Week 5 - Design For Sls 2

Design for
Serviceability
Limit State 2
STRESSES UNDER QUASI
PERMANENT LOADS
MAGNEL DIAGRAM
LESSON OUTCOMES
• At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Calculate the stresses under quasi-permanent loads

2. Construct Magnel Diagram
Calculation in Example 2 (DESIGN FOR SLS 1) is
based on characteristic loads – giving the range of
prestress force.
1.0 STRESSES After the value of prestress force is chosen
UNDER The compressive stress at the top section under
QUASI- quasi-permanent loads should also be calculated
PERMANENT Then compared with the lesser allowable value of
LOADINGS 0.45 fck
If critical (ft > 0.45 fck) – the section have to be

redesigned
- Taking the quasi-permanent load as more critical
than the characteristic load condition
fmax
From previous
lecture
EXAMPLE 3 (Stress at quasi-permanent load)
• Based on the section in Example 2, take the minimum prestress

force of 557 kN under the quasi-permanent loading condition.
• Assume that the 3 kN/m imposed load consists of 2 kN/m
(finishes) and 1.0 kN/m (variable load - domestic).
• Take 30% of the variable load contributing to the quasi-permanent
load.
SOLUTION
• Self-weight of the section = 25 x 0.2 x 0.35 = 1.75 kN/m

• Finishes = 2 kN/m
Table A1.1
• Variable load (domestic) = 1 kN/m
• Quasi permanent load = 1.75 + 2 + 0.3 (1) = 4.05 kN/m
Quasi permanent load = Gk + 𝜓Qk
• Moment due to quasi permanent load = wL2/8 = (4.05 x 102) / 8

= 50.63 kNm
SOLUTION
• Stress in the top fibre of the section:

𝐾𝑃" 𝐾𝑃" 𝑒 𝑀#$%
𝑓! = − +
𝐴 𝑧! 𝑧!
0.8 (557 × 10& ) 0.8 557 × 10& 75 50.63 × 10'

= − '
+ '
= 10.58 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (
(200 × 350) 4.08 × 10 4.08 × 10
• Allowable compressive stress (EC2):

0.45 fck = 0.45 (40) = 18 N/mm2
• Compare the compressive stress with the allowable value:
ft = 10.58 N/mm2 < 0.45 fck = 18 N/mm2 ∴ Acceptable
• Equations 5 – 8 can be used to determine the
range possible prestress force values for a
given or assumed eccentricity.
• However, different assumed eccentricity
2.0 MAGNEL values – require tedious and repetitive
DIAGRAM calculations
CONSTRUCTION • There is a possibility of assuming eccentricity
values – that results in no overlaps of the
prestress values.
• Magnel Diagram – a graphical method with a
more practical approach
Equations for the Magnel Diagram
At transfer
1
1 ( − 𝑒/𝑧! ) 17
≤ 𝐴
𝑃" 𝑓′#)* − 𝑀#)* /𝑧!
1
1 ( + 𝑒/𝑧+ )
≥ 𝐴 18
Linear relationships 𝑃" 𝑓′#$% + 𝑀#)* /𝑧+
between 1/P0 and e
At service
1
1 𝐾( − 𝑒/𝑧! ) 19
≥ 𝐴
𝑃" 𝑓#$% − 𝑀#$% /𝑧!
1
1 𝐾( + 𝑒/𝑧+ )
≤ 𝐴 20
𝑃" 𝑓#)* + 𝑀#$% /𝑧+
Example of Magnel Diagram Construction
1/P0 1/P0
emax 17
19
emax 17
20
20
19
18 18
e e
emax = maximum eccentricity (allowing for the overall depth of section, cover to the
prestressing tendons, provision of shear links etc.
MAGNEL DIAGRAM
• A powerful tool that covers possible solutions of the inequality

equations
• Enables a range of prestress force and eccentricity values to be
investigated
• Values of minimum and maximum prestress force can be read from
the diagram together with its corresponding possible eccentricities.
• Minimum prestress force – largest value of 1/P0 that corresponds to the
maximum eccentricity
• If the eccentricity is reduced, the prestress must be increase to
compensate
Example 4 (Magnel diagram construction)
Construct the Magnel diagram for the beam given in Example 1.

Determine the minimum and maximum possible values of prestress
forces.
Assume a maximum possible eccentricity of 130 mm allowing for
cover etc. to the tendons.
16 N/mm2 K = 0.8 (20% prestress loss) Mmin = 21.9 kNm
zb = zt = 4.08 x 106 mm3 Mmax = 59.4 kNm
A = 200 x 350 = 70 000 mm2

Solution
1
1 ( − 𝑒/𝑧! )
≤ 𝐴 Unit
𝑃" 𝑓′#)* − 𝑀#)* /𝑧! conversion
1 𝑒
1 & −
70 × 10 4.08 × 10'
≤ × 10&
𝑃" 21.9 × 10'
−1 −
4.08 ×10'
(1.429 × 10,- ) − (2.451 × 10,. 𝑒)

