(Therapeutic Modalities)

Therapeutic Modalities are tools, systems and programs which are used by the
correctional system to reform, rehabilitate and/or reintegrate offenders back to
society, in which they would become productive members of society, while at the
same time, are discouraged to return to a life of petty crime. Through the
implementation of such programs, the inmates are educated and reinforced to
learn useful skills in order to survive life outside of the correctional system and
manage to be self-sufficient at his/her second chance in life.
The role of the correctional system is to ensure that an offender's sentence is
carried out, whether it's time in jail or prison, probation, or community service.
From an academic perspective, the four (4) goals of corrections are:
retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.
1. Retribution is defined as something done to get back at someone or the act of
punishing someone for their actions.
2. Deterrence is the act of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt
or fear of the consequences.
3. Incapacitation is the state of not having the necessary ability, qualification, or
strength to perform some specified act or function.
4. Rehabilitation is the act of restoring someone to health or normal life through
training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
In this subject, the main focus of the study is all about reformation, rehabilitation
and integration of the people involved back to society.
Reformation means making changes to something with the intention of setting it
back on the right path.
Integration occurs when separate people or things are brought together, like
the integration of rehabilitated former drug addicts back into society.
The Philippine Correctional System adopted two approaches for the treatment of
offenders. These are the institutional- based treatment program and the
community-based treatment programs. These programs aimed towards the
improvement of offender’s attitude and philosophy of life. Reformation and
rehabilitation of inmates as well as preparation for the reintegration in community
are the ultimate goals of the programs. Prison inmates are some of the most
disturbed and unstable people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little
discipline or too much come from broken homes and have no self-esteem. They
are very insecure and are at war with themselves as well with society. Most
inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. In order to
rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison.
II. Philippine Correctional System
The Philippine Corrections System is composed of the institutions in the government, civil
society and the business sector involved in the confinement, correction and restoration of
persons charged for and/or convicted of delinquent acts or crimes. The public sector
formulates sound policies and rules on corrections, penology and jail management,
rehabilitation and restoration. All prisons or penitentiaries, jails and detention centres are
under the direct control and supervision of the government. The government, thus, plays a
dominant role in the correction and rehabilitation of offenders. The civil society which
includes the non-government organizations, people’s organizations, religious organizations,
academe and the media, provide support services such as health services, training,
livelihood, spiritual guidance and counselling. It is also active in advocacy and social
mobilization for the protection of inmates’ human rights and enhancement of access to
justice. The business sector has minimal participation in corrections services but offers
tremendous opportunities for improved efficiency and public sector exit options.
Adherence to the United Nations (U.N.) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of
Prisoners and the UN Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures The Philippines
adheres to the provisions of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
and UN Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) and other
international human rights instruments which define and guarantee the rights of inmates.
Some of these provisions are already embodied in the Philippine Constitution4 and in its
laws, rules and regulations and ordinances. Section 2, Article of the Constitution, moreover,
provides that “The Philippines… adopts the generally accepted principles of international
law…”.
Prison/Penitentiary, Jail Distinguished In the Philippines, there is a distinction between a
“jail” and “prison”. A “jail” is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation
or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences. It is differentiated from the term “prison”
which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the Bureau
of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice.
5 Jails include provincial, district, city and municipal jails managed and supervised by the
Provincial Government and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP),
respectively, which are both under the Department of the Interior and Local Government.
Municipal and city prisoners are committed to municipal, city or district jails managed by the
BJMP.
A district jail is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly average population of ten or
less inmates, and is located in the vicinity of the court.
6 Where the imposable penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the
same was committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her sentence in
the provincial jail which is under the Office of the Governor. Where the penalty imposed
exceeds three years, the offender shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of
the BuCor.
Four Classes of Prisoners
1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of three years and
one day to death
2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to
three years
3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to three years
4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six months.
Three Types of Detainees
1. Those undergoing investigation
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial
3. those awaiting final judgment.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Three major government functionaries are involved in the Philippine correctional system,
namely: the Department of Justice (DOJ), Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG) and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). The DOJ
supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of Corrections, administers the
parole and probation system through the Parole and Probation Administration, and assists
the President in the grant of executive clemency through the Board of Pardons and Parole.
DILG supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal jails through the provincial
governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, respectively. DSWD
supervises the regional rehabilitation centres for youth offenders through the Bureau of Child
and Youth Welfare.
Bureau of Corrections (BuCor)
BuCor has for its principal task the rehabilitation of national prisoners9, or those sentenced
to serve a term of imprisonment of more than three years. Since its creation, the BuCor has
evolved with modern penology and has shifted from the traditional view of imprisonment as
society’s retribution against criminal offenders into one which regards imprisonment as a
humanizing and enriching experience. Corrections focus on rehabilitation and regards
inmates as patients who need treatment and guidance in order to become productive and
responsible members of society upon their release.
All prison institutions have their own Reception and Diagnostic Centre (RDC), Classification
Board, Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Programmes, Inmate Complaints, Information
and Assistance Centre (ICIAC), Inmate Council and Board of Discipline. RDC receives,
studies and classifies inmates committed to BuCor. The Classification Board classifies
inmates according to their security status. To extend prompt, efficient and timely services to
inmates, BuCor created ICIA which is tasked to act, within seventy-two hours, on all the
complaints, requests for information and assistance of inmates. The common
complaints/requests made by inmates are complaints against employees/co-inmates, status
of prisoners’ release, computation of Good Conduct and Time Allowance and problems
regarding visitors’ visits. The Inmate Council, which is composed of finally convicted
inmates, serves as an advisory body of the Superintendent of each institution. The Board of
Discipline hears complaints and grievances with regard to violations of prison rules and
regulations.
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
The Jail Bureau, BJMP, an agency under the DILG, was created pursuant to Section 60,
Republic Act No. 6975, which took effect on January 2, 1991. It is mandated to direct,
supervise and control the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails
nationwide.
Functions
Formulate policies and guidelines on the administration of all district, city and municipal jails.
Formulate and implement policies for the programmes of correction, rehabilitation and
treatment of inmates.
Plan and programme funds for the subsistence allowance of inmates.
Conduct research, develop and implement plans and programmes for the improvement of
jail services throughout the country.14 After twelve (12) years of existence as a separate
agency under the DILG, the BJMP still shares its responsibilities with the Philippine National
Police (PNP). The involvement, however, of the police in penology and jail management is a
temporary arrangement in view of BJMP’s limited capacity.
Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare
Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 603, as amended, was promulgated to provide for the care
and treatment of youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination of the
case. The Bureau provides intensive treatment for the rehabilitation of youth offenders on
suspended sentence. Under the said law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor or
youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of age at the time of the commission
of the offence.
Provincial Government
Provincial jails, numbering 104 in all, including sub-provincial extensions, are under the
supervision and control of the provincial governments.
Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)
The PPA was created pursuant to Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 968, as amended, to
administer the probation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the Probation
Administration was renamed as the “Parole and Probation Administration”, and given the
added function of supervising prisoners who, after serving part of their sentence in jails are
released on parole or granted conditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and
Parole are the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders. Probation is
the status of an accused who, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to
conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer. It is a privilege
granted by the court; it cannot be availed of as a matter of right by a person convicted of a
crime. To be able to enjoy the benefits of probation, it must first be shown that an applicant
has none of the disqualifications imposed by law.
Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) The Board of Pardons and Parole was created pursuant
to Act No. 4103, as amended. It is the intent of the law to uplift and redeem valuable human
material to economic usefulness and to prevent unnecessary and excessive deprivation of
personal liberty.

Module 3 CA 3.docx
Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the
history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural
backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the
United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly
resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all
nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally
protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages.
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of
all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in
the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts
which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which
human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and
want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last
resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be
protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between
nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith
in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the
equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress
and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with
the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human
rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest
importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all
peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society,
keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to
promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures,
national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and
observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the
peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. 
Article 1.
 
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
Article 2.
 
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political
or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore,
no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international
status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be
independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.
 
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.
 
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
 
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
Article 6.
 
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.
 
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in
violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.
 
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for
acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9.
 
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
 
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any
criminal charge against him.
Article 11.
 
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent
until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the
guarantees necessary for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law,
at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the
one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12.
 
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or
correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the
right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders
of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to
his country.
Article 14.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from
non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
Article 15.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to
change his nationality.
Article 16.
 
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or
religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal
rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending
spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to
protection by society and the State.
Article 17.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with
others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.
 
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in
community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in
teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19.
 
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or
through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will
shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and
equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting
procedures.
Article 22.
 
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance
with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and
cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his
personality.
Article 23.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring
for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if
necessary, by other means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his
interests.
Article 24.
 
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working
hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-
being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care
and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All
children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
 
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and
to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall
promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or
religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the
maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to
their children.
Article 27.
 
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests
resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
 
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.
 
