MALAMULO A CHILANKHULO

TIFERANJI PHIRI 0884 429 789

 ZAM’KATIMU
MUTU TSAMBA
MUTU 1 MITUNDU YA MAWU ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

MUTU 2 DZINA ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

MUTU 3 MLOWAM’MALO ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 12

MUTU 4 MNENI …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17

MUTU 5 MFOTOKOZI ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23

MUTU 6 MUONJEZI ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

MUTU 7 MLUMIKIZI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28

MUTU 8 MPEREKEZI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

MUTU 9 MFUWU …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

MUTU 10 MVEKERO ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35

MUTU 11 KUSIYANA NDI KUFANANA KWA MFOTOKOZI NDI MLOWAM’MALO ………………………. 37

MUTU 12 CHIGANIZO ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

MUTU 13 KAPANDAMNENI ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48

MUTU 14 ZIZINDIKIRO ZA M’KALEMBEDWE …………………………………………………………………………… 52

MUTU 15 MALEMBO AAKULU ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58

MUTU 16 NTCHITO ZA ‘NDI’ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59

MUTU 17 ZAZIMUNA NDI ZAZIKAZI ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 61

MUTU 18 MAWU OTSUTSANA M’MATANTHAUZO ………………………………………………………………… 62

MUTU 19 MAWU OFANANA M’MATANTHAUZO …………………………………………………………………… 63

MUTU 20 ZAZIKULU NDI ZAZING’ONO …………………………………………………………………………………… 64

MABUKU ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64

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 MUTU 1 MITUNDU YA MAWU

Yotsatirayi ndi mitundu ya mawu:

1. Dzina
2. Mlowam’malo
3. Mneni
4. Mfotokozi
5. Muonjezi
6. Mperekezi
7. Mlumikizi
8. Mfuwu
9. Mvekero

MUTU 2 DZINA
Dzina ndi mawu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito poyitana kapena potchula chinthu kapena ganizo lililonse.

MITUNDU YA MAYINA

1. Dzina lamwinimwini
Ili ndi dzina la chinthu chapachokha (chosawanda).

Zitsanzo za mayina amwinimwini ndi monga mayina a anthu, mitundu kapena mafuko a anthu, misewu,

nyanja, mitsinje, maiko, maboma, midzi, malo, mizinda, mapiri, masiku, miyezi, Mulungu, zigwa, milatho,

ufumu, kampani, zipembedzo, ziyankhulo, zipani, ndakatulo, nthano ndi nkhani.

Polemba mayinawa timayamba ndi lembo lalikulu.

Zitsanzo:
Maliya, Malawi, Dedza, Namalenga, Januwale, Chitonga, Lachitatu, Chikhristu, Linthipe.

2. Dzina lopanda mwinimwini

Ili ndi dzina lotchulira zinthu zowanda (zopezeka ponseponse).

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 Polemba mayinawa timayamba ndi lembo laling’ono, pokhapokha ngati mayinawo akuyamba chiganizo

kapena pamene ndi mitu monga mitu ya nyimbo, ndakatulo ndi nkhani ndiye tiwayambe ndi lembo
lalikulu.

Zitsanzo:
nkhuku, mnyamata, mpweya, nzeru, mwala, fisi, ludzu, msonkho, uchembere, chulu.

3. Dzina la chinthu chokhudzika

Ili ndi dzina la chinthu chowanda chomwe timatha kuchiona, kuchimva ndi makutu kapena ndi thupi
kapenanso m’mphuno kapena kuchikhudza kapenanso kuchiyeza.

Zitsanzo:
nyesi, nthunzi, mtambo, liwu, fungo, chigumula, utsi, mdima, mpweya, mwala, nkhuku, mnyamata.

4. Dzina la chinthu chosakhudzika

Ili ndi dzina la chinthu chowanda chomwe sitingathe kuchiona kapena kuchikhudza. Dzinali ndi la zinthu za
m’maganizo chabe ndipo kawirikawiri timangowona zotsatira zake.

Zitsanzo:
nzeru, ufulu, maganizo, ubwezi, nsanje, changu, dumbo, mantha, chilungamo, nkhanza, mtendere, maloto

5. Dzina launyinji

Ili ndi dzina la zinthu zowanda zomwe zili pagulu lawo la zinthu zofanana.

Zitsanzo:
msonkhano, mzukutu, mtolo, mulu, khwimbi, phava, bere, mpukutu, chipani, bungwe, gulu, mdipiti.

6. Dzina lachibale
Dzina lachibale (dzina lamphukira) ndi limodzi mwa mayina ambiri opangidwa kuchokera ku muzu kapena
tsinde limodzi la mawu.
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 Mayinawa amaimira maganizo osiyana kapena zinthu zosiyana ngakhale kuti kholo lawo (muzu kapena

tsinde) ndi limodzi.

Zitsanzo:
Tsinde Mayina achibale
tuma mtumwi
yenda ulendo
nthumwi
mlendo
mwendo ntumiki
utumiki
taya nthayo
lima ndime
mtaya
dima
mataya
chitayo mlimi
ulimi

NTCHITO ZA MAYINA
i) Kukhala mwininkhani (mchitantchito)
Zitsanzo:
Yohane wapita kumunda.
Chiponde chadyedwa ndi mzungu.

ii) Kukhala pamtherankhani

Zitsanzo:
Njoka yagwira chule.
Nazunga wandilembera kalata.

iii) Kukhala dzina lolandirira kanthu

Zitsanzo:
Ndamlembera Yohane kalata.
Amayi awaphikira alendo nsima.

iv) Kukhala dzina lapadera

Zitsanzo:
Zuze, Chilombo, ali m’mudzimu.
Kodi umamudziwa Zikomo, mlembi?

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 v) Kukhala dzina loyitanira
Zitsanzo:
Yohane thawa njokayo.
Tabwera kuno, Manase.

vi) Pamtherankhani wa mperekezi

Zitsanzo:
Ndipita kuchipatala ndi mwana.
Chimwemwe amachokera ku Kasungu.

vii) Kukhala mtsirizo wamneni

Zitsanzo:
Pempho si mphunzitsi.
Bengo ndi mkango.

viii) Kukhala msonyamalo

Zitsanzo:
Kumunda kwawirira.
Patsala paja pagona chinziri.
M’mudzi mwathu muli ufulu.

MAGULU A MAYINA
Mayina amayikidwa m’magulu osiyanasiyana.
Tingazindikire gulu la dzina pogwiritsa ntchito mphatikiram’mbuyo wosonyeza zambiri komanso
pogwiritsa ntchito agwirizanitsi osonyeza chimodzi ndi zambiri.

Gulu (Mu –, A –)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina onse omwe amachulukitsidwa ndi mphatikiram’mbuyo ‘a–’.
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri
munthu anthu
m’bale abale
fisi afisi
mwamuna amuna
mzamba azamba

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 Gulu (Mu –, Mi –)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina onse kawirikawiri amachulukitsidwa ndi mphatikiram’mbuyo ‘mi–’.
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri

mulungu milungu

mkeka mikeka
muzu
mizu
mwambi miyambi

Gulu (U –, Ma –)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina onse omwe amayamba ndi lembo la liwu ‘u–’.
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri

udindo maudindo

uta mauta
udzudzu udzudzu

ufa ufa

Gulu (I –, Zi –)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina onse omwe timawaloza ndi iyi m’chimodzi ndipo m’zambiri timawaloza ndi izi.
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri
mimba mimba
mphwemphwa mphwemphwa

mfumu mfumu
inswa inswa
ndolo ndolo

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 Gulu (Chi –, Zi –)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina omwe amayamba ndi ch m’chimodzi ndipo amayamba ndi z m’zambiri.
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri

chambo zambo

chulu zulu
chikho zikho
chodyera zodyera

chibwana zibwana

Gulu (Li –, Ma –)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina omwe amayamba ndi ‘ma’ m’zambiri, ngakhale ena satero. Agwirizanitsi awo ndi i-
(m’chimodzi) ndi a- (m’zambiri).
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri
bala mabala
khasu makasu
fupa mafupa
tsiku
masiku
diso
maso

Gulu (Ka –, Ti –)

Ili ndi gulu la mayina omwe amayamba ndi ‘ka’ m’chimodzi ndipo m’zambiri amayamba ndi ‘ti’.
Zitsanzo:
Chimodzi Zambiri

kamwana tiana

kanthu tinthu
kadiso timaso

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 Gulu (ku ndi tsinde la mneni)
Ili ndi gulu la mayina omwe amapangidwa pophatikiza ku- ku tsinde la mneni.
Zitsanzo:
kusaka (ku- ku saka)
kulemba (ku- ku lemba)
kugona (ku- ku gona)

Gulu (Ku –, Pa –, Mu – ndi dzina)

Ili ndi gulu la mayina osonyeza malo ndipo amayamba ndi ku- kapena mu- kapenanso pa-.
Zitsanzo:
kumunda
pamutu

patchire

m’mudzi

KAPANGIDWE KA MAYINA
Mayina amapangidwa m’njira zambiri monga:

Pophatikiza aphatikiram’mbuyo ku masinde othandiza kupanga mayina

Zitsanzo
Maphatikizo Tsinde Dzina
mu- -nthu munthu
wa- (a-) -nthu wanthu (anthu)
mu- -dzi mudzi
mi- -zimu mizimu

Mayina opanga kuchokera ku afotokozi

Zitsanzo
Tsinde la mfotokozi Dzina

-kulu ukulu
-ng’ono ung’ono

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 Mayina opanga kuchokera ku aonjezi
Chitsanzo
Muonjezi Dzina
bwino ubwino

Mayina opanga kuchokera ku aneni

Zitsanzo
Mneni Dzina

lima mlimi
dana udani
phunzitsa mphunzitsi

konza mkonzi

Mayina opanga kuchokera ku zinenero zina

Zitsanzo
Dzina Chinenero
dona chipwitikizi
ndege chiswahili
tebulo chingerezi
boma chiswahili
mtchini
chingerezi
kachasu
chipwitikizi
nsapato
chipwitikizi
dondo
chishona
chishona
gomo
mlingo chiyawo

Kulumikiza dzina ndi dzina lina

Zitsanzo

Dzina Dzina Dzina lopangidwa

mwana bere mwanabere

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 mwana mphepo mwanamphepo

utaka fumbi utakafumbi

bambo mfumu bambomfumu

Kulumikiza dzina ndi tsinde

Zitsanzo

Dzina Tsinde Dzina lopangidwa

nyama -kazi nyamakazi
mfuku -kazi mfumukazi

Kulumikiza mneni ndi dzina

Zitsanzo

Mneni Dzina Dzina lopangidwa

yang’ana dzuwa myang’anadzuwa

lima njira kalimanjira

pota manja mpotamanja
taya makoko mtayamakoko

Kulumikiza mneni ndi mlowam’malo

Zitsanzo
Mneni Mlowam’malo Dzina lopangidwa

konda ine kondaine

simba zako simbazako

Kulumikiza mneni ndi muonjezi

Zitsanzo
Mneni Muonjezi Dzina

yenda usiku chiyendausiku

ponda m’thengo chipondam’thengo

khala pakati mkhalapakati

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 Kulumikiza mphatikiram’mbuyo ‘ku-’ ku tsinde la mneni
Zitsanzo
Mphatikiram’mbuyo Dzina
ku- kudya

ku- kumwa

ku- kuphunzira

ku- kusamba

MUTU 3 MLOWAM’MALO
Mlowam’malo ndi mawu omwe amaima kapena amalowa m’malo mwa dzina.

MITUNDU YA ALOWAM’MALO

Wa dzina lakelake
Alowam’malo olowa m’malo mwa dzina la munthu

Alowam’malo awa alipo a mitundu itatu motere:

a. Alowam’malo akalozamwini
Awa amalowa m’malo mwa dzina la munthu kapena anthu omwe akuyankhula.

