Isuzu Gemini

The Isuzu Gemini is a subcompact car produced by the

Japanese automaker Isuzu from 1974 until 2000. The Isuzu Gemini
same basic product was built and/or sold under several
other names, sometimes by other General Motors brands,
in various markets around the world. While the first
generation was of a rear-wheel drive design, later versions
were all front-wheel-drive. The last two generations were
no more than badge-engineered Honda Domani until the
name was retired in 2000.

Isuzu Gemini FF hatchback

Overview
Contents
Manufacturer Isuzu (1974–1993)
First generation (1974) Honda (1993–2000)
In other markets
Production 1974–2000 (Japan)
Second generation (1985)
Assembly Kawasaki Plant, Kawasaki,
North America
Kanagawa, Japan (1974–
Third generation (1990) 2000)
Fourth generation (1993) Dasmariñas, Cavite,
Fifth generation (1997) Philippines (GM Pilipinas;
Safety 1st generation)

Related information Body and chassis

References Class Subcompact car
External links Layout FR layout (1974-1987)
FF layout (1985-2000)
Front engine, four-wheel
drive (1990-1993)
Chronology
Predecessor Isuzu Bellett

First generation (1974)

The first Gemini was the Bellett Gemini, first seen in First generation (PF)
November 1974. It was based on the third-generation
Opel Kadett C on the General Motors T-car platform and
came in four-door sedan and two-door coupe body styles.
The chassis code was PF50, although the later 1.8-liter
versions were called PF60 and the diesels PFD60.[1]
In June 1977 the Gemini received its first, light, facelift.
The bigger 1817 cc G180 series engine became available,
fitted with rectangular headlights rather than the round
units used on the 1600. This model offered 110  PS
(81 kW), although this output dropped to 105 PS (77 kW)
if an automatic transmission was fitted.[2] In November of
the same year the 1600 was updated, now with square
headlights and an engine with the I·CAS oxidation catalyst
("Isuzu Clean Air System") which could manage the 1978
emissions standards.[3] One year later the Gemini 1800's
engine was also upgraded to meet the 1978 emissions Isuzu Gemini
standards.[4] Power remained unchanged, and the Overview
automatic now offered the same power as cars with Also called Isuzu Bellett Gemini
manual transmission.[5] The ignition system was now of a
transistor less type, and the trunk lid was now opened Isuzu I-Mark
remotely (not added to the Gemini 1600 until the end of Buick Opel (US)
December). The Gemini Black and 1800 Minx were also Holden Gemini
added, the Minx with a two-tone paintjob and the Black
with black paintwork and more sporty yet comfortable Opel Gemini (Malaysia)
equipment including alloy wheels.[4] Saehan Gemini
Saehan Bird
Production November 1974–February
1987
Body and chassis
Body style 2-door coupé
4-door sedan
Layout FR layout
Platform T-body
1979 facelift Holden Gemini (Holden
built and badged version for the
Related Isuzu Piazza
Australian market) Chevrolet Chevette
Daewoo Maepsy
In June 1979,[1] the Gemini received a new slant nose Opel Kadett
with rectangular headlights and a redesigned rear end. The
Vauxhall Chevette
changes were actually more comprehensive than that, also
including a redesigned (longer) engine bay and a wider Powertrain
radiator opening for two new engines added in November Engine petrol:
(the twin cam G180W and the new 4FB1 diesel) which
both required wider radiators for more air for cooling.[6] 1584 cc G161Z I4
1817 cc G180Z I4
In Japan, sports models were available originally with the
1817 cc G180W DOHC I4
"ZZ" name. Later, ZZ/L (1980), ZZ/R (1981), ZZ/T, and
ZZ/E models were added. These were equipped with an diesel:
Isuzu G180W 8-valve DOHC 1.8-liter engine, most 1817 cc 4FB1 I4
commonly fuel-injected, producing 130  PS (96  kW) at 1817 cc 4FB1T turbo I4
6400  rpm. These models also came with a shortened
remote throw manual shift lever and optional factory LSD Dimensions
differential.[7] There was also a mildly sporting model of Wheelbase 2,405 mm (94.7 in)
the OHC 1800, called the LS/G.
In October 1982 a version of the diesel with Bosch VE Length 4,135 mm (162.8 in)
electronic fuel injection was also added; this provided 8% Width 1,570 mm (61.8 in)
more power than the regular version (66 versus 61  PS)
and was fitted to the LT-E and LJ-E models. For those Height 1,365 mm (53.7 in)
who wanted more, a 73 PS (54 kW) turbo diesel appeared Curb weight 930 kg (2,050 lb)
a month later. Also featuring electronic fuel injection, this
model also received a standard rear anti-roll bar. Counterintuitively, the two more powerful diesels were
never available with the coupé bodywork.[8]