(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
development of his personality is possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such
limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due
recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just
requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic
society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes
and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.
 
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or
person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the
destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

               Bureau of Corrections

The Correctional System in the Philippines is composed of six agencies under three
distinct and separate departments of the national government:

 
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT - under this are the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) which runs the city, municipal,
and district jails; and the provincial jails through their respective provincial
governments.
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT - under this is
Juvenile and Justice Welfare Council which oversees the rehabilitation of young
offenders.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE - under this are the Bureau of Corrections, Parole and
Probation Administration and the Board of Pardons and Parole.
Offenders convicted by the courts to serve sentences of three years or more are kept
at the prison facilities of the bureau of corrections: they are classified as national
prisoners. those meted with lighter sentences, as well as those with pending cases
before the regional trial courts, are confined in provincial jails under the local
government; while those awaiting trial in municipal trial courts or serving light
penalties (e.g., infraction of city or municipal ordinances) are detained in city,
municipal or district jails under the bureau of jail management and penology. juvenile
delinquents are normally sent to youth rehabilitation centers under the juvenile
justice and welfare council pursuant to R.A. 9344 unless the sentencing judge
specifically orders for them to be confined at the national penitentiary, as in cases
where the juvenile convict acted with discernment or the offense committed was
grave.

LEGAL BASIS :
The BUREAU OF PRISONS was established on November 1, 1905 under the
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION through REORGANIZATION ACT ACT
1407 of the PHILIPPINE COMISSION until it was Trasferred to the DEPARTMENT
OF JUSTICE (DOJ).
 
The PRISON LAW incorparated in chapter 45 of the revised ADMINISTRATIVE
CODE OF 1917.
 
SECTION 26 of the ADMINSTRATIVE CODE OF 1987 issued November 23, 1989
under PROCLAMATION NO. 495 of the PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES change
the name of the BUREAU OF PRISON to BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS.
 
On May 24, 2013, PRISIDENT BENIGNO SIMEON C. AQUINO III signed into law
the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10575/ otherwise known as THE BUREAU OF
CORRECTIONS ACT of 2013 which provides for the modernization,
Professionalization and Restructuring of the bureau.

Functions
1. Safekeep prisoners convicted by courts three (3) years and one (1) day and above
to serve sentence in prison.
2. Prevent prisoners from committing crimes.
3. Provide inmates basic needs.
4. Ensure rehabilitation programs are made available to the inmates for their
physical, intellectual and spiritual development.
5. Develop livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a living and develop their skills
while in prison.
 Reformation Programs

Work and Livelihood

The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work programs, from
agricultural to industrial. The purpose of the inmate work program is
to keep the inmates busy, and to provide them money for their
personal expenses and their families as well as help them acquire
livelihood skills, in order that they may become productive citizens
once they are released and assimilated back into the mainstream of
society.

      Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work

programs for inmates. At the Davao Penal Colony, inmates work on
the banana plantations of Tagum Development Company
(TADECO) which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau.
Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal Colony are
developed and tilled by inmates to produce various agricultural
products, thereby generating income for the Bureau. The Sablayan
Prison and Penal farm also provides agriculture and aquaculture
programs for inmates.

      Along this end, the Bureau under the present Director has
encouraged agricultural and industrial production by providing
farming implements, tractors, fertilizers and other inputs in order to
sustain this area of rehabilitation for inmates.

Healthcare Services
 Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and Diagnostic
Center (RDC), the inmate’s medical history is recorded and properly
documented by the Medical Specialist. Medical information and
mental status examinations are given to ascertain his overall
physical / mental fitness and whether he would be fit for work. This
forms part of the diagnostic process which will eventually determine
the most appropriate rehabilitation program for the inmate.

      The principal medical care of inmates is provided through a

500-bed capacity hospital at the New Bilibid Prisons and at six (6)
other mini-hospitals or clinics in the six (6) other prison and penal
farms. All correctional facilities have a full and competent staff of
medical practitioners in charge of clinics, infirmaries and hospitals.
These centers are capable of minor surgical operations, laboratory
examinations, radiology, psychiatric, rehabilitation and dental
treatment.

      Other government and private hospitals are also tapped in the

implementation of standards pertaining to nutrition and protective
health services for the prison community. Medical services also
include a wide range of counseling techniques and therapy
programs which address the psychological problems of inmates,
 including suicidal thoughts and feelings of rejection which may lead
to disruption of peace and order within the prison compounds.
When an inmate’s ailment is beyond the competence of the in-
house medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a government
hospital in accordance with prison rules and under proper security
escorts.

Education and Skills Training

Rehabilitation can be facilitated by improving an inmate’s academic
and job skills. Records show that many prisoners are poorly
educated. A majority are elementary school drop outs or have not
even finished primary school. Prison education amounts to remedial
schooling designed to prepare inmates to obtain basic skills in
reading, writing and mathematics.

    In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are

incorporated into job assignments and serve as on-the-job training.
The goal is to provide inmates with skills that will improve their
eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training is
geared toward traditional blue-collar employment in areas such as
electronics, auto mechanics and handicrafts. At the Reception and
Diagnostic Center, a basic computer literacy course with typing as a
support course is available for inmates who have finished at least
high school level.

    Vocational training and social education focus on job readiness.

The concern in these areas is life skills. If inmates are to reenter
society and abstain from criminal activity, they must be employable
and have the basic tools necessary to function as responsible
citizens.

    The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and a

tertiary degree correspondence course, in addition to the regular
secondary and compulsory basic literacy classes. Prisoners are
strongly encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll while serving
their sentence and to advance their academic skills.

Sports and Recreation

The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in daily calisthenics.
There are various indoor and outdoor sports activities, programs,
tournaments and leagues all year round, to include basketball,
volleyball, billiards, table tennis and chess. These sports
competitions promote camaraderie among inmates, good
sportsmanship and team-building. The latest addition is the newly
constructed indoor sports center/gymnasium at the Maximum
Security Compound which boasts of competition-standard flooring,
sound system, locker rooms and bleachers.

      All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities

 for inmates, both for outdoor and indoor sports. Mini-bodybuilding
gyms are available in most prison facilities, including the Muntinlupa
Juvenile Training Center and the Therapeutic Community Center for
inmates with drug cases.

      For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous

"videoke" centers are available. Musical instruments are available
for practice or for use in variety shows..

Moral and Spiritual Program

  Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All inmates are free to observe
the rituals of their faith, with orderly conduct supervised by prison
authorities. A religious guidance adviser or chaplain is assigned in
every prison and penal farm. The prison chaplain sets the stage for
every regular spiritual activity. He is an officer of the institution who
oversees the operation of the prison chapel. He is not only the
spiritual leader but also a counselor and adviser. Prisoners may be
baptized or given other sacraments. Religious Volunteer Officers, or
RVOs belonging to different church groups provide weekly religious
activities ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer meetings or
praise and worship. With a predominantly Roman Catholic prison
population, a Catholic Mass is a regular feature in spiritual activities
of the prison communities. Restrictions, however, are imposed if, in
the course of religious activities, security is compromised or a
program is too expensive.

Therapeutic Community

The Therapeutic Community (TC) Program represents an effective,

highly structured environment with defined boundaries, both moral
and ethical. The primary goal is to foster personal growth. This is
accomplished by re-shaping an individual’s behavior and attitudes
through the inmates’ community working together to help
themselves and each other, restoring self confidence, and
preparing them for their re-integration into their families and friends
as productive members of the community.

      Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which is the base of the
Therapeutic Community movement in the world, the BuCor TC
program was adopted as part of the Bureau's holistic approach
towards inmate rehabilitation. It is implemented primarily but not
limited to drug dependents.

      The TC approach has been continuously proven worldwide as

an effective treatment and rehabilitation modality among drug
dependents, and have been noted to be effective in many prisons.
By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns why
he had developed his destructive habits, which led him to
 substance abuse. The program modifies negative behavior and or
attitudes while restoring self confidence, and prepares inmates for
their re-integration into their families and friends as productive
members of the community. This behavioral modification program
gradually re-shapes or re-structures the inmate within a family-like
environment, wherein every member acts as his brother’s keeper.

      As TC family members go on with their daily activities, a strong

sense of responsibility and concern for each other’s welfare are
developed. They are constantly being monitored for their progress
and are regularly being evaluated by the TC-trained staff. The TC
process allows for genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth
and positive rationalization that move the individual towards
assuming a greater sense of personal and moral responsibility.

      The efforts of the Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug

dependents under its care using the TC approach is in line with its
commitment to create a Drug-Free Prison. Worldwide
developments in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug offenders
using this therapeutic community approach have been noted to be
effective in many prisons.