Zitsanzo:
1. Ine ndavutika kwambiri.
2. Ife tipita mochedwa.

b. Alowam’malo akalozamnzako
Awa amalowa m’malo mwa dzina la munthu kapena anthu omwe akumvera zomwe wina
akuyankhula.
Zitsanzo:
1. Iwe, pita msanga.
2. Inu, thamangani munthu uja akuthawa.
3. Ndikuyankhula ndi inu.

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 c. Alowam’malo akalozawina
Awa amalowa m’malo mwa dzina la munthu kapena anthu omwe tikuwatchula m’nkhani.
Munthuyu kapena anthuwo akhoza kukhala kuti ali kutali pang’ono kapena kwina kwake kotero
sakudzimvera zomwe zikunenedwa zokhudza iwowo.
Zitsanzo:
1. Iye wakhaula ndipo sadzabwerezanso.
2. Iwo apita lero.

Alowam’malo oloza
Alowam’malo oloza chinthu chomwe chili pafupi kapena choyandikira
Zitsanzo:
1. Uyu wamenya mwana.
2. Ichi ndi choipa.
3. Aka ndi kanga.

Alowam’malo oloza munthu kapena chinthu chomwe chili patali pang’ono

Zitsanzo:
1. Icho chagwa chokha.
2. Ako ndi koyenera kukachotseratu.
3. Uyo wapha ng’ombe yanga.

Alowam’malo oloza munthu kapena chinthu chomwe chili patali

Zitsanzo:
1. Chija n’chofunika kukachitola msanga.
2. Aja akuti atopa.
3. Uja m’mene wateromu wanyanyala.

Alowam’malo aumwini
Zitsanzo:
1. Wake wabwera.
2. Chako ndi chako.
3. Zathu zalowa m’khola.
4. Wanga wabwera dzulo.
5. Ndationa tanu tikudya msipu.
6. Zanga zili paphiri.

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 Alowam’malo amgwirizano
Zitsanzo:
1. Amene afuna abwera.
2. Ndifuna zomwe zija.
3. Omwe agona asiyeni.

Alowam’malo odzichitira
Zitsanzo:
1. Wadzimenya yekha.
2. Mudzifunse nokha.
3. Khala pansi ungadzipweteke.

Alowam’malo otsimikiza
Zitsanzo:
1. Iye mwini wandifunsa za nkhaniyi.
2. Ine amene simungandimenye.
3. Ndine ndemwe ndaswa chikhochi.

Alowam’malo ofunsa
Zitsanzo:
1. Ukufuna ziti?
2. Wayani akubwera apo?
3. N’kuti wapitako?

Alowam’malo ochuluka
Zitsanzo:
1. Ndagula ziwiri zokha.
2. Anayi akubwera apo.
3. Mwalandira khumi.

Alowam’malo opatula (apaokha)

Zitsanzo:
1. Ena abwera kale.
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 2. Udye zonse.
3. Kambani zina.

NTCHITO ZA ALOWAM’MALO
Alowam’malo amatha kukhala eninkhani kapena pamtherankhani.

Eninkhani
a) Wa dzina lakelake

Zitsanzo
1. Ine ndimakonda mbatata yowotcha.
2. Iwo akumanga nyumba.
3. Iwe thawa njokayo.

b) Wa umwini
Zitsanzo
1. Zanga zabwera.
2. Chanu palibe.
3. Kwanu kuli bwino.

c) Wamgwirizano
Zitsanzo
1. Chimene chilibe ntchito tayani.
2. Amene afuna abwera.
3. Komwe wapita sikudziwika.

d) Woloza

Zitsanzo
1. Uyu pita nayeni.
2. Iyi yabwira ufa.
3. Ichi n’chimanga, icho n’chinangwa.

e) Wofunsa

Zitsanzo
1. Ndi ziti zagwera m’dzenje?
2. N’chotani watengacho?

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 3. Muti umati ulowe?

f) Zochuluka
Zitsanzo
1. Ambiri apita kukasewera mpira.
2. Angapo achita ngozi.
3. Chochepa sichikwanira.

Apamtherankhani
a) Wa dzina lakelake

Zitsanzo
1. Joni amandinena ine.
2. Tawaona iwo akumenyana.
3. Amakunyoza iwe.

b) Waumwini
Zitsanzo
1. Mukanditengereko yanga.
2. Ndathana nacho chanu.
3. Ndizikakhala kwathu.

c) Wamgwirizano
Zitsanzo
1. Mwadya zomwezo.
2. Sindifuna zotere.
3. Ndamudziwa amene waba.

d) Woloza
Zitsanzo
1. Ndipatse ilo.
2. Osaponda apa.
3. Wamuona uja?

e) Wofunsa
Zitsanzo

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 1. Ukufuna zotani?
2. Mukuyendera ziti?
3. Amakhala kuti?

f) Wochuluka
Zitsanzo
1. Ndadya zambiri.
2. Mundipatseko zochepa.
3. Tagwira angapo.

MUTU 4 MNENI
Mneni ndi mawu omwe amatidziwitsa zochitika.

MITUNDU YA ANENI

Aneni alipo osiyanasiyana malingana ndi kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo.

Mitundu yayikulu ndi yodziwikiratu ilipo iwiri motere:

Mneni woyambukira
Ntchito ya mneniyu ndi kuwonetsa chinthu chomwe chagwira ntchito komanso chinthu chomwe ntchito
yachitikira pa icho.
Zitsanzo
1. Galu wapha bakha.
2. Amayi ataya makiyi.

Mneni wosayambukira

Uyu sakhala ndi pamtherankhani kotero ntchito yake sisonyeza kuti yachitikira yani.
Zitsanzo
1. Achimwene abwera lero.
2. Maliya wapita kale.

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 Magulu ena a aneni ali motere:

Mneni wophatikizika/wodalira
Uyu amadalira mawu omwe ayikidwa kutsogolo kwa mneniyo kuti ganizo limveke bwino.
Zitsanzo
1. Iyi ndi nkhono.
2. Chikondi simnzanga.

Mneni wothandizira
Uyu amathandizira mneni mnzake kuti ganizo limveke bwino.
Zitsanzo
1. Mphatso ali kugulitsa njinga.
2. Kodi muli kuyankhula ndi yani?

Okhala ndi tsinde la phatikizo limodzi

Zitsanzo
1. Mnyamata waba mbuzi.
2. Mawungu aja apsa ukaphule.

Okhala ndi tsinde la maphatikizo awiri

Zitsanzo
1. Amadziwa kulemba kalata.
2. Akucheza ndi bwenzi lake.

Okhala ndi tsinde la maphatikizo atatu

Zitsanzo
1. Tawonjeza thobwa mkapumo.
2. Wamaliza nsima yonse yekha.

Okhala ndi tsinde la maphatikizo anayi

Zitsanzo
1. Wafutukula kalata ndinapindapinda ija.
2. Joni wakutumula thumba la ufa lija.

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 Okhala ndi tsinde la maphatikizo asanu
Zitsanzo
1. Tambalikiza kuti anthu apatsidwawo amve uthengawu.
2. Bulubudira ndi bulangete chifukwa wazizidwa kwambiri.

NTHAWI ZA ANENI
Nthawi ya mneni ndi kakhalidwe ka mneni komwe kamasonyeza nthawi yomwe ntchito inachitika, ichitike
kapena idzachitike.

MITUNDU YA NTHAWI ZA ANENI

i) Nthawi yakale
Zitsanzo
1. Tinadya.
2. Adagwa chagada.

Nthawi yakale ili ndi mitundu yakeyake itatu.

a. Nthawi yakale yathayi

Kusonyeza kuti ntchito yangochitika kumene ndipo yatha.
Zitsanzo
1. Ndadya.
2. Tsamba lagwa.

b. Nthawi yakale yopitiriza

Imasonyeza kuti ntchito inkachitika mopitiriza.
Zitsanzo
1. Iwo ankayenda pansi.
2. Makolo athu ankavala nguwo.

c. Nthawi yakale yathayi yopitiriza

Kusonyeza kuti ntchito yomwe inatha kumene kalelo inali yopitiriza.

Zitsanzo
1. Tidakhala tikuyembekezera galimoto usiku wonse.
2. Anakhala akundinamiza kwa nthawi yayitali.

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 ii) Nthawi yatsopano
Kusonyeza ntchito zochitika kawirikawiri makamaka chifukwa choti ndi ntchito kapena khalidwe la
wochitayo.
Zitsanzo
1. Mulungu amakukondani.
2. Iwo amalima mpunga.

MITUNDU YA NTHAWI YATSOPANO

a. Nthawi yatsopano yathayi
Imasonyeza kuti ntchito yachitika kumene ndipo yatha.
Zitsanzo
1. Mwagulitsa nsomba zija?
2. Adya kale ndipo akhuta.
3. Ife talemba mayeso.

b. Nthawi yatsopano yopitiriza

Imatidziwitsa kuti ntchito yomwe ikuchitika nthawi ino ndi yopitiriza.

Mneni wake amakhala ndi m’phatikiram’kati ‘–ku–‘.

Zitsanzo
1. Dzuwa likuwala.
2. Ana akusewera pamchenga.
3. Ife tikuphunzira Chichewa.

c. Nthawi yathayi yopitiriza

Zitsanzo
1. Ndakhala ndikusita kuchokera m’mawa.
2. Mwakhala mukundinamiza.
3. Nthawi yonseyi takhala tikusewera.

iii) Nthawi yamtsogolo

Imasonyeza kuti ntchito idzachitika mtsogolo.

Zitsanzo
1. Ndidzabwera kwanu.
2. Tonse tidzafa.
3. Iye akuti sadzamwa mowa.
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 MITUNDU YA NTHAWI YAMTSOGOLO

a. Nthawi yamtsogolo yathayi

Imasonyeza kuti ntchito idzakhala itatha m’tsogolo pa nthawi yomwe chinachake chidzachitike
kapena chidzakhala chisanachitike.
Zitsanzo
1. Adzakhala atathawa sukulu.
2. Chidzakhala chitaduka mam’mawa.
3. Iye adzakhala atakwatiwa chaka cha mawa.

b. Nthawi yamtsogolo yopitiriza

Imasonyeza kuti podzachitika ntchito mtsogolo, nthawi idzakhala yopitiriza.
Zitsanzo
1. Ndidzizalulutira paukwati wako.
2. Mukaphunzira muzidzasangalala.

c. Nthawi yamtsogolo yathayi yopitiriza

Imasonyeza kuti ntchito yomwe idzakhale itatha nthawi ina yake m’tsogolo ndi yopitiriza.
Zitsanzo
1. Adzakhala akudikira galimoto.
2. Panthawiyo mvula idzakhala ikugwa.

MSINTHO WA ANENI
Uku ndi kusintha kwa ntchito ya mneni poika aphatikiri ku tsinde la mneni kuti mneniyo apereke
tanthauzo lina kapena losinthika.

MITUNDU YA MSINTHO WA ANENI

a. Msintho wochitidwa poyera

Zitsanzo
1. Maliya wamenyedwa kwambiri.
2. Mbuzi yagwidwa ndi fisi.

b. Msintho wochitidwa mchibisira

Zitsanzo
1. Abambo apezeka ndi matenda a chifuwa.

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 2. Chipupa chamangika bwino.

c. Msintho wonyazitsa
Zitsanzo
1. Katswiri wa nkhonya uja wamenywa kwambiri.
2. Munthu uja wapezwa lero.
3. Galu wawo waphewa.

d. Msintho wom’chitira
Umasintha poyika aphatikiram’tsogolo awa: -ira, -era.
Zitsanzo
1. Achimwene andigulira malaya.
2. Alinafe amubera zovala.

e. Msintho wochititsa
Umasonyeza chomwe chayambitsa kuti ntchito ichitike ndipo umasintha poyika
aphatikiram’tsogolo awa: -etsa, -itsa.
Zitsanzo
1. Munthu wathawitsa mbalame.
2. Mkazi wachiwerewere waphetsa mwamuna.

f. Msintho wochititsitsa
Umasonyeza kuti ntchito yachitika mopitiriza muyeso kapena kuti yachitika kwambiri ndipo aneni
amasintha poyika aphatikiram’tsogolo awa: -etsetsa, -itsitsa.
Zitsanzo
1. Penyetsetsa kuti uwone zenizeni.
2. Funsoli lavutitsitsa sindilembanso.

g. Msintho wochitirana

Umasonyeza kuchita ntchito mobwezerana ndipo aneni amasintha poyika m’phatikiram’tsogolo

-na.
Zitsanzo
1. Anyamata ang’ambirana zovala.
2. Atsikana amenyana kwambiri.

