CAEP 1 and 2 FINAL EXAM (Criminology/Sociology) 2022

001. Branch of criminology that studied the relationship between environment (milieu) and criminality.
A. Criminal epidiomology B. Criminal ecology
C. Criminal demography D. Criminal physical anthropology

002. Criminology is concerned with the process of making laws, the process of breaking of laws and the
process of reacting towards the breaking of laws. The process of breaking laws is called
A. Criminal Etiology B. Penology C. Sociology of Law
D. Criminalistics E. Victimology

003. In the scientific point of view crime exists when it is

A. Investigated B. Reported
C. Proven guilty by the court D. Charged in court

004. Refers to the error in the presumption that the processes that produces criminal or antisocial behavior
is DIFFERENT from the processes that produces law abiding or conventional behavior.
A. Logomacy B. Retroflexive Reformation
C. Dualistic Fallacy D. Symbolic Interactionism

005. This concept argues that man is by nature a pleasure seeker and naturally avoids pain.
A. Hedonistic Calculus B. Hedonism
C. Neo-Classical School D. Classical Theory

006. Explain human behavior and the experiences which help determine the nature of a person’s personality
as a reacting mechanism; that factors or experiences in connection thereto infringe differentially upon
different personalities, producing conflict which is the aspect of crime.
A. Criminal Psychodynamics B. Criminogenic Processes
C. Biometry D. Logomacy

007. She/he got what her/his due, she/he got what was coming to her/him. Offenders deserve the
punishment they receive at the hands of the law.
A. Offense–specific B. Just desert
C. General deterrence D. Specific deterrence

008. It follows that it should also be responsible for determining whether a person chooses law-violating or
conventional behavior and it suggest that biological make-up controls human behavior.
A. Trait theory B. Hereditary theory
C. Environmental theory D. Learned theory

009. Ms. Locsin is a tourism student of one of the schools in her locality who aspires to finish her education
and acquire a job abroad at shortest possible time. Unfortunately, her father lost his job so she needed to
work in order to pay for her education, until one time, she suddenly encountered a financial problem that
posed a threat for her to take her final examination if she cannot pay her tuition fee immediately. As a resort
Ms. Loscin engaged herself as a drug pusher because she thinks that it is the easiest remedy for her to earn
money in order to pay for her tuition. What theory is most likely applicable in the situation of Ms. Locsin?
A. Differential association B. Containment C. Strain D. Anomie

010. Which of the following statement is correct about criminal sociology?

I. It is a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
II. It includes the study of making of laws, breaking of laws and the reaction towards the breaking of laws.
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 1 | 15
III. It is a limited approach IV. It is also a scientific approach in studying criminal
behavior.
A. Statement I & II is correct B. Statement II and III is Correct
C. Statement I, II, and III is correct D. Statement I, II and IV is correct

011. Holds that criminality results from a person’s perceiving an excess of definitions in favor of crime over
definitions that uphold conventional values.
A. Social reaction theory B. Differential association theory
C. Social control theory D. Social process theory

012. The future of human society, if it is to be peaceful and satisfying to all people, requires that they must
understand both the varieties of social structure that such a world could have, and the processes of social
change required to achieve and maintain them.
A. Abstraction of empirical reality B. Exists independently of the individuals
C. Persistent social group D. Retains continuity

013. Study in particular two types of crime factors that look at individuals in the context of their social
environment:
= family influences, such as broken homes, poor child-rearing methods, and criminal parents; and
= individual influences, such as intelligence, personality, and cognitive processes.
A. Rational choice theory B. Political theories
C. Biological theories D. Psychological theories

014. They focus on how people interpret and define their social reality and the meanings they attach to it in
the process of interacting with one another, via language, etc.
A. Symbolic interactionist B. Internal principles
C. Social processes D. Processural

015. According to this theory, social, economic, and political powers serve as barriers that impede,
constrain, or shape what is possible for people in specific societal contexts, largely based on characteristics
such as class, ethnicity, gender, or sexuality.
A. Social Reaction Theory B. Social Structure Theory
C. Institutional Strain Theory D. Critical Social Structure Theory

016. The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of
desirable heritable characteristics.
A. Individualism B. Criminogenic C. Eugenics D. Solidarity

