CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO

PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM

Learning Outcome
• Understand the personal computer system
• Select replacement computer components and parts.
Basic Personal Computer System
▪ A computer system consists of hardware and software components.
▪ Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives,
keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers.
▪ Software is the operating
system and programs.
▪ The operating system
instructs the computer how
to operate.
▪ Programs or applications
perform different functions.
Computer Cases
• Provides protection and support for the internal components of
the computer.
• Should be durable, easy to service, and have enough room for
expansion
• The size and shape usually determined by the motherboard and
other internal components.
Power Supply
• Provides the necessary electrical power to make the PC operate
• A power inverter located within the power supply converts alternating-
current (AC) power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC)
power, which is a lower voltage.
• DC power is required for all of the components inside the computer.
Internal PC Components
• Motherboards
• CPU
• Cooling System
• ROM
• RAM
• Memory modules
• Adapter Cards and Expansion Slot
• Storage Devices and RAID
• Internal Cables
Motherboard
• Motherboard is the printed circuit board = mainboard = backplane =
system board - holds many of the crucial components of the system,
while providing connectors for other peripherals.
• Contains the buses, or electrical pathways found in a computer. Buses
allow data to travel among the various components.
• Function
- House the CPU
- Allow devices to communicate with it and each other
Form Factor
• The form factor of motherboards
relates to the size and shape of the
board.
• It also describes the physical layout of
the different components and devices
on the motherboard.
• Various form factors exist for
motherboards.
• The most common form factor in desktop computers was the
AT.
• AT motherboard can be up to approximately one foot wide. This
cumbersome size led to the development of smaller form
factors. The placement of heat sinks and fans often interferes
with the use of expansion slots in smaller form factors.
• A newer motherboard form factor, ATX, improved on the AT
design.
Types of Motherboard

AT

ATX

The primary purpose of BTX motherboard was to

reorganize the placement of components and to
remove impediments so that air cold is drowning BTX
through the case and out a vent more efficiently.
Sockets, internal and external connectors, and various ports are also placed on the
motherboard.

12
• Chip set - control how system hardware interacts with the CPU
and motherboard.
• Chipset - allows the CPU to communicate and interact with the
other components of the computer, and to exchange data with
system memory, or RAM, hard disk drives, video cards, and
other output devices.
• Most chipsets are divided into two distinct components:
• Northbridge controls access to the RAM, video card, and the speeds
at which the CPU can communicate with them.
• Southbridge - in most cases, allows the CPU to communicate with the
hard drive, sound card, USB ports, and other I/O ports.
Adapter Cards
• Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific
devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.
• Examples of adapter cards:
•Sound adapter and video adapter
•USB, parallel, and serial ports
•Network Interface Card (NIC),
wireless NIC, and modem adapter

• Types of expansion slots:

•Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
•Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)
•PCI-Express
•Mini PCI (laptops)
Example of Adapter/PC CARDS

16
Sound Card

❑Built in the motherboard.

❑Sound card is an expansion card that
enable computers to play audio.
❑Sound card can be install in ISA or PCI
slots.

17
NIC ( Network Interface Card)

❑ Network card is an expansion card Built in the motherboard.

that you insert into an PCI or ISA
slot of computer to enable it
connect to a network.
Graphic Cards

❑Graphic card is an interface card that used ❑Built in the motherboard.