The Gemini was complemented in 1981 by the Giugiaro-designed coupé Isuzu Piazza, based on the
Gemini's platform, which was introduced in the United States in 1983 as the Isuzu Impulse and in Australia
in 1986 as the Holden Piazza. After the front-wheel-drive second generation Gemini appeared in early
1985, the old rear-wheel drive version nonetheless continued to be built. The coupé model was
discontinued, and a slimmed down sedan range (including the ZZ and diesel models) continued to be
available. This diminished range was produced until February 1987, when the rear-wheel drive Gemini
was laid to rest after 768,537 had been built.

In other markets
North America

The North American market version was originally sold as the

"Opel by Isuzu" and then the Buick Opel (sometimes referred to as
the "Buick Isuzu Opel"). It first appeared in late 1975, for the 1976
model year, and replaced the German-built Kadett which had
become too expensive as a result of the weakening dollar and rising
1976 Opel by Isuzu, a rebadging for
the US
costs in Germany.[9] Road & Track decried the switch, stating that
the Isuzu felt "built to a price" and that unlike the real Opel, it was
"one of our least favorite cars."[10] In 1978 a "Sports Coupé" was
added to the lineup, its changes being limited to the paint, different steel wheels, sporty mirrors, and a
spoiler. For 1979 the car received a light cosmetic update with ribbed velour trim, a few new paint options,
and rectangular headlights.[10]

For the 1981 model year, the "Buick Opel" metamorphosed into the "Isuzu I-Mark".[11] The diesel engine
was available in the I-Mark, but the standard engine was a 78 hp (58 kW) (SAE net) version of the 1.8 litre
G180Z engine.[12] The diesel had a claimed 51 hp (38 kW) (SAE net) at an unusually high 5,000 rpm. The
I-Mark was offered with four-door sedan or two-door coupé bodywork with either engine, in Deluxe or
fully equipped LS (added for the 1982 model year) trim. A 5-speed manual or a 3-speed automatic were on
offer. There was also a base diesel-engined coupé on offer, with a 4-speed manual transmission only.[13]
The diesel gradually lost sales after USA's brief love affair with the diesel car came to an end in the early
eighties, and eventually it was only available in a single coupé version.[11] For 1985, the rear-wheel-drive
I-Mark's last year, only the Deluxe sedan version with the gasoline engine remained available.[14] Power
remained at 78 hp (58 kW) at 4,800 rpm.[15]

Australia

In addition to sedan and coupé models, Holden in Australia produced the Gemini as a three-door station
wagon and three-door panel van, which were derived from the Opel Kadett C Caravan and Vauxhall
Chevette wagon, with Isuzu Gemini front panels. The panel van's side panels came from the Bedford
Chevanne. The Australian Holden Gemini was fitted with an Isuzu G161Z petrol engine, although 1979
and later models were available with a 1.8-litre 8-valve SOHC diesel engine (4FB1). The more common
G161Z was a 1.6-liter 8-valve SOHC fed by a Nikki carburettor. The Holden Gemini was Wheels
magazine's Car of the Year for 1975.

Other markets

In Europe, the Gemini was equipped with the 1.6-liter engine which produced 68 PS (50 kW) DIN there;
the discrepancy in stated power (down 32 percent) may have been entirely due to the differences to the
SAE (gross) measuring system used on Japanese market cars.

Isuzu Gemini was also sold in South Korea as the Saehan Gemini, whose manufacturer became Daewoo
Motors in 1982. It then became Daewoo Maepsy after 1982 and remained on sale (later as the Maepsy-Na
after a facelift) until it was replaced by the Daewoo LeMans in 1986. It continued to be assembled as a taxi
model called Maepsy Sigma until 1989.

