)? [1]

892
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q4. [2013/MJC/II/10]
(a) A manufacturer of instant powdered yeast claims that the product is packed in sachets of
7 grams. A random sample of 8 sachets is taken and the masses are measured. Denoting
the mass of one sachet by x grams, the results are summarized by
¦x 55.2 , ¦x 2
381.06 .

(i) Find unbiased estimates of the population mean and variance. [2]

(ii) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether the manufacturer’s claim is valid. [4]

(iii) Explain the meaning of p-value in the context of this question. [1]

(b) A teacher in a school makes a claim about the mean height of girls in the school. It is
given that the height of girls in the school follows a normal distribution with known
variance.

Two students Kirstyn and Gwyneth decide to each conduct a hypothesis test, at
the 5% level of significance, to determine whether the teacher has understated the mean
height of girls in the school. Kirstyn obtained a sample with mean x and concluded that
there is sufficient evidence, at the 5% level of significance, that the teacher has
understated the mean height of girls in the school. Gwyneth took a different sample and
obtained the same sample mean as Kirstyn.

Determine, with a reason, whether Gwyneth’s test will yield the same conclusion if the
size of her sample is four times that of Kirstyn’s. [3]

893
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q5. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/II/11]
A company supplies sugar in small packets. The mass of sugar in 1 packet is denoted by X grams.
During a routine check, the company’s data analyst takes a random sample of 12 packets. The
masses of the 12 packets are summarised by
¦ x 115.2 , ¦ x x 8.91.
2

Calculate unbiased estimates of the mean and variance of X. [2]

The mean mass in a packet is stated to be 9 grams.

(a) On the basis of the above sample, the data analyst wishes to determine whether the mean
mass in a packet has been understated.

(i) Stating a necessary assumption, carry out a test at the 5% level of significance. [5]

(ii) Explain what is meant by “5% level of significance” in the context of the question. [1]

(b) Given that the population variance of X is 0.72, and that the assumption made in (a)(i) is
still valid, a second test is carried out. For the alternative hypothesis P z 9 , the null
hypothesis is not rejected if 8.6 x k .

Find, in either order,

(i) the value of k, [1]

(ii) the significance level of the test. [2]

894
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q6. [2013/Prelim/AJC/II/9(modified)]
Mr Gru claims that the average height of his minions is k cm. Let X denote the random variable
for the height of his minions. A random sample of 100 minions is chosen and the height, x cm of
each minion is measured. It is found that
¦ x 50 ¦ x 50
2
96, and 1879.

(i) Find unbiased estimates of the mean and variance of X. [2]

(ii) What do you understand by the term “unbiased estimate”? [1]

Based on this sample, a hypothesis test is carried out and it was found that there is significant
evidence at 5% significance level that Mr Gru had underestimated the average height of his
minions.

(iii) Find an inequality satisfied by k. [3]

(iv) Is there a need to make the assumption that the height of a randomly chosen minion is
normally distributed? Justify your answer. [1]

Based on another sample of 10 minions, a t-test is conducted and it is found that there is
insufficient evidence at 5% significance level that the mean height of the minions differs from
P0 cm. State, with reasons, if the following statements are necessarily true, necessarily false,
or neither necessarily true nor necessarily false.

(I) There is insufficient evidence at 2.5% significance level to conclude that the minions
are taller than expected.

(II) There is insufficient evidence

vidence at 5% significance level to cconclude that the mean height
differs from P0 cm if the researcher
searcher had carried out a z-testt iinstead.
nste
ns t a [3]

895
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Q7. [2013/Prelim/SRJC/II/9]
It is standard procedure to measure the length of babies born in a maternity unit. The lengths (in
centimetres) of 13 babies born in a particular week were measured and recorded. However, due to
an unknown computer error, the lengths of two babies were lost. The remaining lengths were
recorded as follows:
49 50 51 47 49 48 54 53 45 50 48
Fortunately, the sample mean and variance were recorded prior to the computer error. The sample
7 3
mean and variance were recorded as 49 cm and 9 cm2. It is assumed that the length of a
13 169
randomly chosen baby is normally distributed.

(i) Find the values of the lost data. [4]

(ii) Past records show that the mean length of a baby born during the same period of the year
is 50 cm. Carry out a 2-tail test at the 5% significance level to test if the mean length has
changed. [3]

The population variance of the length of babies in a different week is V 2 . A 2-tail test
conducted at the 5% significance level will reject the hypothesis that the population mean
length is P 0 cm. Find, in terms of V , the possible range of values of P 0 . [3]

Q8. [Prelim 2015/VJC/P2/Q9]

Past records shows that female students in tertiary institutions have a mean height of 162 cm.
A random sample of 150 female students is taken from a particular institution and the height, x cm,
of each female student is measured. The results are summarised by
¦ x 160 480, ¦ x 160 8837.
2

Test, at the 5% significance level, whether the mean height of 162 cm is an understated value for
this institution. [5]
Explain the meaning of 5% significance
ignificance level in the context
xt ooff th
this
is question. [1]

Two tests, each with a samplee ssize

ize of 110
iz 0 ta
take
taken
k n fr
ke from
m tthis
his pa
hi part
particular
rtic
icul
ulaar institution, are carried out with
the same hypotheses as above.
e. Assume
Asssum
u e that
th
hat the
the unbiased
unb
nbiiased estimates
essti
timates of the population variance are
the same for both the samples.
s.

