1.

 MUSCLE BIOMECHANICS
2. 2. MUSCLE FUNCTION
3. 3. MUSCLE TENSION O Most important characteristic of muscle is it’s ability to develop
tension & to exert force on bony lever. O Tension can be either active or passive; total
tension is the sum of both active & passive tension.
4. 4. Passive tension :- O Refers to tension developed in parallel elastic component. O Also
known as non-contractile tension. O Created by lengthening the muscle beyond the slack
length of the tissues. O Parallel muscle component may add to active tension by muscle
when lengthened; or it may become slack & doesn’t contribute to total muscle tension
5. 5. Active tension :- O Refers to tension developed by contractile element of muscle. So
called as contractile tension. O It is initiated by cross bridge formation & movement of
thin & thick filaments. O The amount of tension generated depends on neural factors
(frequency, number & size of motor unit) & mechanical properties (isometric length
tension relationship & force velocity relationship) of muscle.
6. 6. Isometric length tension relationship :- O There is direct relationship between isometric
tension development & length of sarcomeres in muscle fiber. O At optimal length –
maximal isometric tension (due to position of thin & thick filaments forming maximum
number of cross bridges in sarcomere) O Lengthening or shortening beyond optimal
length cause reduced amount of active tension. (fewer cross bridges formation)
7. 7. Optimal
8. 8. O As muscle elongates, passive elastic tension increases. O This passive tension is
added to active tension resulting in total tension. O When the muscle is shortened –
sarcomere s at shorter length – reduces distance between Z discs – inter-digitation of
thin & thick filaments – interferes with formation of cross bridges. O This is applicable
only in isometric contraction. O During dynamic contraction length tension relationship
must be combined with force velocity relationship to determine the effect that both length
& velocity have on muscle tension.
9. 9. Application of length tension relationship :- O When applying to muscle joint system –
sarcomere length is not same throughout. O So at a particular joint position- there are
sarcomeres at many different lengths corresponding to different point of length tension
relationship. O During movement torque produced at joint is not only due to muscle force
but also function of moment arm (MA) of muscle. O So at particular joint position, muscle
length may be short but has long MA, maintaining higher torque.
10. 10. O Muscles has diminished ability to produce isometric contraction at extremes of joint
motion. O Common in muscles that cross more than one joint, in which muscle length
excursion is greater than in single joint muscles. O Torque of muscle reduces when full
ROM is attempted at all joints crossed by multijoint muscle. O This decrease in torque is
called as active insufficiency.
11. 11. Force – velocity relationship :- O Another factor affecting tension development is
speed of shortening of myofilaments. (Rate at which myofilaments slide & form & re-form
cross bridges) O Speed of shortening depends on type & length of muscle fiber. O Force
velocity relationship describes the relation between velocity of muscle contraction & the
force produced. (concentric & eccentric muscle contraction)
12. 12. O The force generated is the function of velocity of muscle contraction. O Eg. O
Concentric contraction- as speed decreases tension increases. O Isometric contraction-
speed of shortening is 0, but tension reduced is more than concentric. O Eccentric
contraction – as speed of lengthening increases, tension increases & then plateaus.
13. 13. O Types of muscle action :- Muscle action (contraction) Isometric (constant length)
Dynamic contraction Concentric contraction (muscle shortening under load) Eccentric
contraction (muscle lengthening under load)
14. 14. Characteristic Isometric contraction Concentric contraction Eccentric contraction
Sarcomere length Constant Shorten Lengthen Bone movement No Closer together Move
away Work done by muscle 0 or no work Positive work Negative work Tension
development Great Low Greatest Example Maintaining elbow at 90 with dumbbell Elbow
flexion full ROM with dumbbell Elbow extension full ROM with dumbbell
15. 15. Production of torque :- O Assessing muscle strength is actually determining the
amount of joint torque that muscle produces. O In muscle experiments, it is isolated from
 the body & activated but in the body muscle is attached to the bones to produce force,
but it acts over MA at joint to produce torque. O MA of muscle changes with joint position
& also muscle length changes according to the joint movement. O So at different joint
position, muscle affects the amount of torque produced. O During dynamic movement,
velocity of shortening & lengthening changes force production & thus torque.
