General Biology 1: Quarter 1, Week 1 - Module1: Postulates of The Cell Theory
General Biology 1: Quarter 1, Week 1 - Module1: Postulates of The Cell Theory
General Biology 1: Quarter 1, Week 1 - Module1: Postulates of The Cell Theory
Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE
General Biology 1
Quarter 1, Week 1 – Module1:
Postulates of the Cell Theory
Prepared by:
Andy A. Dalida
Davila National High School
Science SHS – General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Postulates of the Cell Theory
First Edition, 2020
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module will talk about the Postulates of the Cell Theory
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A German botanist who established that all plant tissues are composed of
cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell. He declared that
the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter.
a. Robert Hooke c. Matthias Scleiden
b. Robert Brown d. Theodor Schwann
5. He first described cells in the year 1665. He cut thin slices of cork from the
bark of a tree and observed many small boxes using a simple microscope
which reminded him of cells (small rooms) in a monastery where he worked
with.
a. Robert Brown c. Robert Hooke
b. Rudolf Virchow d. Theodor Schwann
Lesson
Postulates of the Cell Theory
1
The CELL THEORY, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed
of similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in
1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern
biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin's
theory of evolution (1859), Mendel's laws of inheritance (1865), and the
establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940). Ultrastructural research and
modern molecular biology have added many tenets to the cell theory, but it remains
as the preeminent theory of biology. The Cell Theory is to Biology as the Atomic
Theory is to Physics.
What’s In
The completion of the Cell theory was made possible by different scientist
who worked individually with the help of technology like microscope. This
instrument in Biology is very important to see in depth details of a microscopic
specimen or microorganisms. The advancement of technology also brought about
new discoveries and innovations that made scientist formulate the cell theory and
led to new discoveries in the field of science.
As part our review, lets match the following information about microscope
and let’s see how much knowledge have you learned in your previous subjects.
What is New
Cells are the fundamental units of living organisms. The cell is the key to
biology because it is at this level that life truly springs.
In this lesson, you will be learning about the postulates of the cell theory,
how it started, and who are the people involved in the completion of the said
theory.
What is It
What’s More
C A L L O U N D A R A G O
Q W G J D H X A S E D H F
O D F G K F D R F S M G T
R S H C T K K E G O O K G
A K A E S F G E K L R L J
N A J L S J L C F U E K B
S F B L O N E T R T K J D
M F S S D J R I K I U O H
I V U W A K H O C O L I M
S C E L L S N N I N G U V
S A H P C O M P O S E D N
Activity 1.2Let’s Dig Treasures
Direction:Complete the table with corresponding data based from the
passage you will read below.
Early evidence for the cell theory was provided by German scientists. In
1838, the botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are composed of
cells. A year later, the zoologist Theodor Schwann came to the same conclusion
about animals. In 1855, Rudolf Virchow, a physician who had been studying how
disease affects living things, reasoned that cells come only from other cells. Over
the years, modern scientists have gathered much additional evidence that strongly
supports the cell theory.
1855 7. 8.
Activity 1.3Complete Me
What I Can Do
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
Additional Activities
Direction:Using the data from the timeline, answers the guide questions
below.
1600 2000
Guide Questions:
1. What are the three statements that describe the cell theory?
2. When did Hooke first use the term cell, did he intend to have it apply to living
material?Explain your answer.
3. What do you think were the evidences when Virchow postulated that all new cells
arise from existing cells?
4. How did Virchow’s idea contribute to the formation of the cell theory?
Answer Key
Pre Test What’s In Activity 1.1
9.
References
"K To 12 Curriculum Guide In General Biology 1". 2016. Deped.Gov.Ph.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/General
Biology 1-CG.pdf.
Department of Education. "K To 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies With
Corresponding CG Codes". Pasig City: Department of Education Central
Office, 2020.
Claveria, Florencia G., et.al., 2016.General Biology 1. Quezon City. Commission on
HigherEducation.
Belardo, Gisselle M., 2016. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House.