(i) What change would theree be in carryi

carrying
ying
ng oout
ut tthe
h ttwo
he wo tests as co
compared to the previous test?
State whether any assumption
mption is needed
need
ne eded
ed ffor
or the
he ttwo
wo ttests
ests to be valid. [2]
(ii) The first test has a sample
le meann hheight
eig
ei ght of m cm
cm. Ba
Based on this test, the null hypothesis is
not rejected at the 5% significance
gnificance level. The second test has a sample mean height less than
m cm. Determine with a reason,
eason whether the second test will yi
yield the same conclusion as the
first test. [2]

896
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

Answers

Level 2
(i) “5% level of significance” refers to a 0.05
probability of wrongly rejecting the mean
^
(i) m
m d 4.
4.62
4. or m t 10.4 `
leadership score is 3.8 when the actual Assume that the life span of the species of
1. fish follows a normal distribution.
leadership score is 3.8.
(ii) Since m = 9 does not lie in the range of
(ii) x 3.96
(iii) Reject H0. values in (i), we do not reject H 0 for the 2-
(i) p = 0.0691576403 > 0.05, do not reject H 0 ; tail test at 5% level of significance.
2. Thus, for the 1-tail (left tail) test at 2.5%
(ii) H 0 would still not be rejected level of significance, we also do not reject
H 0 as test statistic also lie outside the
(i) H 0 : P 56.8 rejection region.
H1 : P z 56.8 Conclusion: there is no significant evidence
(ii) t d 56.5 or t t 57.1 that the mean life span of fish is less than 9
(iii) Since t 56.9 does not fall within the years at 2.5% level of significance.
3. For two tail test at 5% level of significance:
critical region, we do not reject H 0 at the 5%
level of significance and conclude that there is 4.
insufficient evidence that the machine is not
2.5% 2.5%
producing paper of the desired thickness.

(i) H0 : P 150 , H1 : P 150

test statistic lies here
Insufficient evidence at 8% level of significance
For one tail (left tail) test at 2.5% level of
to conclude that the population mean lifetime of
significance:
batteries is less than 150 hours.
5. (ii) n 70
(iii) It is NOT necessary to assume that T is
normally distributed, since the sample size n is 2.5 %
large, so by Central Limit Theorem,
orem, T is
approximately normally distributed.
buted.

test statistic also lies here

(i)(a) x 88 ; s 2 | 373
(b) Since the p –value is less than
han the level ooff
significance, we reject H0 and conclude that tha
hatt there
ther
theree p = 00.064986
.06
0644
is sufficient evidence, at 10% signifi-ca
signifi-cance
anc
nce lelev
level,
vel,
the manager’s claim is not valid.id. Don’t
D on’t Reject
Rej Ho. Conclude at 5% significant
(c) There is a 0.1 probability off wron
wrongly
ngl
glyy level that there is insufficient evidence to
6. concluding that the average mass ass of flour in a 7. suggest th
that the new machine has produced
packet is less than 100 when it iis iin ffact at lleast steel rods that is not 50 cm. Assuming that
100 (or equal 100). the steel rods are normally distributed.
(ii) x ! 98.4 x t 50.2
For both tests to be valid it is necessary to assume
that the weight of flour follows normal

897
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

distribution.
(i) x 292.75 , s 2 54.214
(ii) Sufficient evidence at 2% significance
8. (i) 1.0245 , 3.55 (ii) Reject H0 (iii) 1.48 9. level that the customers’ claim is true.
(iii) P0 297 (3 s.f.)
(i) 1.84, 0.285
(ii) p-value = 0.0108, reject H0
(iii) “At the 2% significance level” means there p-value = 0.0558, do not reject Ho.
10 is 0.02 probability that the test would indicate that s 2 0.47041
the average number of hours customers spend in 11.
. Method 1: (Use z-test) x 9.76 or x ! 10.3
the mall is less than 2 hrs when it fact the Method 2: (Use t-test) x 9.77 or x ! 10.3
manager’s claim is true (or it is more than 2 hrs).
(iv) x ! 1.69
(i) Sufficient evidence to reject H0 at the 5%
(i) 332.153 , 8.09838 significance level.
12 (ii) Assume lifetimes are normally distributed (ii) The length of a rod is assumed to be
13.
. (iii) No. CLT is applied. normally distributed.
(iv) 2.90 (iii) ^V : V ! 3.9
3.90`.
Level 3
(a)(i) Let P be the population mean time (in
seconds) for a school boy in the school to
complete a 4 u10 m shuttle run.

H0 : P 10.8
H1 : P z 10.8
(ii) Assumption: Since sample size is small
and population variance is unknown, we need
p-value = 0.059335 < 0.10. Reject H0.
to assume that the time, in seconds, for a
There is sufficient evidence to say that the mean
school boy to complete a 4 u10 m shuttle run
weight of melons is less than 1.2 kg, i.e. the
follows a normal distribution.
farmer’s claim is incorrect.
D < 11.9 (3 s.f.)
(i)
1.
Unbiased estimate of populationon mean
mean =
2. ^k : k , 11.2`
k t1
1.13518
Unbiased estimate of populationlatiion vvariance
on vaari
rian
iance
cee = (b)) D 2.20
2.2 .
0.42001
Since
Si
S ncee n (=
nc (=50)
(=55 is large, the mean timing for the
(ii) 0 d m 1.29 (3 sf.) boyss to
bo to complete
com
co a 4 u10 m shuttle run will be
approximated to a normal distribution by
approxima
ap
Central Lim
Ce Limit Theorem. Therefore not
necessary to assume population follows
normal dist distribution.
00.88
(c) t 3.090232308; n 117
2.8
n

3. (a)(i) 73.55, 45.8 4. (a)(i) x 6.9 s 2 0.0257 (3 s.f.)

898
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

(ii) p-value = 0.0150 (ii) p-value = 0.121 do not reject H 0

(b)(i) Not necessary as the sample size of 100 is (iii) A p-value of 0.121 means there is a
large ( t 50), hence Central Limit Theorem probability of 0.121 that the sample mean
applies. mass of a sachet of instant powdered yeast is
(ii) p-value doubles but not necessarily true or as extreme or more extreme than the observed
false that the p-value is still less than 0.07. value of 6.9g, assuming that the mean mass of
Hence, not necessarily true or false that the a sachet of instant powdered yeast is 7g.
conclusion will remain the same. (b) Gwyneth’s test should yield the same
(iii) Decrease mean running time claimed.
conclusion
(i) 49.04, 18.0
9.6, 0.81 (ii) The expected value of the ‘unbiased
(a)(i) Assume the mass of sugar in one packet estimate’ is the population parameter.
follows a normal distribution. Sufficient evidence (iii) k 48.3
at 5% level of significance to conclude that the (iv) No assumptions are necessary since
mean mass in a packet is underestimated. sample size 100 is large, by CLT, mean height
5. 6.
(ii) There is a probability of 0.05 that the test of minions in a randomly chosen sample is
shows that the mean mass in a packet is more normally distributed.
than 9 grams when it is in fact 9 grams. Statement I is necessarily true.
(b)(i) k = 9.4 Statement II is neither necessarily true nor
(ii) 10.2% level of significance
false.
Since p – value = 0.0179 d 0.05, H0 is
rejected at 5% level of significance. Hence
there is sufficient evidence that the mean
height of 162 cm is an understated value.