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 h. Msintho wotsutsana
Umasonyeza kutsutsana kwa ntchito yomwe yachitika ndipo aneni ake amasintha pochotsa lembo
la ‘a’ lotsiriza kwa mneni ndi kuika m’phatikiram’tsogolo –ula
Zitsanzo
Mneni Msintho wotsutsana nawo
tseka tsekula
yala yalula
mata matula

i. Msintho wobwerezabwereza
Umasonyeza kubwerezabwereza kwa ntchito ndipo umasintha pongobwereza ntchito/tsinde la
mneni.
Zitsanzo
1. Usamadutsadutsa msewu njinga zingakugunde.
2. Mkazi wokwatiwa sapitapita kwa makolo ake.

MUTU 5 MFOTOKOZI
Mfotokozi ndi mawu omwe amatidziwitsa (amafotokoza) zambiri za dzina kapena mlowam’malo.

MITUNDU YA AFOTOKOZI

Afotokozi amaikidwa m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotsatirayi:

1. Mfotokozi wa maonekedwe
Mfotokoziyu amanena za maonekedwe a chinthu (mtundu kapena msinkhu). Mfotokoziyu
amapangidwa kuchokera ku masinde ku masinde enieni a mfotokozi, mayina komanso aneni ena.
Zitsanzo
a. Munda wake ndi waukulu.
b. Ndili ndi mwana wamtali.
c. Msipu wobiliwira unapha mbuzi.
d. Watenga zake zoyera ndi zachikasu.

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 2. Mfotokozi wa mkhalidwe
Mfotokoziyu amanena za khalidwe la dzina kapena mlowam’malo. Mfotokoziyu amapangidwa
kuchokera ku mayina, aneni, aonjezi ndi mvekero.
Zitsanzo
a. Iwo akumana ndi anthu achifwamba.
b. Atatu achiwewe aluma mbuzi.
c. Munthu wakuba sakondedwa.
d. Ena abwino sakhalitsa padziko.

3. Mfotokozi wa umwini
Uyu ndi mfotokozi yemwe amasonyeza umwini ndipo amapangidwa pophatikiza
aphatikiram’mbuyo ku masinde a umwini.
Zitsanzo
a. Uja ndi mwana wanga.
b. Kuimba kwake kwandisangalatsa.
c. Galu wako ndi waukali.
d. Dzina lathu ndi lamtendere.

4. Mfotokozi woloza
Uyu ndi mfotokozi yemwe timagwiritsa ntchito poloza dzina. Afotokozi ena oloza amapangidwa
pophatikiza aphatikiram’mbuyo ku masinde oloza n’kupanga alozi.
Zitsanzo
a. Khasu ili ndi la amayi.
b. Chala ichi chatupa.
c. Pamudzi pano pali mbava.
d. Ndamuona mwana uja.

Mfotokozi wochuluka
5.
Mfotokozi uyu amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Mfotokozi uyu ali ndi mitundu yakeyake itatu
iyi:
i) Mfotokozi wowerenga
Mfotokoziyu amawerenga mayina kapena alowam’malo ndipo amachokera ku masinde a
mawerengo ‘-modzi’, ‘-wiri’, ‘-tatu’, ‘-nayi’ ndi ‘-sanu’.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndadya mbamu ziwiri.
b. Iye watsala madzi amodzi.
c. Ana asanu abwera kale.
d. Ndikufuna zinthu zitatu.
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 ii) Mfotokozi wogawa
Mfotokoziyu amakamba za mayina kapena alowam’malo omwe ali pagulu
pawokhapawokha. Mfotokoziyu amapangidwa kuchokera kutsinde ‘-li-nse’ ndipo
amalembedwa ngati mawu amodzi.
Zitsanzo
a. Abwera wina aliyense.
b. Nkhuni iliyonse pamtolopo ndi yaiwisi.
c. Mundigawire chimanga chilichonse.

iii) Mfotokozi wopatula

Mfotokoziyu amakamba za kuchuluka kwa zinthu posafotokoza mwatchutchutchu
chiwerengero chake. Mfotokoziyu amapangidwa kuchokera ku masinde ‘-chepa’, ‘-mbiri’,
‘-ngapo’, ‘-nse’ ndi ‘-na’.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndadya nthochi zochepa.
b. Ana ambiri abwera kale.
c. Zinthu zingapo zasowa.
d. Nkhuku zonse zafa.
e. Ana ena samva kamodzi.

6. Mfotokozi wamgwirizano
Mfotokoziyu amapangidwa kuchokera ku masinde a mgwirizano ‘-mene’ ndi ‘-mwe’.
Zitsanzo
a. Munthu amene waba sindinamuone.
b. Ili ndi buku lomwe ndimafuna.
c. Ophunzira omwe akhoza mayeso akusangalala.
d. Undiuze chinthu chimene chikukuvuta.

7. Mfotokozi wofunsa

Mfotokoziyu ndi mawu wofunsira omwe amafuna kudziwa zambiri za dzina kapena mlowam’malo.
Mfotokozi amapangidwa kuchokera ku masinde ofunsira awa: ‘-tani’, ‘-ti’, ‘-nji’, ‘-yani’, ndi ‘-ngati’.
Zitsanzo
a. Mwagula nkhuku zingati?
b. Ndi galu wayani waluma mwana?
c. Awa ndi makhalidwe anji?
d. Kodi iye wagwetsa mtengo uti?
e. Ukufuna zinthu zotani?

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 MUTU 6 MUONJEZI
Muonjezi ndi mawu omwe amanena zambiri za mfotokozi, mneni kapena muonjezi mnzake.

MITUNDU YA AONJEZI
1. Muonjezi wa mchitidwe
Muonjeziyu amafotokoza za momwe ntchito yachitikira.
Zitsanzo
a. Ife tafika bwino.
b. Anatilandira mwansangala dzulo.
c. Yohane amaganiza mwachibwana.
d. Nyembezi amayankhula monyada.
e. Nkhono imayenda pang’onopang’ono.

2. Muonjezi wa nthawi
Muonjeziyu amafotokoza nthawi yomwe ntchito yachitikira.
Zitsanzo
a. Anandigogodera m’bandakucha.
b. Mubwere kwathu masana.
c. Makedzana kunali ana opanda mwano.
d. Sindinamuone chichere.
e. Makono kwachuluka achifwamba.

3. Muonjezi wa malo
Muonjeziyu amasonyeza komwe ntchito inachitikira.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndamuona, ali kuno.
b. Buluzi aligone pamwala.
c. Galimoto yagwera m’mtsinje.
d. Musalowe muno.
e. Bwera pano, mnzanga.

Muonjezi wa muyeso
4.
Muonjeziyu amapima kuchepa kapena kukula kwa momwe ntchito yachitikira.
Zitsanzo
a. Iye wavulala kwambiri pangoziyo.
b. Wamwa pang’ono.

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 Muonjezi wa muyeso ali ndi mitundu yakeyake yotsatirayi:
i) Wa muyeso wosonyeza kuwerenga
Muonjeziyu amawerenga kuti ntchito yachitika kangati.
Zitsanzo
a. Wabweranso kachitatu.
b. Ndagogoda kawiri koma sanandiyankhe.
c. Iye amapita kwawo kamodzikamodzi.
d. Anagwa kasanu ndi njinga.

ii) Wa muyeso wokulitsa kapena wochepetsa

Muonjeziyu amakulitsa kapena kuchepetsa ntchito yochitika poyamikira kapena
kutsimikiza m’mene chinthu chilili.
Zitsanzo
a. Iye amandikonda ine zedi.
b. Dziko lathu ndi lamtendere kwambiri.
c. Wophunzirayo ndi wolimbikira koposa.
d. Mutu ukundipweteka pang’ono.

5. Muonjezi wofunsa ndi woyankha

Muonjeziyu amagwira ntchito yofunsa kapena yoyankha movomereza, mokana kapena mokayika.
Zitsanzo
a. Ayi, sindimudziwa.
b. Mwabwera kodi?
c. Upita liti kwanu?
d. Toto ndakana.
e. Mwafika bwanji kuno?

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 MUTU 7 MLUMIKIZI
Mlumikizi ndi mawu omwe amagwira ntchito yomangiriza mawu, akapandamneni kapena ziganizo.

MITUNDU YA ALUMIKIZI
1. Mlumikizi woluzanitsa (wophatikiza)
Mlumikiziyu amaika pamodzi mawu, akapandamneni kapena ziganizo.
Zitsanzo
a. Andigulira malaya ndi nsapato.
b. Jeketeli ndi lopepuka komanso lofunda.
c. Ine ndadya ndipo ndakhuta.

2. Mlumikizi wopatula
Mlumikiziyu amalekanitsa kapena kutayanitsa mawu, akapandamneni kapena ziganizo potsutsa
ganizo la mawu olumikizidwawo.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndikufuna mpunga osati nsima.
b. Anayesetsa kulimbikira koma walephera.
c. Mundipatse ndalama zanga osati chakudya.

3. Mlumikizi wamgwirizano
Mlumikiziyu amayanjanitsa mawu, akapandamneni kapena ziganizo pokamba za chifukwa
chochitira kanthu.
Zitsanzo
a. Iye wabwera chifukwa akudwala.
b. Poti mwatero, ndipita.
c. Sindifusanso popeza mwandilangiza.

4. Mlumikizi wazotsatira
Mlumikiziyu amaonetsa zolinga kapena zotsatira za ntchito.

Zitsanzo
a. Sankawerenga choncho walephera mayeso.
b. Amamuseka wodwala misala kotero wamumenya.
c. Pempha kuti akupatse.

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 NTCHITO ZA ALUMIKIZI
Alumikizi amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m’ziganizo. Ntchitozo n’zofanana ndi mitundu ya alumikiziwo.
Ntchitozo zili motere:
1. Kuphatikiza
Zitsanzo
a. Abambo ndi amayi amalima kwambiri.
b. Anaphika nsima ndipo adya.
c. Mwana wake ndi wanzeru komanso waulemu.

2. Kutayanitsa/kulekanitsa
Zitsanzo
a. Ugule nsomba osati nyama.
b. Iye ndi wamwano koma mnzake ndi waulemu.
c. Ndikufuna ndalama osati zovala.

3. Kugwirizanitsa
Zitsanzo
a. Mupitebe poti atero.
b. Iye sabwera chifukwa akudwala.
c. Sindifusanso popeza mwandiseka.

Kusonyeza zotsatira/zolinga
4.
Zitsanzo
a. Pempha kuti akugawireko.
b. Anatopa kotero waweruka.
c. Sankalimbikira choncho walephera.

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 MUTU 8 MPEREKEZI
Mperekezi ndi mawu omwe amatsata dzina kapena mlowam’malo pofuna kuonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa
dzinalo kapena mlowam’maloyo ndi mneni m’chiganizo.

MITUNDU YA APEREKEZI
Aperekezi amaikidwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mitunduyo ili motere:
1. Mperekezi wosonyeza malo
Mperekeziyu amagwira ntchito yosonyeza malo kapena mbali.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndipita ku Lilongwe mawa.
b. Pa Linthipe panachitika zoopsa.
c. Sungayende wekha mu Blantyre.

2. Mperekezi wosonyeza umwini

Mperekeziyu amagwira ntchito yosonyeza mwini chinthu.
Zitsanzo
a. Buku la Zione lapezeka.
b. M’chiuno mwa mwana simufa nkhuku.
c. Mpeni wa Nabanda ndi wobuntha.

