LAND USE PLANNING

Land use planning is an instrument that facilitates a fair and transparent

allocation of land resources. Besides land registration it is a core instrument in the
steering of local development trajectories and it helps to ensure the sustainable use of
vital resources. However, land use planning is often subject to diverging interests of
governmental agencies as well as political will.
This policy brief explores the structures of land use and development planning in
the Philippines, highlights the challenges associated with plan implementation in the
administrative context and discusses the consequences for socio-economic
development.
The following findings lead us to our recommendation towards a consistent
national policy framework for land use planning:
• The complexity of developing Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs), their
updating, and their subsequent enforcement pose challenges for municipal planning
administrations. Training municipal staff is a prerequisite for successful planning and
implementation.
• Plan development and implementation should be based on objective criteria and
aligned with peoples’ needs. Decoupling land use planning from the interests of
executive officers and powerful landowners is essential and contributes to the
common good.
• Land use planning (physical planning) and development planning require alignment.
The existing mismatch is a consequence of different and overlapping mandates
between governmental authorities.
• Incomplete and outdated cadastral information and shortcomings in sectoral
information exchange inhibit the steps necessary to solve the pressing issue of
insecure tenure rights.
• Cooperation of agencies is currently partial and not yet systematic, which hampers a
consistent alignment of plans and integration of efforts in the country.
LAND USE-OBJECTIVES
• To promote efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land and ensure the
highest and best use of land.
• To direct, harmonize and influence discussions and activities of the private and
public sectors relative to the use and management of lands.
• To reconcile land use conflicts and proposals between and among individuals,
private and government entities relative to the present and future need of the land.
• To promote desirable patterns of land uses to prevent wasteful development and
minimize the cost of public infrastructure and utilities and other social services to
preserve areas of ecological, aesthetics, historical and cultural significance.
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URBAN LAND USE-CLASSIFICATION
 Residential
o Low Density

Single Family Homes Semi Detached Homes/

Duplex
o Medium Density

Town
Houses
Low rise Apartments
o High Density

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 High rise Apartments
 Commercial
o Land that is set aside for commercial activities.
 Major Central Business Districts in Urbanized areas.
 Minor Central Business Districts in less Urbanizes areas.
 High way service centers or commercial strips.
 NeighbourhoodCenter.
 Institutional
o Land that covers the major public and semi-public uses.
 Industrial
o Land that used for industrial viz; factories, ware house, power plants, or
places of resource extraction (like mines).
 Transportation
o Land that is used for moving people and goods from one place to another.
 Open Space
o Land that is now vacant or left in a natural state or land that is for
recreational use.
o Parks/ Playgrounds and other recreational areas.
o So called “Non- functional open spaces” and includes lands reserve for
greenbelts and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific
or functional purposes.

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 Land Use Map
LAWS THAT ENSURE RATIONAL LAND USE AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN AND
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 Executive Order No. 72

Providing for the preparation and implementation of the Comprehensive Land Use
Plans (CLUPs) of Local Government Units pursuant to the Local Government Code
of 1991 and other pertinent laws.
 Memorandum Circular No. 54

Prescribing the guidelines of Sec. 20, R.A. 7160, authorizing cities/municipalities

to reclassify lands into non-agricultural uses.
 Executive Order No. 124

Establishing priorities and procedures in evaluating areas for land conversion in

regional agricultural/industrial centres, tourism development areas and sites for
socialized housing
 Presidential Decree 1517

Laws that protect the rights of tenants and occupants of lands within Urban
Land Reform Zones / Areas for Priority Development (ULRZ /APD)
CONCEPTS OF LAND USE: BEST USE OF LAND

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  The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negative
consequences especially on the environment.
 Land should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural qualities to
maximize its productivity and also adhere to the principles of sustainable
development.
 Utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man and environment.

LAND USE PLANNING

 Refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating available land
resources to different land.
 Refers to a document embodying a set of policies accompanied by maps and
similar illustration.