At 5% significance level” means there is a

0.05 probability that the test will conclude
that the mean height of 162 cm is an
understated value when actually it is 162cm.

(i) A t-test is carried out instead.

We nneed
eed
ee d to assume that the height of a female
(i) a 45 and b 55 student
udeent follows
stud foll
fo a normal distribution.
7. (ii) p value = 0.604 8.
(iii) Po 49.5 0.544V or Po ! 49.5 544V
9.5 0.544
49
4 0.5 (ii)
i) Yes.
Yess. F
Ye For an upper tail test, Ho is not
m 162
rejected
reje
re ject
cted if d c, where c is the critical
s
n
§ s ·
value, i.e m 162 c ¨
va ¸.
© n¹
Given: x fo for 2nd test is less than m, i.e. x m
§ s · x 162
x 162 m 162 c ¨ ¸ , i.e d
© n¹ s
n
c.
Therefore H0 will also not be rejected for 2nd

899
Topic 21 Hypothesis Testing

test (because both test have the same unbiased

estimates for population variance and n).

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928
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Level 1

Q1. [2013/Prelim/ACJC/II/12(modified)]
The human resource department of a company is tasked to determine if there is a relationship
between the age and cholesterol level of their staff. The following table shows the information on
age, x years, and cholesterol level, y milligrams per decilitre of blood, mg/dL, for a random sample
of 10 members of staff.

Age, x (years) 38 64 39 34 25 46 37 26 55 31
Cholesterol level, y (mg/dL) 205 225 206 192 150 213 190 165 220 181

(i) Draw a scatter diagram for the data. [1]

Explain why the diagram shows that the data may be consistent with the model of the
form y = a + b lnx. [1]

One of the values of y is recorded wrongly. Indicate the corresponding point on your
diagram by labelling it P. [1]

Omitting P, use the data for the remaining workers to answer the following questions.

(ii) Calculate the product moment correlation coefficient between ln x and y. [1]

(iii) Calculate the least squares estimates of a and b, for the model y = a + b lnx. [2]

(iv) Assume that the valuee of x at P is correct. Estimate the value

valu of y for this value of x. [2]

(v) If the cholesterol levels

els in the above table
tab
able
le were
wer
eree recorded
r co
re corrded
d iin
n micrograms per litre of
blood instead, state whether
wheeth
ther
er yyour
ourr an
ou answ
answer
nswer
er iin
n (i
(ii)
i) wi
will
willl be
b ddifferent.
ifff
if [1]

(vi) The manager wishes to es

estimate
sttiim
maate the
thee cholesterol
cho
hole
lesterol level
lev
eveel for an employee who is 22 years
old. Comment on the reliability
reliab bil
iliity
it off the
the
he estimate.
estimat
ate.
e. [1]

929
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q2. [2013/AJC/II/10]
A study comparing the number of hotspots detected in Indonesia each day and the average 24-hour
PSI reading in Singapore was conducted. The results over 7 days were given below:

Number of hotspots (x) 50 97 128 150 170 189 215

Average 24-hour PSI reading (y) 45 98 160 205 263 341 400

(i) Draw a scatter diagram and find the value of the product moment correlation coefficient
between x and y. Hence comment on the suitability of the linear model. [3]

(ii) Can we conclude that an increase in the number of hotspots will lead to an increase in
the PSI reading? Explain your answer. [1]

(iii) A few alternative models, in the form of w ax b , were proposed to describe the
relation between x and y. State, with a reason, which model is the most appropriate.
Model A: w ln y
Model B: w y
Model C: w y2 [2]

It was decided that the data for an additional day should be included in the study. After
inserting the data for the additional day, it was found that the equation of the regression line of
w on x is w 0.082742 x 2.1735 and the equation of the regression line of x on w is
x 12.004w 25.106 based on the most appropriate model in part (iii).

(iv) Find the product moment correlation coefficient between w and x. [1]

(v) Find the average 24-hour PSI reading on this additional day, correct to the nearest
integer. [3]

In estimating the number off hotspots when n th

thee av
aver
average
e ag
agee 24-hour
24 rPPSI reading was m, where
100 < m < 200, Tarzan used d tthe
he rregression
he egre
eg ress
ressio
ss ion
io
on li
line
ne ooff w on n x fo
forr the
th estimation and Jane used the
regression line of x on w forr the
th
he estimation.
e ti
es tima
mati
ma tion
ti on
n. ItIt was
wa foundd thatt at both
th bo of them had approximately
the same answer. Explain why th this
hiiss was
was oobserved.
bser
bs erved. [1]

930
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q3. [2013/CJC/II/11]
A scientist is studying the growth of a bacteria colony in a petri dish. He places bacteria at one spot
of the dish and he measures the area A the bacteria cover on day t. His results are recorded below:

Time, t (days) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A (cm2) 1.00 5.00 27.10 41.39 46.95 49.95 51.07 52.05

(i) Draw a scatter diagram to illustrate the data. [1]

(ii) The scientist would like to predict the future growth of the bacteria. Explain why, in this
context, a linear model is not likely to be appropriate. [1]

It is proposed to fit a model of the form ln( D A) a bt , where D is a suitable constant. The
product moment correlation coefficient between t and ln( D A) is denoted by r. The
following table gives values of r for some possible values of D.