017. It goes beyond the previous theories which relate crimes to psychological or biological characteristics
and individual choice, and states that the __________ as the primary cause of crime.
A. Economic deprivation B. Ecological
C. Adverse Economic Class D. Informal social control

018. This could lead to social disorganization, which in turn leads to violence and crime, and it could be
important influence on social disorganization, which, in turn, as the previous research has indicated, is an
important influence on violence and deviant behavior.
A. Economic deprivation B. Ecological
C. Adverse Economic Class D. Informal social control

Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 2 | 15
019. It is manifested through or in the use of drugs, and it is found in areas where either repressive police
measure makes street-fighting quite dangerous or where moral and other inhibitions against the use of
violence exist.
A. Conflict Subculture B. Criminal sub-culture C. Double failures D. Retreatist culture

020. This tend to emerge in areas where there is little organized crime, so instead of learning how to commit
serious monetary crimes the young people instead focus on gaining respect through delinquent street gang
violence.
A. Conflict Subculture B. Criminal sub-culture C. Double failures D. Retreatist culture

021. Assumed that increased criminality is an inevitable consequence of economic and social progress.
A. Theories of crime causation B. Causation
C. Community institutions D. serious and chronic offenders

022. The basic assumption is that the __________ people carry from the past, affect the ways they behave
in the present.
A. Baggage B. Human personality C. Family socialization D. Social bond

023. Crime is greater in these societies because of fewer shared conduct norms.
A. formal school of sociology B. Homogeneous societies
C. Recruiting D. Heterogeneous.

024. In the situational action theory this is referred to as ____________, which states that a person’s ability
to exercise self-control will impact the outcome in cases in which her or his personal morals discourage but
the moral norms of the setting encourage an act of crime.
A. “the principle of moral correspondence” B. “the principle of immoral correspondence”
C. “the principle of the conditional relevance of controls”
D. “the principle of the conditional irrelevance of controls”

025. EXCEPT one are assumptions of social reality of crime:

A. Crime is a definition of human conduct created by authorized agents in an organized society
B. Criminal definitions describe behaviors in conflict with those in power
C. Criminal definitions are not applied by those who have the power to enforce criminal law
D. Criminal definitions are applied by those who have the power to enforce criminal law

025. The victimization of innocent people, however, threatens this _________ and causes distress.
A. Social Motive B. Legislative Motive C. Justice Motive D. Enforcement Motive

026. The less we know the victim, the less we know about the…
A. crime and criminal B. aggrieved and assailant
C. complainant and defendant D. guiltiest and less guilty

027. What is the theory that tumors and seizures have been associated with aggression and violent
behavior?
A. Brain lesion theory B. Conspiracy theory C. Neurotic Mind Theory D. Dementia praecox

028. Types of defensive behavior depicting way of controlling anxiety and guilt feelings by separating
contradictory ideas in the conscious mind.
A. Daydreaming B. Repression C. Rationalization D. Compartmentalization

029. It is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various ways.
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 3 | 15
A. Neurological B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Psychoanalytical

030. Those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a result of some changes in their brains
which interfere with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong
A. criminaloids B. born criminals C. insane criminals D. either of the choices

031. It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against his free will and with
duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in behavior, for example,
repeatedly touching a spot in one's shoulder, washing one hand's or checking the locks on doors. If the
individual tries to stop engaging in the behavior, he or she experiences an urgent anxiety until the behavior
is resumed.
A. Panic anxiety disorders B. Obsession
C. Generalized anxiety disorders D. Compulsion

032. This resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the loss is so complete that the
individuals cannot remember his or her identity or previous life. The fugue episode is also typified by a
period of semiconscious "wandering" that may take the individual around the corner or across the continent.
A. Multiple personality B. Amnesia C. Psychogenic “fugue” state D. Depersonalization

033. This refers to any behavioral response or reflex exhibited by people due to their genetic endowment or
the process of natural selection. Such as physical traits and mental traits.
A. Inherited Behavior B. Learned Behavior C. Human Behavior D. Personality Traits

034. Emphasized the cause and consequences of social cohesion as well as phenomenon termed as
collective conscience.
A. Social Disorganization B. Control Theory
C. Differential Association Theory D. Functionalism