Pagunasan, Manuela P., et. al., 2007. Biology. Quezon City. SalesianaBOOKs Publishing
House Inc.
www.biologycorner.com
General Biology 1
Quarter 1, Week 1– Module 2:
Cell Structure and Functions
Prepared by:
Andy A. Dalida
Davila National High School
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
Our body is made up of cells. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
depending on their structure and function. Some contains specialize cells for a
specific purpose. Just as a house is made from a variety of building materials, the
human body is constructed from many cell types. Each of these cell types plays a
vital role during the growth, development, and day-to-day maintenance of the body.
In spite of their enormous variety, however, cells from all organisms like bacterium,
onion, and human share certain fundamental characteristics.
What’s In
As part our review, lets identify the parts of the body whether it is cell,
tissue, organ, or organ system and let’s see how much knowledge have you learned
in your previous subjects.
Do It!
1. Heart
2. Epithelial
3. Sperm
4. Kidney
5. Squamosal
Note the Teachers
The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This module
will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain mastery
of the lesson in its spiral progression.
What is New
Close your eyes and picture a brick wall. What is the basic building block of
the wall? A single brick, of course. Like a brick wall, your body is composed of basic
building blocks, and the building blocks of your body are cells.
Have you also tried to look closely at something? You may have picked up a
coin and looked closely at its surface. You may also have examined the face of a
stamp or looked at a blade of grass. Such curiosity led early investigators to
examine living things in the hope of getting a better view of their structure. Little by
little, they discovered that all living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic
units of structure and function in living things. All organisms such as the birds you
watch, the cork trees and so on are made of living cells.
What is It
Cells are the basic working units of the body. An enormous number of activities take
place in the cells. Some of these activities serves to keep the cell itself alive, while other
activities contribute to the survival of the entire body. Any activity that takes place in the
body is a result of activities that take place in the cell. Thus, the pumping of the blood by the
heart is due to the action of the heart cells and the formation of urine in the kidney is a result
of activities that take place in the kidney cells.
Cells, the smallest unit of life, have all the characteristics of living things. They grow
and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and create and used energy. The individual
entities by themselves. The entire system that is the cell are not living entities of themselves.
The entire system that is the cells with its properly organized parts and its integrated reactions
is the real functional unit of the living system.
Characteristics of Life
Order
Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. For example, plants can bend toward
a source of light, climb on fences and walls, or respond to touch (Figure 2).
Figure 2.The leaves of this sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) will instantly droop and
fold when touched. After a few minutes, the plant returns to normal. (credit: Alex
Lomas)
Even tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals (a process
called chemotaxis) or light (phototaxis). Movement toward a stimulus is considered
a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative
response.
Reproduction
Figure 3. Although no two look alike, these puppies have inherited genes from both
parents and share many of the same characteristics.
Regulation
Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory
mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with
environmental stresses. Two examples of internal functions regulated in an
organism are nutrient transport and blood flow. Organs (groups of tissues working
together) perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen throughout the body,
removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body.
Homeostasis
Energy Processing
All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities. Some
organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food
(photosynthesis); others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food
(cellular respiration).
What’s More
Cell is = __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
All cells share four common components, a plasma membrane that covers
and separate the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment, cytoplasm that
contains cellular components, DNA that contains the genetic material of the cell,
and ribosomes which synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from
eukaryotes in several ways.
What’s In
All cells are essentially similar in their basic feature. They, however differ in
their details of organization. Therefore, in any discussion about the cell, one can
describe the typical cell or the average cell.
As part our review, can you give organelles that are found inside the cell and
give their specific functions?
Imagine that you could become smaller, down to the size of one micron (1
micron = 1/1000 inch). Your whole body would be smaller than the typical animal
cell. Imagine, that you could step inside this cell and explore it. Find out some
structures inside a cell. Be able to explore how bacterial cells are different from
other cells such as plant and animal cells.
What is It
CELL
FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES
Separates cell from external environment; controls
Plasma
passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen
Membrane
and wastesinto and out of the cell.
Providesstructuretocell;siteof many metabolic
Cytoplasm
reactions; mediuminwhich organelles are found.
Nucleoid Location of DNA
Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs
Nucleus
synthesis of ribosomes andproteins
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Mitochondria ATP production or cellular respiration
Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino
Peroxisomes
acids and detoxifies poisons.