D 53 54 55
r 0.99132 0.98767

(iii) Calculate the value of r for D = 53, giving your answer correct to 5 decimal places.
Hence, explain which value of D is the most appropriate. [2]

(iv) With the value of D in (iii), calculate the values of a and b correct to 5 decimal places,
and use them to predict the area covered by the bacteria after 20 days. [3]

(v) Give an interpretation, in context, of the value of D. [1]

931
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q4. [2013/DHS/II/8]
The soil at a nuclear plant is contaminated due to a nuclear leak. The radiation intensity I at time t,
in appropriate units, is measured at regular intervals from the time of leak. The data shown
below is taken at a particular spot.

t 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

I 3.22 1.63 1.55 0.54 0.36 0.22

(i) Draw a scatter diagram for these values, labelling the axes clearly. [1]

(ii) One of the values of I appears to be incorrect. Indicate the corresponding point on your
diagram by labelling it P. [1]

It is given that the radiation intensity I is related to time t by the formula I I 0 e kt , where I 0
and k are constants.

(iii) Omitting P, calculate the least square estimates for I 0 and k using the regression line of
ln I on t. [3]

(iv) Explain why it is reasonable to use the regression equation obtained in part (iii) to
estimate the value of t when I 1.55 . Obtain this value correct to one decimal place. [2]

(v) It is later known that the data represented by P is correct. Suggest a possible reason why
this could happen. [1]

932
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q5. [2013/HCI/II/7]
The environment agency of a large city is tracking the number of dengue cases reported across
several months in year 2013 . The data recorded by its researcher is as shown in the table below.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Month, t
(Jan) (Feb) (Mar) (Apr) (May) (Jun) (Jul)
Number of dengue cases, n 42 45 55 62 10 80 109

(i) Draw a scatter diagram for the data. Identify one outlier and indicate it as P on your
diagram. [2]

For the rest of the question, exclude P and use only the remaining six months’ data.

(ii) Explain whether a linear model is appropriate. [1]

(iii) The following models are suggested for the data.

b
(A) n a bt 2 , (B) n aebt , (C) n a ,
t
where a and b are constants, and b ! 0 .
Without calculating the product moment correlation coefficient, state with a reason
which model is the most appropriate. Calculate the least squares estimates for a and b
using your selected model. [3]

(iv) It was discovered that there was an error in the transmission of the data. The actual
number of dengue cases nc in each month was double that of the data given above. By
considering the relationship between n and nc , write down an appropriate regression
model of nc in terms of a , b and t . [1]

933
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q6. [2013/IJC/II/9]
John is training for National Shooting Championship and he practices shooting each week. His
percentage score, y % in week x, are as follows.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 40 57 68 74 80 85 88

(i) Draw a scatter diagram to illustrate the data. [2]

(ii) Calculate the value of the product moment correlation coefficient, and explain why its
value does not necessarily mean that a linear model is an appropriate model for the
relationship between x and y. [2]

It is decided to fit a model of the form ln 95 y a bx .

(iii) Find, correct to 4 decimal places, the value of the product moment correlation
coefficient between ln 95 y and x and comment on its value. [2]

(iv) Calculate the values of a and b correct to 4 decimal places. Use them to predict, to the
nearest whole number, the percentage score John will obtain for week 8. Comment on
the reliability of the estimate. [4]

(v) Give an interpretation, in context, of the value 95 in the model ln 95 y a bx . [1]

934
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q7. [2013/JJC/II/11]
Flour is mixed with water to form glue. For the same amount of water used, the coefficient of
viscosity of glue produced (y N s m2 ) varies with the amount of flour added (x grams).
Measurements of y corresponding to six different values of x were made and the results are as
shown below.
x 10 20 30 40 50 60
y 5 21 30 38 46 50

(i) Draw a scatter diagram for the data. [2]

(ii) Referring to the scatter diagram, comment on whether a linear model is appropriate. [2]

It is believed that y can be modelled by y a b ln x , where a and b are constants.

(iii) Calculate the least squares estimates of a and b. [2]

(iv) Estimate the amount of flour required for the coefficient of viscosity of glue to be
70 N s m2 . Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. [2]

(v) Comment on the reliability of the estimate found in (iv). [1]

Q8. [2013/MI/II/8]
The stress level and job performance of a company’s employees are measured using the stress index
and job performance index that a human resource consultant developed. The consultant is
investigating the relationship between the stress level of an employee and his job performance. The
data of 8 employees is tabulated as follows.
Stress level, x 2.5 3.13 3.75 4.38 5 6.25 7.5 8.75
Job Performance, y 4.20 3.75 3.56 3.40 3.23 3.09 3.03 2.97

(i) Draw a scatter diagram

ram for the data and calculate the product moment correlation
coefficient between y and x. [3]

(ii) Explain whether a linear

neearr model
mod
odel
el is
is appropriate.
ap
pprop
prrop
o ri
riat
atee. [1]

(iii) Observing the generalal tren

trend
nd off tthe
he ppoints
he oin
nts in tthe
he sscatter
cattter ddiagram,
ca iag
ia g the consultant proposes
a
that a model of the form
orm y b wh
where
wher re a an
and
nd b are posit
positive constants is more
x
appropriate. Evaluate the co
consultant’s
ons
nsul
ulta
tant’s pproposal.
ropo
ro posa
sal.
l. [1]

(iv) 1
Calculate the least-squares regression
i line
li off y on .
x [1]

(v) Using the least-squares regression line in part (iv), estimate the job performance level of
an employee when his stress level is 4. Comment on the reliability of the estimate. [2]

935
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q9. [2013/MJC/II/7]
A scientist intends to investigate how the bacteria population y, in thousands, depends on the
nutrient concentration x, in grams per litre in a water body. He collected samples from
8 different locations and the results are listed in the table below.
x 0.101 0.197 0.310 0.400 0.488 0.597 0.711 0.798
y 4.90 5.93 7.44 8.90 10.6 13.2 16.6 19.7