035. Involves idealizing victims based on who or what they are, without consideration of the facts, for
example, young schoolchildren, missing adolescents, and others who are favored in the press or by public
opinion.
A. Vilification B. Deification C. Condemnation D. Censure

036. Feel constant suspicion and distrust toward other people. They believe that others are against them
and constantly look for evidence to support their suspicions. They are hostile toward others and react angrily
to perceived insults.
A. Paranoid personality B. Schizoid personality
C. Schizotypal personality D. Histrionic personality

037. This type of personality is characterized by seclusiveness, oversensitivity, avoidance and eccentricities
of communication and behavior. These individuals are egocentric and frequently, tend to see chance events
as related to themselves. Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based on a
belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences. They may be suspicious and
demonstrate inappropriate affect.
A. Paranoid personality B. Schizoid personality
C. Schizotypal personality D. Histrionic personality

038. It is that branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thoughts which
may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder.
A. abnormal psychology B. criminal psychology
C. abnormal psychiatry D. criminal psychiatry
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 4 | 15
039. EXCEPT one are the conflicts in human behavior:
A. Psychological Conflict B. Physical Conflict C. Social Conflict D. Economic Conflict

040. This involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being’s ability to cope with changes in the
environment. Such as training, and efforts of the will.
A. Inherited Behavior B. Learned Behavior C. Human Behavior D. Personality Traits

041. Police would generally render efficient service by;

A. Standing in conspicuous places for police visibility B. Observing unusual things
C. Being well dressed and always in proper uniform and bearing
D. Always recording detailed entries for future reference

042. A police officer on the field and while engaged in the performance of his duties is not permitted to
engage in useless and idle conversation which refers to:
A. Humiliating any person B. Vexing
C. Engaging in casual ‘talk with others outside the organization D. Gossip and idle talk

043. Acting without authority, abuse of power either through ignorance, malice or inattention an act which a
police officer has right to perform.
A. Misconduct or malfeasance B. Misfeasance
C. Neglect of duty or nonfeasance D. Dereliction of duty

044. Component of moral science which deals with the duties responsibility which a law enforcement officer
owes to the community and public.
A. Loyalty B. Courtesy C. Police Ethics D. Police community relations

045. The policeman views public relations primarily as:

A. An attitude towards the public while at work B. Improving contacts with the public
C. Winning the confidence of the public
D. Something affecting him as he does his duty effectively

046. Public office is a public.

A. Trust B. Confidence C. Responsibility D. Property

047. It is the premise upon which the police perform their duties, and it is having a defined sense of
commitment, perspective, and direction in serving the public.
A. Professionalism B. Responsibility C. Competency D. Efficiency

048. Fundamental duty of a law enforcement officer.

A. Protect society B. Serve mankind C. Protect life D. Protect liberty

049. Consist of moral and legal precepts which govern the relationship of man in all aspects of life.
A. Public relations B. Human relations
C. Police community relations D. Civic action program

050. Mental and moral training that makes a man willing to be subject to regulation and control for the
benefit and interest of the group where he belongs.
A. Courtesy B. Discipline C. Morale D. Ethics

051. Aside from the child, who may file a complaint against any violation of R.A. 7610?
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 5 | 15
A. Parents or guardians B. Ascendants or collateral relatives within the 3rd degree of consanguinity
C. Barangay Chairman, Officer of DSWD or at least any three responsible citizens
D. All of the choices

052. Under the R.A. 9344 a child over 15 under 18 is exempt from criminal liability unless:
A. he is committed a heinous crime B. he is the principal accused
C. he acted without discernment D. he acted with discernment

053. In the absence or death of both parents of the child who shall continue to exercise authority over the
child?
I. Surviving grandparents II. Elder brother and sister over 21 years of age
III. Surviving parents of child IV. Actual custodian of the child over 21 years of
age.
A. I, II and IV only B. I and II only C. I, II, III only D. all of the choices

054. According to R.A. 7610, children in situation of armed conflicts are considered:
A. hostages B. zone of danger C. zone of peace D. subject of protection

055. All statements, EXCEPT ONE, are correct:

A. the family becomes a cause of juvenile delinquency when parents find it hard to balance their jobs with
their parental responsibilities
B. peer group is a factor to juvenile delinquency
C. parental rejection causes juvenile delinquency
D. it is only within the family that a child must learn his life values