Vesicles and Storage and transport; digestive function in plant
Vacuoles cells
Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells;
Centrosome
organizing center of microtubules in animalcells.
Digestion of macromolecules; recycling or worn out
Lysosomes
organelles
Protection, structural support and maintenance of
Cell Wall
cell shape
Chloroplast Photosynthesis
Endoplasmic
Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
reticulum
Golgi apparatus Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and distributes lipids
CELL
FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES
and proteins
Maintains cells’ shape, secure organelles on specific
positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move
Cytoskeleton
within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to
move independently
Flagella Cellular locomotion
Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along
Cilia extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and
filtration
Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more
complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution.
EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
DNA wrapping Eukaryotes wrap their DNA Multiple proteins act together to fold
on proteins. around proteins called and condense prokaryotic DNA. Folded
histones. DNA is then organized into a variety of
conformations that are supercoiled and
wound around tetramers of the HU
protein.
Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi Usually chemically complex
(chemically simpler)
The School City is one of the famous school in the world that offers varied programs
for young learners. The mission of the school is to produce quality students which provide
strong leaders, businessman, and a good citizens of the nation. The School is highly equipped
with high-end technology that enable learners to gain a lot of meaningful and life-long
learning experiences. It has an automated gate that will only allow students enrolled in the
school. If you are late to school, you might find doors that are locked. Doors are time
bounded which only open at certain times and you really need to obey all rules. All rooms
have a locker for students to store their bags, food, and school materials. The principal’s
office is where you can found the head of the school and directs all teachers to teach students
effectively. The teachers follow curriculum guidelines to provide students with knowledge
and critical thinking skills.
Everyone in the school has tasks to do. The entire school is designed to build good
rapport among people in it. Hallways connect the buildings of the school. These are used
when moving from one room to another and also the medium to transmit messages from one
teacher to another.
Snacks of the students are produced and packed at the Home Economics building and
transported to the school canteen for selling. Soiled food are kept in a container and used as
food in the poultry farm of the school.
The school is like a community that contains people who live harmoniously with one
another.
Match the parts of the school city (underlined) with the parts of the cell.
1. Mitochondria ____________________________________________________
2. Ribosomes ______________________________________________________
3. Nucleus __________________________________________________________
6. Protein __________________________________________________________
8. Lysosomes _______________________________________________________
9. Cell Wall_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_.
3. Describe the structures that form the outside of a prokaryotic cell. Tell whether each
structure is common to all prokaryotes.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
Let us see how well you can make a summary of what you know about the
cell. Below is a table that lists the names of the cell structure(s). Now, compare
animal, plant and bacterial cells by putting a (/) if the structure is present and an
(X) if the structure is absent under each column.
Challenge!
Make your own model of a cell at home. Prepare a small package of
gulaman and pour it into a dish. Put common foods in the gelatin
to represent cell structures. You could use lettuce or shredded
carrots for endoplasmic reticulum and raisins for mitochondria. Be
creative! Unmold your “cell”. And serve it to your family for salad or
dessert.
Lesson
Cell Types
3
Our body is composed of different cell types that worked together for us to
stay alive. Some of our organs that are made up of specialized cells like heart, liver,
skin, brain etc. These types of cells are working individually but has an overall
impact on the organism.
What’s In
Just as there is variety among organisms, there is also variety among cells.
Your own body contains over a hundred different kinds of cells. Some of these cells
are round. Others are shaped like long, tangled strings.
As part our review, can you give specialized types of cells? Can you describe
each and give their functions?
FIND OUT!
Break a chicken egg into a dish, and look at the yolk. How
large do you think is it? Estimate its width. Then use a metric
ruler to measure the width of your chicken yolk cell. With a
hand lens, observe the yolk closely. Other cells that can be
seen easily are large fish eggs.
Note the Teachers
The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This module
will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain mastery
of the lesson in its spiral progression.
What is New
Cells in the human body number in the trillions and come in all shapes and
sizes. These tiny structures are the basic unit of living organisms. Cells
comprise tissues, tissues make up organs, organs form organ systems, and organ
systems work together to create an organism and keep it alive.