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

As one of the five pillars of the Criminal Justice System, the BJMP was created to
address growing concern of jail management and penology problem. Primarily, its
clients are detainees accused before a court who are temporarily confined in such
jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final judgement and those who are
serving sentence promulgated by the court 3 years and below. As provided for under
R.A. No. 6975, the Jail Bureau is mandated to take operational and administrative
control over all city, district and municipal jails. The Bureau has four major areas of
rehabilitation program, namely: Livelihood Projects, Educational and Vocational
Training, Recreation and Sports, and Religious/ Spiritual Activities. These were
continuously implemented to eliminate the offenders' pattern of criminal behaviour
and to reform them to become law-abiding and productive citizens. Although the
workplace of the Jail Bureau is confined inside the portals of jail to safeguard
inmates, nonetheless, the Bureau has an inherent function of informing the public of
jail operations and other matters concerning the corrections pillar of the Philippines.
Coincidentally, being a new and growing Bureau, BJMP aims to keep the public
abreast of information regarding jail management and penology.
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, also referred to as the Jail Bureau,
was created pursuant to Section 60 to 65, Chapter V, RA No. 6975, and initially
consisting of uniformed officers and members of the Jail Management and Penology
service as constituted under Presidential Decree No. 765.
Mandates
BJMP is mandated to direct, supervise and control the administration and operation
of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide with pronged tasks of safekeeping
and development of inmates.
 
Functions

  
 In line with it's mission, the Jail Bureau endeavors to perform the
following functions:
 Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district,
city, and municipal jails nationwide;
 Implement strong security measures for the control of inmates;
 Provide for the basic needs of inmates;
 Conduct activities for the development of inmates;
 Improve jail facilities; and,
 Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.
PROGRAMS
Major Programs
There are four (4) major programs under the mandate of BJMP and they are the
following:

1.  
1.  
1. Inmates custody, security and control program.
2. Inmates welfare and development program.
3. Decongestion program.
4. Good governance.

Core Programs
A. Provisions of Basic Needs
All PDL under custody are provided with three (3) meals (breakfast, lunch and
supper).  Adequate supply of potable water is made available to them at all times.
Likewise, upon admission, each PDL is issued his or her PDL uniform consisting of
the yellow shirt and brown jogging pants.  Hygiene kits are also distributed to the
PDL on monthly or quarterly basis.   Occasionally, the provision of basic needs for
the PDL is supplemented by the food and non-food donations from local government
units, non-government organizations, business sector and private individuals.
B. Health Services
Health services for PDL consist of interventions towards the prevention, promotion,
treatment of illnesses and rehabilitation.  All PDL undergo medical assessment upon
admission.  During confinement, PDL are provided with health education and
counseling, medical consultations, regular health monitoring, and provided
medicines subject to availability.  To maintain the physical health of PDL, they are
allowed daily sunning and physical exercises.
C. Educational Program
The educational program aims to provide opportunities for PDL to achieve
mandatory education.  For this reason, BJMP adopted the Alternative Learning
System (ALS) of the Department of Education for the PDL to earn their elementary
and high school diplomas.  Teachers in the jail-based ALS are BJMP Personnel who
are professional teachers and trained on the Instructional Method for ALS.  In jails
where there are no personnel trained to handle ALS classes, the ALS teachers
would be coming from the Department of Education.  All PDL enrolled in the ALS
earn their respective Time Allowance for Teaching, Studying and Mentoring
(TASTM) pursuant to RA 10592.
D. Skills Training/ Enhancement Program
The objective of the skills training program is to equip the PDL with
technical/vocational skills which they can use in seeking employment or starting their
own business after release from confinement.  To make the PDL as competitive as
other potential job seekers, the skills trainings preferred are those accredited by the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) so that the PDL will
be able to earn National Certifications.  Thus, only the PDL who meet the eligibility
requirements of the specific skills training program being offered can participate. 
E. Livelihood Program
The livelihood program presents income-generating activities to PDL during their
confinement where they are able to earn for their personal upkeep and for financial
support to their families.  The capital for the livelihood project are either from BJMP
for BJMP-funded projects or from the common fund of a group of PDL for non-BJMP
funded projects.  Examples of continuing and most popular livelihood projects of PDL
are bags and purses, bonsai made of beads, pastries, rugs, paper crafts, and wood
crafts.  To help the PDL earn from these livelihood projects, the jail unit Welfare and
Development Officer (UWDO) facilitates the sale of the products in display centers or
livelihood caravans organized by the local government units and other service
providers.  In addition, online or e-marketing of PDL products is also run by the jail
unit Welfare and Development Office.
F. Behavioral Management/ Modification Program
BJMP implements the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) to manage
and modify behaviors of PDL with the goal of positively changing their thinking and
behavior through structured group processes. The program endeavors to teach and
model positive thinking, pro-social values, good decision-making, and positive
coping.  Through the program, PDL are trained on socially acceptable ways of
behaving and relating with their fellow PDL and with personnel and visitors thereby
fostering a therapeutic jail environment and maintaining a peaceful communal
atmosphere.
G. Interfaith Program
PDL are provided with the opportunity to practice their faith while under custody
without discrimination, subject only to usual safety and security measures.  The
BJMP chaplains and imams provide different religious services such as but not
limited to mass celebrations, communal prayers, spiritual counseling, catechism, and
others.  Religious organizations and their respective ministers/pastors and leaders
are accredited by BJMP to facilitate their regular contact with PDL for the provision of
religious services.
 
 
H. Cultural and Sports Program
The cultural program aims to promote camaraderie among PDL, encourage the
development of self-confidence and sharing of cultural talents as form of positive
entertainment. Cultural activities allowed in jails include dance, singing,
theatre/drama, and art workshops.  Also, through this program, PDL experience
some sense of social normalcy through the communal celebrations of socio-cultural
events like birthdays, Valentine’s Day, Mothers’ and Fathers’ Day, Christmas, Lent
and Easter, Ramadan, local festivals and other similar activities.
I. Paralegal Program
The main objective of the Paralegal Program is to address the overcrowding in jail
facilities.  Through the paralegal program, PDL are assisted in availing of the
different early modes of release.  Regional and jail paralegal officers conduct
continuous informative seminars/orientations to PDL on their rights, modes of early
release, and other paralegal/legal remedies which can be availed of by them.  Other
paralegal services include paralegal counseling and case follow-up in the courts by
the jail paralegal officers.   
J. E-Dalaw
The E-DALAW service is an alternative to the traditional face-to-face visitation
between PDL and respective families.  This service enables the PDL to connect with
his/her family through a supervised video call and chat. The program is
conceptualized specifically to cater to PDL whose family members cannot go to the
jail for actual visit because of the long distance to the jail from the residence or
workplace of the family members.   However, in case of jail lockdown by reason of
public health emergency where visitation is suspended, all PDL are allowed to use
the e-dalaw to communicate with their families on equitable rotation basis.

 Support Services
A. Human Rights Desks
Every jail facility operates a 24-hour Human Rights Desk handled by a designated
Human Rights Affairs Officer.  The main function of the Human Rights Desk is to
receive complaints concerning human rights violations from PDL and visitors and to
report the complaints thru the appropriate reporting system to the concerned BJMP
offices and to the Commission on Human Rights for investigation and appropriate
action.
 
 
B. Help Desk
In line with the government’s policy of providing timely and speedy access to
government services, each jail facility has established its own Help Desk managed
by a designated Held Desk Officer.  The Help Desk functions as a referral unit where
PDL and visitors can lodge their request for assistance concerning personal or family
needs.  These requests are evaluated by the Help Desk Officer and all requests for
assistance that cannot be addressed by the jail are referred to the concerned
government agencies for appropriate action.
C. Refferals for Aftercare
Although BJMP recognizes the importance of aftercare program for PDL to be
released for them to start a new, it is limited only to providing welfare and
developmental programs to PDL while they are in custody. Nevertheless, to ensure
continuity of care of PDL upon release, the jail unit Welfare and Development Officer
facilitate referrals to different community resources. These referrals addressed to the
local government units, non-government organizations and the business sector
usually include but not limited to seeking immediate financial assistance for PDL’s
repatriation, employment/livelihood assistance, educational/vocational training
scholarships, medical and psychological interventions.
 Special Program for Vulnerable Groups
A. Services for Pregnant PDL
Pregnant PDL, by reason of their medical condition, are given special attention by
the jail nurses to ensure compliance to pre-natal and post-natal care, timely provision
of other pregnancy-related needs, and assistance for the care of the newborn until
the latter is endorsed to the immediate family or accredited child-caring agency.
B. Services for Senior Citizen PDL and PDL with Disabilities
In addition to implementing measures to protect the senior citizen PDL and PDL with
disabilities from discrimination and establishing functional priority lanes for them, the
primary policy is to link them to the local Office of Senior Citizen Affairs Office
(OSCA) and Person with Disability Affairs Office (PDAO) for the acquisition of their
respective Identification Cards. The respective identification cards issued by the local
government unit are the PDL’s access key to the different services for senior citizens
and persons with disabilities mandated by the Senior Citizen’s Act and Magna Carta
for Persons with Disabilities.
 