3. Mperekezi wosonyeza nthawi

Mperekeziyu amagwira ntchito yosonyeza nthawi yochitikira ntchito.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndidzabwera mu Januwale.
b. Kamuzu adabadwa pa 14 Meyi.
c. Sindinamuone kwa zaka zingapo tsopano.

Mperekezi wosonyeza chipangizo

4.
Mperekeziyu amagwira ntchito yosonyeza chipangizo chogwirira ntchito.

Zitsanzo
a. Amumenya ndi ndodo.
b. Usanditengere ku mtoso ngati njoka.
c. Iye adzabwera pa ngolo.

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 5. Mperekezi wosonyeza mgwirizano
Mperekeziyu amakhala ngati wa umwini koma sic honcho chifukwa amagwira ntchito
yongosonyeza mgwirizano.
Zitsanzo
a. Iye wabisala kuseli kwa nyumba.
b. Dziko la Malawi ndi lamtendere.
c. Iye ali ndi mankhwala amphamvu.

NTCHITO ZA APEREKEZI
Aperekezi amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m’ziganizo molingana ndi mitundu yawo. Ntchitozo zili
motere:
1. Kusonyeza mbali kapena malo
Zitsanzo
a. Iye amakhala ku Salima.
b. Ukatsikire pa Malosa.
c. Tikapezana mu Limbe.

2. Kusonyeza umwini
Zitsanzo
a. Mbuzi ya Lazalo yapezeka.
b. Wapulumikira m’kamwa mwa mbuzi.
c. Chipewa cha Naphiri n’cholimba.

3. Kusonyeza nthawi
Zitsanzo
a. Ndidzapita kwathu pa 11 Juni.
b. Mvula imayamba kugwa mu Novembala.
c. Sindinakumane naye kwa masiku asanu tsopano.

Kusonyeza chipangizo
4.
Zitsanzo
a. Amubaya ndi mkondo.
b. Musanditengere ku mtoso.
c. Iye adzabwera pa galimoto.

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 5. Kusonyeza mgwirizano

Zitsanzo
a. Musamalime m’mbali mwa mtsinje.
b. Phiri la Mulanje ndi lokongola.
c. Mtsogoleriyu ali ndi chikoka.

MUTU 9 MFUWU
Mfuwu ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofuwula pofuna kusonyeza momwe zochitika
zamukhudzira yemwe zamuchitikira.
Mawuwo amasonyeza kudabwa, kukondwa, kunyansidwa, kuwawidwa, kumva chisoni, kudandaula,
kukopa chidwi ndi kulimbikitsa.
Mawuwa amathera ndi chizindikiro cha m’kalembedwe cha mfuwuliro.
Zitsanzo
a. Mayo!
b. Kalanga ine!
c. Hehede!

MITUNDU YA MFUWU
Mifuwu imaikidwa mu mitundu yosinasiyana.

Mitunduyo ndi iyi:

1. Mfuwu wosonyeza kudabwa

Zitsanzo
a. Ha! Mwanayu ndi wamwano chotere?
b. Kani! Sindinadziwe kuti munakhumudwa.
c. Aa! Zakhala chonchi?

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 2. Mfuwu wosonyeza kuvomereza
Zitsanzo
a. Ame! Mulungu ndi wabwino.
b. Odini! Fikani, takulandirani.
c. Ataibaya nyamayo, ndinamva kuti shomo!

3. Mfuwu wosonyeza kudandaula kapena chisoni

Zitsanzo
a. Koto! Ndaponda minga.
b. Ogo! Ndangovutika chabe.
c. Kalanga ine! Malaya anga apsa.

4. Mfuwu wosonyeza kukondwa

Zitsanzo
a. Hee! Tidyera nyama.
b. Hehehe! Mwana wathu wapambana.
c. Phwando lakoma, woyee!

Mfuwu wosonyeza kulimbikitsa

5.
Zitsanzo
a. Gaba, chinya!
b. Chilemba, menya! Gwetsa!
c. Shumba, gwira! Tidyere nyama.

Mfuwu wosonyeza kukopa chidwi

6.
Zitsanzo
a. Mtendere! Mtendere! Tikhale pansi.
b. Aleluya! Ambuye akudalitseni.
c. Gulu lathu, motomoto!

NTCHITO ZA MIFUWU
Mifuwu imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ikakhala payokha kapena m’ziganizo. Kawirikawiri ntchito za
mifuwu zimagwirizana ndi mitundu yake. Ntchitozo zili motere:
1. Kudabwa
Zitsanzo
a. Ha! Moti uyu ndi mwana wanu.
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 b. Kani! Sindimadziwa kuti mungandithandize.
c. Aa! Sindimayembekeza kuona zotere.

2. Kuvomereza
Zitsanzo
a. Ame! Mulungu akudalitseni.
b. Odini! Fikani.
c. Ndangomva kuti shomo!

3. Kudandaula kapena kumva ululu

Zitsanzo
a. Koto! Ndavulala kwambiri.
b. Ogo! Ndiwo zapserera pamoto.
c. Kalanga ine! Mphale yatayika.

4. Kukondwa
Zitsanzo
a. Gule wakoma; woyee!
b. Hehede! Ndapambana mayeso.
c. Takondwa! Mwana wathu wakwatiwa.

Kulimbikitsa
5.
Zitsanzo
a. Malawi, chinya!
b. Ponya chibakera, gwetsa!
c. Gwira! Tidyere nyama.

Kukopa chidwi
6.
Zitsanzo
a. Mtendere! Tikhale pansi.
b. Aleluya! Mulungu ndi wabwino.
c. Bungwe lathu, motoo!

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 MUTU 10 MVEKERO
Mvekero ndi maliwu kapena mawu omwe amapereka ganizo.
Mimvekero imatha kuima payokha (mosathandizidwa ndi mawu ena) n’kupereka ganizo lamveka bwino.

MAGULU A MIMVEKERO
Mimvekero imaikidwa m’magulu molingana ndi chiwerengero cha maphatikizo mu tsinde la mvekero.
1. Mimvekero ya tsinde la phatikizo limodzi

Zitsanzo
psuu guu ndi nji phaa phi thi

puu phu pya tchi ngo ndwii chi

bzee bee juu tchwee bi ga iya

mbwe see ndu njo nzwii
zii psa
phwii mbee tswii
khu

2. Mimvekero ya tsinde la maphatikizo awiri

Zitsanzo
tsitu ngunda fwasu gwedze psiti yazi phava
khutcha thapsa vwapa waka tswere pholi thathya

nyaka lambzi dedza nyomi kong’aa nete thedza

dukwe kweve nkholi chubwa nyoswa phivi nenkha

3. Mimvekero ya tsinde la maphatikizo atatu

Zitsanzo
likhwithi dangali dululu gubidi pwepwete ngumbali kakasi

tololo tiriri palantha chiriri hephethe ngwinjiri setete

dununu nyotcholi thoboli laphathya lephethe kwakwata dipiti
ngundungu gwembere pwirikiti vwetete kakata weyere ziriri

4. Mimvekero ya tsinde la maphatikizo anayi

Zitsanzo

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 thakwalala pholokoto polokotso thasalala gulupati yangalala

jojoboli balamanthu lombokoto gugubidi ndundululu kholophethe

gonkhonono denkhenene kwakwalala piriwi vwerekete khokhophotho
yambakata tutuwiri

5. Mimvekero ya tsinde lobwereza

Ili ndi gulu la mimvekero yomwe tsinde lawo limabwerezedwa ndipo kawirikawiri imagwiritsidwa
ntchito mobwereza momwemo.
Zitsanzo
seyaseya chikachika lewulewu phaluphalu wemphawempha bwitibwiti

patipati tunyatunya libwalibwa dichidichi zopizopi pichikapichika

chikwichikwi tawatawa chinyachinya punzipunzi

MITUNDU YA MIMVEKERO

Mimvekero imaikidwa mu mitundu yaikulu yotsatirayi.

1. Mimvekero ya maonekedwe
Mimvekero ya m’mtunduwu imakamba za mtundu (kaonekedwe) wa zinthu.

Zitsanzo
a. Maso ako ali psu.
b. Kunja kwangoti ngwe.
c. Zovala zayera kuti mbe.
d. M’mera uli biriwiri m’munda.
e. Chidakwa chili bi ngati mtsiro.

2. Mimvekero ya mamvekedwe
Mimvekero ya m’mtunduwu imakamba za mamvekedwe a zinthu pathupi, m’makutu, m’kamwa
ndi m’mphuno.
Zitsanzo
a. Thupi lako lili juu. Kodi ukudwala?
b. Buluzi wagwa kuti phofo.
c. Ukamva kuti nginde, ndiye kuti afika.
d. Manyuchi ali tseketseke.
e. Mwagula sopo yabwino, ili guu.

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 3. Mimvekero ya mkhalidwe
Mimvekero ya m’mtunduwu imakamba za kakhalidwe ka chinthu.
Zitsanzo
a. Mtengowu uli nji.
b. Vumbwe ali bisale patchire.
c. Mwangoti du; kodi mwatani?
d. Ndisenza ndekha mtolowu; uli pepu.
e. Ali sukwasukwa chifukwa cha mantha.

4. Mimvekero ya mchitidwe
Mimvekero ya m’mtunduwu imakamba za kachitidwe ka ntchito.
Zitsanzo
a. Nyani ali chinyachinya m’munda.
b. Wangoti m’nyumba gubidi, atandiona.
c. Chidakwa chili dzandidzandi.
d. Msampha wangoti fwamphu.
e. Ali yakaliyakali kuthamangira kumsika.

MUTU 11 KUSIYANA NDI KUFANANA KWA MFOTOKOZI NDI MLOWAM’MALO

Kusiyana kwa mlowam’malo ndi mfotokozi ndi koti mlowam’malo ndi mawu omwe amaima m’malo mwa
dzina pamene mfotokozi ndi mawu omwe amakamba zambiri za dzina kapena mlowam’malo.
Pamalo pamene pachotsedwa dzina ndi pamene mlowam’malo amakhalapo.
Dzina lomwe mlowam’malo amaimira limachotsedwa ndipo silimaonekanso. Komatu tikamakamba za
mfotokozi, dzina limafunika kuti lioneke kuti mfotokoziyo agwire ntchito yake pa dzinalo.
Mfotokozi amatha kukambanso zambiri za mlowam’malo.

Zitsanzo
1. a. Wanu wabwera dzulo. (mlowam’malo)
b. Mwana wanu wabwera dzulo. (mfotokozi)

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 2. a. Ndagula zitatu. (mlowam’malo)
b. Ndagula mbuzi zitatu. (mfotokozi)

3. a. Ichi ndi chabwino. (mlowam’malo)

b. Chingwe ichi ndi chabwino. (mfotokozi)

Kufananirako kwa mlowam’malo ndi mfotokozi ndi koti mitundu yambiri ya mlowam’malo ndi
yomweyonso ya mfotokozi.
Mitunduyo ndi monga yaumwini, yochuluka, yofunsa, yoloza ndi yamgwirizano.

Zitsanzo
1. a. Lathu ndi lokongola. (mlowam’malo waumwini)
b. Dziko lathu ndi lokongola. (mfotokozi waumwini)

2. a. Ndaona asanu. (mlowam’malo wowerenga)

b. Ndaona anthu asanu. (mfotokozi wowerenga)

3. a. Kodi iye wagula zotani? (mlowam’malo wofunsa)

b. Kodi iye wagula zinthu zotani? (mfotokozi wofunsa)

4. a. Uyu samva kamodzi. (mlowam’malo woloza)

b. Mnyamata uyu samva kamodzi. (mfotokozi woloza)

5. a. Yemwe wabwera si mnzanga. (mlowam’malo wamgwirizano)

b. Munthu yemwe wabwera si mnzanga. (mfotokozi wamgwirizano)

Chenjezo
Alowam’malo a dzina lakelake akatsatana ndi mayina amaoneka ngati afotokozi chifukwa amakhala
pamalo pomwe afotokozi amakhala. Alowam’malo amenewa amakhalabe alowam’malo osati afotokozi.