to show image ,text, graphic on the
monitor.
❑Types of graphic card slot PCI Express or
AGP
Internal Cables
• Power supply connectors- SATA, Molex, and Berg.
• Front panel cables connect the case buttons and lights to the motherboard.
• Data cables connect drives to the drive controller.
• Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable
• PATA (IDE) data cable (40 conductor)
• PATA (EIDE) data cable (80 conductor)
• SATA data cable
• SCSI data cable
Video Ports and Cables
• A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer. Video ports
and connector types:
DVI, Displayport, RCA, DB-15, BNC, RJ-45, MiniHDMI, Din-6
• Display cables transfer video signals from the computer to display
devices. Display cable types:
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), DVI, Video Graphics
Array (VGA), Component/RGB, Composite, S-Video, Coaxial, Ethernet,
Ports and Cables
• Serial ports transmit one bit of data at a time.
• A telephone cable (RJ11) is used to connect a modem to a telephone
outlet.
• USB is a standard interface for connecting hot-swappable peripheral
devices to a computer. Some devices can also be powered through the
USB port.
• FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that can support up to
63 devices. Some devices can also be powered through the FireWire port.
• A parallel cable is used to connect parallel devices, such as a printer or
scanner, and can transmit 8 bits of data at one time.
Ports and Cables (Continued)
• A SCSI port can transmit data at rates in excess of 320 Mbps and can
support up to 15 devices. SCSI devices must be terminated at the
endpoints of the SCSI chain.
• A network port, also known as an RJ-45 port, connects a computer to
a network. The maximum length of network cable is 328 feet (100 m).
• A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to a computer. The PS/2
port is a 6-pin mini-DIN female connector.
• An audio port connects audio devices to the computer.
• A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The CPU is known as the brain of the computer.
• Referred as the processor/microprocessor.
• Important factors when selecting a CPU are the
processor speed.
• CPU speed is measured in:
• Megahertz (MHz) - millions of CPU cycles per second
• Gigahertz (GHz) - billions of CPU cycles per second
• This is also called the CPU bus or the front
side bus (FSB).
• Function :
• Perform calculations and carries out all the
instruction you give to your computer.
• The CPU is installed into a slot or socket on the
motherboard. The socket on the motherboard
determines the type of CPU that can be
installed.
• Consists of two (2) smaller units – Control Unit
(CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU
• Control Unit : is the circuit that controls • ALU : is a digital circuit that
the flow of information through the performs arithmetic and logic
processor, and coordinates the activities al operations.
of the other units within it.
• Four Basic Operation of CU : • Basic Operation of ALU :
• Fetch : the process of obtaining a • Do the calculation and data
program instruction or data from comparison based on
memory. instructions from control unit.
• Decode : the process of translating • Arithmetic : mathematical
the instruction into command the operation (+,-,*,/).
computer understand. • Logic: comparison operation (=
• Execute : the process of carrying out , < , > , <>, <= and >= ).
the commands.
• Store : the process of writing the
result to the memory.
Various Types/Manufacturers of Processor

Intel AMD
• Intel's desktop CPUs include AMD's desktop processors include
Celeron, Pentium, and Core. Sempron, Athlon, and Phenom.
MULTICORE PROCESSOR
• A multicore processor is a single computing component with two or
more “independent” processors (called "cores").

EXAMPLES

• dual-core processor with 2 cores

• e.g. AMD Phenom II X2, Intel Core 2 Duo E8500
• triple-core with 3 cores
• e.g. AMD Triple-Core CPU Phenom X3
• quad-core processor with 4 cores
• e.g. AMD Phenom II X4, Intel Core i5 2500T
• hexa-core processor with 6 cores
• e.g. AMD Phenom II X6, Intel Core i7 Extreme Ed. 980X
• octa-core processor with 8 cores
• e.g. AMD FX-8150, Intel Xeon E7-2820
• The CPU executes a program, which is a sequence of stored
instructions.
• Each model of processor has an instruction set, which it executes.
• The CPU executes the program by processing each piece of data as
directed by the program and the instruction set.
• While the CPU is executing one step of the program, the remaining
instructions and the data are stored nearby in a special memory
called cache.
• There are two major CPU architectures related to instruction sets:
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) – Architectures use a relatively
small set of instructions, and RISC chips are designed to execute these
instructions very rapidly.
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) – Architectures use a broad set
of instructions, resulting in fewer steps per operation.
• Some CPUs incorporate hyper-threading or hyper-transport to
enhance the performance of the CPU.
• With hyper-threading, the CPU has multiple pieces of code being
executed simultaneously on each pipeline.
• To an operating system, a single CPU with hyper-threading appears to
be two CPUs.
• Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster
speed than its original specification
• The amount of data that a CPU can process at one time depends on
the size of the processor data bus.
• The wider the processor data bus width, the more powerful the
processor is. Current processors have a 32-bit or a 64-bit processor
data bus.
32-bit Versus 64-bit Processing
• The two main categories of processors are 32-bit and 64-bit.
• The type of processor a computer has not only affects it's overall
performance, but it can also dictate what type of software it uses.
• The Operating System and software on a computer with a 32-bit processor
is also 32-bit based. Windows 95, 98, and XP are all 32-bit operating
systems that were common on computers with 32-bit processors.
• Processor – x86 (used 32-bit processor)