Sold as:

1975–1984 - Holden Gemini - Australia, New Zealand (sold from 1977–1984, initially
badged as an Isuzu in NZ, as the brand had already been established by the earlier Bellett;
early Australian cars from 1975 launch were badged Holden-Isuzu), Indonesia
1975–1983 - Opel Gemini - Malaysia, Thailand
1976–1979 - Opel Isuzu/Buick Opel - United States
1977–1982 - Saehan Gemini - South Korea ("Saehan Bird" in the export)
1982–1986 - Saehan/Daewoo Maepsy/Maepsy-Na/Maepsy Sigma - South Korea
1982–1988 - Saehan/Daewoo Max - pickup version, South Korea
1981–1984 - Isuzu I-Mark - North America

Rear view of early Gemini four- Post-1983 Gemini ZZ-R (PF60)

door (Japan)

Isuzu I-Mark Coupé (North

America)
Second generation (1985)
Second generation

Overview
Pre-facelift Gemini FF (JT150)
Also called Isuzu I-Mark
Chevrolet Spectrum
Geo Spectrum
Pontiac Sunburst
Chevrolet Gemini
Holden Gemini
Production 1985–1990
Pre-facelift Gemini Irmscher (JT150) Designer Giorgetto Giugiaro
Body and chassis
Body style 3-door hatchback coupe
4-door sedan
Layout FF layout
Platform R-body
Powertrain
1985–1987 Holden Gemini (RB) SL/X Engine 1297 cc 4XB1 I4 (JT140,
export only)
1471 cc 4XC1 (LC5) I4
(JT150)
1471 cc 4XC1-T (LC0)
turbo I4 (JT150)
1588 cc 4XE1 DOHC I4
(JT190)
1487 cc 4EC1 diesel/TD I4
1988-89 Isuzu I-Mark hatchback (JT600)
coupe (North America)
Transmission 3-speed automatic
5-speed manual
General Motors sought a replacement for their world car 5-speed semi-automatic
T-body Kadett / Gemini, and this time, instead of building (NAVi5)
one design on several continents, they decided to build a
world car in one location and export it to several Dimensions
continents. As a considerable portion of the T-body Wheelbase 2,400 mm (94.5 in)
manufacturing had been turned over to Isuzu in Japan for
Length I-Mark Hatchback Coupe:
economic reasons, so would the manufacturing of the
4,011 mm (157.9 in)
replacement. In 1984, Isuzu again commissioned
 Giorgetto Giugiaro I-Mark Sedan: 4,082 mm
who was (160.7 in)
responsible for the Spectrum Hatchback
117 Coupé and the Coupe: 3,998 mm
Piazza. This time, (157.4 in)
he was to design
Spectrum Sedan: 4,069 mm
an economy car on
the new front- (160.2 in)
wheel drive R- Width I-Mark: 1,613 mm (63.5 in)
1989 Chevrolet/Geo Spectrum body platform. Spectrum: 1,615 mm
The R-body (63.6 in)
featured a
Height I-Mark: 1,374 mm (54.1 in)
MacPherson strut
front suspension Spectrum: 1,321 mm
and beam axle rear (52.0 in)
suspension, which Chronology
foreshadowed Predecessor Chevrolet Chevette
most of GM's
(Spectrum)
offerings through
Opel Isuzu (I-Mark)
their current model
lineup. Giugiaro's Pontiac Acadian (Sunburst)

Isuzu 4XE1 1.6L Engine (JT190) design followed Successor Isuzu Stylus (I-Mark)
the Piazza design Passport Optima (Sunburst)
very closely in Geo Storm (Spectrum,
shape and detail, though the proportions made the Gemini hatchback)
appear shorter and taller in its three-door version, and a
Geo Prizm (Spectrum,
four-door sedan (notch back) was also designed.
sedan)
Unfortunately for everyone involved, Isuzu presented the
designs to GM prior to freezing them, and GM ordered a number of detail changes to them without ever
consulting the designer, Giugiaro, which was taken as an insult, and ended the long relationship between
the noted Italian designer and Japan's second oldest car builder. The insult was serious enough to Giugiaro
that he denied the design was his until a decade after the vehicle went out of production.