LAND USE PLANNING PRINCIPLES

 Evaluate and record unique features.
 Preserve unique cultural and historical features.
 Conserve open space and environmental features.
 Calculate additional charges for altering land.
 Plan for mixed uses in close proximity.
 Plan variety of transportation option.
 Set limits and manage growth patterns.
 Encourage development in areas of existing infrastructure.
•

Introduction: Structure of Land Use and Development Planning

Land is the basis for livelihoods. It requires fair and transparent management to
allow equal participation and sustainable use. Land use planning is the mechanism to
allow this kind of resource management and the reconciliation of diverging interests. It
lays the foundation for controlled urban and rural development.
In the Philippines, land use planning is hierarchically structured and most
activities take place at a subnational, particularly at the provincial and municipal level.
The planning levels are interlinked: lower-tier plans with shorter coverage periods are
set to follow the priority setting of larger-scale plans.
Municipal land use planning was strengthened by the Republic Act No. 7160 in
1991 to follow the principle of subsidiarity. Local governments gained responsibilities in
a variety of planning fields, including development and land use planning: (a) the
permission to process and approve subdivision plans from the Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board (HLURB), (b) the enforcement of the National Building Code from the

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Department of Public Works and Highways including granting or declining of building
permits, as well as (c) the reclassification of agricultural land from the Department of
Agrarian Reform, except those lands distributed to agrarian reform beneficiaries
pursuant to the Republic Act No. 6657 (Republic of the Philippines, 1991).
The CLUP, the main planning instrument, aims to provide a sound foundation for
managing past, current and projected land use and for the allocation of land resource
use of the whole territory of a municipality. Figure 1 shows the embeddedness of the
CLUP in the planning hierarchy. The CLUP is highly dependent on the cooperation of
different agencies and is supposed to have primacy over other sectoral, development
and investment plans of governmental agencies at the municipal level.
To address shortcomings of older CLUP guidelines, the HLURB has developed
the new enhanced comprehensive land use planning (eCLUP) guidebooks in a joint
effort with the Philippine– German cooperation. The new guidelines, officially launched
in late 2015, serve as an improved planning tool for comprehensive and information-
driven planning as well as the integration of the whole municipal territory. It and aims for
a stronger integration between spatial and development planning, more coherence in
aligning socio-economic development and land use as well as the linking of
development planning and budget allocation (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
(HLURB) Philippines, 2013). While eCLUP makes the planning process more consistent
and comprehensive, data collection for the CLUP and the planning process itself remain
highly complex. As emphasized in interviews, this requires more personnel and further
trainings on CLUP development and updating.
Current Issues of the Land Use Planning and Management System
In theory, the interplay of plans and hierarchies in the Philippine planning system
has been well defined for many years. In reality, the system has been characterized by
multiple policies of different authorities with overlapping mandates.
For example, large portions of Philippine land are classified as forest land, and
are managed through Forest Land Use Plans under the mandate of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. This separation of types of land hinders municipal
planners to integrate this land into comprehensive land use planning and thus largely
excludes residents using these lands from the provision of municipal public services.
Vertical frictions in the planning system occur, due to the timely misalignment of
different plans and incomplete information exchange between agencies. The CLUPs are
supposed to be harmonized with the Provincial Development and Physical Framework
Plan—frequently not sufficiently achieved in either direction. At the same time, inputs
provided by a Barangay Development Plan, mandated by the Department of the Interior
and Local Government, are supposed to be incorporated into the planning goals of the

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CLUP. In the absence of a formulated Barangay Development Plan, the CLUP can thus
only assume barangay planning goals, which reduces the quality of local representation.
Horizontal frictions occur due to the misalignment of the CLUP and the
Comprehensive Development Plans (CDP)—both municipal level plans. In theory, the
CLUP is operationalized in the CDP, followed by integration into investment plans and
transfer into municipal budgeting. This linkage of aligning spatial and socio-economic
development goals with budgetary planning often lacks coherence. The process of
developing and updating CLUPs is lengthy and the approval process can be extensive.
Hence, municipal executives often rely solely on the CDP for quick project
implementation. These inconsistencies in the planning process leave greater leeway for
politicized decisions and ad hoc project prioritizations by powerful executives or local
political elites, in which, for example, political supporters are more likely beneficiaries of
projects and the disbursement of funds. In extreme cases, vested interests of executive
officers and influential landowners block the formulation and approval of zoning
ordinances as well as implementation according to plans.
Main hindering factors for successful CLUP formulation, updating and
implementation are: Frictions and political interference; complexity in planning policies;
rivalling mandates; limited capacities of local governments; as well as tenure conflicts.
Consequently, HLURB estimated in 2012 that 70% of municipalities had no or outdated
land use plans (GIZ and ANGOC, 2014). A DEval survey of Municipal Planning and
Development Offices in the Visayas region in 2016 found that while 84 out of 100
municipalities had land use planning documents, only 37 had been approved by the
Provincial Land Use Committee. A share that is likely even lower countrywide because
almost half of those municipalities received additional support for CLUP development.