• Microsoft released a 64-bit version of Windows XP to be used on

computers with a 64-bit processor. Windows Vista, Windows 7, and
Windows 8 also come in 64-bit versions.
• Processor – x64 (used 64-bit processor)
Differences between 32-bit and 64-bit
processor
• The main difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit processors
is the speed they operate. 64-bit processors can come in dual core,
quad core, and six core versions for home computing. Multiple cores
allow for increase processing power and faster computer operation.
• Another big difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit
processors is the maximum amount of memory (RAM) that is
supported. 32-bit computers support a maximum of 3-4GB of
memory, whereas a 64-bit computer can support memory amounts
over 4 GB.
Computer Cooling
What is?
- Computer cooling is a device to dissipate heat during computer
operation that usually install onto CPU, chipset, graphic card and hard
drive / hard disk.

Importance of computer cooling?

- To keep these components within their safe operating temperatures
- To keep the heat at a safe level.

33
Cooling System
• Electronic components generate heat.
Too much heat can damage
components.
• A case fan makes the cooling process
more efficient.
Case Fan
• A heat sink draws heat away from the
core of the CPU. A fan on top of the
CPU Fan
heat sink moves the heat away from
the CPU.
• Fans can be dedicated to cool the
Graphics-processing unit (GPU).
System cooling components
1. Heat sink cooling 2. Case Fan Cooling
Types of heat sink The best CPU heat sink is useless, if
• Fan cooled aluminum the air around it is too hot. The hot air
obviously needs to be evacuated from
• Copper baseplates the case.
- Usually use for older CPU’s chipset and All computer cases come with a fan
low- power computer. preinstalled in the power supply.

35
• Other components are also susceptible to heat damage and are
sometimes equipped with fans. Video adapter cards also produce a
great deal of heat.
• Computers with extremely fast CPUs and GPUs may use a water-
cooling system. A metal plate is placed over the processor and water
is pumped over the top to collect the heat that the CPU creates. The
water is pumped to a radiator to be cooled by the air, and then re-
circulated.
ROM AND RAM
Read-only memory (ROM) Random-access memory (RAM)

▪ Basic instructions for booting ▪ RAM - temporary storage for data

and programs that are being
the computer and loading the accessed by the CPU.
operating system are stored in
▪ RAM - volatile memory, which
ROM. means that the contents are erased
when the computer is powered off.
▪ ROM chips retain their contents
even when the computer is ▪ More RAM means more capacity to
hold and process large programs
powered down. and files, as well as enhance
system performance
• Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard.
ROM chips contain instructions that can be directly accessed by the
CPU.
• ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered
down. The contents cannot be erased or changed by normal means.
• NOTE: ROM is sometimes called firmware. This is misleading because
firmware is actually the software that is stored in a ROM chip.
Differences between RAM and ROM
Memory Modules
• Memory modules are memory chips that have been soldered on to a
special circuit board for easy installation and removal.
• As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase.
• Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip.
• Early computers had RAM installed on the motherboard as individual chips.
• Difficult to install and often became loose on the motherboard.
• Memory modules solved this problem.
• Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board
that holds several memory chips.
• Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM,
DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips.
• Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM
which provides random access data storage that is ideal for use in laptops,
printers, and other devices where conserving space is desirable.
RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips.
 NOTE: Memory modules can be single-sided or double-sided. Single-
sided memory modules only contain RAM on one side of the module.
Double-sided memory modules contain RAM on both sides of the
module.