056. This theory argues that the root causes of delinquency may be traced by learning delinquent attitudes
from peers, becoming detached from school, or experiencing conflict in the home.
A. sociological theory B. social structure theory
C. social event theory D. social process theory

057. This is the third type of sociological theories of delinquency, and accordingly, the way society reacts to
individuals and the way individuals react to society determine behavior.
A. social reaction theory B. social conflict theory
C. social control theory D. social structure theory

058. According to this view, the youth may violate the law for a variety of reasons, including poor family
relationships, peer pressure, psychological abnormality, and pre-delinquent learning experiences.
A. sub-culture theory B. labeling theory C. strain theory D. anomie theory

059. They find that society is a constant state of internal conflict, and different groups strive to impose their
will on others; and according to this view, those in power use the justice system to maintain their status.
A. social control theory B. social reaction theory
C. social conflict theory D. sub-culture theory

060. This is the first formal explanation of crime and delinquency; and it assumed that people had free will to
choose their behavior, and those who violated the law were motivated by personal needs, such as greed,
revenge, survival, and hedonism.
A. labeling theory B. choice theory C. latent theory D. trait theory

061. This theory argues, that youth who choose to engage in repeated aggressive, anti-social, or conflict-
oriented behavior manifest abnormalities that influence their behavior choices.
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 6 | 15
A. latent theory B. sociological theory C. trait theory D. biological theory

062. This theory of crime prevention believes that it is the interaction between predisposition and
environment that produces juvenile delinquency and deviant behavior, e.g., children born into a
disadvantaged environment with lack of family support.
A. biosocial theory B. sociological theory
C. biological theory D. psychological theory

063. This theory points out that many delinquent youths have poor home life, destructive relationships with
neighbors, and teachers, and conflicts with the authority figures in general.
A. strain theory B. anomie theory
C. sub-culture theory D. psychological theory

064. Accordingly, it is marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of institutions such as police
and government; and the results is a permanent underclass whose members have little chance of upward
mobility and progress.
A. culture of poverty B. slums and squatters
C. inflation and recession D. economic deprivation

065. This refers to the children who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense
under the Philippine laws.
A. children in conflict with the law B. youth in conflict with the law
C. child in conflict with the law D. minor in conflict with the law

066. On crime prevention and control, this refers to the principle which requires a process of resolving
conflict with the maximum involvement of the victim, the offender and the community.
A. restorative justice B. retributive justice
C. adjudicatory justice D. juvenile justice

067. Response to criminal behavior that focuses on the punishment of lawbreakers and the compensation of
victims. In general, the severity of the punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
A. restorative justice B. retributive justice
C. adjudicatory justice D. juvenile justice

068. The diversion of pending court cases both to Court-Annexed Mediation (CAM) and to Judicial Dispute
Resolution (JDR) is plainly intended to put an end to pending litigation through a compromise agreement of
the parties and thereby help solve the ever-pressing problem of court docket congestion. It is also intended
to empower the parties to resolve their own disputes and give practical effect to the State Policy expressly
stated in the ADR Act of 2004 (R.A. No. 9285), to wit:
1) To actively promote party autonomy in the resolution of disputes or the freedom of the parties to
make their own arrangement to resolve disputes.
2) Towards this end, the State shall encourage and actively promote the use of Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR) as an important means to achieve speedy and impartial justice and de- clog
court dockets.
A. Wholly True B. Wholly False C. Partially True D. Partially False

069. Stages of diversion of cases to court annexed mediation and judicial dispute resolution?
1) The first stage is the Court-Annexed Mediation (CAM) where the judge refers the parties to the
Philippine Mediation Center (PMC) for the mediation of their dispute by trained and accredited
mediators.

Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 7 | 15
 2) Upon failing to secure a settlement of the dispute during the first stage, a second attempt is made
at the JDR stage. There, the JDR judge sequentially becomes a mediator conciliator – early neutral
evaluator in a continuing effort to secure a settlement. Still failing that second attempt, the
mediator-judge must turn over the case to another judge (a new one by raffle or nearest/pair judge)
who will try the unsettled case. The trial judge shall continue with the pre-trial proper and,
thereafter, proceed to try and decide the case.
3) The third stage is during the appeal where covered cases are referred to the PMC-Appeals Court
Mediation (ACM) unit for mediation.
A. 1, 2 & 3 are false B. 1, 2 & 3 are true C. 1 & 2 are true D. 2 & 3 are true

070. The following cases shall be referred to Court-Annexed Mediation (CAM) and be the subject of Judicial
Dispute Resolution (JDR) proceedings:
1) All civil cases and the civil liability of criminal cases covered by the Rule on Summary Procedure,
including the civil liability for violation of B.P. 22, except those which by law may not be
compromised
2) Special proceedings for the settlement of estates
3) All civil and criminal cases filed with a certificate to file action issued by the Punong Barangay or
the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo under the Revised Katarungang Pambarangay Law
4) The civil aspect of Quasi-Offenses under Title 14 of the Revised Penal Code
A. 1, 2, 3 & 4 B. 1, 2 & 3 C. 1, 2 & 4 D. 1, 3 & 4 E. 2, 3 & 4

071. The following cases shall be referred to Court-Annexed Mediation (CAM) and be the subject of Judicial
Dispute Resolution (JDR) proceedings: The civil aspect of less grave felonies punishable by correctional
penalties not exceeding 6 years imprisonment where the offended party is a private person; The civil aspect
of estafa, theft and libel; and to include…
1) All civil cases and probate proceedings, testate and intestate, brought on appeal from the exclusive
and original jurisdiction granted to the first level courts under Section 33, par. (1) of the Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980;
2) All cases of forcible entry and unlawful detainer brought on appeal from the exclusive and original
jurisdiction granted to the first level courts under Section 33, par. (2) of the Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980;
3) All civil cases involving title to or possession of real property or an interest therein brought on
appeal from the exclusive and original jurisdiction granted to the first level courts under Section 33,
par. (3) of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980; and
4) All habeas corpus cases decided by the first level courts in the absence of the Regional Trial Court
judge, that are brought up on appeal from the special jurisdiction granted to the first level courts
under Section 35 of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980.
A. 1, 2, 3 & 4 B. 1, 2 & 3 C. 1, 2 & 4 D. 1, 3 & 4 E. 2, 3 & 4

072. The following cases shall not be referred to CAM and JDR:
1) Civil cases which by law cannot be compromised (Article 2035, New Civil Code);
2) Other criminal cases not covered under paragraphs 3 to 6 above;
3) Habeas Corpus petitions;
4) All cases under Republic Act No. 9262 (Violence against Women and Children); and
5) Cases with pending application for Restraining Orders/Preliminary Injunctions. However, in cases
covered under 1, 4 and 5 where the parties inform the court that they have agreed to undergo
mediation on some aspects thereof, e.g., custody of minor children, separation of property, or
support pendente lite, the court shall refer them to mediation.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 B. 1, 3, 4 & 5 C. 1, 2, 4 & 5 D. 1, 2, 3 & 4

Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 8 | 15
073. Is a suggestion technique which forces the hostage taker to accept the inevitable. Statement such as
"Sooner or later you are going to fall asleep." Not only is the hostage taker forced to confront the future, he
is also forced to accept the hopelessness of his situation. The negotiator must be careful in using this
technique, because the hostage taker may become angry, violent, or suicidal when he realizes the futility
and ultimate outcome of his situation.
A. Induced imagery B. Interpersonal focusing C. Not knowing, not doing
D. Open-ended suggestion E. Truisms

074. Suicide can come up at any point of negotiation process. The majority of people who are suicidal are
depressed at the time of incident. There are several clues that the negotiator should take cognizance to
which include the location of the incident, the physical appearance of a person, the intensity, rate and pitch
of speech, content of speech.
A. Recognize the potential for suicide B. Engage the person to establish contact
C. Assess the risk
D. Contracts with the person for new behavior E. Transfer responsibility needs

075. It is the roadmap used to maintain an operation’s sense of direction; however, it is one of the most
overlooked phases of operation during terrorist incidents.
A. Think thank team B. Debriefing C. Informational briefing D. Briefing

076. To sacrifice life and limb for the sake of the people they pledge to serve is a manifestation of:
A. Bravery B. Gallantry C. Patriotism D. Nationalism

077. It is generally used to described two phenomena: (1) the attitude that the members of a nation have;
and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve, or sustain self-
determination.
A. Bravery B. Gallantry C. Patriotism D. Nationalism