Figure 1: System of administrative planning framework of local government and

the embeddedness of enhanced land use planning in the planning hierarchy.

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Tenure Rights and Land Use Planning in the Philippines
Cadastral systems can provide a technical mode to assemble information about
the tenure status of landholders. This information is crucial as the tenure status
determines the potential land use for landowners or land dwellers. While the Philippines
do have systems responsible for this collection of tenure information, the described
inconsistencies and shortcomings in the spatial planning system stretch to the situation
of land classification. The cadastral systems of different planning administrations and
sectoral agencies are largely disconnected, and exact delineation of different parcels
and land types is often missing. Landholders thus face a multitude of different forms of
formal, semi-formal and informal land titles. In this void, the use of land, especially by
smallholder farms, often takes place unregulated. Non-tenant farming or land use under
unclear tenancy arrangements (such as customary use) are widespread phenomena in
the Philippines, despite existing efforts to implement comprehensive agrarian reform.
Depending on the type of land, different authorities are responsible for titling and
the issuing of land rights. While the Department of Agrarian Reform finalizes
comprehensive agrarian reform, tenure rights on public land are handled differently. For
permanent land use on public land, different authorities operate separate schemes
depending on the laws governing these lands. Still, in both agrarian reform land areas
and public lands, non-enforceable tenure status remains a major obstacle in providing
especially small landholders in rural areas with long-term perspectives and security of

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investment. Despite substantial efforts by Philippine authorities, the problematic tenure
situation remains a crucial problem in the nation’s strive to eradicate poverty. While the
status of land rights and tenure has a direct impact on the life and welfare of the
affected population, land rights surprisingly remain separated from the process of land
use planning.
A fair, consistent and comprehensive assignment of tenure rights and land titles
is an unresolved issue in the Philippines. Rights and titles are excluded from the eCLUP
process and not sufficiently addressed in the distribution of mandates.
Challenges and the Way Ahead
Successful implementation of enhanced land use planning depends on the
willingness of sectoral agencies and administration to commit to a stronger exchange of
planning and tenure information as well as on capacity building for municipal planning
personnel. ECLUP introduced reasonable, but complex processes that may overburden
current local planning capacities. Politicization of municipal planning and personal
interest can jeopardize technical planning efforts, ultimately hampering socio-economic
development. Rivalling mandates between the HLURB and the Department of the
Interior and Local Government frequently lead to decoupling of the municipal planning
process from the barangay-level as well as from provincial-level planning.
Land use rights remain excluded from the planning process, ultimately reducing
in municipal development options and welfare effects. The unresolved issue of tenure
rights and land titles hampers planning efforts and impacts.
A more consistent and effective Land Use Planning and Management System
requires:
• Stronger coordination of sectoral agencies and administrations. A national
(legal) framework aligning plans and agencies is a necessary step to improve
cooperation.
• Legal provisions that barangay development aspirations are sufficiently
reflected in municipal planning. The consistent integration of the Barangay Development
Plans in CLUPs could contribute to this.
• Plan development and implementation to be based on objective criteria and
aligned with peoples’ needs. This requires that the vested interests of executive officers
and powerful landowners are decoupled from land use planning. Explicit legal measures
should be defined to ensure this separation and to bind executive officers and legislative
officials to goals that serve the common good.