• Single-channel memory is capable of transferring data at 64 bits.

Dual-channel memory increases speed by using a second channel of
memory, creating a data transfer rate of 128 bits.

• Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth

of SDRAM. DDR2 offers faster performance while using less energy.
DDR3 operates at even higher speeds than DDR2; however, none of
these DDR technologies are backward- or forward-compatible.
Storage Drives
• Storage drives read or write information to magnetic storage media.
• They may be fixed or removable.
• The hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device. The storage
capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)
• Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and
move the drive heads.
• Solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts, which results in faster access
to data, higher reliability, reduced power usage.

▪ A floppy disk drive (FDD) is storage device that uses

removable 3.5 inch floppy disks that can store up to 1.44 MB
of data.
Optical Drives, Flash Drives and Drive
Interfaces
• An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on
the optical media. The three types are CD, DVD, and BD (Blu-ray).
• A flash drive is a removable storage device that connects to a USB
port. A flash drive uses a type
of memory that requires no power to maintain the
data.
• Common drive interfaces are:
•Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
•Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
•Parallel ATA (PATA)
•Serial ATA (SATA) and External SATA (eSATA)
•Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Hard Drive / Hard Disk
Functions of hard disk
- Hard disk is used to store the large size of application
programs or files.
- It provide larger storage capacities and much faster access times than floppy disks.

Characteristics of Hard disk

- Like a floppy disk, a hard disk is a type of magnetic
media that stores items using magnetic patterns.
- Also as read / write storage media.
Hard disk structure
A hard disk consist of five major components as:

• Magnetic Platter - contains Sector, Track and File System (FAT or NTFS)

• Spindle / Small motor – spin the platters the entire time the computer is
running.

• Read and write head – move to the FAT to determine the current or new
location of data.

• Head Actuator – positions the read/write head over the correct location on
the platter to read or write data.

• Circuit board – controls the movement of the actuator and small motor
(spindle)
How Data Is Organized On A Hard Drive
• Step 1: The circuit board controls the movement of the head actuator
and a small motor.
• Step 2: A small motor/spindle spins the platters the entire time the
computer is running.
• Step 3: When software requests a disk access, the read / write heads
move to the FAT to determine the current or new location of data.
• Step 4: The head actuator positions the read / write head arms over the
correct location on the platters to read or write data.
RAID
• RAID stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks.
• A RAID system consists of two or more disks working in parallel.
• They appear as one drive to the user, and offer enhanced
performance or security (or both).
RAID Levels
• RAID provides a way to store data across multiple hard disks for
redundancy.
RAID Level Min # of Drives Description
0 2 Data striping without redundancy
1 2 Disk mirroring
2 2 Error-Correcting Coding
3 3 Byte-level data striping with dedicated parity
4 3 Block-level data striping with dedicated parity
5 3 Block-level data striping with distributed parity
6 4 Independent Data Disks with Double Parity
0/1 4 Combination of data striping and mirroring
10 4 Mirrored set in a striped set
▪ To the operating system, RAID appears as one logical disk.
▪ There are several different RAID levels. The following terms
describe how RAID stores data on the various disks:
▪ Parity – A method used to detect data errors.
▪ Striping – A method used to write data across multiple drives.
▪ Mirroring – A method of storing duplicate data to a second drive
Input and Output Devices
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Monitor Characteristics
Input Devices
• Input devices are used to enter data or
instructions into a computer:
• Mouse and Keyboard
• KVM switch
• Gamepad and joystick
• Digital camera and digital video
camera
• Biometric authentication device
• Touch screen
• Scanner
Output Devices
• Monitors and Projectors:
• Cathode-ray tube (CRT) has three electron beams. Each beam directs colored
phosphor on the screen that glows either red, blue, or green.
• Liquid crystal display (LCD) is commonly used in laptops and some projectors.
LCD comes in two forms, active matrix and passive matrix.
• A light-emitting diode (LED) display is an LCD display that uses LED
backlighting to light the display.
• An Organic LED (OLED) display uses a layer of organic material that responds
to electrical stimulus to emit light.

http://www.panduanmalaysia.com/2013/02/panduan-
membeli-tv-terbaik-plasma-lcd.html
Output Devices (Continued)
• Printers and Fax Machines are output devices that create hard copies
of computer files.
• Scanners create electronic file versions of paper documents.
• Speakers and headphones are output devices for reproducing audio
signals.