Kumbutso
Ena amaganiza kuti dzina likangochotsedwa ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo mfotokozi (mawu wokamba
zambiri za dzinalo) amasanduka dzina kapena mlowam’malo monga zimakhalira mu chingerezi. Izi sizili
choncho; mfotokoziyo amakhalabe mfotokozi chifukwa Chichewa chili ndi khalidwe lotaya mchitantchito
kapena mchitidwantchito.
Zitsanzo zabwino za afotokozi otere ndi omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku mayina, aneni, aonjezi ndi
masinde enieni a mfotokozi.
Chitsanzo
- Munthu wakufa sadziwika.

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 M’chiganizochi mfotokozi ndi mawu woti ‘wakufa’ chifukwa akukamba zambiri za dzina ‘munthu’.
Tikachotsa dzina loti ‘munthu’, titsala ndi mfotokozi ‘wakufa’. Mawu woti ‘wakufa’ akhalabe mfotokozi
chifukwa akukamba zambiri za dzina lomwe latayidwa.
Mphatikiram’mbuyo ‘wa’ mu ‘wakufa’ akutsimikiza kuti mawuwa akukamba za mawu ena omwe ali nawo
pamgwirizano ngakhale tawachotsa.
Zitsanzo zina
a. Amoyo salekana.
b. Wabwino ali kuti?
c. Wokongola sanyada.
d. Wachitatu n’kapasule.
e. Chamuluma ndi chakuda.

Kumbutso
Afotokozi angapo okamba za dzina limodzi amatha kutsatana mwadongosolo m’chiganizo chimodzi.
Zitsanzo
a. Mbuzi zakuda zonse zisanu zafa.
b. Mwana wanu wamtali wofatsa uja ndi wamwano.
c. Sindinaonepo galu wamkazi wachizungu wokalamba chonchi.

MUTU 12 CHIGANIZO

Chiganizo ndi mawu kapena gulu la mawu lokhala ndi mneni ndipo limapereka ganizo lathunthu.

Zitsanzo
1. Ndakhuta.
2. Ine ndadya nsima.
3. Mtengo uja wagwa.
4. Katangale ndi woipa.

Mawu ofunikira kwambiri kuti chiganizo chimveke bwino komanso kupereka tanthauzo ndi awa:
mchitantchito, mneni ndi mchitantchito.
Komabe si ziganizo zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi mchitantchito.
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 MAGAWO A CHIGANIZO
Chiganizo chilichonse chimakhala ndi magawo aakulu awiri.
Magawo awiriwo ndi awa: gawo losonyeza yemwe wachita ntchito ndi gawo losonyeza ntchito yomwe
yachitika.
Gawo losonyeza yemwe wachita ntchito limatchedwa ‘mchitantchito’ (mwininkhani) ndipo gawo lomwe
limasonyeza ntchito yachitika limatchedwa ‘mnenankhani’.
Zitsanzo
1. Uyu si mzanga.
2. Mwana wadya phala.
3. Munthu waulesi satukula dziko.
4. Amayi ndi Abambo apita kumunda.
5. Mvula yamasiku ano ndi yanjomba.
Mchitantchito (mwininkhani) Mnenankhani
1. Uyu si mzanga
2. Mwana wadya phala
3. Munthu waulesi satukula dziko
4. Amayi ndi Abambo apita kumunda
5. Mvula yamasiku ano ndi yanjomba

Kawirikawiri mchitantchito wa chiganizo amatha kukhala dzina kapena kapandamneni wa dzina

kapenanso mlowam’malo.

MITUNDU YA ZIGANIZO
Ziganizo zimaikidwa mu mitundu yaikulu yotsatirayi.

1. Chiganizo chipanda nthambi

Chiganizo chipanda nthambi chimakhala ndi mchitantchito ndi mnenankhani m’modzi. Mnenankhani
m’modziyo amakhala ndi mneni weniweni m’modzi.
Chiganizochi ndi nthambi yoima payokha basi.
Zitsanzo
a. Mphaka wapha khoswe.
b. Nyengo ikusintha.
c. Kodi mwagula nsalu ija?

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 2. Chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo
Chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo chimakhala ndi ziganizo zina m’kati mwake. Ziganizo zingapozo
zimaluzanitsidwa ndi mlumikizi.
Mnenankhani wa chiganizochi amakhala ndi aneni angapo.

Chitsanzo
- Ine ndadya nsima ndipo ndakhuta. (Mu chiganizochi muli ziganizo ziwiri: Ine ndadya nsima ndi
(Ine) ndakhuta. Ziganizo ziwirizi zaluzanitsidwa ndi mlumikizi ‘ndipo’.)
Zitsanzo zina
a. Agogo ake sasuta fodya koma amamwa mowa.
b. Ife talemba mayeso ndipo tapambana.
c. Alendo athu anabwera koma akhumudwa choncho apita kwawo.

Dziwani izi: ziganizo zomwe zimapanga chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo zimakhala ziganizo zopanda
nthambi.

3. Chiganizo cha nthambi

Chiganizo cha nthambi chimakhala ndi nthambi yoima payokha ndi nthambi yosaima payokha.
Nthambi ya chiganizo ndi gulu la mawu m’chiganizo lomwe limakhala ndi mneni wakewake.
Zitsanzo
a. N’zoona kuti atolankhani athu ali ndi ufulu.
b. Mbuzi zanga ndazipeza patapita masiku atatu.
c. Akaphika nsima, tidya.
Mu chiganizo choyamba, nthambi za chiganizo ndi izi:
- N’zoona
- kuti atolankhani athu ali ndi ufulu
Mu chiganizo chachiwiri, nthambi za chiganizo ndi izi:
- Mbuzi zanga ndazipeza
- patapita masiku atatu
Mu chiganizo chachitatu, nthambi za chiganizo ndi izi:
- Akaphika nsima
- tidya

TIDZIWE: Tisasokoneze “chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo” ndi “chiganizo cha nthambi”. Ziganizo zomwe
zimapanga chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo zimatha kuima pazokha n’kupereka ganizo pomwe chiganizo
cha nthambi chimakhala ndi chiganizo chimodzi chokha chopereka ganizo ndipo kagulu ken aka mawu
kokhala ndi mneni kamadalira chiganizo chimodzicho kuti kapereke ganizo.

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 4. Chiganizo cha ziganizo zanthambi
Chiganizochi chimakhala ndi nthambi yoima payokha imodzi ndi nthambi zosaima pazokha zingapo.
Chitsanzo
- Tili m’tulo, mbava zinalowa m’nyumba ngakhale panja panali alonda.

Mu chiganizo chili pamwambachi, nthambi yoima payokha ndi ‘mbava zinalowa m’nyumba’.
Tikaonetsetsa bwino mu chiganizochi muli nthambi zosaima pazokha ziwiri izi: ‘tili m’tulo’ ndi ‘ngakhale
panja panali alonda’.
Zitsanzo zina
a. Gogo Chirwa anadodoma zedi atamva Mzungu akuyankhula Chitonga popeza adali asadamvepo
zotere.
b. Ngakhale anatipeza tisanayambe kudya, iwo sanadye nafe chifukwa sadya kwa eni.
c. Mvula ikagwa bwino, tikolola chimanga chambiri poti tachita zonse zofunikira zomwe mlangizi
anatiuza.
Chiganizo (nthambi yoima payokha) Nthambi zingapo mu chiganizo
1. Gogo Chirwa anadodoma zedi a. atamva Mzungu akuyankhula Chitonga
b. popeza adali asadamvepo zotere
2. Iwo sanadye nafe a. ngakhale anatipeza tisanayambe kudya
b. chifukwa sadya kwa eni
3. Tikolola chimanga chambiri a. mvula ikagwa bwino
b. poti tachita zonse zofunikira
c. zomwe mlangizi anatiuza
Mudzaphunzira zambiri za nthambi za chiganizo mu gawo la ‘Nthambi za chiganizo’.

KUPHWANYA CHIGANIZO CHOPANDA NTHAMBI

Chiganizo chipanda nthambi chimatheka kuphwanyidwa mu zigawo za mawu kapena magulu a mawu
omwe adachipanga.
Pophwanya chiganizo chipanda nthambi timaona mfundo zotsatirazi;

1. Kusanthula mchitantchito ndi mchitidwantchito

Zitsanzo
a. Iye ndi Tionge apita kwawo dzulo.
b. Nyama zakutchire zimakopa alendo.
c. Makolo anga amandipatsa malangizo abwino nthawi zonse.
Mchitantchito Mchitidwantchito
a. Iye ndi Tionge apita kwawo dzulo
b. Nyama zakutchire zimakopa alendo
c. Makolo anga amandipatsa malangizo abwino nthawi zonse

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 2. Kusanthula mchitantchito, mchitidwantchito, mneni ndi ziwonjezero zawo
i) Chiwonjezero cha mchitantchito ndi mawu kapena kagulu ka mawu kamene kamafotokoza
zambiri za mwininkhani
ii) Chiwonjezero cha mchitidwantchito ndi mawu kapena kagulu ka mawu kamene kamakamba
zambiri za mchitidwantchito
iii) Chiwonjezero cha mneni ndi mawu kapena kagulu ka mawu kamene kamakamba zambiri za
mneni. Kawirikawiri chiwonjezero cha mneni chimakhala muonjezi kapena kapandamneni wa
muonjezi.
Zitsanzo
a. Ana omva mwambo sanyoza makolo awo nthawi zonse.
b. Ife tonse tagula zinthu zabwino motchipa kumsika.
c. Mtsikana wokongola uja anaba mafuta onunkhira dzulo kusitolo.
Mchitantchito Chionjezero cha Mneni Chionjezero Mchitidwantchito Chionjezero cha
mchitantchito cha mneni mchitidwantchito
Ana omva mwambo sanyoza nthawi zonse makolo awo
Ife tonse tagula motchipa zinthu zabwino
kumsika
Mtsikana wokongola uja anaba kusitolo dzulo mafuta onunkhira

NTHAMBI YA CHIGANIZO
Nthambi ya chiganizo ndi gulu la mawu m’chiganizo lomwe limakhala ndi mchitantchito (mwininkhani) ndi
mnenankhani.

MITUNDU YA NTHAMBI ZA CHIGANIZO

1. Nthambi yoima payokha
Nthambi yoima payokha ndi gulu la mawu lokhala ndi mchitantchito wa chiganizo ndi mnenankhani
wogwirizana ndi mchitantchito. Nthambi yoima payokha imakhala yodzidalira chifukwa imapereka ganizo
lathuthu payokha.
Chitsanzo
- Nkhanga zidapanga kunja kusanapse.

M’chitsanzochi, mchitantchito wa chiganizo ndi ‘Nkhanga’ ndipo mnenankhani yemwe akugwirizana ndi
mchitantchitoyo ndi ‘zinapangana’. Mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la nthambi yoima payokha ndiye kuti
m’chitsanzochi, nthambi yoima payokha ndi ‘Nkhanga zinapangana’ chifukwa ikupereka ganizo lamveka
bwino poyerekeza ndi nthambi ina yomwe yatsala: ‘kunja kusanapse’.

2. Nthambi yosaima payokha

Nthambi yosaima payokha ndi gulu la mawu lokhala ndi mchitantchito (osati wa chiganizo) ndi
mnenankhani koma nthambiyi simadzidalira yokha kuti ipereke ganizo lathuthu. Nthambiyi imadalira
nthambi yoima payokha kuti ipereke ganizo.
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 Chitsanzo
- Nkhanga zidapanga Kunja kusanapse.