The R-body Gemini was introduced in May 1985 as the Gemini FF (after it had already gone on sale as a
Chevrolet in the United States), with an all-new line of engines. In Japan, originally with chassis code
JT150, it was available with a carburetted 1.5-liter SOHC engine. An also newly developed 1.5-liter inline
four diesel engine (JT600) was added to the lineup in November. At the other end of the lineup, a 120 PS
(88  kW) fuel-injected and turbocharged version of the 1.5-liter 4XB1 engine ("Irmscher") was added in
May 1986. Originally, the transmission started out with a choice of a 5-speed manual or a 3-speed
automatic, but NAVi5, an automated manual transmission, was added in 1986.

The FF Gemini underwent a facelift in February 1987, receiving a more aggressive front styling with
wraparound headlight as well as other minor changes. At the same time, the "FF" moniker was dropped, as
parallel production of the preceding RWD Gemini came to an end. In March 1987 the Gemini saw its
European premiere, at the Geneva Salon. European sales of the already somewhat dated Gemini were
disappointing, and Isuzu soon withdrew from the European passenger car market entirely.

A 1.6-liter DOHC engine with 135 PS (99 kW) was introduced in February 1988. Export versions were
also available with a smaller 1.3-liter four to suit taxation systems based on displacement.[16] This offered
72 PS (53 kW), while export specification 1.5s had 76 PS (56 kW) on tap and the naturally aspirated diesel
offered 52  PS (38  kW) outside Japan.[17] Trim levels were widely varied, from basic models ("C/C" in
Japan, "LT" in general export markets, and "S" in the US) to Irmscher, ZZ, and Lotus Tuned versions, and
plenty of optional equipment and dealer options were available.

A second minor change was released in February 1989 for Japan only. The position of the rear license plate
garnish for the sedan model has been moved from the trunk lid to the center part of the bumper. Other
differences include the amber turn indicators lens now having been dropped, and an addition of side marker
lights. In total, 748,216 second generation Geminis (under all nameplates) were built. 150,873 of these
were sold as Isuzu I-Marks in the United States, while 363,171 were sold under the Chevrolet and Geo
badges.

North America

In the US, the vehicle was available from Chevrolet (and later Geo) as the Spectrum, or from Isuzu
themselves, as the I-Mark. GM's Pontiac division sold the I-Mark as the Pontiac Sunburst in Canada from
1985 to 1988. Sales were limited to coastal markets initially, as import quotas restricted the number of cars
General Motors could sell in the United States.[18] The Spectrum was presented at the end of November
1984, with cars already on sale in 16 eastern states. Isuzu's own I-Mark went on sale during the 1985
model year.[19] Due to the quotas, only 29,500 cars were available the first model year, about a quarter of
what GM had hoped to be able to sell.[20] 1985 and 1986 models featured a unique eggcrate grille flanked
by single square sealed-beam headlights.

US sales of the Isuzu I-Mark were down by half for the latter half of 1989, as a lengthy changeover to the
new models slowed down production in Japan.[21] With Isuzu being contractually obliged to supply a
certain number of Geo Spectrums, there were very few I-Marks available for Isuzu's own dealers. With a
delayed introduction of the upcoming Stylus (second generation Gemini), Isuzu largely abandoned the
passenger car segment for nearly a year, selling mostly leftover stock of the old Impulse.[21]

GM Canada announced that the Sunburst's replacement would be the Passport Optima in 1989. For GM,
this was an entry-level vehicle to attract young buyers and to compete with Japanese midsize cars in the US
market. Chevrolet's Spectrum lacked many of the options and equipment of the I-Mark, although with the
exception of a brief run of decontented hatchbacks in 1988 dubbed "Spectrum Express" they were not as
austere as the base trim levels of contemporary Dodge Colt, Toyota Tercel and Honda Civics. Both were
available with the 70 hp (52 kW) 1.5-liter SOHC non-turbo and 110 hp (82 kW) turbo engines, but neither
diesel engines nor NAVi5 were offered in the US. The turbo model I-Mark was called the RS model in
1988 and then changed to the LS model in 1989. The I-Mark was available with the 125 hp (93 kW) 1.6-
liter DOHC engine in 1989 only, as the RS model. In 1988 and 1989, the LS and RS models were offered
with Lotus Tuned Suspension, the sportier suspension featuring more rigid dampers, alternate spring rates,
and bigger sway bars.