(i) State, giving a reason, whether a regression line of x on y or y on x is more appropriate to

model the relationship between x and y. [1]

(ii) Calculate the product moment correlation coefficient between x and y. [1]

(iii) Draw a scatter diagram for the data, and explain why a linear model is not necessarily
the best model for the relationship between x and y. [3]

(iv) Fit a model of the form ln y a bx to the data, and use it to estimate the bacteria
population when the nutrient concentration of a particular water body is 1 gram per litre.
Comment on the reliability of your estimation. [3]

Q10. [2013/NJC/II/9]
A new drug developed to reduce a smoker’s reliance on nicotine may reduce one’s pulse rate to
dangerously low levels. To investigate the drug’s effect on pulse rate, different dosages of the drug
were administered to six smokers, and the decrease in each smoker’s pulse rate was recorded 30
minutes later.
Smoker 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
Drug dosage (x cm ) 2.0 1.5 3.0 2.5 4.0 3.5
Decrease in pulse rate (y beats per minute) 14 9 18 16 21 20

(i) Draw a scatter diagram

m to illustrate the data. [1]

(ii) Calculate the productt mo

mome
moment
ment nt correlation
cor
orre
reela
lati
tion
on coefficient
coe
oeffffic
icie
ien
nt between
betwe
we x and y, and explain why
its value does not necessarily
cees
essaarriily m
mean
ean
ean thtthat
at thee bbest
est mo
es model
ode
dell fo
for the relationship between x
and y is y a bx. [2]

(iii) It is proposed that thee decrease inn pulse

puls
pulsee rate
ratte can
ra can be m
modelled
od
delle
l by the formula y ln cx d
, where c and d are constants.
onstants.. E
Explain
xpla
xplaiin why
hy tthis
hiss is a better model.
hi m [1]

(iv) Calculate the least-squares

quares estimates of c and d for the mo
model in (iii). [2]

(v) Use a regression line to give the best estimate that you can of the dosage of drug
administered when the decrease in pulse rate is 25 beats per minute. Comment on the
reliability of your answer. [3]

936
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q11. [2013/NYJC/II/11]
It is believed that the probability p of a randomly chosen pregnant woman giving birth to a Down’s
Syndrome child is related to the woman’s age x, in years, by the relation p ab x , 25 d x d 45,
where a and b are constants. The table gives observed values of p for 5 different values of x.

x 25 30 35 40 45
p 0.000 67 0.001 25 0.003 33 0.010 00 0.033 30

It is given that the product moment correlation coefficient for the bivariate data (x, p) is 0.854,
correct to 3 significant figures. The scatter diagram for the data is shown below.
p (probability)

0.04

0.03 ×

0.02

0.01 ×
× × ×
0 25 30 35 40 45 x (woman’s age)

(i) From the given information, comment on whether a linear model is appropriate for the
bivariate data (x, p). [1]

(ii) If ln p D E x is the regression equation of ln p on x, find the least squares estimates

of D and E . [1]

(iii) Draw a scatter diagram

m of ln p on x and calculate the produ
product moment correlation
coefficient. Commentt on its value. [3]

(iv) Estimate the expected

d nu
nnumber
umb
mber
er ooff ch
chil
children
hildr
dren
en w
with
i h Do
it Down
Down’s
wn’ss S
Syndrome
y that will be born to
5000 randomly chosenen ppregnant
reegn
g an
antt wo
woma
oma
man
woman an of age 32. C omm on the reliability of the
Comment
estimate. [3]

937
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q12. [2013/PJC/II/8]
The table gives u, the trade-in value of a machine (in thousand dollars) after v years in use.
v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
u 83 76 73 70 65 64 63 62

1
It is thought that u and v follow a linear model a bv , where a and b are constants.
u

(i) 1
Find the equation of the regression line of on v.
u [2]

(ii) Given that the trade-in value of the machine is $71000, use an appropriate regression line
to estimate the number of years the machine is used. State a reason for your choice of
regression line. [3]

(iii) Another corresponding pair of v and u, where v is 3.5 is added to the data set and the new
1 1
regression line of on v is calculated to be 0.0119 0.000584v . Find the
u u
corresponding u. [3]

Q13. [2013/RI/II/9]
The data below shows the average height, measured in feet, of cherry trees from age 1 year to age
11 years.
Age ( x ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Average height ( y ) 6 9.5 13 15 16.5 17.5 18.5 19 19.5 19.7 19.8

(i) Calculate r , the valuee of the product moment correlation ccoefficient betweeen x and y .
State, with a reason, whether the value of r would bee different
diffe if the average height is
measured in meters instead.
nstead. [2]

(ii) Give a sketch of the scatter

caattttter
er ddiagram
er iagr
ia g am
gr m for
forr the
he ddata.
ata. [1]

(iii) It is desired to predictt the average height

heigh
heig
he ht of cheery
chee
cheery
ry trees
tre
rees
es bbeyond
e age 11 years.
Explain why neither a linear nor a qquadratic
uadr
ua drat
atic
ic m
model
odell iiss li
od lik
likely
kelly to be appropriate. [2]

It is suggested that the average

age hei
height
igh
ghtt y can be m led by the formula y a b ln x .
modelled
odel
odelle
(iv) Find the equation of the he regression line ffor
or the suggested m
model, and the product moment
correlation coefficientt between ln x and y .