≤ × 10&
− 6.368
≥ − 2.244 × 10,' + (3.849× 10,/ )𝑒 )× 10&
𝟏𝟎𝟔
≥ −𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 + 𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒆 17
𝑷𝟎
Unit conversion
1
1 ( − 𝑒/𝑧# )
≤ 𝐴
𝑃" 𝑓′$%& − 𝑀$%& /𝑧#
Solution
𝟏𝟎𝟔
≥ −𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 + 𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒆 17
𝑷𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟔
≥ 𝟔𝟔𝟗 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 𝒆 18
𝑷𝟎 Inequality equations
for Magnel Diagram
𝟏𝟎𝟔 construction
≥ 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 𝒆 19
𝑷𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟔
≤ 𝟕𝟖𝟓 + 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝒆 20
𝑷𝟎
Points for Magnel Diagram
e (-ve)
Centroid
e (+ve)
Eccentricity, e 106/P0
Eq 17 Eq 18 Eq 19 Eq 20
-60 -4553 -21 2456 -25
0 -2243 669 1210 785
60 67 1359 -36.2 1595
120 2377 2049 -1282 2405
17
106/P0
20
19
Minimum,P0 18
2500
2000
emax = 130 mm
1500
1000
Maximum,P0
500
e
(mm)
-80 -60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
17
106/P0
20
19
Highest value 18
2500 => 2420
2000 Permissible zone
emax = 130 mm
e = 122 mm
Maximum economic 1500
prestress force, 1050 kN
A
1000
Lowest value
e = 16 mm
=> 860
500
e
(mm)
-80 -60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Maximum and minimum prestress force
Calculated
v Highest point (106/P0) = 2420;

ü Minimum prestress force, P0 = 414 kN (e = 122 mm)
v Lowest point (106/P0) = 860;

ü Maximum prestress force, P0 = 1160 kN (e = 17 mm)
Calculated
BACK
Maximum economic
prestress force, 1050 kN
Stress at quasi-permanent action
CHOOSE P0 = 700 kN
• Stress in the top fibre of the section:

𝐾𝑃" 𝐾𝑃" 𝑒 𝑀#$%
𝑓! = − +
𝐴 𝑧! 𝑧!
0.8 (700 × 10& ) 0.8 700 × 10& 75 50.63 × 10'

= − '
+ '
= 10.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (
(200 × 350) 4.08 × 10 4.08 × 10
• Allowable compressive stress (EC2):

0.45 fck = 0.45 (40) = 18 N/mm2
• Compare the compressive stress with the allowable value:
ft = 10.12 N/mm2 < 18 N/mm2 ∴ The prestress force chosen is acceptable
Selection of tendons
1) Selection of prestress force, P0 = 700 kN (from Magnel Diagram)
• Try strand 9.6 mm diameter 7-wire strand (Astrand = 55 mm2)
fpk = 1960 MPa , fp0.1k = 1680 MP
2) Calculate the maximum stressing force, Pmax in the tendon:
Pmax = Ap . 𝞂p,max
𝞂p,max = min { 0.8 fpk; 0.9 fp0.1k}
= min {0.8 (1960) = 1568 MPa; 0.9 (1680) = 1512 MPa}
• Therefore, maximum jacking force per strand is 1512 x 55 x 10-3 = 83.16 kN
3) Determine minimum number of 7-wire strand
=> 700 / 83.16 = 8.4 ≃ 9 nos
4) Determine cable to use
Þ Use 1 cable containing 9 strands = Acable = 55 x 9 = 495 mm2 Location of the tendon
= refer cable zone profile
Þ with a jacking force of 700 / 9 = 78 kN / strand
MAGNEL DIAGRAM
vCan be used to investigate possible solutions for the design

prestressing force and eccentricity.
vFor a fixed value of prestress force, the corresponding range of
permissible eccentricity can be read directly from the diagram.
vAlternatively, if the eccentricity is fixed, the diagram can be used
to investigate the range of possible prestress force.
REFLECTION EXERCISE
• COPY BACK THE SOLUTION OF EXAMPLE 4 ON PAPER USING

YOUR OWN HANDWRITING.
• MAKE SURE ALL CALCULATIONS ARE SHOWN STEP BY STEP.
• REDRAW THE MAGNEL DIAGRAM ON THE GIVEN GRAPH PAPER.
• TRY TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PRESTRESS
FORCE VALUES AND ITS CORRESPONDING ECCENTRICITY
FROM YOUR OWN GRAPH.
• INSERT YOUR ANSWERS IN YOUR CLASS NOTEBOOK AND
NAME IT AS HANDS ON EXERCISE 4 (MAGNEL DIAGRAM).
SELF
ASSESSMENT

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Week 5 - Design For Sls 2

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Design for

• At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Calculate the stresses under quasi-permanent loads

If critical (ft > 0.45 fck) – the section have to be

• Based on the section in Example 2, take the minimum prestress

• Self-weight of the section = 25 x 0.2 x 0.35 = 1.75 kN/m

• Moment due to quasi permanent load = wL2/8 = (4.05 x 102) / 8

• Stress in the top fibre of the section:

0.8 (557 × 10& ) 0.8 557 × 10& 75 50.63 × 10'

• Allowable compressive stress (EC2):

• A powerful tool that covers possible solutions of the inequality

Construct the Magnel diagram for the beam given in Example 1.

zb = zt = 4.08 x 106 mm3 Mmax = 59.4 kNm

A = 200 x 350 = 70 000 mm2

(1.429 × 10,- ) − (2.451 × 10,. 𝑒)

≥ − 2.244 × 10,' + (3.849× 10,/ )𝑒 )× 10&

2000 Permissible zone

v Highest point (106/P0) = 2420;

v Lowest point (106/P0) = 860;

• Stress in the top fibre of the section:

0.8 (700 × 10& ) 0.8 700 × 10& 75 50.63 × 10'

• Allowable compressive stress (EC2):

vCan be used to investigate possible solutions for the design

• COPY BACK THE SOLUTION OF EXAMPLE 4 ON PAPER USING

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