Headphones
Speakers
Select PC Components
• Case and Power Supply
• Motherboard
• CPU and Heat Sink and Fan Assembly
• RAM
• Adapter Card
• Hard Drives and Floppy Drives
• Solid State Drives and Media Readers
• Optical Drives
• External Storage
• Input and Output Devices
Selecting Case and Power Supply
• Determine the customer's needs
before making any purchases or
performing upgrades.
•A power supply should support
25 percent more wattage than all the
attached components require.
• The computer case holds the power
supply, motherboard, memory, and
other components.
• When purchasing a new computer case and power supply separately,
ensure that all of the components will fit into the new case and that the
power supply is powerful enough to operate all of the components.
Selecting a Motherboard
• When selecting a replacement motherboard, make sure it supports the
CPU, RAM, video adapter, and other adapter cards.
• The socket and chip set on the motherboard must be compatible with the
CPU.
• The motherboard must accommodate the existing heat sink/fan assembly.
• The existing power supply must have connections that fit the new
motherboard.
• The number and type of expansion slots
must match the existing adapter cards.
• The new motherboard must physically
fit into the current computer case.
Selecting a CPU
• Replace the CPU when it fails or is no longer adequate for the current
applications.
• Make sure the CPU is compatible with the existing motherboard:
• The new CPU must use the same socket type or slot type and chip set.
• The BIOS must support the new CPU.
• The new CPU may require a different heat sink/fan assembly.
• Make sure the correct voltage is maintained.
• Use manufacturers' websites to investigate the compatibility between CPUs
and other devices.
CPU Features and Classification
• Multi-core processors - RAM is shared between the processors
• Cache memory - L1, L2, and L3
• Speed of a processor - maximum speed without errors
• Front Side Bus (FSB) - path between the CPU and chip set, expansion
cards, and RAM
• 32-bit and 64-bit - number of instructions handled by the processor
at one time
Selecting Heat Sink/Fan and Case Fan
• Heat sink/fan assembly ▪ Case fan considerations:
considerations: • Case size
• Socket type • Fan speed
• Motherboard physical • Number of components in the case
specifications • Physical environment
• Number of mounting places
• Case size available
• Physical environment • Location of mounting places available
• Electrical connections
Selecting RAM
• New RAM may be needed when an application locks up or the
computer displays frequent error messages

▪ When selecting new RAM,

check the compatibility with
the current motherboard.
▪ The speed of the new RAM
must be the same or faster
than the existing RAM.
Selecting Adapter Cards
• Adapter (or expansion) cards add extra functionality to a computer.
Before purchasing an adapter card, check:
• Is there an open expansion slot?
• Is the adapter card compatible with the open slot?
• What are the customer’s current and future needs?
• What are the possible configuration options?
If the motherboard does not have compatible expansion
slots, external devices are an option:
• Are USB or FireWire versions of the external
device available?
• Does the computer have an open USB or FireWire
port?
Selecting Hard Drives and Floppy Drives
• The signs that a hard drive is failing and should be replaced as soon as
possible:
• Unusual noises
• Error messages
• Corrupt data or
applications

