Xochipa Viro Spwla-2002-Yy
Xochipa Viro Spwla-2002-Yy
Xochipa Viro Spwla-2002-Yy
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SPWLA 43 r'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
interpreted to be absent in this block because first lobe to the let~ represents mainly primary
of salt displacement. Fig. 4, a SW-NE cross porosity, with a mean value that corresponds
section, illustrates the structural complexity of to the central value. The lobe to the right
the field. shows a lower occurrence frequency of
vugular porosity. Integration of the frequency
curve yields total porosity. Discrimination of
Lithology and porosity determination the different porosity types contributes to the
total porosity obtained through separation of
Lithology was determined using density-
neutron logs along with the photoelectric the different lobes.
factor, if available. Total porosity, OT, and
matrix density, Pm~, were determined from
Use o f wettability in petrophysicai evaluation
density and neutron logs. Fig. 5 shows an
example of a conventional density-neutron To determine water saturation from wireline
crossplot used to describe lithology. The bulk logs in the Taratunich field, it was necessary to
density, Pb, and neutron porosity, ¢)NL, define apply different degrees of wettability in the
the total porosity, matrix density and lithology. algorithms used, based on tests conducted on
The sonic matrix value was obtained from the cores for each reservoir within the field.
computed value of matrix density. Then, the Formation evaluation on Cretaceous and
sonic logs allowed the determination of sonic Upper Jurassic Tithonian formations did not
porosity, 0s. Shale volume was computed from present problems regarding rock wettability.
gamma ray spectroscopy logs, and effective However, the Upper JsK rocks showed
different degrees of wettability in core tests
porosity was computed as ¢~e = Or (1 - Vsh),
conducted on samples taken from Taratunich
where Vsh is the shale volume. When the shale-
corrected sonic porosity and shale-corrected A and B wells, which indicated that the rock
was preferably oil wet. Therefore, several
total porosity from density-neutron coincide,
studies were conducted to determine the effect
no secondary porosity is assumed, and the
cementation exponent m - 2. On the other of wettability on the computation of water
saturation. Pickett plots yielded extremely low
hand, when the shale-corrected sonic porosity
initial water saturations in water-invaded
is less than the shale-corrected total porosity
from density-neutron, secondary porosity is zones. Similar results were obtained by
assumed. In this case, the exponent m is no applying the Archie equation with constant
longer 2; m > 2 if vugular or oomoldic parameters. Therefore, it was necessary to
establish a variable n in the Archie equation to
porosity predominates, and m < 2 if fracture
account for the different degrees of wettability,
porosity predominates.
and to reflect results according to the response
Microresistivity images were used to
of wireline logs and match the existing
determine secondary porosity. The images
provide a map of wellbore conductivity with pressure-production tests. These studies
indicated that for water-wet rocks, either from
the maximum horizontal coverage varying
the aquifer or the reservoir, a value of 2 for n
with hole diameter. This coverage reaches
80% for 8 1/2-in. wells and 100% for 5 5/8-in. was adequate, and for oil-wet rocks, good
wells. The log has a 0.016-fi [0.5-cm] vertical results were obtained with n > 2.
resolution, which is particularly useful in
heterogeneous formations (PEMEX, 2000).
Determining wettability in Taratunich A Well
The resistivity map (Fig. 6) was converted
into a porosity map through application of Four core samples taken in their native state,
Archie's law, assuming that, within the from interval X940.07 to X942.28 m on
volume of rock logged, the formation fluids Taratunich A Well, were selected. Wettability
had been displaced by mud filtrate. Therefore was determined by the Amott method, which
the flushed zone water saturation is Sxo - 1. involves four steps:
This allowed us to derive, for each
measurement depth, a porosity distribution 1. brine immersion (static)
which, plotted as a frequency histogram, 2. brine displacement (dynamic)
displays typical forms as a function of porosity 3. oil immersion (static)
type and degree of formation heterogeneity. 4. oil displacement (dynamic).