Sold as:

1985–1989 Isuzu I-Mark - United States, Canada

1985–1990 Isuzu Gemini - Japan, Europe, and Central America
1984–1988 Chevrolet Spectrum - United States & Canada
1988–1989 Geo Spectrum - United States
1985–1989 Pontiac Sunburst - Canada
1985–1990 Holden Gemini - Australia, New Zealand and Indonesia
1985–1990 Chevrolet Gemini - Chile and Argentina
Third generation (1990)
Third generation

1991–1993 Isuzu Gemini Hatchback

Overview
Also called Isuzu Stylus
Production 1990–1993
Body and chassis
Body style 2-door coupe
1991–1993 Isuzu Gemini sedan 3-door hatchback
4-door sedan
The Gemini was redesigned for 1990, and the coupé Layout Front engine, front-wheel
version was now renamed the Gemini Coupé. The last drive / four-wheel drive
models were produced in June 1993. The third generation
Platform R-body
sedan appeared in March 1990. Body size was wider than
the previous generation. A liftback coupé was introduced Related Geo Storm
in September 1990, with the three-door hatchback version Isuzu Impulse
added in March 1991. The last of the Isuzu-developed Asüna Sunfire
Geminis and its derivatives were sold as the Isuzu Powertrain
Impulse, Isuzu Piazza, Isuzu Gemini, Isuzu Stylus, Geo
Storm, and Asüna Sunfire. Engine petrol:
1.5 L 4XC1 I4 (JT151)
The Isuzu Gemini Coupé was the basis for the Isuzu
Impulse and Geo Storm in the United States and Canada, 1.6 L 4XE1 SOHC/DOHC I4
and for the Asüna Sunfire which was sold in the Canadian (JT191)
market for the 1993 model year only. The Geo versions 1.6 L 4XE1-T turbo DOHC
lacked some of the more expensive and advanced features I4 (JT191)
of the Isuzu (and Asüna) versions. The 4-door sedan was
1.8 L 4XF1 DOHC I4
sold as the Isuzu Stylus in the United States and Canada.
diesel:
Model codes were JT151F for the front-wheel drive 1.7 L 4EE1-T TD I4 (JT641)
1.5/1.6-litre gasoline versions, JT191F for the front-wheel
drive 1600 DOHC model, and JT191S for the four-wheel Transmission 3-speed automatic
drive, turbocharged "Irmscher R" version. Turbodiesels 5-speed manual
are JT641F/JT641S for front-wheel drive and four-wheel Dimensions
drive models respectively.
Wheelbase 2,451 mm (96.5 in)
In North America, the base Stylus "S" model received a Length 4,191 mm (165.0 in)
95  hp 1.6 L SOHC version of the 4XE1, available in 5-
Width 1,679 mm (66.1 in)
speed manual or 3-speed automatic transmissions. The
1,694 mm (66.7 in) (4WD
1990 and 1991 top-line Stylus "XS" models had a 125 hp
4XE1-UW 1.6 L naturally aspirated DOHC engine only sedan)
available with a 5-speed manual transmission when Height 1,374 mm (54.1 in)
introduced, and received the 4XF1 140 hp 1.8 L naturally
aspirated DOHC engine with the 5-speed manual in its final 1992 model year. The Stylus initially was
offered in two trim levels in 1990 and 1991, the base Stylus "S" with a 1.6 L SOHC 12-valve 95  hp
version of the 4XE1, and the top-level "XS" with the 4XE1-UW DOHC and the Lotus-tuned suspension.
The XS also offered an optional power equipment package, which included power windows, power door
locks, power mirrors, and a sunroof. This XS "Power Package" would evolve into the 1.8 L "RS" trim
level for 1992, slotting above the "XS" trim for 1992. The DOHC Stylus (both "XS" and "RS") would be
dropped after 1992, leaving the lone SOHC "S" trim for the final 1993 model year to stand alongside the
Geo Storm platform triplet. The third platform triplet, the Impulse, would also be withdrawn after 1992 and
was sold in Canada for 1993 only as the Asüna Sunfire, as Isuzu was preparing its passenger car exit from
the US market in July 1993.