C. Services for PDL with other Special Needs
PDL who are members of the LGBT community maybe segregated from the general
population in terms of housing to prevent potential mistreatments towards them by
reason of their gender expression and other vulnerabilities. Nevertheless, they
receive the same programs and services provided to the general population and they
are encouraged to participate fully in the socio-cultural activities of the jail.
D. Mental Health Services
In general, preventive mental health aimed at reducing incidence of mental health
disorders and developing positive coping mechanisms are provided to all PDL.
Preventive mental health interventions include informative seminars on stress
management, psycho-educational counseling and other supportive psychological
group activities. Likewise, psycho-social support services or stress debriefing to
address trauma are facilitated for PDL after the occurrence of untoward jail incidents
or in the aftermath of devastating calamities directly affecting the PDL.
E. Drug Counseling for PDL with Substance use Disorder
PDL with substance use disorder or have history of illegal drug use and who were
granted plea bargaining under A.M. No. 18-03-16 SC, are provided with drug
counseling using the KatataganKontraDrogasaKomunidad (KKDK) approach. The
KKDK is a psycho-educational drug counseling program developed consisting of
twenty-four (24) modules: eighteen (18) modules to be completed by the PDL in a
small group setting with fellow PDL and six (6) family modules to be participated by
the PDL’s family. The drug counseling runs for maximum duration of four (4) months.

Parole and Probation Administration

The Probation Administration was created by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 968,
“The Probation Law of 1976”, to administer the probation system. Under Executive
Order No. 292, “The Administrative Code of 1987” which was promulgated on
November 23, 1989, the Probation Administration was renamed “Parole and
Probation Administration” and given the added function of supervising prisoners who,
after serving part of their sentence in jails are released on parole pardon with parole
conditions
Effective August 17, 2005, by virtue of a Memorandum of Agreement with the
Dangerous Drugs Board, the Administration performs another additional function of
investigating and supervising first-time minor drug offenders who are placed on
suspended pursuant to Republic Act No. 9165.
Mandate
 The Parole and Probation Administration is mandated to conserve and/or redeem
convicted offenders and prisoners who are under the probation or parole system.
Goals
  The Administration’s program sets to achieve the following goals:

1. Promote the reformation of criminal offenders and reduce the incidence of

recidivism, and
2. Provide a cheaper alternative to the institutional confinement of first-time
offenders who are likely to respond to individualized, community-based
treatment programs.

Functions
  To carry out these goals, the Agency through its network of regional and field
parole and probation offices performs the following functions:

1. to administer the parole and probation system

2. to exercise supervision over parolees, pardonees and probationers
3. to promote the correction and rehabilitation of criminal offenders
 
 
 
 
 
 
CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION OF PENITENT OFFENDERS
 Objective:
To effect the rehabilitation and reintegration of probationers, parolees, pardonees,
and first-time minor drug offenders as productive, law-abiding and socially
responsible members of the community through

  
1. well-planned supervision programs for probationers, parolees,
pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders which are
aligned to national program thrusts of the government, such as,
the Sariling-Sikap, Jail Decongestion, etc.
  
2. establishment of innovative and financially and technically
feasible projects for the moral, spiritual and economic upliftment
of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug
offenders utilizing available community resources.

 Scope and Beneficiaries:

All offenders granted   probation,   parole,   pardon   and  suspended sentence.
 The Administration has adopted a harmonized and integrated treatment program for
these clients to effect their rehabilitation. This harmonized and integrated program
involves (1) The Therapeutic Community Modality (2) The Restorative Justice
Principles and Concepts and (3) the Use of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs).
The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help social learning treatment model
used for clients with problems of drug abuse and other behavioral problems such as
alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social tendencies. As a treatment model, it
includes four (4) categories, namely, behavior management, intellectual/spiritual
aspect, emotional and social aspects, and vocational/survival aspects.
In this regard, the Therapeutic Community Modality provides a well-defined structure
for a synchronized and focused implementation of the various intervention
strategies/activities undertaken by the Agency such as:
1.  Individual and group counseling
This activity intends to assist the clients in trying to sort out their problems, identify
solutions, reconcile conflicts and help resolve them. This could be done either by
individual or group interaction with the officers of the Agency.
 
2.  Moral, Spiritual, Values Formation
Seminars, lectures or trainings offered or arranged by the Agency comprise these
rehabilitation activities. Active NGOs, schools, civic and religious organizations are
tapped to facilitate the activities.
3.  Work or Job Placement/Referral
Categorized as an informal program wherein a client is referred for work or job
placement through the officer’s own personal effort, contact or information.
4.  Vocational/Livelihood and Skills Training
The program includes the setting up of seminars and skills training classes like food
preservation and processing, candle making, novelty items and handicrafts making,
etc., to help the clients earn extra income. Likewise, vocational and technical trade
classes are availed of such as refrigeration, automotive mechanic, radio/television
and electronics repairs, tailoring, dressmaking, basic computer training, etc. through
coordination with local barangays, parish centers, schools and civic organizations.
5.  Health, Mental and Medical Services
To address some of the basic needs of clients and their families, medical missions
are organized to provide various forms of medical and health services including
physical examination and treatment, free medicines and vitamins, dental
examination and treatment, drug dependency test and laboratory examination.
Psychological testing and evaluation as well as psychiatric treatment are likewise
provided for by the Agency’s Clinical Services Division and if not possible by reason
of distance, referrals are made to other government accredited institutions.
6.  Literacy and Education
In coordination with LGU programs, adult education classes are availed of to help
clients learn basic writing, reading and arithmetic. Likewise, literacy teach-ins during
any sessions conducted for clients become part of the module. This is particularly
intended for clients who are “no read, no write” to help them become functionally
literate.
Likewise, linkages with educational Foundation, other GOs and NGOs are regularly
done for free school supplies, bags and uniform for client’s children and relatives.
7.  Community Service
This program refers to the services in the community rendered by clients for the
benefit of society. It includes tree planting, beautification drives, cleaning and
greening of surroundings, maintenance of public parks and places, garbage
collection, blood donation and similar socio-civic activities.
8.  Client Self-Help Organization
This program takes the form of cooperatives and client associations wherein the
clients form cooperatives and associations as an economic group to venture on
small-scale projects. Similarly, client associations serve another purpose by
providing some structure to the lives of clients where they re-learn the basics of
working within a group with hierarchy, authority and responsibility much like in the
bigger society.
9.  Payment of Civil Liability
The payment of civil liability or indemnification to victims of offenders are pursued
despite the economic status of clients. Payment of obligations to the victims instills in
the minds of the clients their responsibility and the consequences of the harm they
inflicted to others.
10.  Environment and Ecology
To instill awareness and concern in preserving ecological balance and environmental
health, seminars/lectures are conducted wherein clients participate. These
seminars/lectures tackle anti-smoke belching campaign, organic farming, waste
management, segregation and disposal and proper care of the environment.
11.  Sports and Physical Fitness
Activities that provide physical exertion like sports, games and group play are
conducted to enhance the physical well being of clients. Friendly competition of
clients from the various offices of the sectors, together with the officers, provide an
enjoyable and healthful respite.
The success of the Therapeutic Community treatment model is also anchored on the
implementation of restorative justice. To highlight the principles of restorative justice,
offenders are recognized to indemnify victims and render community services to
facilitate the healing of the broken relationship caused by offending the concerned
parties. Mediation and conferencing are also utilized in special cases to mend and/or
restore clients’ relationship with their victim and the community.
 Considering that it is in the community that the rehabilitation of clients takes place,
the utilization of therapeutic community treatment model coupled with the principles
of restorative justice would be further energized with the recruitment, training and
deployment of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs). The VPA program is a strategy to
generate maximum participation of the citizens in the community-based program of
probation and parole. Through the VPAs, the substance of restorative justice is
pursued with deeper meaning since the VPAs are residents of the same community
where the clients they supervise reside. Thus, it is practicable for the volunteers to
solicit support for clients’ needs and assist the field officers in supervising the
probationers, parolees, and pardonees.
The Therapeutic Community treatment modality, Restorative Justice paradigm and
deployment of VPAs integrated into one rehabilitation program have yielded
tremendous outcome in the rehabilitation and reformation of probationers, parolees,
pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders.
Furthermore, the Agency believes that the client’s family is a major part or support in
the rehabilitation process, thus the Administration adopts the Integrated Allied Social
Services program to address the needs of the children and other minor dependent of
the clients. Under the said program, interventions relative to the growth and
development of the minor dependents are done to help them become productive, law
abiding and effective individuals.
WHAT IS TC?
The Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment that helps people get help while
helping others. It is a treatment environment: the interactions of its members are
designed to be therapeutic within the context of the norms that require for each to
play the dual role of client-therapist. At a given moment, one may be in a client role
when receiving help or support from others because of a problem behavior or when
experiencing distress. At another time, the same person assumes a therapist role
when assisting or supporting another person in trouble.
 