Fig. 7 shows two main types of porosity. The
SPWLA 43 r'~ Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
Table 1 shows the results obtained, where For low porosity and high Rt, this
expression tends to zero/zero. Because the
8w- water displacement ratio porosity is too low, the computed value of
80- oil displacement ratio water saturation is always very high regardless
UN- undetermined because of low of porosity type. This explains why computed
permeability to liquid. logs may show high water saturation in
producing zones with 1- to 2-p.u. porosity.
Since the goal in the Taratunich field was
Log interpretation to develop an accurate reservoir model, a new
methodology was needed to determine
In the field study, traditional methods of
predictive values for water saturation. The
interpreting density-neutron, photoelectric
various techniques found in the literature for
effect and natural spectrometry log data were
computing a variable exponent, m, in the
verified by data from petrographic studies.
Archie water saturation were inadequate. The
These conventional analyses worked well for
new variable m technique is called pivot-m,
determining porosity and lithology, but the
and it uses conventional porosity logs to
conventional methods did a poor job of
achieve excellent correlation between new
computing water saturation with m - 2. The
saturation values obtained from the model and
models did not account for the effects of
results obtained from petrographic studies in
porosity heterogeneities on the log responses,
zones with vugular porosity (high m values)
and they generated incorrect Sw values in
and in zones with intergranular porosity
carbonates with complex pore structure.
(medium m values). Since very few cores were
Specifically, the computed water saturations
from fractured zones, no comparisons were
were often too high above the hydrocarbon-
made wherever fracture porosity predominated
water contact or too low below the
(low m values). Consequently, the pivot-m
hydrocarbon-water contact. For example, a 10-
values correlate well with Lesley-m values,
p.u. clean carbonate, with water resistivity Rw
which were obtained from a linear regression
= 0.05 ohm-m and true formation resistivity Rt
of core-derived m values versus porosity.
= 50 ohm-m, would have the following values
A new relationship for the saturation
of S~, depending on the value of m used
exponent, n, in the Archie formula was
(defining the resistivity formation factor as F -
developed to represent rock wettability
1/02) • 100% if m - 3, 32% if m - 2,16% if m
changes. The n computation results were
= 1.4.
supported by laboratory analysis and capillary
Fig. 8 shows a typical log from the
pressure tests, as described later in this paper.
Taratunich field. The figure displays the
Applying both the new variable-m and
producing intervals, which show low water
variable-n techniques to more than 25 wells
saturation. In low-porosity zones (1 to 2 p.u.),
produced a good match to the existing core
where primary porosity is predominant, water
data, the known fluid contacts and the
saturation is irreducible at 100%, and nothing
production history of the field.
will flow. If opened fractures are predominant,
permeability will be higher and the zone will
produce. However, Archie's equation cannot
Pivot-m calculation
be used to predict water saturation in the
fractures because the volume of fluid is not The variable-m methodology is used to
high enough to characterize it from porosity calculate m in tight carbonates using
and resistivity. Consequently, water saturation conventional resistivity and porosity
is also very high since most interpretation measurements.
programs handle the zero/zero indetermination
as S w - 1. The indetermination comes from the
Step l" Determine lithology and porosity
following equation:
Lithology and porosity can be determined
S w 2 - R o / R t - F × R w / R t - (Rw/ Rt) / ( 1 / F ) - from crossplots or from an interpretation
(Rw / Rt) ./ Om .................................................. (1) program, either by neglecting hydrocarbon
effects on density-neutron logs for total
where Ro - wet formation resistivity. porosity computation (acceptable for medium-
to-heavy hydrocarbon types), or by evaluating
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SPWLA 43 ~'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
total porosity with an equation of the type n - Saturation exponent, normally taken - 2 .
"two ninths plus seven ninths," as in Or =
[(2/9) × 0x] + [(7/9) X ~ ] , where q~Xis neutron Note that 1 p.u. (some analysts prefer 2
p.u.) corresponds to the average in'educible
porosity and ~ is density porosity.
water porosity (volume) assumed for
carbonates; in clastic formations, this value
Step 2: The variable-m curve computation ranges from8 to 10 p.u., which represents the
volume of water in the formation that will not
This computation can be made as follows: move.