Mu chiganizo ‘Nkhanga zidapanga kunja kusanapse’, nthambi yomwe sikuima payokha ndi “kunja
kusanapse”. Nthambiyi ndi nthambi yosaima payokha ndipo ikudalira nthambi yoima payokha (Nkhanga
zinapanga) kuti ipereke ganizo.
Zitsanzo zina
1. Ndi zoona zoti iye ndi m’nzanga.
2. Galimoto yomwe agula yachita ngozi.
3. Ngakhale ulire, sindikupatsa ndalamayo.
4. Mvula ikugwa mwanjomba chifukwa nyengo ikusintha.
5. M’mene unkabwera, udali mwana wabwino.
Nthambi yoima payokha Nthambi yosaima payokha
1. Ndi zoona zoti iye ndi m’nzanga
2. Galimoto yachita ngozi yomwe agula
ngakhale ulire
3. Sindikupatsa ndalamayo
4. Mvula ikugwa mwanjomba chifukwa nyengo ikusintha
5. Udali mwana wabwino m’mene unkabwera

MITUNDU YA NTHAMBI ZOSAIMA PAZOKHA

Nthambi zosaima pazokha zimaikidwa mu mitundu yakeyake itatu yotsatirayi:
Nthambi ya dzina
Nthambi ya mfotokozi
Nthambi ya muonjezi

NTHAMBI YA DZINA
Nthambi ya dzina ndi nthambi yosaima payokha yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati dzina. Nthambiyi ndi
yankho la funso ‘chiyani’ kapena ‘kuti chiyani’ kapenanso ‘-yani’ ndi ‘-ti’.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndi zabodza zoti John wabwera.
b. Sadaulule zomwe anagwirizana.
c. Unene chomwe chayambitsa mkanganowu.
d. Zoti amadyera nyama, si zachilendo.
e. Ndimadziwa kuti atolankhani ena amalemba zopsetsa mtima.
f. Ife tamva zimene mwapangana.

NTCHITO ZA NTHAMBI ZA DZINA

1. Kukhala mwininkhani (mchitantchito)
Zitsanzo
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 a. Zomwe wachita zatikhumudwitsa.
b. Mwatengazo ndi zakuba.
c. Wochita izi sadzapulumuka.

2. Kukhala pamtherankhani (mchitidwantchito)

Nthambi za dzina zimatha kukhala apamtherankhani (amchitidwantchito) otsatirawa.

a) Kukhala pamtherankhani (mchitidwantchito) wachindunji

Zitsanzo
Iye wakolola zomwe anabzala.
Andiuza kuti safuna chipongwe.
Mundisankhire zimene ndimakonda.

b) Kukhala pamtherankhani (mchitidwantchito) wopanda chindunji

Zitsanzo
Anakhutitsidwa ndi zomwe ndinamufotokozera.
Mupereke mwayi kwa aliyense yemwe angafune.
Tikhale tcheru ku zimene ayankhule.

3. Kukhala mtsirizitsi wa mneni

Zitsanzo
a. Izi ndi zomwe umafuna.
b. Zinthu wagulazo si zimene ndinakutuma.
c. Kamuzu anali munthu yemwe ankakonda ulimi.

NTHAMBI YA MFOTOKOZI

Nthambi ya mfotokozi ndi nthambi yosaima payokha yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati mfotokozi. Nthambiyi
imakamba zambiri za dzina kapena mlowam’malo.
Nthambiyi ndi yankho la funso ‘-ti?’ kapena ‘-tani?’. Nthawi zambiri nthambiyi imayamba ndi mawu a
mgwirizano (ochokera ku masinde ‘-mene’ kapena ‘-mwe’).
Zitsanzo
a. Zitatu zomwe zaphedwa ndi zanga.
b. Ntchito imene munandilonjeza si imeneyi.
c. Kumudzi komwe ndinabadwira ndi kuno.
d. Msungwana akubwera apoyo sindimudziwa.
e. Munthu wofuna kupambana mayeso ayenera kulimbikira.

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 NTHAMBI YA MUONJEZI
Nthambi ya muonjezi ndi nthambi yosaima payokha imene imagwira ntchito ngati muonjezi.

Nthambiyi ili ndi mitundu yakeyake yambiri molingana ndi ntchito zomwe nthambizo zimagwira.

Mitundu ndi ntchitozo zili motere:

a. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa mchitidwe
Nthambiyi imatidziwitsa momwe ntchito yachitikira poyankha funso ‘bwanji’ kapena ‘motani’.

Zitsanzo
Amaimba monga m’mene amaimbira amake.
Iye akuyenda ngati watopa.
Mphaka amadya monga safuna.

b. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa malo

Nthambiyi imatidziwitsa komwe ntchito inachitikira poyankha limodzi mwa mafunso awa:
‘pati’, ‘poti’, ‘kuti’ kapena ‘muti’.

Zitsanzo
Komwe wachedwa msulu, kuli nyerere.
Ndabisa ndalamazo pamene wina sangazione.
Mubzale mbewuzo momwe muli chinyontho.

c. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa nthawi

Nthambiyi imatifotokozera za nthawi yomwe ntchito inachitika ndipo imayankha funso ‘liti’
kapena ‘nthawi yanji’.

Zitsanzo
Iye anadabwa madzi atamufika m’khosi.
Mmene munkabwera, munali anthu abwino.
Nthawi yomwe mwamva m’mimba, imwani mankhwala.

d. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa chifukwa

Nthambiyi imatidziwitsa ‘chifukwa’ chochitira ntchito. Kawirikawiri nthambiyi imayankha funso loti
‘chifukwa chiyani’ kapena ‘chifukwa ninji’.

Zitsanzo
Papsa tonola poti sudziwa mtima wa moto.
Wamenyedwa chifukwa anamuyamba wodwala misala.
Popeza wandinyoza, sindidya nsima yanu.

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 e. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa cholinga
Nthambiyi imatiuza ‘cholinga’ chogwirira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri nthambiyi imayankha funso loti
‘chifukwa chiyani’ (ngakhale simanena za ‘chifukwa’ koma za cholinga). Kawirikawiri nthambiyi
imayamba ndi mawu woti ‘kuti’.

Zitsanzo
Yesu anafa kuti tipulumuke.
Bwerani mudzaone zomwe ndakugulirani.
Akuphunzira n’cholinga choti achotse umbuli.

f. Nthambi ya muonjezi wolabadira

Nthambiyi imayamba ndi mawu monga awa: ‘ngakhale’ (kapena nthambi zake ‘chingakhale’,
‘kungakhale’, ‘angakhale’) ndi ‘chinkana’

Zitsanzo
Sindipitabe ngakhale mundinyengerere.
Angakhale mukane chakudyachi, mwalepherabe mayeso.
Chinkana mulire, sundikuthandizanibe.

g. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa pokhapokha

Nthambiyi imaonetsa kuti ntchito ichitika ina ikachitika. Nthambiyi imatha kuyamba ndi mawu
monga awa: ‘ngati’, ‘pokhapokha’ ndi ‘mpaka’. Nthawi zina mneni wa m’nthambiyi amakhala ndi
mphatikiri ‘-ka-’ kapena ‘-ta-’.

Zitsanzo
Sindipita kumphwandoko pokhapokha andiitane.
Ngati abwera, ndipita nawo ku Lilongwe.
Mutagwira ntchitoyo mwaluso, ndingakulipireni moyenera.
Pamene tigwiritsa ntchito mphatikiri ‘-ta-’ pofuna kuonetsa upokhapokha, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti
mneni wa nthambi yoima payokha azikhala ndi mphatikiri ‘-nga-’.

Zitsanzo
Atabwera, ndingasangalale.
Mungayankhe mosavuta atakufunsani.

h. Nthambi ya muonjezi wa zotsatira

Nthambiyi imatisonyeza zotsatira zomwe zimaoneka chifukwa chogwira ntchito ina yake.

Zitsanzo
Joni waledzera kwabasi moti akungodzigwetsa.
Amalawirira kwambiri kotero simungamupeze.
Mwana wanu anandipsetsa mtima kwambiri mpaka ndamukalipira.

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 KUPHWANYA CHIGANIZO POUNIKA MAWU PAWOKHAPAWOKHA
Kuphwanya chiganizo pounika mawu pawokhapawokha ndi ntchito yozukuta mawu opanga chiganizo
pawokhapawokha.
Mawu aliwonse amaunikidwa pawokha poona chilichonse chokhudza mawuwo.

Pamene tikuphwanya chiganizo tiyenera kuunika mtundu uliwonse wa mawu motere:

Dzina : mtundu, chachimuna kapena chachikazi, ntchito, chimodzi kapena zambiri ndi gulu
Mlowam’malo : mtundu, chimodzi kapena zambiri ndi ntchito

Mfotokozi : mtundu

Mneni : mtundu, kanenedwe, nthawi ndi kachitidwe

Muonjezi : mtundu

Mlumikizi : mtundu ndi ntchito

Mperekezi : mtundu ndi ntchito

: gulu ndi mtundu
Mvekero
: mtundu ndi ntchito
Mfuwu

Zitsanzo
1. Iye wagula chipewa choyera mbee.
a. Iye : mlowam’malo, wa dzina lakelake, wakaloza wina, mchitantchito, chimodzi
b. wagula : mneni, woyambukira, kanenedwe kofotokoza, nthawi yatsopano yathayi,
kachitidwe ka wochita
c. chipewa : dzina, lopanda mwinimwini, si chachimuna kapena chachikazi, mchitidwantchito,
chimodzi, Chi-, Zi-
d. choyera : mfotokozi, wamaonekedwe
e. mbee : mvekero, waphatikizo limodzi, wamaonekedwe

2. Hede! Mkwatibwi ndi mkwati adzabwera pa njinga ziwiri mawa.

a. hede : mfuwu, kusangalala
b. mkwatibwi : dzina, lopanda mwinimwini, chachikazi, mchitantchito, chimodzi, Mu-, A-
c. ndi : mlumikizi, kuphatikiza
d. mkwati : dzina, lopanda mwinimwini, chachimuna, mchitantchito, chimodzi, Mu-, A-
e. adzabwera : mneni, wosayambukira, kanenedwe kofotokoza, nthawi yam’tsogolo
f. pa : mperekezi, kusonyeza chipangizo
g. njinga : dzina, lopanda mwinimwini, si chachimuna kapena chachikazi,
mchitidwantchito wa mperekezi, zambiri, I-, Zi-
h. ziwiri : mfotokozi, wochuluka wamawerengero
i. mawa : muonjezi, wanthawi

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 MUTU 13 KAPANDAMNENI
Kapandamneni ndi mawu kapena gulu la mawu lothandiza kupanga chiganizo ndipo limagwira ntchito
ngati mtundu umodzi wa mawu koma silipereka ganizo chifukwa pafupifupi nthawi zonse silikhala ndi
mneni.
Chitsanzo
- Mnyamata wonyozeka uja anapeza ntchito yabwino kwambiri chaka chatha ku Lilongwe.

Mu chiganizo chili pamwambapa, mneni ‘anapeza’ akachotsedwa, mupeza kuti muli magulu a mawu
monga awa:
1. mnyamata wonyozeka uja
2. wonyozeka uja
3. ntchito yabwino kwambiri
4. yabwino kwambiri
5. chaka chatha
6. ku Lilongwe

Magulu a mawuwo ndi akapandamneni chifukwa akugwira ntchito ngati mtundu umodzi wa mawu koma
sakupereka ganizo pa iwo wokha.

MITUNDU YA AKAPANDAMNENI
Mitundu ya akapandamneni imachokera pa ntchito zomwe gulu la mawu limagwira.

Mitunduyo ili motere:

1. Kapandamneni wa dzina
Ili ndi gulu la mawu lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati dzina ndipo limayamba ndi dzina kapena
mlowam’malo (popeza mlowam’malo amaimira dzina).
Zitsanzo
a. Ine ndi bambo anga tipita kumunda.
b. Galu wagwira nkhuku yachitopa ija.
c. Wandimenya ndi ndodo yachitsulo.
d. Mwana wa a Banda, bwera kuno.
e. Ndimakhala kwa Mfumu Mpando.

NTCHITO ZA KAPANDAMNENI WA DZINA

Kapandamneni wa dzina amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe mayina amagwira mu ziganizo.

Ntchitozo ndi monga zotsatira.

