Reinforced Concrete Design Module 7

Subject: CE 74A- Reinforced Concrete Design

1. Title of the Module

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT AND DIAGONAL TENSION
2. Introduction
When beams are subjected to external loads they produced not only bending moments but also
internal shear forces. The shear does not produce failure on the vertical plane on which they act
but its major effect is it includes tensile stresses on diagonal planes which is called diagonal
tension. Since concrete has a relatively low tensile strength it would produce cracks making an
angle of 45° with the plane on which the shear acts. When this diagonal tension stresses in
combination with bending stresses created by moment exceed the tensile strength of concrete,
diagonal cracking will occur that can split the beam without warning.
TWO TYPES OF DIAGONAL CRACKS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS:
1) WEB-SHEAR CRACKS
2) FLEXURE-SHEAR CRACKS

To eliminate this crack, we design steel reinforcements to resists the diagonal tension called
stirrups or bent bars are provided where shear reinforcement is necessary.
LOCATION OF STIRRUPS IN A SIMPLE BEAM
A) When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to the axis of member is used.

Where:
= factored shear force at a critical distance “d” from the face of support
= shear strength of shear reinforcement or stirrups
= shear strength provided by concrete
= 0.75 reduction factor for shear
VALUES OF
I. Members subjected to shear and flexure only.
a) SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION:

Modification factors λ as multiple of √

1. λ = 0.85 for sand – lightweight concrete
2. λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete
3. λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
4. λ = ≤ 1.0 for average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete
√

= shear strength provided by concrete

= width of beam
d = effective depth of beam
b) DETAILED CALCULATION:

* √ + but not greater than √

shall not be greater than 1.0

Vu = factored shear force at a critical distance “d” from the face of support
Mu = simultaneous factored moment at a critical section for Vu
II. Members subjected to axial compression.
a) SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION:

[ ] √

= axial compressive force in N

= cross sectional gross area of concrete section

b) DETAILED CALCULATION:

* √ +

= - ( )

is not limited to 1.0

= is modified moment in kN-m

= axial compressive force in kN
h = total depth of beam in m
d = effective depth of beam in m

shall not be greater than *√ + √

When as computed from the formula = - ( ) is negative.

USE *√ + √

III. Members subjected to significant axial tension.

[ ] √ but not less than zero

= axial compressive force in N (negative for tension)

= cross sectional gross area of concrete section

VALUES OF SHEAR STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT(VS)

A) When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to the axis of member is used.
where:
the area of stirrups within spacing “s”. It shall be taken as two times the area of bar in a
circular tie, hoop or spiral at a spacing “s”.
spacing of stirrups which is measured in a direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.
specified yield strength of circular ties, hoop or spiral reinforcement.
 (n) (capacity of stirrups in N)

Where:

(number of shear reinforcement) ; spacing of shear reinforcement

shall not be greater than 0.66√

= shear capacity of stirrups in N

( )

B) When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement.

( )

Where:
= angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of the member and, S is measured in a
direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.
C) When shear reinforcement consists of a single bar or a single group of parallel bars, all bent
up at the same distance from the support.

but not greater than √

Where:
 = is the angle between the bent up reinforcement and longitudinal axis of the member.
D) When shear reinforcement consists of a series of parallel bent up bars or group of parallel
bent up bars at different distances from the support, shear strength.

( )

E) Minimum area of shear reinforcement

√
But shall not be less than

F) Min. area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural
members (pre-stressed or non-pre-stressed) where exceeds , except the following
members:
Solid slabs and footing:
1) Hollow core units with total un-topped depth not greater than 300 mm and hollow core
units where vu is not greater than , = nominal shear strength provided by
concrete when diagonal crack results from high principal tensile stress.
2) Concrete joist construction
3) Beams with total depth “h” not greater than 250 mm
4) Beams integral with slabs with total depth “h” not greater than 600 mm and not greater
than 2.5 times thickness of flange or 0.50 the width of web.
5) Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal weight concrete with f c’ not
exceeding 40 MPa and “h” not greater than 600 mm and not greater than
√

SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT(S)

1) When Vs < 0.33√ max spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to

axis of member.