2- D 2)/(D 2-
Note that m is "funneled" toward the value Lf - 1 - (1-10[2*(DTvD Top Bot
m = 2 when Vsh increases from 0 to 1. DTop211)/33
Similar control must also be applied when L f - 1 above TVD--Drop
the effective porosity has very low values
except when Vsh increases (which is covered where DvvD - true vertical depth, DTop -- JsK
by the above funnel); the typical case is in a top vertical depth, and DBot - JsK bottom
clean, tight carbonate. In this case, it is vertical depth.
recommended that m should also tend to a
value of 2.
Results supported by laboratory experiments
Step 3: Determine water saturation using the The m and n computation results were
variable m curve from Step C supported by laboratory analysis and capillary
pressure tests.
The Dual-Water model equations that apply
are the following: Lesley correlation
Lesley Evans (PEMEX, 2000) derived the
Total water saturation: Swr = (Roeq / R3 n, with linear regression of core-derived m values
Roeq = F x Rweq and F = 1 / ~m. versus porosity using total porosity instead of
The meaning of Rweq is explained in Step 2A, secondary porosity. This correlation is
above. expressed as m - 0.0811 × 07" (p.u.) + 1.4328.
Total bound water saturation: Swb = Owb / Or. With this correlation, the value of the
"Effective" water saturation: Sw = (Swr- Swb) / cementation exponent m results are higher than
(1 - Swb). 2 when total porosity is greater than 7 p.u. The
correlation yields m < 2 when Or is < 7 p.u.,
which fits very well with G6mez-Rivero's
Model f o r the saturation exponent n (1981) observations. These results (m > 2 for
The model for the saturation exponent n comes Or > 7) are obtained even when all porosity is
from data gathered in thin beds, which suggest primary porosity, as the algorithm does not
the rock is oil wet. In addition, the literatm'e discriminate between primary and secondary
confirms that the JsK formation is oil wet. The porosity types. Fig. 9 shows a comparison
model properly matches well test data and core between the pivot-m model and the Lesley
data. For water-wet rocks, the model implies correlation for variable m. The figure shows
that n - 2 either in the aquifer or the reservoir. very good agreement when there is secondary
For oil-wet rocks, n > 2. The water saturation porosity. Unfortunately, because of the
must be Sw < 100% to have an effect when scarcity of cores from fractured zones, no
changing the value ofn. comparisons could be made where fracture
The algorithm to compute the saturation porosity predominated (low m values). The
exponent is lack of comparisons explains why the pivot-m
values match only high values of Lesley-m.
n=4-2 xlR 1/6 Figs. 10 and 11 show logs from the
Taratunich field over an interval with
secondary porosity. Core data are plotted over
where IR is the resistivity index. This equation
the log. Again, the figures show excellent
yields n - 2 for each value of n if IR = 1 (Sw -
agreement between values of pivot-m and
1).
Lesley-m over zones with high values of
secondary porosity.
In the Taratunich field study, we included a
Lithostatic factor, Lf, which increases the Capillary pressure tests
value of n toward the base of the JsK
formation. This factor accounts for the The minimum m is computed if the water
increase in wettability with increasing depth. saturation is equal to the irreducible water
The algorithm is saturation (Sw = Sw/). The value of m cannot be
less than this number because of the limit on
irreducible water saturation. Irreducible water
nLf = 2 + (n - 2) × L f
saturation was determined using capillary
pressure data. These data were obtained using
where
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SPWLA 43 r~ Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
1 X940.07 Native 13.88 73.54 34.9 34.43 0.1429 0.2727 -0.1298 Oil
3 X941.96 Native 20.70 46.52 449 88.83 0.0099 0.4286 -0.4187 Oil
J / / "t
/ 1
/
l.~\l ~... .i
.,...
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SPWLA 43 r'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
Block 301
Block 101
Block 201
Fig. 2. Base map of the field showing the deviated well paths and well locations.
SPWLA 43 r'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
o
Jm
O
Shale calcareous with intercalations of fine-grained
Eocene sandstones and compact mudstone
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SPWLA 43 r'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
X3000 X3000
X3200 X3200
X3400 X3400
X3600 X3600
X3800 X3800
X4000 X4000
X4200 X4200
X4400 X4400
1.9
45
2,0
40
2,1
35
0
2.2 30
II
2.3 25
e~
r'-t.