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 Ntchito ya kapandamneni wa dzina Chitsanzo cha kapandamneni
1. Kukhala mchitantchito Bambo ndi mayi akuphika.
2. Kukhala mchitidwantchito Galu wagwira nkhuku yachitopa ija.
3. Kukhala olandira chinthu Ndamugulira mwana wanu malaya.
4. Kukhala mwini chinthu Ichi ndi chuma cha Mkazi wamasiye.
5. Kukhala mchitidwantchito wa mperekezi Wandimenya ndi ndodo yachitsulo.
6. Kukhala mawu apadera Nadzimbiri, mwana waulemu, wabwera.
7. Kukhala mtsirizitsi Malawi ndi dziko lamtendere.
8. Kuitanira Mwana wa a Banda, bwera kuno.
9. Kusonyeza malo
Apita kwa Mfumu yaikulu Gomani.

2. Kapandamneni wa mfotokozi
Ili ndi gulu la mawu lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mfotokozi popeza limakamba zambiri za dzina kapena
mlowam’malo.
Zitsanzo
a. Mpeni wanga wotsopano uja wasowa.
b. Wandiphikira nsima yolumpha moto.
c. Mwana wanu wamng’ono akucheza ndi mzungu.
d. Zitatu zamawangamawanga zija zapezeka.
e. Munthu wosasunga mwambo salemekezedwa.

3. Kapandamneni wa muonjezi
Ili ndi gulu la mawu lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mfotokozi.

Zitsanzo
a. Iwo amayankhula mopsetsa mtima.
b. Madalitso wabisala kuseli kwa nyumba.
c. Ife tabwera dzulo usiku kwambiri.

4. Kapandamneni wa mfuwu

Ili ndi gulu la mawu lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mfuwu.

Zitsanzo
a. Kalanga ine! Ndiwo zija zapserera.
b. Hede! Tidyera nyama
c. Amayi koto! Ndikufa.

NTCHITO ZA KAPANDAMNENI WA MFUWU

Kapandamneni wa mfuwu amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe mifuwu imagwira mu ziganizo.
Ntchitozo ndi monga zotsatira.
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 Ntchito za kapandamneni wa mfuwu Chitsanzo cha kapandamneni
1. Kusonyeza kudabwa Aaa kani! Sindinadziwe kuti zatero.
2. Kusonyeza kudandaula Kalanga ine! Ufa wanga wanyowa.
3. Kusonyeza kusangalala Hehede ulu! Tidyera nyama.
4. Kusonyeza kumva ululu Mayo ine! Ndavulala.
5. Kusonyeza kuvomereza Odini nthuni! Fikani.
6. Kusonyeza kukopa chidwi Gulu lathu, motomoto lero.
7. Kusonyeza kulimbikitsa Psa gwira! Tidyere nyama.

5. Kapandamneni wa dzina lochokera ku mneni

Dzina lochokera ku mneni ndi dzina lomwe limapangidwa pophatikiza mphatikirim’mbuyo ‘ku-’ ku mneni.
Kapandamneni wa dzina lochokera ku mnei ndi gulu la mawu lomwe limayamba ndi dzina lopangidwa
kuchokera ku tsinde la mneni pophatikiza ‘ku-’ ku tsindelo ndipo limagwira ntchito ngati dzina.
Kapandamneniyu amakhala pamalo pomwe dzina kapena mlowam’malo atha kukhala.
Zitsanzo
a. Kuthandiza olumala ndi chinthu chabwino.
b. Kusamalira zachilengedwe ndi udindo wa aliyense.
c. Ife tatopa ndi kumvera nyimbo zimenezo.
d. Kuchita katangale kumapweteketsa anthu osalakwa.

Kapandamneni wa dzina lochikera ku mneni amagwira ntchito zina zomwe mayina kapena alowam’malo
amagwira.

6. Kapandamneni wa mperekezi
Ili ndi gulu la mawu lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mperekezi.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndakumana ndi munthu wodabwitsa kwambiri.
b. Iye wadya phala la mwana.
c. Ku Blantyre kuli nyumba zamakono.
d. Mayi uja adakwatiwa ndi mzungu.

NTCHITO ZA KAPANDAMNENI WA MPEREKEZI

Kapandamneni wa mperekezi amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe aperekezi amagwira mu ziganizo.

Ntchito ndi monga zotsatira.

Ntchito ya kapandamneni wa mperekezi Chitsanzo cha kapandamneni
1. Kusonyeza mbali kapena malo Iye amakhala ku Ekwendeni.
2. Kusonyeza umwini Mbuzi ya Thoko yapezeka.
3. Kusonyeza nthawi Ndidzafika kwanu pa 11 Juni.
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 4. Kusonyeza chipangizo Amumenya ndi ndodo yachitsulo.
5. Kusonyeza mgwirizano Phiri la Mulanje ndi lokongola.

7. Kapandamneni wa mneni wosasintha nthawi

Mneni wosasintha nthawi ndi mneni yemwe amapangidwa pophatikiza mphatikiram’mbuyo ‘ku-’ ku
mneni.
Akakhala payekha, mneniyu saonetsa nthawi ya mneni yomwe alimo.
Kapandamneni wa mneni wosasintha nthawi ndi kapandamneni yemwe amayamba ndi mneni wosasintha
nthawi koma mneniyo satha kupereka ganizo (ngakhale kuti ndi mneni).
Kapandamneniyu ndi yankho la funso ‘kutani’, poyankha ntchito ya mneni m’chiganizo.
Zitsanzo
a. Chaka chino mwafulumira kubzala mbewu.
b. Iye watsala pang’ono kuphika nsima.
c. Si bwino kusala anthu olumala.

MUTU 14 ZIZINDIKIRO ZA M’KALEMBEDWE

Pamene tikulemba ziganizo, timagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe zosiyanasiyana molingana
ndi zomwe tifuna kuonetsa monga izi: kupuma, kudabwa, kutamula ndi kufunsa.
Zizindikirozo ndi zimene zimatchedwa zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe.

MITUNDU NDI NTCHITO ZA ZIZINDIKIRO ZA M’KALEMBEDWE

1. Mpumiro
Ichi ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimasonyeza kupuma chifukwa choti ganizo latha.

Mpumiro amaikidwa kumapeto kwa chiganizo.

Zitsanzo
a. Bwerani kuno.
b. Uzipita kwanu.
c. Tiziteteza zachilengedwe.

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 2. Mpatuliro
Mpatuliro ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito tikafuna kupuma pang’ono pamene
tikutchula mawu omwe ali m’mndandanda.
Kawirikawiri mawu a m’mndandandawo amakhala mayina, alowam’malo ndi afotokozi.
Zitsanzo
a. Mundigulireko nsomba, mchere, anyezi, kale ndi mafuta ophikira.
b. Kumsonkhano kunali Azungu, Amwenye ndi anthu akuda.
c. Mwanayo ndi wamfupi, wakuda, wanzeru, waulemu komanso wosekaseka.

Mpatuliro umagwiranso ntchito yopatula nthambi yosaima payokha ku nthambi yoima payokha.
Zitsanzo
a. Popeza mwandiitana, ndabwera.
b. Ngakhale kunali mvula, iwo anapitabe kuphwando.
c. Chalaka bakha, nkhuku singatole.

Mpatuliro umagwiranso ntchito yopatula dzina (kapena kapandamneni) wa dzina lapadera.

Zitsanzo
a. Naphiri, mphunzitsi, wabwera.
b. Zuze, chilombo cham’mudzi, wamenyedwa.
c. Chilema, mtengo wodabwitsa, uli ku Malosa.

Mpatuliro umaikidwanso pambuyo pa mawu omwe ali m’mtengero m’malo mwa mtamuliro.
Zitsanzo
a. Iye adati, “Chakudza sichiyimba ng’oma.”
b. Kodi Yohane anati, “Tikumane poduka mphepo”?
c. “Chabwino,” mayi anayankha, “ndigula nsapatozo.”

Mpatuliro umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofuna kusonyeza dzina kapena mlowam’malo woitanira.

Zitsanzo
a. Kodi wadya kale, Yamikani?
b. Zione, bwera kuno.
c. Iwe, udzanditule mtsuko.

Mpatuliro umagwiritsidwanso ntchito polemba keyala yopingasa. Kumapeto kwa mzere uliwonse mu
keyala yopingasa (kupatula mzere wotsiriza) kumakhala mpatuliro.

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 Chitsanzo
Kambilonjo pulaimale sukulu,
Positi Ofesi 11,
Kaloga,
Ntcheu.

Mpatuliro umagwiritsidwanso ntchito popatula mawu oyankhira (maka aonjezi) ndi mawu otsatira.
Zitsanzo
a. Chabwino, mubwere mawa.
b. Inde, ndi zowona kuti ndimamukonda.
c. Ayi, sindifuna zachipongwe.

3. Mtamuliro
Mtamuliro ndi chizindikiro chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kutambasula zomwe
zanenedwa kale.
Mtamuliro umatamula (umatchula) mndandanda wa zinthu ndipo umaikidwa patsogolo pa alozi kapena
mawu oti ‘monga’ ndi ‘mwachitsanzo’.
Zitsanzo
a. Mundigulireko zinthu izi: nsapato, malaya ndi mabuku.
b. Iye anapambana maphunziro atatu awa: Chichewa, Chingerezi ndi Chilatini.
c. Unditengereko izi: mpeni, mbale ndi mphika.

Mtamuliro umagwiranso ntchito yotsekula mawu omwe amayankhulidwa mwachindunji ndi munthu wina
ndipo ali m’mtengero.
Zitsanzo
a. Zione anati: “Ndifuna kudzakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko.”
b. Akuluakulu adati: “Ukasowa mn’gona umadya mavu.”
c. Kamuzu adati: “Chuma cha Malawi chili m’nthaka.”

4. Mpumirapang’ono
Mpumirapang’ono umagwira ntchito mu chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo kapena cha nthambi pofuna
kupuma motalikirako tisanamalize ganizo. Chizindikirochi chili pakati pa mpatuliro ndi mpumiro.
Chizindikirochi chimaikidwa pamalo pamene pakanatha kuikidwa alumikizi monga awa: ‘chifukwa’, ‘poti’,
‘popeza’, ndi ‘kapena’ pofuna kulumikiza nthambi za chiganizo.
Zitsanzo
a. M’mudzimo mulibe anthu; onse anasamukamo.
b. Sindikuperekezani; sindinasambe.
c. Tsogolani; sindifuna kuti andione.

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 Tingathe kugwiritsanso ntchito mpumirapang’ono m’chiganizo cha ziganizo chomwe chili ndi ziganizo
zotsutsana maganizo ngati sitifuna kugwiritsa ntchito alumukizi monga ‘koma’ ndi ‘ngakhale’.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndimakonda therere; mayi anga amadana nalo.
b. Bambo amasuta fodya; ine sindimasuta.
c. Iye amandikonda; ine sindimukonda.

Mpumirapang’ono umagwiranso ntchito pofuna kupatula magulu akuluakulu a mawu omwe ali ndi zinthu
zomwe zili m’mndandanda ndipo alekanitsidwa ndi mipatuliro.
Chitsanzo
Tidzagula nthochi, mbatata ndi buledi kuti tidzadye mawa; mapapaya, mpunga ndi nsomba kuti
tidzadye masana; komanso nyama, masikono ndi zakumwa kuti tidzadye ndi kumwa tsiku
laphwandolo.

5. Mfunsiro
Mfunsiro ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimagwira ntchito pofunsa funso lachindunji.
Zitsanzo
a. Ukuti bwanji?
b. Kodi wadya?
c. Wabwera?

Chizindikiro cha mfunsiro sichigwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafunso opanda chindunji.

Zitsanzo
a. Wandifunsa ngati ndanyamuka kale.
b. Ndifuna ndidziwe kuti mundipatsa liti.
c. Mundiuze kuti mungakonde zotani.