078. Philippine nationality law is currently based upon the principle of ________, therefore, descent from a
parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national
citizenship.
A. Jus Solis B. Jus Sanguinis C. Paternal lineage D. Maternal lineage

079. The flag shall not be raised when the weather is inclement. If already raised, the flag shall not be
lowered. The flag shall never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, flood, water or other objects.
After being lowered, the flag shall be handled and folded solemnly as part of the ceremony. (RA 8491)
A. Wholly True B. Wholly False C. Partially True D. Partially False

080. History attests that the Filipino law enforcers have exemplified the tradition of __________ in defending
the country from aggression and oppression and protecting or preserving the life and property of the people.
A. heroism B. bravery C. gallantry D. valor

081. It is defined as a careful, systematic study of knowledge in the field of criminology or criminal justice,
undertaken to discover or establish facts of the crimes or causations of crime.
A. social science research B. criminal justice research
C. descriptive research D. criminological research

082. This finds answer to the questions who, what, when, where and how; this type of research describes a
situation or a given state of affairs in terms of special aspects or factors.
A. descriptive research B. historical research
C. experimental research D. all of the choices
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 9 | 15
083. It goes beyond description of the problem or situation; and it attempts to explain the possible factors
related to a problem which has been observed in a descriptive study.
A. explanatory research B. applied research
C. correlation research D. pure-basic research

It evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular intervention; and it studies the “cause and effect” of the
relationship between certain factors on certain phenomenon under controlled conditions.
A. empirical research B. intervention research
C. descriptive research D. experimental research

It is concerned with the acquisition of new knowledge for the sake of science or the development of the field.
A. pure basic research B. applied research
C. empirical research D. action research

084. It is practical research concerned with solving immediate policy problems.

A. action research B. pure research
C. applied research D. basic research

In this classification of research; concepts are assigned numerical value; and research methods in the social
sciences, of which criminal justice is heir, had followed these basic philosophical traditions.
A. action research B. quantitative research
C. empirical research D. qualitative research

085. In this classification of research; concepts are viewed as sensitizing ideas or terms that enhance
understanding.
A. social science research B. quantitative research
C. criminological research D. qualitative research

It is a loosely structured but valuable methodological strategy.

A. descriptive research B. explanatory research
C. empirical research D. exploratory research

When scientists are interested in some phenomenon, but feel they need to know a great deal more about it
before they can put together a well-organized and thorough study on it, they often engage in
A. criminological research B. exploratory research
C. explanatory research D. criminal justice research

It is a process of selecting the area of topic to write the history about, collecting data about events that
occurred in the area or about the topic.
A. historical research B. social science research
C. empirical research D. criminological research

The focus is on prevailing conditions, or how a person, group, or thing behaves or functions in the present;
and it is also known as statistical research.
A. quantitative research B. correlation research
C. descriptive research D. intervention research

It is defined as the systematic study of designing, developing, evaluating, processes, and products that must
meet criteria of internal consistency and effectiveness.
A. applied research B. developmental research
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 10 | 15
C. action research D. sociological research

It is a scientific study in which researcher investigates associations between variables; and are frequently
used in psychology research to look for relationships between variables.
A. research studies B. correlational studies
C. thesis D. inferential studies

It is used to make inferences about an unknown variable based on known descriptions. This is also intended
to generalize findings from a study group to a larger population.
A. inferential study B. correlations study C. thesis D. descriptive study

It is a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working with others in teams or as
part of a "community of practice" to improve the way they address issues and solve problems.
A. applied research B. pure-basic research
C. action research D. descriptive research

This design is being suited to studies aimed at finding out the prevalence of a phenomena, situation,
problem, attitude or issue, by taking a cross-section of the population.
A. sectional research B. multi-sectional research
C. inferential research D. cross-sectional research

It is the most appropriate design for measuring the impact or effectiveness of a program; and it can measure
change in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or attitude.
A. before-and-after study B. longitudinal study
C. inferential study D. correlational study

These are also useful when there is a need to collect factual information on a continuing basis; and it is
used to determine the pattern of change in relation to time.
A. descriptive study B. retrospective study
C. longitudinal study D. inferential study