• Replacement options:
•Solid State Drives
•Optical Drives
•External Storage
•Hard Drive
•Floppy Disk Drive (limited use)
Hard Drive Connectors
• PATA (Parallel ATA) hard drives
•Originally, called ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment).
•With the introduction of SATA, ATA was renamed to PATA.
•Can use a 40-pin / 80-conductor cable or a 40-pin / 40-conductor cable.
• SATA (Serial ATA) hard drives
•Connect to the motherboard using a serial interface.
•Have a higher data-transfer rate than PATA drives.
•Smaller data cable allows for improved airflow.
• eSATA external SATA
• SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) hard drives
•use a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.
•Up to 15 SCSI drives can be connected to a SCSI drive controller.
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
• Usually used for hard drives and for tape storage .
• Ideal for high-end computers,
including network servers that
require high transfer speeds
and reliability.
• SCSI devices are connected in
a series, forming a chain that is
called a daisy chain.
• Each end of the daisy chain is
terminated to prevent signal
reflections and interference.
• Each device must have a unique SCSI ID.
SCSI Types
Selecting Solid State Drives
• Solid State Drives (SSD) use static RAM instead of magnetic platters
to store data.
• SSDs are highly reliable because they have no moving parts.
• Considerations when selecting:
• Cost
• Internal or external
• Case location
• System compatibility
• Power requirements
• Speed
• Capacity
Selecting Media Readers
• Media Reader -device that reads and writes to different types of
media cards, found in a digital camera, smart phone, or MP3 player.
• Considerations when selecting:
• Internal or external
• Type of connector used
• Type of media cards supported
Selecting Optical Drives
• An optical drive uses a laser to read and write data to and from optical media.
• CD-ROM drive can only read CDs.
• CD-RW can read and write to CDs.
• DVD-ROM drive can only read DVDs and CDs
• DVD-RW can read and write to DVDs and CDs. DVDs hold significantly more data
than CDs
• A Blu-ray reader (BD-R) can only read Blu-ray Discs, DVDs, and CDs.
• A Blu-ray writer (BD-RE) can read and write to Blu-ray Discs and DVDs. Blu-ray
Discs hold significantly more data than DVDs.
Selecting External Storage
• External storage connects to an external port such as a USB, IEEE
1394, SCSI, or eSATA.
• Considerations when selecting:
• Port type
• Storage capacity
• Speed
• Portability
• Power requirements
Selecting Input and Output Devices
• FireWire (IEEE 1394) - Transfers data at 100, 200, or 400 Mbps and IEEE 1394b at
800 Mbps.
• Parallel (IEEE 1284) - Transfers data at a maximum speed of 3 MBps.
• Serial (RS-232) - Early versions were limited to 20 Kbps, but newer versions can
reach transfer rates of 1.5 Mbps.
• SCSI (Ultra-320 SCSI) - Connects as many as 15 devices with a transfer rate of 320
MBps.
• USB interface is widespread and used with many different devices. USB (1.1) ,
USB 2.0 and USB 3.0.
• SATA interface is replacing IDE and EIDE as the standard interface for hard drives.
The eSATA (external SATA) connection can be hot-swappable.
Specialized Computer Systems
• CAD or CAM (CAx) workstation
• Powerful processor
• High-end video card
• Maximum RAM
• Audio and video editing workstation
• Specialized audio card
• Specialized video card
• Large, fast hard drive
• Dual monitors
• Virtualization workstation
• Maximum RAM
• Maximum CPU cores
Specialized Computer Systems
• Gaming PC
• Powerful processor
• High-end video card
• High-end sound card
• High-end cooling
• Large amounts of fast RAM
• Fast storage
• Gaming-specific hardware
• Home Theater Personal Computer (HTPC)
• Specialized cases and power supplies
• Surround sound audio
• HDMI output
• TV tuners and cable cards
• Specialized hard drive
Chapter 1 Summary
• Information Technology encompasses the use of computers, network
hardware, and software to process, store, transmit, and retrieve
information.
• A personal computer system consists of hardware components and
software applications.
• The computer case and power supply must be chosen carefully to
support the hardware inside the case and allow for the addition of
components.
• The internal components of a computer are selected for specific
features and functions. All internal components must be compatible
with the motherboard.
Chapter 1 Summary (Continued)
▪ Use the correct type of ports and cables when connecting devices.
▪ Typical input devices include the keyboard, mouse, touch screen, and
digital cameras.
▪ Typical output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers.
• Updating computer components, such as cases, power supplies, the
CPU and cooling system, RAM, hard drives, and adapter cards, must
be done when devices fail or no longer meet customer needs
• Specialized computers require hardware specific to their function.