HOW DOES TC LOOK LIKE?
The operation of the community itself is the task of the residents, working under staff
supervision. Work assignments, called “job functions” are arranged in a hierarchy,
according to seniority, individual progress and productivity. These include conducting
all house services, such as cooking, cleaning, kitchen service, minor repair, serving
as apprentices and running all departments, conducting meetings and peer
encounter groups.
The TC operates in a similar fashion to a functional family with a hierarchical
structure of older and younger members. Each member has a defined role and
responsibilities for sustaining the proper functioning of the TC. There are sets of
rules and community norms that members upon entry commit to live by and uphold.
 
WHAT ARE THE SALIENT FEATURES OF TC?
1. The primary “therapist” and teacher is the community itself, consisting of
peers and staff, who, as role models of successful personal change, serve as
guides in the recovery process.
2. TC adheres to precepts of right living: Truth/honesty; Here and now; Personal
responsibility for destiny; Social responsibility (brother’s keeper); Moral Code;
Inner person is “good” but behavior can be “bad”; Change is the only
certainty; Work ethics; Self-reliance; Psychological converges with
philosophical (e.g. guilt kills)
3. It believes that TC is a place where: One can change – unfold; the group can
foster change; individuals must take responsibility; structures must
accommodate this; Act as if – go through the motion.
4. There are 5 distinct categories of activity that help promote the change:
Relational/Behavior Management
Affective/Emotional/Psychological
Cognitive/Intellectual
Spiritual
Psychomotor/Vocational-Survival Skills
 These tools serve more than just the purpose of curbing unproductive behavior.
They are also a means used for enforcing community sanctions on behavior that
undermine the safety and integrity of the community such as violations of the
cardinal rules of TC: NO drugs, NO violence or threat of violence, NO sexual acting
out and NO stealing! Everything an officer does is meant to erase “street behavior”
and to lead the offender to be committed to “right living”.
When the office gives seminars and tutorials, arranges activities focused on the
Higher Power, conducts games, educational trips and other recreational activities,
we touch on the TC aspect of Intellectual and Spiritual Dimension. Aside from the
role of a direct supervisor, the VPAs may be the invited resource persons,
donors/sponsors, facilitators, lecturers, etc. during these seminars.
The skills training and livelihood activities fall within the purview of TC’s Vocational
and Survival Skills, so with Medical/Dental Clinics and Environmental Conservation
activities. In this aspect, the VPAs can facilitate job placement and can tap
community resources for clients social and physical needs.
Therapeutic Community is a tool that the Administration uses to prepare the client for
reintegration to the community as a reformed, rehabilitated, productive, drug-free
and law abiding person.

Dangerous Drugs Board

 
The DDB is mandated to perform the following functions, pursuant to the
provisions of RA 9165:

a. Formulate, develop and establish a comprehensive, integrated, unified and

balanced national drug use prevention and control strategy;

b. Promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the
purposes of this Act, including the manner of safekeeping, disposition, burning
or condemnation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical under its charge and custody, and prescribe administrative
remedies or sanctions for the violations of such rules and regulations;

c. Conduct policy studies, program monitoring and evaluations and other

researches on drug prevention, control and enforcement;

d. Initiate, conduct and support scientific, clinical, social, psychological, physical

and biological researches on dangerous drugs and dangerous drugs
prevention and control measures;

e. Develop an educational program and information drive on the hazards and

prevention of illegal use of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical based on factual data, and disseminate the same to
the general public, for which purpose the Board shall endeavor to make the
general public aware of the hazards of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical by providing among others, literature, films,
displays or advertisements and by coordinating with all institutions of learning
as well as with all national and local enforcement agencies in planning and
conducting its educational campaign programs to be implemented by the
appropriate government agencies;

f. Conduct continuing seminars for, and consultations with, and provide

information materials to judges and prosecutors in coordination with the Office
of the Court Administrator, in the case of judges, and the Department of
Justice, in the case of prosecutors, which aim to provide them with the current
 developments and programs of the Board pertinent to its campaign against
dangerous drugs and its scientific researches on dangerous drugs, its
prevention and control measures;

g. Design special trainings in order to provide law enforcement officers,

members of the judiciary, and prosecutors, school authorities and personnel
of centers with knowledge and know-how in dangerous drugs and/or
controlled precursors and essential chemicals control in coordination with the
Supreme Court to meet the objectives of the national drug control programs;

h. Design and develop, in consultation and coordination with the DOH, DSWD
and other agencies involved in drugs control, treatment and rehabilitation,
both public and private, a national treatment and rehabilitation program for
drug dependents including a standard aftercare and community service
program for recovering drug dependents;

i. Design and develop, jointly with the DOLE and in consultation with labor and
employer groups as well as non-government organizations a drug abuse
prevention program in the workplace that would include a provision for
employee assistance programs for emotionally-stressed employees;

j. Initiate and authorize closure proceedings against non-accredited and/or sub-

standard rehabilitation centers based on verified reports of human rights
violations, subhuman conditions, inadequate medical training and assistance
and excessive fees for implementation by PDEA;

k. Prescribe and promulgate rules and regulations governing the establishment

of such centers, networks and laboratories as deemed necessary after
conducting a feasibility study in coordination with DOH and other government
agencies;

l. Receive, gather, collect and evaluate all information on the importation,

exportation, production, manufacture, sale, stocks, seizures of and the
estimated need for any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, for which purpose the Board may require from any official,
instrumentality or agency of the government or any private person or
enterprise dealing in, or engaged in activities having to do with any dangerous
drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals such data or
information as it may need to implement this Act;

m. Gather and prepare detailed statistics on the importation, exportation,

manufacture, stocks, seizures of and estimated need for any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals and such other
 statistical data on said drugs as may be periodically required by the United
Nations Narcotics Drug Commission, the World Health Organization and other
international organizations in consonance with the country’s international
commitments;

n. Develop and maintain international networking coordination with international

drug control agencies and organizations, and implement the provisions of
international conventions and agreements thereon which have been adopted
and approved by the Congress of the Philippines;

o. Require all government and private hospitals, clinics, doctors, dentists and
other practitioners to submit a report to it, in coordination with PDEA, about all
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals-related
cases to which they have attended for statistics and research purposes;

p. Receive in trust legacies, gifts and donations of real and personal properties
of all kinds, to administer and dispose the same when necessary for the
benefit of government and private rehabilitation centers subject to limitations,
directions and instructions from the donors, if any;

q. Issue guidelines as to the approval or disapproval of applications for voluntary

treatment, rehabilitation or confinement, wherein it shall issue the necessary
guidelines, rules and regulations pertaining to the application and its
enforcement;

r. Formulate guidelines, in coordination with other government agencies, the

importation, distribution, production, manufacture, compounding, prescription,
dispensing and sale of, and other lawful acts in connection with any
dangerous drug, controlled precursors and essential chemicals and other
similar or analogous substances of such kind and in such quantity as it may
deem necessary according to the medical and research needs or
requirements of the country including diet pills containing ephedrine and other
addictive chemicals and determine the quantity and/or quality of dangerous
drugs and precursors and essential chemicals to be imported, manufactured
and held in stock at any given time by authorized importer, manufacturer or
distributor of such drugs;

s. Develop the utilization of a controlled delivery scheme in addressing the

transshipment of dangerous drugs into and out of the country to neutralize
transnational crime syndicates involved in illegal trafficking of any dangerous
drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals;
 t. Recommend the revocation of the professional license of any practitioner who
is an owner, co-owner, lessee, or in the employ of the drug establishment, or
manager of a partnership, corporation, association, or any juridical entity
owning and/or controlling such drug establishment, and who knowingly
participates in, or consents to, tolerates, or abets the commission of the act of
violations as indicated in the preceding paragraph, all without prejudice to the
criminal prosecution of the person responsible for the said violation;

u. Appoint such technical, administrative and other personnel as may be

necessary for the effective implementation of this Act, subject to the Civil
Service Law and its rules and regulations;

v. Establish a regular and continuing consultation with concerned government

agencies and medical professional organizations to determine if balance
exists in policies, procedures, rules and regulations on dangerous drugs and
to provide recommendations on how the lawful use of dangerous drugs can
be improved and facilitated; and

w. Submit an annual and periodic reports to the President, the Congress of the
Philippines and the Senate and House of Representatives committees
concerned as may be required from time to time, and perform such other
functions as may be authorized or required under existing laws and as
directed by the President himself/herself or as recommended by the
congressional committees concerned.
Treatment and Rehabilitation

This is a component under the drug demand reduction pillar which aims to
reintegrate into the society recovering drug dependents.
A chance to be treated and rehabilitated is afforded to those who have fallen prey to
drugs. Through the use of effective treatment modalities, drug dependents are being
trained to kick out the habit and become productive citizens of the country once
again.
REQUIREMENTS ON THE APPLICATION FOR THE TREATMENT AND
REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENTS:

1. Drug Dependency Examination (DDE)

a. Drug dependents may directly set an appointment with a DOH-
Accredited Physician for DDE. (Please be advised that the directory
for accredited physician is being updated. For further inquiries,
kindly contact Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and Treatment
Program (DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02) 651-7800 loc.
2971 / 2973)
b. He/she may also secure a referral form for DDE from the Legal Division
of the Dangerous Drugs Board.
c. If a drug dependent resides outside Metro Manila, he/she may
coordinate with the nearest Treatment and Rehabilitation Center or
Anti-Drug Abuse Council in his/her place of residence.
 2. Philippine National Police (PNP) Clearance
3. Certificate of No Pending Case from the Regional Trial Court (RTC)
and/or Municipal Trial Court (MTC).
a. If a minor drug dependent has a pending case, secure a Certification
of suspension of proceedings from the RTC or MTC where the case
was filed.
b. If an adult drug dependent, secure a Certification of Dismissed Case
from RTC or MTC where the case was filed or Certificate that the
proceeding is suspended.