Estimate the average height of cherry trees age 5.5 years, and comment on the reliability
of your answer. [4]

938
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q14. [2013/RVHS/II/11]
It is believed that the probability p of a randomly chosen person having presbyopia (vision disorder
due to aging) is related to the person’s age x, in years. The table gives the observed values of p for
six different values of x.
x 25 28 30 35 40 45
p 0.00235 0.00648 0.01000 0.03500 0.10000 0.45600
(i) Give a sketch of the scatter diagram for the above data and comment whether x and p
have a linear relationship. [2]

(ii) State, with a reason, which of the following would be an appropriate model to represent
the above data.
b
(A) p a , (B) p a be x , (C) ln p a bx
x
where a and b are constants and b > 0. [2]

(iii) For the appropriate model, calculate the values of a and b, and find the product moment
correlation coefficient. [3]

(iv) Find an estimate of the probability of a 20 year-old person having presbyopia. Comment
on the reliability of the estimate. [3]

Q15. [2013/SAJC/II/8]
The radiation intensity I at time t, from a radioactive source, is given by the formula I I 0e kt ,
where I 0 and k are constants.
The following data were obtained from a particular source. The values of t may be considered to be
exact, while the values of I are subject to experimental error.
t 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
I 3.22
22 1.63 0.89 0.41 0.36
(i) Find the product-moment
ment correlation coefficients between
bet
etwe
ween
en
(a) I and t, and [2]
(b) ln I and t. [2]

(ii) Would the regressionn linee of

of ln
ln I on
nto orr I on t be bbetter
etter in establishing a model for the
data? Give a reason for your choice
choice.
ce.. [1]

(iii) Find the equation of the regr

regression
gres
essi
sion
on line of yyour
ourr choice iin part (ii). Hence plot on the
ou
same graph, the scatter
er diag
diagram
gra
ram
m aand
nd regr
regression
gres
essi
sion
on lline.
ine. [3]

(iv) By using your choice off the

h regression
i liline iin part (ii), give estimates for I 0 and k.
Explain why it is reasonable to use this regression line to estimate the value of t when I =
1.5. Obtain this value. [3]

939
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q16. [2013/SRJC/II/10]
(a) The marketing manager of a company that makes a particular model of running shoes,
conducted a study to determine the relation between weekly advertising expenditure (x)
and the sales of the shoe (y). She recorded the weekly advertising expenditure and sales
data, and plotted the following scatter diagram.

A popular celebrity had endorsed the particular running shoe for free in a weekly column
of a widely read newspaper. Identify the point on the scatter diagram that represents the
week that was most likely affected by the weekly column and explain why this point is
an outlier that should not be considered for the study. [2]

(b) Find the probability that the mean BMI of three randomly chosen male and five
randomly chosen female eighteen year old well-built students is more than 26. The
average running speed for various distances by ten joggers are shown in the table below.

Distance, x (km) 1.8 3.2 5 10 k 7.2 4.8 8 42 21

Average speed, y
8.35
8 .35
35 7
7.98
.98
9 7
98 7.88
.88
88 7.
7.46
46 8.21 7.59 7.79 7.62 l 7.14
(km/hour)

The regression lines of y on

n x and
and x on y are give
given
ven
n aass follow
follows:
y = 88.021
.021 – 0.0311x
0.03
0311
11xx
x = 19
1196.154
6.15
154
4 – 24
24.128y 8

(i) Find the valuess of k an

andd ll,, leaving
leaving
g your
your answers
answers correct
corr to 2 decimal places. [3]

(ii) Plot the data in the

th table
t bl with
ith the
th values
l found
f d ini part (i) on a scatter diagram and
calculate the product-moment correlation coefficient. [2]

(iii) A student suspects that the relation between x and y can be modelled after one of
the following formulae: [3]

940
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

b
(A) y = a + bx (B) y = axb (C) y = a +
x
where a, b ℝ and b < 0.

Explain, with reasons, why Formula (C) is not a suitable choice and which of the
remaining two formulae is the better model.

(iv) A jogger wants to participate in a 217 km ultra-marathon. If he wants to use a

regression line based on part (iii) to estimate his average speed, explain why using
this estimate may not be a good one. [1]

Q17. [2013/TJC/II/11]
(a) For each of the following two statements, state, giving a reason, whether the statement is
highly possibly correct, highly possibly incorrect, definitely correct or definitely
incorrect.

Statement 1:The linear product moment correlation coefficient between the average
journey time to school and the distance travelled is 1.12.

Statement 2: The linear product moment correlation coefficient between the term test
marks of students and the number of days of absence in the term is 0.75. [2]

(b) May travels regularly from home to the hospital for treatment. She leaves home at x
minutes after 8 am and takes y minutes to arrive at the hospital. Ten pairs of data are
recorded in the table below.

x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
y 31 42 33 48 47 53 68 65 71 70

(i) Draw a scatter ddiagram

iagr
ia gram
a tto
am o il
illu
illustrate
lust
lu
ustra
rate
te the
the data,
dat
ata,
a, lab
labelling
abel
elli
lin
n the axes clearly. [1]

(ii) Calculate the equa

equation
atiion
on ooff th
thee le
least
east squa
squares
are
ress re
regr
regression
gres
essi
sio line of y on x and the value
of the linear product
oduct moment nt correlation
cor
orre
r lati
tion
n coefficient
coe
oeff
ffic
icie
ient
nt for the data. [3]

(iii) Interpret the regression

gressionn ccoefficient
oeeff
ffiicient iin
n th
thee co
context of tthe question. [1]

(iv) Draw the regression

ssion line of y on x on the scatter diagram.
diag [1]

(v) May has a hospital treatment appointment at 8.45 am on a particular day. If she
leaves home at 8.10 am, explain whether she is likely to be on time for her
hospital treatment. Comment on the reliability of your answer. [3]

941
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q18. [2013/TPJC/II/9]
A particular hospital in Town A observed that the number of patients seeking medical treatment for
respiratory problems has changed due to changes in air quality. The hospital decided to monitor the
situation and the table below shows the results:

Pollutants Index (x) 200 138 124 112 83 73 66 42

Number of patients (y) 140 134 115 87 k 48 33 10

The least square regression line of y on x has equation

y 14.894 0.89875x
correct to 5significant figures.

The line passes through ( x , y ) and the mean pollutants index, x , is 104.75.