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 • Public accountability. Broad and transparent modes of public participation are
one aspect, but the other is the introduction of sanctions if execution contradicts plans,
for example by establishing a complaints mechanism and appointing ombudsmen.
• Further training in municipal planning. Personnel shortages in planning
administrations need to be addressed.
• A safe, consistent and comprehensive system of land use rights. The current
bureaucratic and legal structure of the Philippines does not provide a functioning and
fair tenure system and thus needs to be revisited.
Physical planning
Physical planning is a design exercise that uses the land use plan as a
framework to propose the optimal physical infrastructure for a settlement or area,
including infrastructure for public services, transport, economic activities, recreation,
and environmental protection. A physical plan may be prepared for an urban area or a
rural area. A physical plan for an urban region can have both rural and urban
components, although the latter usually predominates. A physical plan at a regional
scale can also deal with the provision of specific regional infrastructures, such as a
regional road or a bulk water supply system.
Physical planning is the designing of the optimal physical infrastructure of an
administrative land unit, such as transport facilities - roads, railways, airports, harbours;
industrial plants and storage of produce; mining and power generation, and facilities for
towns and other human settlements - in anticipation of population increase and socio-
economic development and taking into account the outcome of land use zoning and
planning. It has both rural and urban development aspects, though the latter usually
predominates.
Physical planning is the designing of the optimal physical infrastructure of an
administrative land unit, such as transport facilities - roads, railways, airports, harbours;
industrial plants and storage of produce; mining and power generation, and facilities for
towns and other human settlements - in anticipation of population increase and socio-
economic development, and taking into account the outcome of land use zoning and
planning. It has both rural and urban development aspects, though the latter usually
predominates.
DIFFERENTIATING THE PLANNING PROCESS FOR URBAN, RURAL, AND
REGIONAL CONTEXTS
While the generic planning process, as well as the core issues that the process
addresses, will remain largely similar in urban, rural, and regional contexts, there are
differences that need to be recognized.

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  Urban areas
The planning process in urban areas tends to be more complex and prone to conflict
and contestation. Land values are higher, property ownership is more complex, and
flexibility to change land uses is often more limited. It is important to acknowledge that
land use planning is going through a paradigm shift across the world. From an earlier,
purist approach of exclusive zones for specific uses (e.g., residential, commercial),
there is a shift toward appropriate mixes of compatible uses (e.g., residential with small
businesses, institutional with offices). From an earlier approach of flat, low-density
urban development, there is a shift toward more compact cities with variable density
correlated with urban transport systems. Other distinctive characteristics of urban
planning include the following.
• Developed or built-up areas predominate. Therefore, the land use plan needs to
reflect and plan for diverse land uses.
• The demand for infrastructure will be higher (in both quantitative and qualitative
terms) and the provision of infrastructure more complex and costly. Therefore,
housing reconstruction must be closely coordinated with the development of
infrastructure.
• Urban land use planning has an immediate and highly visible impact on urban land
values. Therefore, a transparent approach to planning is essential.
• Urban areas are more likely to have agencies that undertake planning and
regulation as well as professionals for design and supervision. Therefore, the
approach to Disaster Risk Reduction is usually based on planning and regulation.
• Investments in urban settlements and infrastructure during reconstruction should
contribute to already-established urban development goals.
 Rural areas
The settlements and associated built-up areas form a relatively small part of the
larger landscape. Land values are lower, and, while ownership and titling issues exist,
they can often be resolved relatively easily through participation. Land values are lower,
and, while ownership and titling issues exist, they can often be resolved relatively easily
through participation. The sense of ownership is higher in rural areas, and the social
structure plays a major role in the dynamics of reconstruction. However, community
participation is fully achievable in a rural context. Other features of rural planning
include the following.