 
 
STEPS ON TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG
DEPENDENT (Voluntary Submission, Voluntary thru Representation and
Compulsory Confinement)

1. Secure referral form and other requirements for Drug Dependency

Examination (DDE) at the Legal Affairs Division, Dangerous Drugs Board
2. DDE is conducted by a DOH-accredited physician. (Please be advised that
the directory for accredited physician is being updated. For further
inquiries, kindly contact Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Program (DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02) 651-
7800 loc. 2971 / 2973)
3. For voluntary confinement, submit the result of the Drug Dependency
Examination together with the other requirements to the Legal Division of the
Dangerous Drugs Board.
4. The DDB Legal will process the petition for confinement (pre-signed by DDB
Authorized Representative) prior to the release of petition filed by applicant
with the RTC.
5. The release of Petition is made either to the applicant and/or authorized
representative.
6. In case of compulsory confinement, the parent(s)/spouse/relative(s) shall
execute and submit a statement/affidavit providing information as to the drug
taking habit of alleged drug dependent.

Treatment Modality
Drug treatment modality is the model or approach in the treatment of drug
dependents utilized by treatment and rehabilitation centers. 
Multidisciplinary Team Approach is a method in the treatment and rehabilitation of
drug dependents which avails of the services and skills of a team composed of
psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, occupational therapist and other related
disciplines in collaboration with the family and the drug dependent.
Therapeutic Community Approach views addiction as a symptomatic
manifestation of a more complex psychological problem rooted in an interplay of
emotional, social, physical and spiritual values. It is a highly structured program
wherein the community is utilized as the primary vehicle to foster behavioural and
attitudinal change. The patient receives the information and the impetus to change
from being a part of the community. Role modelling and peer pressure play
significant parts in the program.
The goal of every therapeutic community is to change the patients’ self-destructive
thinking and behavioural pattern, teach them personal responsibility, positivize their
self-image, create a sense of human community and provide an environment in
which human beings can grow and take responsibility and credit for the growth.
Hazelden-Minnesotta Model views addiction as a disease, an involuntary condition
caused by factors largely outside a person’s control. The program consists of
didactic lectures, cognitive-behavioural psychology, Alcoholic Anonymous
principles / Twelve Steps Principles and biblio-theraphy. It aims to treat patients with
chemical dependency, endorsing a set of values and beliefs about the
powerlessness of people over drug taking and turning to a Higher Power to help
them combat the disease. In this modality, counsellors and patients collaborate in
defining the path to recovery.
Spiritual Approach uses the Bible as the primary source of inspiration to change. It
views drug addiction as a sin and encourages the patients to turn away from it and
renew their relationships with the Lord.
Eclectic Approach aims at applying a holistic approach in the rehabilitation
program. The spiritual and cognitive components of the Twelve Steps complement
the behavioural aspects of the Therapeutic Community. The skills and services of
rehabilitation professionals and paraprofessionals are made available. In doing so,
different personality aspects of drug dependants are well addressed geared towards
their rehabilitation and recovery.

Inmate Behavior Management Plan

 
The inmate behavior management plan presented is based on previous work in two
major areas: podular direct supervision and inmate classification.
 
The inmate behavior management plan consists of six essential elements:
1. Assessing the risks and needs of each inmate at various points during his or her
detention.
2. Assigning inmates to housing.
3. Meeting inmates’ basic needs.
4. Defining and conveying expectations for inmate behavior.
5. Supervising inmates.
6. Keeping inmates occupied with productive activities.
 
These elements, once established, function as an ongoing, integrated process
designed to generate positive inmate behavior—that is, behavior that complies with
the staff’s expectations of what is acceptable. Implementing these elements puts
control of the jail in the hands of the staff instead of the inmates.
 
Assessing Risks and Needs The first element in the inmate behavior management
plan is to gather information on the risks and needs of each inmate:
 
■ Risk is a measure of how dangerous the inmate is to himself or herself and to
others and of the likelihood that the inmate will attempt to escape.
■ Need is a measurement of the inmate’s physiological and psychological
requirements for well-being, for example, in terms of medical care, mental health
care, or education.
 
The risk and needs assessment lays the foundation for the behavior management
plan. The information gathered is used to classify the inmate and is also essential for
developing a strategy to manage his or her behavior. For example, an inmate
assessed as a high escape risk and one assessed as a low escape risk will have
substantially different requirements for housing, supervision, and delivery of
services, as will an inmate with serious medical needs and one who is healthy. An
inmate who is developmentally disabled is likely to require a different behavior
management strategy than one who is not developmentally disabled.
A jail’s system of assessing inmate risks and needs is called inmate classification.
Every jail administrator is responsible for implementing an inmate classification
system and for ensuring that the classification process assesses each inmate’s risks
and needs accurately so that staff can manage and control inmate behavior.
 
 
 
 
Attributes of an Effective Inmate Classification System
 
An effective classification system is objective, that is, it is based on a consistent set
of criteria and a systematic method of applying the criteria to classification decisions.
It is also straightforward and easily understood and implemented by staff. An
effective classification system meets the following three tests:
 
1. Reliability: Different staff using the system will get the same result for a given
inmate.
2. Validity: The system accurately predicts (or assesses) the inmate’s risk level
and need.
3. Equitability: The system is applied in the same way for each inmate.
 
Assessment Criteria
 
The following criteria are commonly used to assess inmate risk:
■ The severity of the current charge.
■ Detainers and warrants.
■ Sentencing status (pre- or postsentencing).
■ Criminal history and possible additional charges.
■ Escape history.
■ Institutional disciplinary history.
■ Substance abuse.
■ Age, employment, residence, and family ties.
 
Needs are commonly assessed in the following areas:
■ Medical (physiological) condition.
■ Mental (psychological) condition.
■ Intellectual capacity.
■ Substance abuse.
Assessment criteria must be clearly defined and applied consistently to all
inmates.
 
Reassessment
Each inmate’s risks and needs should be reassessed when new information is
obtained and at regularly scheduled intervals. Reassessment in response to new
information ensures that staff are able to react to the changing circumstances
affecting inmates. The following events would prompt reassessment outside of
routine intervals:
 
■ Improvement or deterioration of inmate behavior.
■ A crisis in the inmate’s life (e.g., court decisions, personal problems).
■ A medical or mental health emergency. ■ Court information (e.g., new charges
and/or sentencing).
■ An inmate’s request for reclassification.
■ An officer’s request for reclassification of an inmate.
 
Housing Assignment Decision
The information gathered about an inmate during the risk and needs assessment
serves as the basis for the housing assignment. Jail staff consider the following
factors:
■ The level of security risk the inmate presents.
■ The inmate’s ability to function with other inmates.
■ The level of supervision the inmate requires.
■ The types of services the inmate requires.
■ The types of programs that should be made available to the inmate.
■ Legal requirements for separating certain categories of inmates.
 
Housing Plan
The housing plan, which describes how bedspace within the jail will be used, is
based on an assessment of the following components:
■ Existing bedspace, including the number of housing units and beds within each
housing unit, the configuration of the housing units, and the level of physical
security in the housing units.
■ The level of supervision in each housing unit.
■ Risks and needs in the inmate population and the resulting inmate
classifications.
■ The number of inmates within each classification.
 
For each housing unit, the housing plan should designate the following criteria:
■ The types or classifications of inmates housed.
■ How services are delivered.
■ The level of staff supervision.
■ The programs and activities available.
The housing plan must also designate space, as appropriate, for separating
inmates for disciplinary, protective custody, or other special needs.