Max. S = 0.75h or 600 mm (pre stressed members)

2) When Vs > 0.33√

Max spacing of shear reinforcement.

Max. S = 0.375h or 600 mm (pre stressed members)

 3) Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45°
line, extending toward the reaction from mid-depth of member d/2 to longitudinal tension
reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one line of shear reinforcement.

A) Shear force for beams with minimum amount of web reinforcement.

B) Shear force for beams with no web reinforcement is needed.

NSCP 2015 SPECS:

1) Members subjected to shear and flexure only.
TABLE 422.5.5.1
DETAILED METHOD FOR CALCULATING
LEAST OF (a), (b), or (c):

(a) ( √ )
 (b) ( √ )
(c) ( √ )

Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

2) Members subjected to axial compression.

TABLE 422.5.6.1
DETAILED METHOD FOR CALCULATING FOR NON- PRESTRESSED
MEMBERS WITH AXIAL COMPRESSION
LESSER OF (a), (b), OR (c):

(a) ( √ )

(b) Equation not applicable if

(c) ( √ )√

Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS FOR WEB REINFORCEMENT (2010/2015 NSCP)

1.) when , stirrups are not required

2.) when , or Base on
√ minimum
shear area
requirement

or 600mm
Base on
3.) when √ , or minimum
√
shear area
requirement

Base on strength
requirements

or 600mm

4.) when √ √ ,

or 300mm
 5.) when √ , Beam is too small to accommodate shear reinforcements.
Revise by increasing beam dimensions.

3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a. be familiar with the NSCP 2015 provisions regarding shear reinforcement and compare it
with previous specifications
b. apply NSCP 2015 specs correctly in the design of stirrups or shear reinforcements

4. Learning Content
These are the application of the latest NSCP provisions of in design and analyses of
shear reinforcements.

EXAMPLE 1: A rectangular beam 350 mm width and effective depth of 600 mm, 20.7
MPa, 414 MPa. Determine the required spacing of stirrups if;

a) Vu = 58 KN
b) Vu = 350 KN
c) Vu = 710 KN
Solution:
A.) Vu = 58 KN

Vc = 0.17√

Vc = 0.17(√ )( )( )

Vc = 162.425 KN

( )
 58 KN < 60.909 KN

Vu < (no stirrups needed)

B.) Vu = 350 KN

Vc = 0.17√

Vc = 0.17(√ )( )( )

Vc = 162.425KN

( )

Vs =

Vs =

Vs = 304.24 KN

Vs < √

304.24 KN < 315.296 KN (Use case 3)

S=
√

( ) ( )( )
S= ( )
= 658.681 say 655 mm
√

S=

( ) ( )( )
S= ( )
= 530.865 say 530 mm

S=
 ( ) ( )( )( )
S= = 128.249 say 125 mm

S=

S=

Use 10mm stirrups @ 125mm O.C

C.) Vu = 710 KN

Vc = 0.17√

Vc = 0.17(√ )( )( )

Vc = 162.425KN

Vs =

Vs =

Vs = 784.242 KN

Vs > 0.66√

784.242 KN > 630.592 KN

(Beam is too small to accommodate shear reinforcement. Revise by increasing beam

dimension)

EXAMPLE 2:
A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a factored shear force 134 KN. 27.6
MPa, 414.6 MPa. Use 1.0 for normal weight concrete.

a) What is the minimum dimension for a beam with no web reinforcement?

b) Determine the size of the beam if the minimum amount of web reinforcement is needed.
 c) Determine the location from the support of the points where min. web reinforcement is
required if it has a span of 8 m.

Solution:
a) Minimum dimension for a beam with no web reinforcement.
√
( )√

( )

Try
( )

Use

b) Size of the beam if the minimum amount of web reinforcement is needed.

( )

Try
( )

Use

c) Location from the support of the points where min web reinforcement is required if it has
a span of 8 m.
√
( )√ ( )( )
 By ratio and proportion

( )
Location from the support of the points where min web reinforcement is 1.44 m to 2.56 m.