• Land use plans need to respond more significantly to natural features, such as
geology, topography, hydrology, and ecology. The classification of uses within a
settlement will assume less significance while in the larger landscape will reflect the
diversity of uses in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and other related
activities.
• Institutional arrangements for regulating development are nonexistent in rural areas
of most developing nations; there may be no designated planning agency
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 whatsoever. The approach to DRR should be based on building awareness and
training construction workers.
• A land use plan in a rural area may not dramatically change land values, but can
still have a significant impact on the sustainability of development.
• Physical planning may be limited to a basic road network and essential services
within the settlement. However, there may be planning required to support
agriculture and other rural livelihoods.
• Housing is usually designed and built by owners themselves or by local masons.
It is important that building regulations are responsive to the local cultural context.
 Regions
Regional plans become relevant if there are reconstruction requirements or
vulnerability mitigation issues that are spread over large, geographically integrated
areas. For example, if the road network in a large area has been damaged or if an
entire floodplain has attracted high-risk land uses, a regional plan may be the
appropriate vehicle. Coastal zones also may have special planning or regulatory
regimes that govern set-backs and land uses across multiple jurisdictions. Other
considerations with regional planning include the following.
• A regional land use plan will deal with macro-level issues, like locations of
settlements, protection of forests, and management of coastal zones, river basins,
and floodplains. However, such plans by themselves will not be enough to guide the
post-disaster reconstruction process.
• Physical planning at the regional scale will primarily look at the facilities for regional
infrastructure, such as regional roads, structures for watershed management, and
bulk water pipelines.
• The institutional arrangements for regional planning can vary from state or
provincial governments to special agencies set up to coordinate development in a
particular zone. Their planning capability will vary.
• Regional plans are often developed with an economic focus. Their utility in a post-
disaster context may be to connect disaster recovery to the economic goals set out
in the plan.
• Regional plans have to be complemented by plans for the rural and urban areas
within the region.
GENERIC CONTENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE POST-DISASTER
RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
PHYSICAL PLAN
Several key elements of physical planning are listed here. Planning may address them
collectively, or each may be dealt with separately if the situation demands it.

Road layout
What is the existing road network in the settlement or region? Is it adequate for

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 speedy evacuation and rescue in the event of a disaster? Are new road connections
required to reduce risk and enhance preparedness? Are new roads required to
provide connectivity to housing reconstruction locations? What is the extent of
damage to roads? Are engineering improvements required? The output of this
component will include road network maps and project briefs for road construction.
Plot layout
This relates to proposed housing reconstruction. While detailed design of housing
layouts is a separate activity, at the planning stage it is important to prepare at least a
conceptual layout of the proposed housing to ensure that the land allocation is
adequate and that major issues have been addressed. The output is a set of plot
layout plans.
Planning for infrastructure and services
This component deals with network alignments and land allocation for infrastructure
services. The critical services include water supply, wastewater management, solid
waste management, and storm-water management. Power supply and
telecommunications networks may also be important. In all these cases, the existing
systems need to be documented and proposed improvements need to be
conceptually worked out to the extent that is required for assessing land-related
issues. The output is a set of maps. Project formulation for infrastructure is a separate
activity, but may be carried out concurrently or integrated with the planning process.
Planning for public buildings and social infrastructure
This component deals with allocation of land for facilities related to health, education,
government, recreation, community development, and disaster shelters. In the
planning process, the questions that need to be addressed are: What facilities existed
pre-disaster? Should refuges be built? What is the extent of damage? Do any facilities
need relocation? Were pre-disaster facilities adequate? What does the reconstruction
policy envisage: restoration of pre-disaster levels or improvement? What is the land
requirement? What facilities are required as part of new housing to be created? The
output of this component is a set of maps showing locations of proposed facilities and
project briefs for creating them.

TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC FACILITIES PLANNING

The process of defining future policies, goals, investments and designs to prepare for
future needs to move people and goods to destinations
• shape an area’s economic health and quality of life
• provide for the mobility of people and goods
• influences patterns of growth and economic activity by providing access to land

Transportation Planning Affects

• Public policy concerns

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 • Air quality
• Environmental resource consumption
• Social equity
• Land use
• Urban growth
• Economic development
• Safety and security
IMPORTANT FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

• Efficiency – to achieve efficient management and better management of existing

resources
 Effective use of transportation system
 Uses of technology
 Land use and resource controlling
• Quality - to reduce a negative impact to the traffic that produce a pollution
• Equity - to meet travel demand and response for all communities

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD

Short Term (Action Plan)

• review matters that can be completed within three years and involve high costs.
• Example: program an engineers to optimize the use of existing transportation
systems by installing various traffic control devices such as signs and signals
Long Term ( ≥ 5 years)
• This type of planning is more structured and complicated and it must be designed
better than short term planning
• urban transportation planning process involves planning the next 20 to 25 year

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ELEMENT

1) PLANNING PROCESS
Studied/Research stage
 research and analysis that shows the current demand and the relationship of
movement with the and environmental demands
Forecast stage
 Formulating the plan, predict future travel demand and make a recommendation
to fulfill traffic demand.
The evaluation stage
 to assess whether the proposals made satisfactory demand
and provide maximum benefit to the community
2) MONITORING AND REVIEW
3) IMPLEMENTATION
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PLANNING PROCESS