This study investigates a phenomenon, situation, problem or issue that has happened in the past; and they
are usually conducted either on the basis of the data available for that period or on the basis of respondents
recall of the situation.
A. retrospective B. prospective C. longitudinal D. inferential

This refers to the likely prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or outcome in the future;
such studies attempt to establish the outcome of an event or what is likely to happen.
A. empirical B. prospective C. experimental D. before-and-after

This focused on past trends in a phenomenon and studies it into the future; and a study is classified under
this category when researcher measures the impact of an intervention without control group.
A. experimental-empirical B. correlational-inferential
C. sociological-criminal D. retrospective-prospective

086. These are abstract tags that are put on reality and are the beginning point in all scientific endeavors.
A. theories B. concepts C. thesis D. variables

It defines concepts by describing how they will be measured. Working definitions or operational definition
are other terms used to refer to this process.
A. variables B. conceptualization
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 11 | 15
C. hypotheses D. operationalization

It attempts to identify a causative relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
A. comparative design B. correlational studies
C. descriptive design D. causal-comparative design

087. These are concepts that have been operationalized or “concepts that can vary” or take on different
values of a quantitative nature; and they are the mortar and brick of scientific investigation.
A. variables B. dependent variables
C. independent variables D. all of the choices

It is the variable that researcher is attempting to predict and by convention is denoted by the letter Y.
A. dependent variables B. independent variables
C. all of the choices D. either of the choices

It is designated by letter X; and it is the behavior or attitude that is the subject of one’s study.
A. dependent variables B. independent variables
C. all of the choices D. either of the choices

These were described previously as attempts to develop plausible explanations of reality.

A. variables B. concepts C. theories D. hypotheses

088. Are usually general or broad statements regarding the relationship between, usually two variables and
are derived from more general theories.
A. theories B. concepts C. variables D. hypotheses

089. In selecting a _________, one should look for gaps in theory or the current state of the art, feasibility of
doing the research, ambiguous and conflicting findings in the current literature, as well as potential
timeliness of policy implications.
A. research title B. research question
C. research agenda D. research problem

Unlike priest, doctors, or other client-oriented practitioners, the independent criminal justice researcher has
no legally recognized privilege of __________.
A. communication B. confidentiality C. secrecy D. all of the choices

It is more of a problem, indicating that they had experienced pressure to engage in undesired research.
A. none of these B. ethical issues C. professional issues D. morality issues

090. It is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research
questions or problems.
A. research design B. research method C. research procedures D. all of the choices

It is defined as a method or procedure involving the control or manipulation of conditions for the purpose of
studying the relative effects of various treatments applied to members of a sample.
A. true-empirical design B. true-historical design
C. true-exploratory design D. true-experimental design

Are design that attempt to approximate the true experimental design but lack random assignment to
experimental and control group.
A. semi-historical design B. semi-experimental design
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 12 | 15
C. quasi-empirical design D. quasi-experimental design

091. This refers to any kind of information researchers obtain on the subjects, respondents or participants of
a study.
A. data B. datum C. information D. responses

It is one way to gather primary data. Observation is a purposeful, systematic and selective way of watching
and listening to an interaction or phenomenon as it takes place.
A. field inquiry B. interview C. observation D. normative survey

It is conducted when a researcher participates in the activities of the groups being observed in the same
manner as its members, with or without their knowing that they are being observed.
A. non-observation B. observation C. participant observation D. interview

It is conducted when the researcher does not get involved in the activities of the group but remains a
passive observer, watching and listening to its activities and drawing conclusions from this.
A. interview & observation B. participant observation
C. normative survey D. non-participant observation

It is commonly used method of data gathering from people; and it is any person-to-person interaction
between two or more individuals with a specific purpose in mind.
A. interview B. observation C. inquiry D. survey

092. It is sometimes called closed interview, usually consist of check-off responses to questions that are
either factual or to which most responses easily fit an expectable pattern of data gathering.
A. interview B. unstructured interview
C. structured interview D. field interview

It is a type of interviews with many variations depending on the purpose. Sometimes referred to as focused,
clinical, or non-directive interviews, they provide for open-ended responses to questions.
A. structured interview B. unstructured interview
C. field interview D. respondent’s interview