EXAMPLE 3:
The figure shows a floor plan which is design to carry a live load of 4.8 kPa and a dead load of
4.9 kPa (including weight of slab, beam, ceiling, partition, floor, etc.). the slab thickness is 100
mm. the beam has a width of 250 mm and has a depth of 350 mm below the slab. the girder has a
width of 350 mm and a depth of 400 mm. use 70 mm covering from center of steel
reinforcements using 1.0 for normal weight concrete. 20.7 MPa, 415 MPa,
275 MPa.

a) Assuming the beam to be simply supported, determine the critical factored shear force at
the critical section for beam be.
b) Determine the spacing for the two legs of 10 mm stirrups.
c) Using NSCP code, determine the maximum spacing of stirrups.
Solution:
a) Critical factored shear force at the critical section for the beam BE.
Using clear span:

( ) ( )

( )

( )

Shear force Vu:

( )

b) Spacing for the two legs of 10 mm ø stirrups

√
( )√ ( )( )

Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

 Spacing of the two legs of 10 mm ø stirrups

( )( )

( )( )

Say
c) Maximum spacing of stirrups.

Max. S = nor 600 mm if Vs < √

Vs < √

50300 < √ ( )( )
50300 < 142634

Use Max. S =

Max. S =

Max. S=190 mm O.C.

NOTE:

Max. S= or 300 mm if Vs > √

USE Max. S=190 mm O.C.

EXAMPLE 4:
The hollow box beam of a certain building construction has a span of 9 m. it is reinforced for
shear with 10 mm bar. the beam carries a factored concentrated load of P U = 134 kN at a point
3 m. from the left end of the simply supported beam, and a total uniform factored load of WU =
14 kN/m distributed throughout the entire span. use 1.0 for normal weight concrete. f c=
20.7 MPa, f y =414.6 MPa, f yt= 270 MPa.
a) Determine the distance from the left support where the stirrups can be omitted using
simplified calculations.
 b) Determine the shear strength of the stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.
c) Determine the factored shear-force of the beam with stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.

Solution:
a) Distance from the left support where the stirrups can be omitted
∑
( ) ( )( )

∑
( )

Shear capacity of concrete beam

√
( )√ ( )( )

No stirrups are needed if

( )
 By ratio and proportion:

Distance from left support where stirrups can be omitted

b) Shear strength of the stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.

S = 212.5 mm
( )( )
Av = 157 mm2

( )( )( )

c) Factored-shear force of the beam with stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.

( )
( )

EXAMPLE 5:
 A simply supported concrete beam having a width of 350 mm and an effective depth of
520 mm carries a concentrated load of P U = 370 kN at a point 2 m. from the left support,
and a uniformly distributed factored load including its own weight WU = 7 kN/m. USE
1.0 for normal weight concrete with f c= 20.7 MPa, f y = fyt = 415 MPa. using
simplified calculations.
a) Determine the maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø stirrups between A-B.
c) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø stirrups between B-C.

Solution:
a) Maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.

( ) ( )( )

( )

( )
from C

b) Spacing of the 10 mm ø stirrups between A to B.

( )

Shear strength of the beam:

 √
( )√ ( )( )

Shear capacity of the shear reinforcement:

Spacing of 10 mm ø stirrups between A and B:

( )( )
Av = 157 mm2

( )( )( )

Say

if √
√ ( )( )
OK

Use O.C.

c) Spacing of the 10 mm ø stirrups between B and C.

 Spacing of 10 mm ᴓ stirrups between B and C:
( )( )
Av = 157 mm2

( )( )( )

Say

if √
√ ( )( )
ok

Use O.C.