Inmate Behavior Management Plan (Part 2)

 
Meeting Inmates’ Basic Needs
The third element in the behavior management plan is meeting inmates’ basic
needs, which are no different from those of all human beings:
■ Physical needs: Things that sustain life and ensure a baseline of human
comfort, such as adequate and nutritious food, protection against the elements,
adequate warmth, physical exercise, medical care, and adequate personal and
environmental sanitation. In the context of the jail, meeting inmates’ physical
needs involves food services, medical services, allowing inmates to maintain their
personal hygiene, providing for physical exercise, maintaining adequate air flow
and appropriate temperature, and ensuring that all areas of the jail are clean
enough for a healthy environment.
■ Safety needs: Protection from harm, including personal injuries resulting from
assault or unsafe environmental conditions. In the context of the jail, this means
ensuring that inmates do not victimize one another, eliminating hazardous
environmental conditions, and developing plans to ensure inmates’ well-being
during emergencies.
■ Social needs: Maintaining contact with family and friends and the opportunity to
have positive interaction with others. In the context of the jail, this means
providing for inmates to receive and send mail; have access to a telephone; visit
with family, friends, and others who are significant in their lives; and interact
positively with other inmates and staff.
 
This categorization of human needs is based on the work of Abraham Maslow, a
psychologist who developed a hierarchy of needs that was first published in
1954.1 Well-established case law requires jails to meet the basic needs listed
above; failure to do so may result in costly litigation. However, behavior
management is another compelling reason for the jail to meet basic inmate
needs. All human beings seek ways to meet their basic needs. If the jail does not
provide for these needs, the inmates will find ways to meet them on their own
terms. A jail that allows this to happen will hand over a significant amount of
control to the inmates. For example:
■ If inmates do not have enough to eat, they may hoard or steal food.
■ If inmates do not have adequate warmth, they may hoard blankets or clothing
or cover air vents in their cells.
■ If inmates do not have appropriate ways to interact socially with others, they
may become depressed or interact inappropriately with other inmates.
■ If inmates are not physically safe, they may make weapons, pay other inmates
for protection, or form gangs.
 
If the jail/prison does not meet the inmates’ basic needs, it cannot be safe for
either the inmates or the staff. Inmates who are angry, form gangs, and/or have
weapons pose a direct and immediate threat to staff safety. Staff who work in an
environment where their own basic need for safety is not met must devise ways
to meet this need. They may resign, devise ways to avoid interacting with
inmates, carry weapons, or physically abuse inmates as a way to establish
authority, thereby exacerbating the already dangerous conditions in the jail/prison
—dangerous conditions that can quickly become deadly for staff and inmates.
Defining and Conveying Expectations for Inmate Behavior
The staff’s expectations for inmate behavior and the way those expectations are
conveyed have a powerful influence on how inmates act. Historically, jail staff
have expected inmates to be uncooperative, destructive, aggressive, violent, and
manipulative. Staff have communicated these expectations by avoiding
interaction with inmates, adopting a negative demeanor when they do interact
with inmates, and accepting negative inmate behavior as “normal.”
Over the past 25 years, it has been demonstrated that jail staff can influence
inmates to behave positively within the jail; that destructive, manipulative, and
aggressive inmate behavior will be the norm only if allowed to be; and that, with
proper supervision, most inmates will meet high expectations for their behavior.
Inmates can comply with jail rules, maintain high levels of sanitation within their
living areas, treat the staff respectfully, and interact positively with each other. Jail
staff should expect this and tolerate no less.
Defining Expectations
The expectations set for inmate behavior should support the goals of the overall
inmate behavior management plan. In determining what the jail will consider
acceptable inmate behavior, expectations should be high, but attainable. The jail
not only should define what is expected of inmates, but also ensure that they
have the means to comply. For example, if the expectation is that housing units
are to be clean and orderly at all times, then the jail will need to supply sufficient
cleaning supplies and equipment to facilitate this. If the expectation is that
inmates are to address their complaints about jail operations without resorting to
destructive behavior, then the jail will need to have a system through which
inmates can report and receive timely responses to their complaints.
Conveying Expectations
Once the jail has defined what it considers acceptable inmate behavior and has
established the means for inmates to comply with these expectations, it must
convey the expectations to the inmates. Jails convey their expectations for
inmate behavior both directly and indirectly. Most jails develop a handbook for
inmates that gives information about schedules, procedures, and services; lists
the rules for inmates; and describes the jail’s disciplinary process and sanctions
for breaking the rules. Some jails may simply post this information on a bulletin
board in the dayroom.
A handbook effectively informs most inmates, but jails also need to provide this
information for inmates who do not speak English and/or are illiterate. Jails
should translate handbooks into the primary foreign languages used in the
region. For those who cannot read, the jail should provide audio- or videotapes.
Information on behavioral expectations should be part of each inmate’s
orientation to the jail. The jail should give each new inmate a copy of the inmate
handbook or access to an audio- or videotape when he or she is first admitted to
housing. Staff should be available to answer the inmate’s questions and verify
that he or she understands the information. The jail should require inmates to
sign a form to verify that they have been given the information and understand it.
Inmates also must have ready access to this information throughout their stay in
the jail.
The indirect or subtle messages the jail gives inmates about expectations for
behavior are as important as its formal message. For example, the jail’s physical
plant itself conveys a powerful message about expected behavior. Most jails were
built on the premise that inmates are violent, dangerous, and destructive and
convey this expectation by using bars and steel mesh to contain inmates and by
equipping inmate areas with virtually indestructible fixtures and furnishings. In
such jails, the message conveyed by the physical plant clearly contradicts the
formal message that inmates are expected to behave positively. These jails need
to devise strategies to counter the message conveyed by their physical plant. For
 example, staff can demonstrate that they expect inmates to behave well by
interacting extensively with them, treating them with respect and consideration,
and ensuring that inmate living areas are maintained in good order.
On the other hand, the jail’s physical environment may convey a positive
message about behavioral expectations that is aligned with the formal message,
but staff behavior may contradict the official message if staff avoid interacting
with inmates, treat them disrespectfully, or ignore their concerns. The jail
administrator must be aware of these potential contradictions and devise
strategies to resolve them. Otherwise, the contradictions will confuse and
frustrate inmates and will undermine the success of the inmate behavior
management plan.
 
Incentives To Meet Expectations
The jail administrator should ensure that the jail’s environment reflects that it is in
the inmates’ self-interest to meet behavioral expectations. For example, housing
units for inmates who behave well and do not present high-level security risks
should provide inmates easy access to basic necessities, services, and
programs. Staff should offer incentives for positive behavior ranging from a
simple “thank you” to an inmate who has done a good job cleaning his cell to
special rewards for accomplishing extra tasks within the housing unit. For
example, some jails conduct weekly facility inspections and provide the cleanest
housing unit with a small reward such as soda or popcorn.
On the other hand, negative behavior should be met with disincentives such as
removal from the housing area, lockdown within the housing unit, lockdown within
a disciplinary unit, loss of permission to attend programs, and loss of commissary
privileges. The jail should have a formal, clearly defined disciplinary process so
that both staff and inmates are aware of the rules and consequences for
violations.
Clearly stated behavioral expectations reinforced by incentives for positive
behavior and disincentives for negative behavior enable staff to direct inmates to
comply with the jail’s goals. Inmates meet high behavioral standards when the jail
expects them to and when staff are able to hold them accountable for their
actions, both positive and negative. Inmate accountability is achieved through
supervision, which is discussed in the following section.

Punishment is the infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for a misdeed.

Punishment may take forms ranging from capital punishment, flogging, forced labor, and
mutilation of the body to imprisonment and fines. Deferred punishment consist of penalties
that are imposed only if an offense is repeated within a specific time.

The Purpose of Punishment

Punishment has five recognized purposes:
1. Deterrence
2. Incapacitation
3. Rehabilitation
4. Retribution
5. Restitution

Specific and General Deterrence

Deterrence - prevents future crime by frightening the defendant or the public.

Two Types of Deterrence

1. Specific deterrence
2. General deterrence

Specific Deterrence - applies to an individual defendant. When the government punishes an

individual defendant, he or she is theoretically less likely to commit another crime because of
fear of another similar or worse punishment
General Deterrence - applies to the public at large.

Incapacitation - prevents future crime by removing the defendant from society.

Examples of incapacitation are incarceration, house arrest, or execution pursuant to the
death penalty.

Rehabilitation - prevents future crime by altering a defendants behavior. Examples of

rehabilitation include educational and vocational programs, treatment center placement and
counseling.

Retribution - prevents future crime by removing the desire for personal avengement (in the
form of assault, battery, and criminal homicide, for example) against the defendant.

Restitution - prevents future crime by punishing the defendant financially.

SUMMARY
                                Therapeutic Modalities(CA 3)

Therapeutic Modalities are tools, systems and programs which are used by the
correctional system to reform, rehabilitate and/or reintegrate offenders back to society, in
which they would become productive members of society, while at the same time, are
discouraged to return to a life of petty crime. Through the implementation of such programs,
the inmates are educated and reinforced to learn useful skills in order to survive life outside
of the correctional system and manage to be self-sufficient at his/her second chance in life.

Retribution is defined as something done to get back at someone or the act of punishing
someone for their actions.
 
Deterrence is the act of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of
the consequences.
Incapacitation is the state of not having the necessary ability, qualification, or strength to
perform some specified act or function.