(i) Show that k = 67. [2]

(ii) Draw a scatter diagram to illustrate the data. [2]

(iii) Explain, giving your reasons, why a model of the form y = a ln x + b fits the data better. [1]

(iv) Using the model in part (iii), calculate the equation of the least square regression line
and the value of r. [3]

(v) The hospital decided that they will need to purchase new equipment if the number of
patients reaches 120. Explain, with reason, whether it is advisable for the hospital to
purchase new equipment if the pollutant index is 150. [1]

942
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Q19. [2013/VJC/II/8]
Eight randomly selected students were asked to indicate the number of hours they spent studying
Mathematics per week during the June holiday. The corresponding Mathematics Mid-year
examination scores marked out of 100 marks of the eight students were recorded. The eight pairs of
data are given in the table below.

Time spent (x hours) 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.8 4.8 7.2 8.2 9.4
Mathematics score (y) 10 19 p 47 64 78 76 84

(i) Given that the regression line of y on x is y 1.9263 9.6223x , find the value of p. [3]

(ii) Draw a scatter diagram to illustrate the data. Calculate the product moment correlation
coefficient between x and y. [2]

(iii) Calculate the least squares estimates of a and b for the model y a b ln x . Find the
product moment correlation coefficient between ln x and y. [2]

(iv) Using your answers to parts (i) and (ii), explain which of y 1.9263 9.6223x or
y a b ln x is the better model. [2]

(v) Using the appropriate regression line, estimate the Mathematics Mid-year examination
score of a student who spent 5.0 hours studying Mathematics during the June holiday.
Comment on the reliability of your estimate. [2]

Q20. [2013/YJC/II/13]
An experiment was conducted to investigate how the mass of a drug in a human body varies with
time, measured from when the drug is given. The results are summ
summarised in the following table.

t (minutes)
s) 10 15
5 20 30 40 55 70 90
x (milligrams)
ms)
s) 11.36
.36
36 0
0.93
.93
9 0.72
93 72 0.50
0 0
0.39
.39
39 0.31 0.26 0.21

(i) Draw a scatter diagram

m forr tthe
he ddata.
he ata.
at
ta. [2]

(ii) It is desirable to predict

dict the mmass
asss ooff the ddrug
as rug iin
ru n the lon
long run. Explain why, in this
context, neither a linear
ar nor a quadratic
quad
quadratic mo mode
model
dell is likely
likely to be
b appropriate. [2]

(iii) It is decided that a model of the form t x a b will be used. Calculate the least
squares estimates of a and b and estimate the mass of the drug after two hours. [3]

(iv) Give an interpretation, in context, of the value of a. [1]

943
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

Answers

Level 1
1 2

linear model is valid.

(ii) No.
(iii) Model B.
(iv) r 0.99661
(i)(a) In long term predictions, a quadratic model
(v) a 240 (to the nearest integer)
shows that as one gets older, the cholesterol level
decreases, which is inappropriate. As the r value is very close to 1, both regression lines are
(i)(b) As x increases, y increases at a decreasing rate. almost identical to each other.
Thus it may be consistent with the model of the
form y = a + b lnx.
(ii) r = 0.950508,
(iii) a = –80.3, b = 75.7,
(iv) y = 193,
(v) No,
(vi) Not reliable since it is not within the data range.
(extrapolation)
3 (i) 4 (i),(ii)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 .5
5
(ii) A linear model is not likely to bee aappropriate
ppro
ppr pr
ro pria
iate
iate aass 0
the area covered would then increasease continuously,
con
nti
t nu
nuou
ousl
ou sly
sl y,
y, 0 0.5 1 1.5
eventually to an infinite area.
(iii) 5.02
5..02 (3
(3 s.
.f.
f.))(i
(iv)
s.f.)(iv)v t = 0.4 (1 d.p.)
(iii) D = 53: r = 0.99349
(v) a ssecond/additional
eco
ond
nd/a
/add
ddititio
o nuclear leak
(iv) a = 4.26272; b = 0.60899; A = 52.99964 cm m2
(v) D is the maximum area of the petri dish.

944
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

5 i) n 6 (i)

109

P
10 (ii) r = 0.961
t
7 A linear model is not suitable although the
1
product moment correlation coefficient is
utlier is that
The outlier t of month May, labelledd as P on close to 1 as the points on the scatter diagram
the diagram. follows the shape of a curve and it is not
(ii) The scatter diagram shows a curvilinear possible for the percentage score to exceed
relationship between n and t. Thus a linear model 100 %.
is inappropriate.
(iii) (iii) r = −0.9986
Model A represents graphs which As compared to the previous r – value of
n
are concave downward. 0.961 which indicates a strong positive linear
correlation between x and y, r = −0.9986 its
absolute value is even closer to 1, indicating a
stronger linear correlation between the 2
variables.
n Model B represents graphs
which are concave upward (iv) a = 4.3406 , b = −0.3372, 90%
and increasing. This estimate is not reliable as the value of
a>0 x = 8 lies outside the data range of values of x
where the linear relationship may not hold.
t
n Model C represents graphs that are (v) The value of 95 is the maximum
concave upward but decreasing. percentage score John can achieve in
the long run given his ability.

n=a
t

Model B is most appropriate as it coconcaves

onc
ncavaves
e uupwards
es pwar
pw ards
ar d
ds
and n increases as t increases like the
he sscattered
caatt
t er
ered
ed
diagram drawn in (i).
Method 2:
Model A has graphs which are concave cave downwar
downward.ard.
d.
Model B has graphs which are concave cave upwar
upward rd wi
with
th
increasing n values as t increases.
Model C has graphs that concave upward ffor or t > 0
and has decreasing n values as t increases.
creases.
The scatter diagram for the data suggests
ggests Model B is
most appropriate.