It is a more intensive and detailed interview, usually of fewer subjects than is the case in a standard survey,
and is particularly useful to life histories or case studies of target respondents.
A. plain interview B. simple interview
C. one-on-one-interview D. in-depth interview

It involves in-depth analysis of one or a few case; and these data-gathering strategies also represent a
commitment to a qualitative or sensitizing strategy when approaching subject matter.
A. case analysis B. field inquiries C. field studies D. case studies

This refers to clandestine or non-reactive methods of data gathering; and it provide an attractive and often
inexpensive alternative to many of the other strategies.
A. clandestine method B. unobtrusive method
C. secret methods D. undercover method

It is the study of deposits, accretion of matter, and other indirect substances produced by previous human
interaction.
A. sociological analysis B. physical trace analysis
C. criminological analysis D. mental trace analysis
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 13 | 15
Are memoirs, diaries, and historical documents containing much of the information that can provide a
historical overview of criminological issues.
A. archives B. personal records C. archival records D. personal effects

093. It involves strategies in which the researcher’s participation with the subjects is kept at a minimum and
the investigator carefully records the activities of the subjects.
A. simple observation B. one-on-one observation
C. observation D. plain observation

The researcher covertly studies groups or individuals by temporarily misrepresenting his or her role.
A. disguised observation B. unobtrusive observation
C. concealed observation D. secret observation

It entails a variety of gaming strategies that attempt to imitate a more complex social reality.
A. elaboration B. stimulation C. simulation D. duplication

It is a written list of questions, the answer to which is recorded by respondents; in this, the respondents read
the questions, interpret what is expected and then write down the answers.
A. all of the choices B. questionnaire C. checklist D. instrument

It may be defined as an instrument designed to describe a sample of certain aspects of human behavior;
and it yields adjective and standardized descriptions of behavior, quantified by numerical scores.
A. all of the choices B. psychiatric test
C. psychological test D. sociological test

It is the gathering of data in another way which the researcher can employ in order to realize the objectives
of his research study.
A. research methods B. library technique
C. library research D. research techniques

These are means of data gathering which involve asking a segment of population their attitudes or reported
behavior of the target population.
A. economic surveys B. research surveys
C. security surveys D. social surveys

These are the means by which information regarding variables is collected.

A. data conversion B. data collection
C. data collation D. data gathering procedures

It is the process by which information is gathered.

A. data gathering B. data collection
C. data consolidation D. data collation

It is that activity by which the variables are measured.

A. checklist B. used of instrument C. instrumentation D. data gathering tools

It has been defined as a list of planned written questions related to a particular topic, with space provided for
indicating the response to each question.
A. questionnaire B. checklist C. instrument D. data gathering tools

Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 14 | 15
094. This requires the respondents to choose an answer from a printed list of choices. Such questionnaires
may include a simple “yes or no” or “true or false” response, a multiple-choice list, or a series of degrees of
agreement or disagreement in relation to a variety of assertions.
A. open-ended questionnaire B. fixed-alternative questionnaire
C. checklist D. data gathering tools

It allows respondents to answer in the own words; this can mean greater detail and a broader range of
responses; however, it can also mean lower response rates because the respondent must think and write
more than would be a fixed alternative instrument.
A. open-ended questionnaire B. fixed-alternative questionnaire
C. checklist D. data gathering tools

It is the simplest of the devices, is a prepared list of behaviors or items. The presence or absence of the
behavior may be indicated by checking yes or no; the type of number of items may be made each time a
behavior is observed in the space for that behavior.
A. instrument B. questionnaire C. checklists D. data gathering tools

095. It involves qualitative description of a limited numbers of aspects of a thing or traits of a person.
A. checklist B. rating scales C. scaled specimen D. scorecards

096. These are three most commonly used measures of central tendency, as follows, EXCEPT:
A. mean B. median C. mode D. bi-modal.

097. It summarizes the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or
graphically.
A. inferential statistics B. descriptive statistics
C. statistics D. basic statistics

098. It involves summarizing and using univariate statistics.

A. data analysis B. data interpretation
C. data collection D. data presentation

099. It is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting
useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making.
A. data analysis B. data collection
C. data management D. data presentation

100. It may be defined as measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement
about the whole thing.
A. samples B. population C. sampling D. respondents

Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts… Winston Churchill 15 | 15