Rehabilitation is the act of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and
therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.

Restitution is the restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner. It is appropriate
to compensate someone if you have damaged his or her property in some way.

Reformation means making changes to something with the intention of setting it back on
the right path.

Integration occurs when separate people or things are brought together, like the integration
of rehabilitated former drug addicts back into society.

The Philippine Correctional System adopted two approaches for the treatment of offenders. 
These are the institutional- based treatment program and the community-based
treatment programs. 

These programs aimed towards the improvement of offender’s attitude and philosophy of
life. Reformation and rehabilitation of inmates as well as preparation for the reintegration in
community are the ultimate goals of the programs

Distinction between a “jail” and “prison”. 

Jail- is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial,
or serving short-term sentences. 
Prison- which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by
the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice.

Four Classes of Prisoners

1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of three years and
one day to death
2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to
three years
3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to three years
4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six months.

Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial
3. those awaiting final judgment.

Bureau of Corrections

The Correctional System in the Philippines is composed of six agencies under three distinct
and separate departments of the national government:
1. Department of Interior and Local Government
A. BJMP- Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
2. Department of Social Welfare and Development
A. Juvenile and Justice Welfare Council
3. Department of Justice
A. Bureau of Corrections
B. Parole and Probation Administration
 C. Board of Pardons and Parole

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)

Probation is the status of an accused who, after conviction and sentence, is released
subject to conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer

Parole is the release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purpose) or permanently before
the completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behavior.

Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) 

The Board of Pardons and Parole was created pursuant to Act No. 4103, as amended. It is
the intent of the law to uplift and redeem valuable human material to economic usefulness
and to prevent unnecessary and excessive deprivation of personal liberty.

Pardon is the use of executive power that exempts the individual to whom it was given from
punishment.

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

Core Programs
1. Provision of basic needs
2. Health services
3. Educational program
4. E-Dalaw
5. Skills Training/ Enhancement Program
6. Livelihood Program
7. E-Dalaw
8. Etc.

Multidisciplinary Team Approach is a method in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug

dependents which avails of the services and skills of a team composed of psychiatrist,
psychologist, social worker, occupational therapist and other related disciplines in
collaboration with the family and the drug dependent.
Therapeutic Community Approach views addiction as a symptomatic manifestation of a
more complex psychological problem rooted in an interplay of emotional, social, physical and
spiritual values. It is a highly structured program wherein the community is utilized as the
primary vehicle to foster behavioural and attitudinal change. The patient receives the
information and the impetus to change from being a part of the community. Role modelling
and peer pressure play significant parts in the program.

Hazelden-Minnesotta Model views addiction as a disease, an involuntary condition caused

by factors largely outside a person’s control. The program consists of didactic lectures,
cognitive-behavioural psychology, Alcoholic Anonymous principles / Twelve Steps Principles
and biblio-theraphy. It aims to treat patients with chemical dependency, endorsing a set of
values and beliefs about the powerlessness of people over drug taking and turning to a
Higher Power to help them combat the disease. In this modality, counsellors and patients
collaborate in defining the path to recovery.

Spiritual Approach uses the Bible as the primary source of inspiration to change. It views
drug addiction as a sin and encourages the patients to turn away from it and renew their
relationships with the Lord.
Eclectic Approach aims at applying a holistic approach in the rehabilitation program. The
spiritual and cognitive components of the Twelve Steps complement the behavioural aspects
of the Therapeutic Community. The skills and services of rehabilitation professionals and
paraprofessionals are made available. In doing so, different personality aspects of drug
dependants are well addressed geared towards their rehabilitation and recovery.

Types of Behaviors
Skinner distinguished between two different types of behaviors.

Respondent behaviors are those that occur automatically and reflexively, such as pulling
your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the doctor taps on your knee. You
don't have to learn these behaviors. They simply occur automatically and involuntarily.
Operant behaviors, on the other hand, are those under our conscious control. Some may
occur spontaneously and others purposely, but it is the consequences of these actions that
then influence whether or not they occur again in the future. Our actions on the environment
and the consequences of that action make up an important part of the learning process.

Components of Operant Conditioning

There are several key concepts in operant conditioning.

*Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are
two kinds of reinforcers. In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior increases.
Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the
behavior. In positive reinforcement situations, a response or behavior is strengthened by the
addition of praise or a direct reward. If you do a good job at work and your manager gives
you a bonus, that bonus is a positive reinforcer.
Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the
display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of
something considered unpleasant. For example, if your child starts to scream in the middle
of a restaurant, but stops once you hand them a treat, your action led to the removal of the
unpleasant condition, negatively reinforcing your behavior (not your child's).

*Punishment in Operant Conditioning

Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in

the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of punishment. In both of these cases, the
behavior decreases.

Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by application, presents an

unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Spanking for
misbehavior is an example of punishment by application.
Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable
event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. Taking away a child's video game
following misbehavior is an example of negative punishment.

Skinner identified several different schedules of reinforcement that impact the

operant conditioning process.

1. Continuous reinforcement - involves delivering a reinforcement every time a

response occurs. Learning tends to occur relatively quickly, yet the response rate is
quite low. Extinction also occurs very quickly once reinforcement is halted.
 2. Fixed-ratio schedules- are a type of partial reinforcement. Responses are
reinforced only after a specific number of responses have occurred. This typically
leads to a fairly steady response rate.

3. Fixed-interval- schedules are another form of partial reinforcement. Reinforcement

occurs only after a certain interval of time has elapsed. Response rates remain fairly
steady and start to increase as the reinforcement time draws near, but slow
immediately after the reinforcement has been delivered.

4. Variable-ratio schedules - are also a type of partial reinforcement that involve

reinforcing behavior after a varied number of responses. This leads to both a high
response rate and slow extinction rates.
5. Variable-interval schedules - are the final form of partial reinforcement Skinner
described. This schedule involves delivering reinforcement after a variable amount of
time has elapsed. This also tends to lead to a fast response rate and slow extinction
rate.
Human Behavior - refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are
influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis,
persuasion, coercion and genetics.
Factors Affecting Human Behavior
1. Genetics
2. Attitude
3. Social Norms
4. Perceive behavioral control
5. Core faith
6. Survival instinct

Mental Illness/Mental Disorder - a health conditions that changes a persons thinking,

feelings or behavior and that causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning.

Schizophrenia - a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation
between thought, emotion and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions
and feelings,withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion and
a sense of mental fragmentation.

Autism - a mental condition present from early childhood characterized by great difficulty in
communicating and forming relationship with other people and in using language and
abstract concepts.

Hypnosis - the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently losses

the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestions or directions.

Stalking - is a term used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or

group to another person.

Meeting Inmates’ Basic Needs

■ Physical needs
■ Safety needs
■ Social needs
General Nature and Definition of Human Rights

Human Rights
       Those rights, which are inherent in our nature and without which, we cannot live as
human beings.

Basic Characteristics of Human Rights

1. Inherent - Not granted by any person or authority.
2. Fundamental - without them, the life and dignity of man will be meaningless.
3. Inalienable - cannot be rightfully taken away from a free individual. Cannot be given
away or be forfeited.
4. Imprescriptible - cannot be lost even if man fails to use or assert them, even by a
long passage of time.
5. Indivisible - Not capable of being divided. Cannot be denied even when other rights
have already been enjoyed.
6. Universal - It applies irrespective of one's origin, status, or condition or place where
one lives. Rights can be enforced without national border.
7. Interdependent - The fulfillment or exercise of one cannot be had without the
realization of the other.

Classification of Rights
1. Natural Rights - God-given rights, acknowledged by everybody to be morally good.
Unwritten, but prevail as norms of the society.
2. Constitutional Rights - Conferred and protected by the constitution and which cannot
be modified or taken away by the law-making body.
3. Statutory Rights - Those rights which are provided by law promulgated by the law-
making body. May be abolished by the body created them.

Stage of Human Rights

1. Idealization - Notions about human rights start in the realm of ideas that reflect a
consciousness against oppression or inadequate performance of the State.
2. Positivization - Where the support for the ideas become strong, and thus incorporate
them into legal instruments.
3. Realization - When these rights are already being enjoyed by the citizens by the
transformation of the social, economic, and political order.

Three obligation of the State Parties

1. Obligation to respect
} Indicates that the negative character of civil and political rights, commanding the State to
refrain from restricting the exercise of these rights is not expressly allowed.
2. Obligation to ensure
} Points out that to provide for an effective remedy to victims of human rights, it must adopt
executive, judicial and legislative measures.
3. Obligation to protect
} To prevent private individuals, groups, or entities from interfering with the individual's civil
and political rights.

Bill of Rights - An enumeration of civil and political rights that are self-exciting. It also
serves as a restriction upon the powers of the State in order to preserve constitutional
harmony and stability.

Father Joaquin Bernas, SJ - The Bill of Rights is to declare some forbidden zones in the
private sphere inaccessible to any power holder.