a= 34.3, b 0.154
(iv) nc 2aebt

945
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

7 (i) 8 Job Performance, y

y
0
60

40
Stress Level, x
30
(i) r | 0.901
20 (ii) A linear model is not appropriate in this case as the
general trend of the points is not linear.
10 1
(iii) The correlation coefficient between y and
0 x x
0 20 40 60 1
| 0.995 . r between y and is closer to 1 than
(ii) Since the data points seem to lie on a curve, a x
linear model is not r between y and x. The model that the researcher
appropriate.
proposed is more appropriate.
(iii) a | 54.2 , b | 25.3
(iv) 136.5 §1·
(iv) y 4.28 ¨ ¸ 2.43
(v) Since y 70 is outside the given range of © x¹
data, this is an extrapolation and the estimate may (v) 3.50
be unreliable. The estimate is reliable as the estimate was obtained
1
using interpolation and r between y and is close to 1.
x
9 (i) A regression line of y on x is more appropriate as 10 (i)
the bacteria population depends on the concentration
of nutrients in the water body.
(ii) r 0.98119 | 0.981 3 s.f.
(iii)
y

19.7 x
x
x
x
x x (ii) r = 0.96
0.969
9699
4.90 x x
(iii)
(iii
(iii)) y n cx d
ln
0.101 0.798 x (iv)
(i v)
c 127 (3
3 s.f.)
Although r | 0.981 suggests a sstrong trron
ong li
ong line
linear
neearr 12.0
0(3
d 12.0 s.ff.)
3s.f.)
correlation, the scatter diagram shows that ass x (v)
(v
v) 55.38
.388
increases, y increases at an increasing rate. ratee.
Therefore, a linear model is nott necessa
necessarily
ari
rily
ly tthehe
best model for the relationship between
ween x and
and y.y.
(iv) 29500 (3 s.f.)
Since x 1 lies outside of the datata range, the
estimate is not reliable

946
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

11 (i) Since r = 0.854, which is close to 1, it suggests a 12 1

linear model is appropriate. However, the scatter (i) 0.011899 0.00058357v
u
diagram shows the relationship between x and p to
(ii) v | 3.75years
be non-linear.
(ii) D 12.5 and E 0.198 Since u and v are dependent and independent variables,
(iii)
1
the line of dependent ( ) on independent (v) should
u
always be used regardless of estimating u or v.
(iii) u9 | 71.6

r = 0.933
Since r = 0.993 is very close to 1, it shows that there
is a strong positive linear relationship between ln p
and x.
(iv) 10.8
The estimated value is reliable since x = 32 lies
within the data range of x.
13 (i) r 0.917 14 (i) x and p do not have a linear relationship as x increases,
(ii) p increases at an increasing rate,
(ii) Model C
(iii) a 12.3 , b 0.253 , r = 0.998
(iv) p = 0.000752, estimate not reliable as extrapolation is
involved
16 (a) (250, 6000)
(b) (i) k = 2.09 (2 dp) and l = 6.92 (2 dp)
(ii)
y
8.5
(iii) 16.5 8.3
8
15 (i) (a) r = - 0.924, (b) r = - 0.984
7.5
(ii) ln I on t
7
(0.2, 1.17) 6.92
6.5

ln I = - 2.88t + 1.65
65
65 6
0 1 10 20 30 0 42 50
40 x
t r=– –0.866
0.86
0. 866
6 (3
( sf))
(iiii
(iii)
ii)) (C)
(C) is not
not suitable
su
u since b < 0 would mean that y
increases
incrcrea
eases as x iincrease
ncr which is not the case in the scatter
diagram.
diag
di agraam.
Forr (B
Fo ), we have y = axb ln y = ln a + b ln x
(B),
From the GC, the product-moment correlation coefficient
From
Fro
(1, - 1.02)) between ln y and ln x is –0.99517. Since –1 < –0.99517
< –0
–0.866,
866 then (B)
(B would be the best fit to the data and
(iv) k = 2.88, I 0 5.23 , t 0.433 hence, the better model.
(iv) The estimate may not be a good one as this is an
extrapolation and it is not known if the relationship
between ln y and ln x is linear there.

947
Topic 22 Correlation and Linear Regression

17 (a) 18
Statement 1: Definitely incorrect as r cannot (ii) xy
exceed 1.
Statement 2: Highly possibly incorrect. We expect
a negative correlation coefficient.
(b)(i)

x
42 200

(iii) A model of the form y = a ln x + b fits the data better

as the scatter diagram shows that as the pollutant index x
increases, the number of patients y increases at a
decreasing rate which could be due to people slowly
(ii) y = 31.5 + 0.945x, r = 0.949
adjusting to the air quality after a period of time
(iii) Interpretation of the regression coefficient
(i) y = 95.2 ln x – 354
0.945: The increase in the amount of time (in min)
taken to arrive at the hospital per minute delay after
r = 0.972
8am in leaving home.
(v) It is advisable for the hospital to purchase new
(v) Estimated arrival time at the hospital = 8.51 am
equipment since the predicted value of
May is likely to be late for her hospital treatment.
y = 123 > 120 is a reliable prediction as x = 150 lies
Since x = 10 lies within the given data range and r =
within the data range given.
0.949 is close to 1, the above answer is reliable.
19 (i) 20 (i)
p 30
x (10 ,
y
1.36)

(90 ,
0.21)
t
(ii) The
(ii) The
h mass
mas
asss of the
th drug could not continue to decrease
linearly too a negative
li negat value. Thus, a linear model is not
r = 0.944 appropriate.
appropopri
riat
atee.
(ii) a = − 21.3 and b =48.7; 0.986
(iii) Since the product moment correlation
relation A ququad
quadratic
a ra
rati
ticc model
mode
mode would eventually lead to an increase
coefficient in part (ii) is closer to 1,, as compareded tto
o in the
the mass
mass of the drug. However, the mass of the drug is
the answer found in part (i), a linearar relationship
relations
nshi
hipp likely
like
li kely
ly to
to plateau off
o or stay constant after many hours.
between y and ln x would be a better er model.
modeel. Thus
Th us a quadratic m
model would also not be appropriate.
(iv) 57.0. This estimate is reliablee since x = 5.0 is
within the given range 2.0 b x b 9.4, and the linear (iii) a 0.0718 and b 12.9 x 0.179
model used is an appropriate one. (iv) The amount of drugs that remains in the body after a
long period of time will approximate to a.

948
ʹʹ Correlation and Linear Regression

22 Correlation and Linear Regression Solution

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