The higher trim level packages offered "ZZ handling by Lotus" and "specification Irmscher" as the
performance models in the lineup, but was carryovered from previous generations. The top model was the
"Irmscher-R" JT191S type, equipped with a high-power turbocharged engine and full-time 4WD. The
suspension packages that were installed on the second generation Isuzu Piazza were also shared on the
Gemini sold in Japan, including the four-wheel steering setup.

North American sales of the sedan started from December 1990 under the name Isuzu Stylus. Initial orders
were above target in Japan, but production lagged behind. Strong early sales began to slump within a year,
however, and as the post-bubble recession began to take hold in Japan, Isuzu was particularly affected.
After a corporate restructuring, Isuzu decided to abandon passenger car production and focus on
commercial truck and SUV production, as the Trooper and the Rodeo found many buyers internationally,
with badge engineered versions sold under a variety of brands and names across different markets.[22]

The total production volume of vehicles was 406,625 units at the end of the third generation (from HQ
Isuzu), with 17,754 units sold in the United States (from Ward's Automotive Yearbook).

Fourth generation (1993)

Fourth generation

Isuzu Gemini rear

Isuzu halted production of the Gemini and replaced it with

a rebadged version of the Honda Domani. It was only
available with the four-door sedan bodystyle and a limited
number of engines; the Domani also came as a five-door Overview
hatchback.
Production 1993–1996
Body and chassis
Body style 4-door sedan
Layout FF layout
 Related Honda Civic
Honda Domani
Honda Integra SJ
Rover 400

Fifth generation (1997)

Fifth generation

Isuzu Gemini rear

The fifth generation Gemini was a rebadged second

generation Honda Domani sedan, a car which was also Overview
marketed as a Civic in Europe. Production of this model Also called Honda Domani
ceased in 2000. As usual, the Gemini was available in a Acura EL
much more limited lineup than that of the related Honda
Production 1997–2000
version, with only one bodystyle and either a 1.5 or a 1.6
litre engine. Body and chassis
Body style 4-door sedan
Layout FF layout
Related Honda Civic
Rover 400
Dimensions
Wheelbase 103.1 in (2,619 mm)

Safety
In Australia, the 1982–1984 Holden Gemini was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 as
providing "significantly worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.[23]

Related information
The first and second generation Isuzu Geminis, specifically the diesel ones, were the most popular taxicab
models in the Philippines in the 1980s and early 1990s. Models were phased out and gradually replaced
with newer models from Toyota and Nissan.

The Singapore Police Force used the Isuzu Gemini Fast Response Cars (FRCs) from 1991 until 1995 until
they were phased out and replaced by the Subaru Impreza police cars.

The front-wheel drive Geminis (second and third generation) were marketed in Japan with the catch phrase
"Shortstop of the streets" (街の遊撃手 , Machi no yūgekishu), and television commercials featuring
exciting driving stunts throughout the streets of Paris. With French professional stunt driver Rèmy Julienne
mostly coordinating with all of the stunts, the Geminis enjoyed wide popularity.