EXAMPLE 6:
A reinforced concrete beam having a simple span of 8 m carries a uniformly distributed
uniform load Wu which includes the weight of the beam. over a distance extending 2 m out
from each supports a 10 mm stirups are uniformly spaced at 100 mm on centers, in the
middle half of the span, the stirrups spacing is also uniform but increases to 225 mm on
centers. Use 1.0 for normal weight concrete with f c= 20.7 MPa, f y = fyt = 415 MPa.
a) Determine the value of Wu based on the flexural capacity of the beam.
b) Determine the value of Wu based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from A-B.
c) Determine the value of Wu based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from B-C.
Solution:
a) Value of WU based on the flexural capacity of the beam.
( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( )( )( )

⁄
b) Value of WU based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from A-B.
( )( )
Av = 157 mm2

( )( )( )

√
( )√ ( )( )
 ( )
( )
⁄

c) Value of WU based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from B-C.

( )( )
Av = 157 mm2

( )( )( )

√
( )√ ( )( )

( )
( )
 ⁄

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

Solve the following problems for mastery of the procedures and specifications:
1.) A rectangular beam with b=350 mm and d=600mm is provided with 10mm vertical U stirrups
with fyt = fy = 414 MPa. Assume f c=20.7 MPa
a.) Determine the required spacing for Vu = 62 KN
b.) Determine the required spacing for Vu = 380 KN
c.) Determine the required spacing for Vu = 710 KN

2.) A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. the
beam is reinforced with tension reinforcements having a total area of 2413 mm 2 with a steel
covering of 80 mm. The beam is subjected to a factored shear-force of 160 kn at its critical point
at a distance “d” from the support, having a span of 6 m. Use 1.0 for normal weight
concrete. if the beam is subjected to a tensile axial force of 270 kN AND f c= 27.6 MPa, f y = 415
MPa, fyt = 270 MPa.
a) Determine the maximum shear strength of concrete.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm reinforcement due to this load.
c) Determine the minimum area of shear reinforcement required for this condition.

3.) A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 520 mm. is
reinforced for tension with 4 - 28 mm bars. the beam is subjected to an ultimate shear-
force of 220 kN and a factored moment of 56 kN-m. Use 1.0 for normal weight concrete,
f c= 27.6 MPa, f y = 414.6 MPa, f yt = 280 MPa.
a) Determine the nominal shear strength provided by the beam using detailed calculations.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm web reinforcement.
c) Determine the minimum area of shear reinforcement required.

4.) An 8 m span simply supported concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and an effective
depth of 500 mm carries a concentrated load of PU = 350 kN at a point 3 m. From the left
support, and a uniformly distributed factored load including its own weight W U = 10 kN/m.
Use 1.0 for normal weight concrete with f c= 20.7 MPa, f y = fyt = 415 MPa. Using
simplified calculations.
a) Determine the maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm stirrups between A-B.
5.) A continuous beam, about 5 spans, may be given here with specified live load then dead
load perhaps including its own weight then the students will be required to design the
stirrups using the latest specifications. In here they may be allowed to use GRASP
software of other downloadable applications to be able to determine immediately the
maximum moment and shear at a specific part of the continuous beam. They must learn
here the practical way of designing stirrups for buldings. They must also know here the
application of the code provision on the arrangement of live loads in continuous beams to
get the maximum shear and moment.

RC2 Project: Do the finishing touches of your design, arrange the parts according to the
design procedure done. Make sure you have tabular presentations for the schedule of beams,
columns, and maybe footings if there are many. The schedule of structural members
presented must be understood and can easily be executed in the actual construction site later
on. Schedule of beams should reflect the top bars and bottom bars, the layer of bars if there
are two or more and the number of bars with sizes per layer. Spacing of stirrups as well as
the lateral ties must also be clearly stated.

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

Reinforced Concrete Design by Gillesania, Chapter 4, Shear and Diagonal Tension
Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson et. al.

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Remote
Asynchronous (modules, exercises, problem sets, etc…)

8. Assessment Task
In this part, students are given Self-assessment Questions (SAQs) and asked to consider
broader aspects of the different topics taken up. Quizzes have been prepared for this part and
can be found in the original module by the author.

9. References
Besavilla, V., Reinforced Concrete Design, 2016
Esplana, Dindo Civil Engineering Review Manual, 2015
Gillesania, DIT Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd Edition, 2015
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
Nilson, W. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2010