16. 16. Interaction of muscles & tendon :- O Interaction of muscle & tendons including
aponeurosis during muscle contraction & movement has important functional implication.
O During isometric contraction, muscle actually shortens & tendon lengthens slightly. O
So the compliance of tendon is important to in torque production of muscle.
17. 17. O This is the basic of plyometric exercises, where muscle tendon complex is
stretched before concentric contraction of muscle O A stretch immediately before
concentric contraction produces much greater torque. O Exact mechanism is still
unknown but considered as muscle fibers tends to have same length while tendon
lengthens, storing energy to be used during concentric contraction.
18. 18. Isokinetic exercises & testing :- O In isokinetic contraction, the angular velocity of
bony component is preset & kept constant by a mechanical device throughout the joint
ROM. O It’s a description of joint motion because the muscle fascicles do not shorten at
constant velocity during the movement. O As speed of movement is controlled by device,
resistance is directly proportional to the torque produced at all points in ROM. O So as
the torque produced by muscle increases, magnitude of torque of resistance increases
proportionately. O Excellent means of testing muscle strength. (biodex, cybex, kin com)
19. 19. O Benefit of isokinetic exs over free weight lifting is it accommodates for the changing
torques created by muscles throughout the ROM. O As preset speed is achieved,
isokinetic device produces resistance that matches torque of muscle. O Can be used for
strength training & to compare relative strength of one muscle group to another. O
Limitation – functional movements rarely needs the speed & complete ROM provided by
the isokinetic equipment.
20. 20. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES O Muscle are classified in different ways – O
According to shape (rhomboids, deltoid) O No of heads (biceps, triceps, quadriceps) O
Location (biceps femoris, tibilis anterior) O Combination of location & function (EDL, FPB)
O On the basis of action (flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, rotators) O According
to role (agonist, antagonist, synergists)
21. 21. Based on role of muscle in movement :- O Agonist/ prime movers – muscle producing
desired movement. O Antagonist – muscles producing exactly opposite of the desired
movement. The desired motion is not opposed but the muscle has potential to oppose
the movement. O Co-contraction – simultaneous contraction of agonist & antagonist. O
Synergist – muscle helping agonist to perform desired movement.
22. 22. Based on muscle architecture :- O Muscle can change its role. O Antagonist in one
action can be synergist for other. O Eg. Extensors & flexors on ulnar side of wrist are
antagonist during radial deviation but synergist during ulnar deviation.
23. 23. Based on length of moment arm :- O The orientation of muscle to the joint has also
been used to classify muscle into groups. O The length of muscle MA is important to
determine joint torque & ROM.
24. 24. FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE FUNCTION O In addition to the factors seen till
now, other factors affecting muscle function are :- O Types of joint & location of muscle
attachment O Number of joints crossed by the muscle O Passive insufficiency O Sensory
receptors
25. 25. Types of joint & location of muscle attachment :- O The structure of joint determines
the type & range of motion to occur. O The muscle location or line of action relative to the
joint determines the motion of muscle. O Eg. Anterior muscles (flexors), posterior
(extensors), lateral (abductors), medial (adductors). O Distal attachment close to joint –
wide ROM (mobility); at distance from joint axis – stability function (majority of force is
directed towards the joint that compresses the joint surfaces).
26. 26. O The stability function changes throughout the motion as rotatory or compressive
component of muscle force vary indirectly with each other. O Maximum joint stability is at
the point of greatest compressive force. O Usually each group of muscle acting on joint
 produces different torque at same joint. O Disturbances in normal ratio of agonist &
antagonists pair may create imbalance of joint – risk of injury.
27. 27. Number of joints crossed by the muscle :- O Many functional movements require
coordinated movements of several joints controlled by combination of muscles. O To
produce a purposeful movement pattern, the control is designed to minimize necessary
muscle force to accomplish the task & minimize muscle fatigue. O This motor control
strategy ensures that movement is done efficiently. O It needs coordinated efforts of
single joint & multi joint muscles.