6. Mfuwuliro
Ichi ndi chizindikiro chimene chimalembedwa patsogolo pa mawu omwe ayankhulidwa mofuwula kapena
mokuwa pofuna kusonyeza kudzidzimuka, kudabwa, kumva ululu, kusangalala kapena kunyansidwa.
Zitsanzo
a. Hi! Pali njoka.
b. Kalanga ine! Ndavulala.
c. Moto kuno! Motoo!

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 7. Nkhodolero
Chizindikirochi chimalembedwa pomwe patsala mpata tikachotsa lembo lina pa mawu, maka lembo
lamtsekulanjira (lembo laliwu).
Zitsanzo
a. m'nyanja (mu nyanja)
b. n’kale (ndi kale)
c. cham’gwera (chamugwera)

Pali maphatikizo ena mu Chichewa omwe amakhala ndi nkhodolero yomwe sisonyeza kuti pachotsedwa
lembo koma kuti maphatikizowo ndi madzeram’mphuno.
Zitsanzo
a. ng’amba
b. ng’ombe
c. ching’wenyeng’wente

Nthawi zina nkhodolero imaikidwa pa mawu pofuna kusiyanitsa mawuwo ndi mawu ena ofanana nawo
m’kalembedwe koma osiyana katchulidwe ndi matanthauzo.
Chitsanzo
mbale ndi m’bale
mbale: chipangizo chodyeramo
m’bale: munthu wobadwa naye bere limodzi kapena banja limodzi

8. Mdulamawu
Chizindikirochi chimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga zotsatirazi

a. Kusonyeza maphatikizo opanga mawu

Zitsanzo
i) Lilongwe (Li-lo-ngwe)
ii) kang’wing’wi (ka-ng’wi-ng’wi)
iii) mphunzitsi (m-phu-nzi-tsi)

b. Kusonyeza aphatikiri

Zitsanzo
i) mphatikiram’mbuyo : ka- (kanthu), a- (apusi), -na- (anadya), -ku- (tikubwera)
ii) mphatikiram’tsogolo : -era (tengera), -ana (kondana), -etsetsa (onetsetsa)
iii) akulitsi : -nso (bweranso), -be (sungabe), -tu (tengatu), -di (munthudi)

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 c. Polemba magulu a mayina
Zitsanzo
Mu-, Mi- ; Li-, Ma- ; Ka-, Ti- ; Chi-, Zi-

d. Polemba aneni a phatikiro limodzi

Zitsanzo
-fa, -gwa, -dya, -mwa, -dza, -cha, -kha

Kumbutso
Sitigwiritsa ntchito mdulamawu polemba mawu ophatikizana ndi achibwereza.
Zitsanzo
a. njokaluzi (osati njoka-luzi)
b. kawirikawiri (osati kawiri-kawiri)
c. tumphatumpha (osati tumpha-tumpha)

9. Mkutiramawu
Chizindikirochi chimagwira ntchito zotsatirazi:
a. Kupereka mawu ena ofanana tanthauzo ndi omwe akuyang’anidwa mwachindunji.
Zitsanzo
i) Iye wachita kaguni (manyazi) atamuseka.
ii) Galu wanu wapha nkhawena (nkhanga) yanga.

b. Kupereka tanthauzo la mawu amatanthauzo apatali monga zining’a.

Zitsanzo
i) Ndi zowona kuti iwo ayenda chogona (amwalira).
ii) Nkhaniyi yandidulitsa mutu wa zizwa (yandidabwitsa).

c. Kutambasula langizo kuti limveke bwino.

Zitsanzo
i) Lembani ziganizo zomveka bwino ndi zining’a zotsatirazi kuti mukudziwa matanthauzo ake
(chining’a chimodzi pa chiganizo chimodzi).
ii) Nyumbayo ndiyosasowa kwenikweni chifukwa ngakhale mwana amaidziwa. Ngati
mungasokere, mutha kufunsa (koma osafunsa anthu okaikitsa).

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 10. Mtengero
Ntchito yaikulu ya chizindikiro chimenecho ndi kukuta zomwe munthu wina wayankhula (zoyankhula
mwini).
Zitsanzo
a. Iye anati, “Kwapsa tonola sudziwa mtima wa moto.”
b. “Ndabwera,” John anandiuza, “kudzaona amayi.”
c. “Kodi mwadya kale?” mnzanga anandifunsa.

Mtengero umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokuta mitu ya m’buku, ndakatulo, nyimbo, nthano za makolo,
nkhani zazifupi ndi nkhani zazitali.
Zitsanzo
a. Onani mu buku la Mbiri ya Achewa za “Ufumu wa Mkanthama Mwale” pa tsamba 120.
b. Ine sindinawerengeko ndakatulo yotchedwa “Chilola wopanda mano” ndi nkhani yayifupi ya “Zina
ukaona”.
c. Wambali Mkandawire anaimba nyimbo ya “Kujipereka”.

Mitengero imaikidwa mu mitundu yaikulu iwiri iyi:

Mtengero wa mphini ziwiriziwiri “……..”

Mtengero wa mphini imodziimodzi ‘………..’

MUTU 15 MALEMBO AAKULU

Malembo amalembedwa potsata malamulo.

Sitimangolemba malembo chilembelembe.

Malembo aakulu ali ndi malo ake omwe ayenera kulembedwapo.

Kalembedwe ka malembo aakulu kotsata malamulo kali motere:

1. Pamene tiyamba kulemba chiganizo, mawu wayamba amakhala ndi lembo lalikulu.

Zitsanzo
a. Ulimi wothirira ndi waphindu.
b. Akuti akupezani posachedwapa.

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 2. Poyamba kulemba mayina a mwinimwini.
Zitsanzo
a. Mtsinje wa Shire ndi waukulu.
b. Dziko la Malawi ndi lamtendere.
c. Dzina lake ndi Zikomo Banda.

3. Polemba malonje a kalata timayamba kulemba dzina la amene tikumulembera ndi lembo lalikulu
ngangale dzinalo likhale dzina lopanda mwinimwini.
Zitsanzo
a. Okondedwa Bambo ndi Mayi.
b. Wokondedwa Bwana.

4. Mu nthano za makolo ndi zisudzo za nyama, mayina a apangankhani komanso a atengambali

amayamba ndi malembo aakulu ngakhale akhale mayina opanda mwinimwini.
Zitsanzo
a. Chibwenzi cha Fisi ndi Mkango chinali chachinyengo.
b. Mu nkhalango ya Matsano, mnzake wa Fulu anali Kalulu.

Mu zoyankhula mwini, mawu a m’mtengero amayamba ndi lembo lalikulu.

5.
Zitsanzo
a. Iwo anakalipa, “Chokani ophunzira osamva!”
b. Iye anati, ‘Khalani pansi.’

MUTU 16 NTCHITO ZA ‘NDI’

“ndi” amagwira ntchito zotsatirazi:
1. Kukhala mneni

Zitsanzo
a. Iye ndi mnzanga.
b. Mudzi wathu ndi wamtendere.

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 2. Kukhala mlumikizi
Zitsanzo
a. Anyamata ndi atsikana akuphunzira.
b. Iwo agula nsomba ndi nyama.

3. Kukhala mperekezi
Zitsanzo
a. Ndabwera ndi mnzanga.
b. Ali ndi ndalama zambiri.

4. Kukhala mvekero
Zitsanzo
a. Mutu wanga uli ndi.
b. Mumange mtolowo kuti ndi.

Kukhala mgwirizanitsi wa mchitantchito (mwininkhani)

5.
Zitsanzo
a. Ndipita kwathu.
b. Ine sindifuna mwana wamwano.

Kukhala mgwirizanitsi wa mchitidwantchito (pamtherankhani)

6.
Zitsanzo
a. Iwo andigulira cholembera.
b. Ndikufuna mundiphikire therere.

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 MUTU 17 ZAZIMUNA NDI ZAZIKAZI
Chachimuna Chachikazi
atate amayi
bambo mayi
tatavyala mpongozi

mnyamata mtsikana

boyi puma
gojo/gocho chumba

kapolo mdzakazi
mphulu nkhosa
tsibweni/malume zakhali

chisodzera/muna buthu

mzambwe nkhunda

ndoda ntchembere
nthondo ntchewa/ntchowa
phungu nankungwi
wakunjira
nankungwi
tambala
thadzi
mfule mzindi
chipsolopsolo msoti

mtheno mzinda/mdzidzi
mfumu mfumukazi
mumphwa mfumakazi
mkwati mkwatibwi
mwamuna
mkazi
nkhunzi mthoni
muna mbombe
tonde mkota
bwana dona
mchimwene mchemwali

tambala msoti
mkamwini mtengwa
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yakale yatsopano lira seka

vula vala mata matula

zodamutu mwayi aulesi akhama

chilimwe dzinja adakana adavomera

utchisi ukhondo yakale yamakono

makedzana makono zoperewera zokwanira
mwamvu dzinja tidzatsekera tidzatsekulira
mfisulo mgonero unalephera unakhoza
nkhondo mtendere tsoka mwayi
thadzi kutada kutacha
tonde
kumpoto kumwera akutawuni akumudzi

kuvuma kuzambwe akuchimuna akuchikazi

kum’mawa kumadzulo adayimirira adakhala

chaka phwando manga masula

jowa kwidzinga masula
lumpha
lema gomo chigwa
topa
atsibweni azakhali umphawi kulemera

fatsa chenjera

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chamba gule mlatho ulalo

mawere lipoko jejemetsa lepheretsa

wolerana vundirana kholowa mtoliro
khoma chipupa makedzana kalekale
funditsa tenthetsa phangira
tangatanga
dondo nkhalango nsima
kadaundamadzi
birimankhwe tonkhwetonkhwe mtapasha
chigwada
birimankhwe nanzikambe dabwa
zizwa
kubawi mberere nkhosa/bira/ngondolo
kamtema
masano likha gwetsa
manda
nyemba mbwanda chitopa dzoye/chipumphu

mbwani chingangwa gomezera dalira

mtudzu mkango nkhalamo

mwano
galu wakuda njala mferekazi namfedwa
bala chilonda nyada
tumbwa
bala bereka gomo
phiri
lamchere ndalama khupuka lemera

mpango duku umphawi usiwa

una dzenje alimi achikumbe

njanjali kazimoto/ndekesha zilumika zaka
wamisala wopenga chauta mulungu/namalenga/
mphambe/chisumphi
nyonga mphamvu
chitonzo chipongwe
agogo
anganga
chasangalalo chimwemwe
tsibweni
malume
mzime chitsiriza/chitseka mawere
kufa
kutisiya chitsitsamsepe
mbonaona malodza mwana wachiwiri kubadwa
mbwadza mavuto
luso luntha
pulupudza vuta
chikwerete ngongole
nthawi ya mvula
nthakazi/nakufa malemu dzinja

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Chachikulu chaching’ono
bambo mnyamata
galu mphonda/nkhanda
fodya mbande
chule mbululu/mbiriwidzi/mbuludzi/mkulumutu
nkhunda chiunda

nkhuku mwanapiye

ndoda kamuna

ng’ombe msona

MABUKU OMWE NDAGWIRITSA NTCHITO POLEMBA BUKULI

MIE (2008), Buku la Ophunzira la Chichewa la Maphunziro a M’sukulu Zauphunzitsi (IPTE), Domasi; MIE

Wisdom A. Nkhoma (2015). Kuphunzira Chichewa: Chancellor College Publications

Malamulo achiyankhulo mogwirizana ndi silabasi ya M.S.C.E

MIE (2007), Buku la Ophunzira la Chichewa la Standade 6. Domasi; MIE

MIE (2007), Buku la Mphunzitsi la Chichewa la Standade 6. Domasi; MIE

MIE (2008), Buku la Ophunzira la Chichewa la Standade 7. Domasi; MIE

MIE (2008), Buku la Mphunzitsi la Chichewa la Standade 7. Domasi; MIE

MIE (2009), Buku la Ophunzira la Chichewa la Standade 8. Domasi; MIE

MIE (2009), Buku la Mphunzitsi la Chichewa la Standade 8. Domasi; MIE

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