Each type of cell in the human body is specially equipped for its role. Cells of
the digestive system, for instance, are vastly different in structure and function
from cells of the skeletal system. Cells of the body depend on each other to keep the
body functioning as a unit. There are hundreds of types of cells, but the following
are the 11 most common.
What is It
Stem Cells
Stem cells are unique in that they originate as unspecialized cells and have
the ability to develop into specialized cells that can be used to build specific organs
or tissues. Stem cells can divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and
repair tissue. In the field of stem cell research, scientists take advantage of the
renewal properties of these structures by utilizing them to generate cells for tissue
repair, organ transplantation, and for the treatment of disease.
Bone Cells
Osteoclasts are large cells that decompose bone for resorption and
assimilation while they heal. Osteoblasts regulate bone mineralization and produce
osteoid, an organic substance of the bone matrix, which mineralizes to form bone.
Osteoblasts mature to form osteocytes. Osteocytes aid in the formation of bone and
help maintain calcium balance.
Blood Cells
Fat cells, also called adipocytes, are a major cell component of adipose
tissue. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be used for
energy. When fat is stored, its cells become round and swollen. When fat is used,
its cells shrink. Adipose cells also have a critical endocrine function: they
produce hormones that influence sex hormone metabolism, blood pressure
regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell
signaling.
Skin Cells
This image shows squamous cells from
the surface of the skin. These are flat,
keratinized, dead cells that are
continuously sloughed off and replaced
with new cells from below.
Nerve cells or neurons are the most basic unit of the nervous system. Nerves
send signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other body organs via nerve
impulses. Structurally, a neuron consists of a cell body and nerve processes. The
central cell body contains the neuron's nucleus, associated cytoplasm,
and organelles. Nerve processes are "finger-like" projections (axons and dendrites)
that extend from the cell body and transmit signals.
Endothelial Cells
Exocrine acinar cells, which are produced by the pancreas, secrete digestive
enzymes that are transported by ducts to the small intestine. A very small
percentage of pancreatic cells have an endocrine function or secrete hormones into
cells and tissues. Pancreatic endocrine cells are found in small clusters called islets
of Langerhans. Hormones produced by these cells include insulin, glucagon, and
gastrin.
Cancer Cells
These cervical cancer cells are dividing.
Unlike all of the other cells listed, cancer cells work to destroy the body.
Cancer results from the development of abnormal cell properties that cause cells to
divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations. Cancer cell development can
originate from mutations stemming from exposure to chemicals, radiation, and
ultraviolet light. Cancer can also have genetic origins such as chromosome
replication errors and cancer-causing viruses of the DNA.
Cancer cells are allowed to spread rapidly because they develop decreased
sensitivity to anti-growth signals and proliferate quickly in the absence of stop
commands. They also lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell
death, making them even more formidable.
What’s More
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Challenge!
Make a research on the use of stem cell in the field of medicine
and why is it is called as one promising advancement in science.
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
Additional Activities
Direction: Complete the concept map with word/s.
Word Bank:
Answer Key
What I Know Activity 1.1 Activity 1.2
1. B 1. J 1. Growth
2. C 2. G 2. Reproduction
3. D 3. C 3. Development
4. D 4. A 4. Obtain and Use
5. C 5. B Energy
6. A 6. I 5. Respond to Stimuli
7. C 7. E 6. Evolve/Adapt
8. D 8. H 7. Made of Cells
9. A 9. D 8. Maintain
10. D 10. F Homeostasis
Activity 2.3
Activity 3.1 Assessment
1. B
1. Nerve Cell
2. A
2. Stem Cell
3. D
3. Blood Cell
4. Cancer Cell 4. D
5. Bone Cell 5. C
6. Muscle Cell 6. B
7. Sex Cell 7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
Additional Activity
References
"K To 12 Curriculum Guide In General Biology 1". 2016. Deped.Gov.Ph.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/General
Biology 1-CG.pdf.
Belardo, Gisselle M., 2016. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House.
Pagunasan, Manuela P., et. al., 2007. Biology. Quezon City. SalesianaBOOKs Publishing
House Inc.
www.biologycorner.com
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