28. 28. O Single joint muscle produce force & work primarily in concentric & isometric
contraction whereas multijoint muscles are recruited to control fine regulation of torque
during dynamic movements (eccentric more than concentric action). O Multi joint muscles
are recruited during complex motions requiring movement around multiple axes.
29. 29. Passive insufficiency :- O It’s a term used for insufficient length. O Single joint muscle
rarely are of insufficient extensibility to allow full ROM at joint. O Two joint or multi joint
muscle, frequently are of insufficient extensibility to permit full ROM simultaneously at all
joints crossed by the muscle. O The passive tension developed in stretched muscle is
sufficient to either cause motion or limit the motion.
30. 30. Sensory receptors :- O Normal motor control for voluntary movements depends on
coordination of descending motor pathways from cortex, muscle action & a constant flow
of sensory information. O In muscle, feedback comes from 2 important sensory receptors
: Golgi tendon organ (GTO) & muscle spindle. O GTO – in tendons at myotendinous
junction – sensitive to tension – activated by active muscle contraction or excessive
passive stretch – when excited, sends message to CNS to adjust the muscle tension.
31. 31. O Muscle spindle – consist of 2-10 specialised muscle fibers enclosed in connective
tissue sheath – interspersed throughout the muscle – sensitive to length & velocity of
lengthening – send message to brain (cerebellum) about state of stretch of muscle. O
Muscle spindle is responsible for sending the message to the muscle to contract when
the tendon is tapped with hammer. O Receptors in the joint capsule & ligaments also
influences muscle activity. O Feed forward control – important role in voluntary
movement – allows for anticipatory control of muscle action.
32. 32. EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION, INJURY & AGING
33. 33. IMMOBILIZATION O Affects both the muscle structure & function. O Effects depends
on – O Immobilization position O Shortened O Lengthened O Percentage of fiber types
within the muscle O Length of immobilization period
34. 34. In shortened position :- O Adapts to new position with following structural changes –
O ↓no of sarcomere with compensatory ↑ in sarcomere length O ↑ amount of perimysium
O Thickening of endomysium O Collagen fibril orients more circumferentially O ↑
connective tissue : muscle fiber tissue O Loss of weight & muscle atrophy O Functional
changes :- O Maximal tension is generated in shortened position O Resist passive
lengthening – limits joint ROM O Overall ↓ in tension generating capacity O ↑stiffness to
passive stretch
35. 35. In lengthened position :- O Fewer structural & functional changes. O Structural
changes :- O ↑ no of sarcomere - ↓sarcomere length O ↑endomyseal & perimyseal tissue
O Muscle hypertrophy may be followed by atrophy O Functional changes :- O Increased
maximum tension generating capacity
36. 36. INJURY Overuse :- O May cause injury to tendons, ligaments, bursae, nerves,
cartilage & muscle. O Common cause – repetitive trauma (doesn’t allow time to complete
tissue repair) – microtrauma – triggers inflammation – swelling. O Commonly affected by
overuse at musculotendinous junction. O Muscles & tendons –fatigue O Bursae –
inflames – effusion & thickening O Nerves – compression injury
37. 37. Muscle strain :- O Can occur from single high force contraction of muscle where
lengthening is by external forces. O Usually fails between junction of muscle & tendon. O
Localized bleeding O Acute inflammatory response – swelling, redness & pain
38. 38. Eccentric exercise induced muscle injury :- O Injury can occur even after single bout
of eccentric activity. (30-40min downhill walk) O Significant & sustained reduction in
maximum voluntary contraction. O Can cause loss of coordination, DOMS, swelling,
stiffness
39. 39. AGING Fiber number & type changes :- O Muscle strength reduces due to
sarcopenia. O Sarcopenia is a result of loss of muscle fiber & decrease in size of existing
fibers. O Gradual decrease in type II & increase type I fibers O Decrease in no of motor
units; remaining motor units has higher no of fibers per motor unit
40. 40. Connective tissue changes :- O Increase amount of connective tissue within
extracellular matrix of muscle – decreases ROM & increases muscle stiffness – reduces
muscle strength – increases risk of fall.