C~!
E
II
20
2.4 Q.
.--:..
0~
t-
15.
cl
,,._..
2.5
-1
z~ 10
x_
2.6 X
5 ._
ffJ
2,7 "D
0 43
-e-
2.8
2.9 -10
-15
3.0 . ', . .. I ........ I I I. I ......
0 i0 20 30 40
¢ONLcom n e u t r o n porosity index (pu) ( a p p a r e n t l i m e s t o n e porosity)
Fig. 5. Density-neutron crossplot for porosity and lithology determination.
lO
SPWLA 43 r'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
~;{;~<+++,
;7
.......A
i;
Upper Hemisphere - Wulff Projection
Top D i p = 3 9 6 4 , 1 8 m Top Zone= 3 9 5 0 . 8 7 m
Bottom Dip= 4399.74 m Bottom Zone= 4 4 0 0 . 1 4 m
GeologicalObjects:
GreatCircle Mean Orientation
S~t Name # [Dips (Dip and Azimuth) (Oip an~l Azimulh)
I~ Vugs+bedding.,. gl 69 82 t 217.22 25,24 .,' 358,43
• ;rlter-Crossge., 132 72.891 216 1,S 22.10 ! 355.43
+ Eros,i..~nal ScoLI.._ 27' 59.g9/164.55 31.14t0,133
i ~, ..... i~:;,: BedBo~lnclary. , 220 87.g21199,83 23 581 358.90
....
0
330 ~-~
/ ,'C\
/\ x \
/- ,\ ,, ...
° i?i~::i:
~i:i:]i 3ooQ % ( " , , \ I / "/- / % 60
i ---Z,. "--Z\,
,i
2~oI 7 - ~
......i:i;J7J:J:::: (--- L _ . j % / ;
\ \ ,,./-\ ../
,~?-~<-%w----.i
{...j..)
\/ ,~-
\.I i
z16"-~. .... , > - ' t 150
180
i.t
C "
cit
ili
I.l.
-,<
Porosity
Fig. 7. The two main types of porosity determined from the porosity map.
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ll
S P W L A 43 r'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
O BYHLYAR -t00
PHtE
VSLDAS
0 100
VSLDA
10 100
HSFL VSLD
0.2 200 0 100
LLS RHOB VSL
i0:~711 ii'."i" "i~0.1 ~ ........... ~ 2.95 0 1"~
LLD DI VS
0.2 ........ 20o 140 40 0, 100
i
0.2
iLM
200 45
PHtE
t2g PHIMZ .... 4
'I , i i-
t I ~=:
, i:i~:,~:il;ii!!
i i :,
i r iii,i ~
i~i i. L::il JI
5 _
i
'~.increases
...... .............................................................................. | ............................. ; ...........................................................................................
0 5 7 10 15 20 25 3O
Total porosity (%)
Fig. 9. Cementation exponent m from pivot-m method and Lesley correlation.
12
SPWLA 43 ~'~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
............................... ..,.:,:.:--,..,: ....... , .... ................................................................................................... :: : : ~::-:: ~,-:,.: ~: ,: :,, ......
Lithology m and n Porosity
1 curves 6 50% 0
Fig. 10. Comparison of the pivot-m method with the Lesley correlation.
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13
SPWLA 43 "~Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
m and n Porosi~
Lithology 1 cu~es 6 50%
10000 1785.0
9000
i } i: :i ~ ilr;: : 1606,5
E
8000 1428.0 ,,~
0
,.Q
3000 535.5 ~
0 t-
2000
| ..............
i;:;~::?'~::~ i; ![i~::;I:~~:I::~,::+:i+T::i~~
~ i~ ~ ~:i
:~(:~ ~ 'i:ii~::i; :
:T;:~: :~::::{+;:::~;::i~!;
1000 178,5
%: ~ • : i: [ .... = :: ; ~ i
.................. ....... :............ : . . . . =i .............. " ....... :I +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - :+', ..........::+;i+ .... ( ..... ] ............ + +.:.... + ......
0 0.0
0,000 O, t00 0.200 0,300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
14