General policy of transportation planning

Social aspects -improve the social aspects as can be done safely and comfortably
Economic aspects -with the existence variety of travel pattern, activities such as
employment, population and household income will be increase.
Physical aspects -create an efficient transportation system because there are various
modes of transportation introduced
In effort to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas, the following elements have been
introduced:
Capacity
Widening access, traffic lights, sidewalks, traffic lights, parking (cars, motorcycles,
bicycles)
Priority
Priority to bus routes, truck, and space is limited (pedestrian), parking
Restraint
Access control, incentives to use public transport, car sharing, land-use policy.
Types of Infrastrucutures
Hard Infrastructure
This refers to the physical network that keeps an industrialized nation smoothly
functional. Among the components that are classified under the hard infrastructure are
the capital assets like the utilities, transport vehicles, telecommunication systems,

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roads, highways, railways, subways, traffic lights and street lights, dams, walls and
culverts, drainage systems, the airports and bus terminals, and bridges, among others.
For private infrastructure, these are the land, the buildings and other improvements, the
electric posts and the water systems, the warehouses and storage facilities, and the
vehicles, just to name a few.
Hardware infrastructure is further classified into transportation, energy, communication,
water management, measurement networks, and waste management.
Soft Infrastructure
The soft infrastructure, on the other hand, is the framework required to keep and
maintain the different institutions. This can also include both the physical and the non-
physical assets. Examples of physical assets are the buildings that house the network
and the equipment used to maintain the institution.
For non-physical assets, this includes the software and programs, the governing
rules and regulations, the financial system, and the organizational structure. In essence,
the soft infrastructure embodies the system of delivery of services to the people. If you
want to create a corporate culture within the company then you must have a soft
infrastructure for that specific culture for the workers to follow.
The Government’s Role in providing Public facilities
The Government has the responsibility of providing Public Facilities to all its
citizens.One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that these
public facilities are made available to everyone. Public facilities have to be equally
available and affordable to all citizens irrespective of their economic or social status.

Roads, railways, sanitation, water supply, and electricity can only be maintained by the
governments since these facilities involve an enormous amount of money and are not
very profitable enterprises.
Public facilities that are also provided by Private companies are schools and colleges,
hospitals, and transportation. Most public facilities provided by private companies are
not usually within the reach of the common man.
Common man or only those who are financially capable for the service.
Characteristics of Public Facilities:
1. The benefits of public facility can be shared by many people.
2. Government schools enable many children to get educated.
3. The supply of electricity is essential for all households. Farmers can run pumps sets
to irrigate their fields; people open small workshops that run on electricity.

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4. Public Parks and libraries provide recreation for the citizens.
5. Health care and sanitation are essential for a healthy life.
The main source of income for the government is through the tax it collects from the
citizens. Aside from income tax, other sources include property tax, sales tax, excise
tax, water tax, and vehicle tax.

 Government Assets – buildings and facilities relating to government

departments or entities. This would include government department or agency,
police and fire services stations.
 Health – this is not limited to city hospitals or clinics, but also to water supplies
(drinking water and water sewage), garbage disposals, and public washrooms or
restrooms.
 Educational – schools (public schools and colleges), and public libraries.
Recreational – parks, sports facilities, and public social halls.
 Financial services – banks.

References:
• CURRENT ISSUES OF THE PHILIPPINE LAND USE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:
https://www.deval.org/fileadmin/Redaktion/PDF/05-Publikationen/Policy_Briefs/
2018_1_Land_Use_Planning_Philippines/
DEval_Policy_Brief_Land_Use_Planning_Philippines_2018_EN.pdf
• ESU205 PHYSICAL PLANNING: https://www.academia.edu/35675573
• PLANNING OF PARTICULAR PROJECTS (LAND USE PLANNING, PHYSICAL
PLANNING, TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC FACILITIES PLANNING) LAND USE
PLANNING:
https://www.academia.edu/31586436/
PLANNING_OF_PARTICULAR_PROJECTS_LAND_USE_PLANNING_PHYSICAL_
PLANNING_TRANSPORTATION_AND_PUBLIC_FACILITIES_PLANNING_LAND_
USE_PLANNING

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