References
1. Car Graphic: Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars (in Japanese), Tokyo: Nigensha,
2007, p. 239, ISBN 978-4-544-91018-6
2. Lösch, Annamaria, ed. (1978). World Cars 1978. Pelham, NY: The Automobile Club of
Italy/Herald Books. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-910714-10-5.
3. 自動車ガイドブック [Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1978/1979] (in Japanese),
vol. 25, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1978-10-10, p. 109, 0053-
780025-3400
4. 自動車ガイドブック [Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1979/1980] (in Japanese),
vol. 26, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1979-11-01, p. 113, 053-
790026-3400
5. Automobile Guide Book 1979/1980, p. 168
6. Yamaguchi, Jack K. (1980), Lösch, Annamaria (ed.), "Consummation of the Turbulent
Decade", World Cars 1980, Pelham, NY: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books: 66,
ISBN 978-0-910714-12-9
7. 絶版車カタログ 国産車編 Part3 1970~1979 [Japanese Historic Car Graffiti: Car Catalog part
3, 1970–1979]. Eichi Mook (in Japanese). Tokyo: Eichi Publishing ( 英知出版
). 1997. p. 57.
ISBN 978-4-89461-004-0.
8. World Cars 1984. Pelham, NY: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books. 1984. pp. 344–
345. ISBN 978-0-910714-16-7.
9. Binder, Alan K.; Ferris, Deebe, eds. (2000). General Motors in the Twentieth Century.
Southfield, MI: Ward's Communications. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-910589-52-9.
10. Road & Track's Road Test Annual & Buyer's Guide 1979, Greenwich, CT: CBS Publications,
January–February 1979, p. 85
11. Flammang, James M. (1994). Standard Catalog of Imported Cars, 1946-1990. Iola, WI:
Krause Publications, Inc. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-87341-158-5.
12. Büschi, Hans-Ulrich, ed. (March 10, 1983). Automobil Revue '83 (in German and French).
Vol. 78. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag, AG. p. 337. ISBN 978-3-444-06065-6.
13. 1982 Isuzu I-Mark (brochure), American Isuzu Motors Inc., October 1981, p. 12, AIMI-MKT-
010
14. 1985 Isuzu Models Announced (Press Release), Whittier, CA: American Isuzu Motors Inc.,
September 1984
15. Binder, Alan (1985). "End of Restraints, New Entries Seen Bolstering Record-Setting Import
Sales in 1985 and Beyond". Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1985. Detroit, MI: Ward's
Communications, Inc. 47: 160. ISBN 0910589005.
16. Mastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1990). Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 (in Italian).
Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. pp. 388–390.
17. Ruiz, Marco (1986). 'The Complete History of the Japanese Car: 1907 to the Present. Rome:
ERVIN srl. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-517-61777-9.
18. Snyder, Jesse (1985-02-18). "Old name, new partner add up to new Nova". Advertising Age:
74.
19. Flammang, p. 309
20. Schuon, Marshall (1984-11-25). "About Cars; Chevrolet's Trio Challenge Imports" (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/1984/11/25/sports/about-cars-chevrolet-s-trio-challenge-imports.html). The
New York Times.
21. Stark, Harry A.; Bush, James W., eds. (1990). Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1990. Vol. 52.
Detroit, MI: Ward's Communications, Inc. p. 117. ISBN 0910589010.
22. Organizational structure in the automobile industry revolution SFC Keio Keio University
Shonan South Fujisawa Campus 1995 organizational behavior theory OB68 group
REFERENCE FOUND ON JAPANESE WIKIPEDIA SITE #6 AND 7
23. [1] (http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadSafety/VehicleSafety/UsedCarSafetyRatings/
Used+Car+Safety+Ratings+-+Light+Small+Cars.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20070329035527/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadSafety/VehicleSafety/UsedCar
SafetyRatings/Used%20Car%20Safety%20Ratings%20-%20Light%20Small%20Cars.htm)
March 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

External links
Development of the Isuzu Gemini from GM (https://archive.today/20130209061010/http://am
ericanchevette.webs.com/tbodyintroduction.htm)
Isuzu Official Gemini article (Japanese) (http://www.isuzu.co.jp/museum/p_car/gemini.html)
OzGemini.com (http://www.ozgemini.com/)
HoldenGemini.net (http://www.holdengemini.net/)
CanberraGeminiClub.com (http://www.canberrageminiclub.com)
GemiSA Car Club (previously Just Gems of SA) (http://www.gemisa.net/)
Used Car Safety Ratings - Holden Gemini - Australia Only (https://web.archive.org/web/2006
0519194933/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/vrne/vrne5nav.nsf/childdocs/-B8F86554889072
60CA256FD300241C1A-667BCFE41674A389CA256FD300241C2B-1EE471300C4801C
3CA2570A400083B3F?open)
ISUZU Gemini Ads (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybEBjdMi334&NR)

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