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    Early Schools of Psychology

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    Pratyaksha Tiwari
    Early schools of psychology included structuralism, gestalt psychology, functionalism, behaviourism, and psychoanalysis. Structuralism, founded by Wundt, focused on introspection to analyze the basic elements of sensation, image, and emotion. Gestalt psychology, founded in Germany, maintained that the mind perceives whole patterns and relationships rather than isolated elements. Functionalism, developed at the University of Chicago, proposed studying how the mind and behavior adapt to the environment. Behaviourism, founded by Watson, rejected the study of the mind and focused only on observable behaviors. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized unconscious drives and their expression in behavior and thought.

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    Early Schools of Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Pratyaksha Tiwari
    326 views2 pages
    Early schools of psychology included structuralism, gestalt psychology, functionalism, behaviourism, and psychoanalysis. Structuralism, founded by Wundt, focused on introspection to analyze the basic elements of sensation, image, and emotion. Gestalt psychology, founded in Germany, maintained that the mind perceives whole patterns and relationships rather than isolated elements. Functionalism, developed at the University of Chicago, proposed studying how the mind and behavior adapt to the environment. Behaviourism, founded by Watson, rejected the study of the mind and focused only on observable behaviors. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized unconscious drives and their expression in behavior and thought.

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    Early schools of psychology included structuralism, gestalt psychology, functionalism, behaviourism, and psychoanalysis. Structuralism, founded by Wundt, focused on introspection to analyze the basic elements of sensation, image, and emotion. Gestalt psychology, founded in Germany, maintained that the mind perceives whole patterns and relationships rather than isolated elements. Functionalism, developed at the University of Chicago, proposed studying how the mind and behavior adapt to the environment. Behaviourism, founded by Watson, rejected the study of the mind and focused only on observable behaviors. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized unconscious drives and their expression in behavior and thought.

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    326 views2 pages

    Early Schools of Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Pratyaksha Tiwari
    Early schools of psychology included structuralism, gestalt psychology, functionalism, behaviourism, and psychoanalysis. Structuralism, founded by Wundt, focused on introspection to analyze the basic elements of sensation, image, and emotion. Gestalt psychology, founded in Germany, maintained that the mind perceives whole patterns and relationships rather than isolated elements. Functionalism, developed at the University of Chicago, proposed studying how the mind and behavior adapt to the environment. Behaviourism, founded by Watson, rejected the study of the mind and focused only on observable behaviors. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized unconscious drives and their expression in behavior and thought.

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    Early schools of psychology

    Early Schools of Psychology


    The following are the different early schools of psychology:
    • Structuralism
    (Wilhelm Wundt/B. Titchener—1867-1927, Germany)
    • Gestalt psychology
    (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler—1912,
    Germany)
    • Functionalism
    (John Dewey, James Angelld Harvey—Chicago)
    • Behaviourism
    (John B. Watson—1879-1958, Hopkins University)
    • Psychoanalysis
    (Sigmund Freud—1856-1938, Austria).

    Structuralism
    The goal of the structuralism was to find the units or elements, which make up
    the element. They thought that first step must be a description of basis, or
    elementary, units of sensation, image and emotion which comprise it.
    Method used: INTROSPECTION
    In this method the subjects were trained to report as objectively as possible what
    they experienced in connection with a certain stimulus, e.g. A subject might be
    presented with a coloured light and asked to describe it as minutely as possible.

    Gestalt psychology
    The German word Gestalt means Form or Configuration and the gestalt
    psychologist maintained that mind should be thought of as resulting from the
    whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationship and organization within
    this pattern.

    .
    When we look at the dots, our mental experience is not just of the dots, but also
    of a square and a triangle placed on a straight line. In other terms, the mind is
    best understood in the ways elements are organized.

    Functionalism
    It proposed that psychology should study what mind and behaviour do.
    Specifically functionalist felt that mind and behaviour are adaptive—they
    enable an individual to adjust to a changing environment. They did experiments
    on functions like learning, memory, reasoning and motivation etc.

    Behaviourism
    Watson rejected mind as a subject of psychology and insisted that psychology
    be restricted to the study of behaviour—the observable activities of people and
    animals.
    Three characteristics of behaviourism includes:
    • Emphasis on conditioned responses as the elements or building blocks of
    behaviour. But these elements were conditioned responses rather than sensation,
    image or emotions as like structuralism.
    • Emphasis on learned rather than unlearned behaviour. It denied the existence
    of inborn or innate, behavioural tendencies.
    • Focus on animal behaviour—He felt that we could learn our own behaviour
    from the study of what animals do.

    Psychoanalysis
    Freud said that what we do and think results from urges or drives, which seek
    expression in behaviour and thought, i.e. it is the expression of the unconscious
    drives which shows up in behaviour and thought. (Key idea— Unconscious
    motivation).

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