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    RC 4

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    CHAITANYA KRISHNA CHAUHAN
    Samsung Research provides a tutorial guide on encryption techniques including symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric encryption uses mathematically coupled public and private keys. Representative algorithms for each are also described. The document then focuses on RC4, a representative stream cipher, explaining how it works using a keystream generator and XOR operations to encrypt and decrypt plaintext. Quizzes are included to test understanding of RC4 encryption and decryption.

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    RC 4

    Uploaded by

    CHAITANYA KRISHNA CHAUHAN
    50 views17 pages
    Samsung Research provides a tutorial guide on encryption techniques including symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric encryption uses mathematically coupled public and private keys. Representative algorithms for each are also described. The document then focuses on RC4, a representative stream cipher, explaining how it works using a keystream generator and XOR operations to encrypt and decrypt plaintext. Quizzes are included to test understanding of RC4 encryption and decryption.

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    Samsung Research provides a tutorial guide on encryption techniques including symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric encryption uses mathematically coupled public and private keys. Representative algorithms for each are also described. The document then focuses on RC4, a representative stream cipher, explaining how it works using a keystream generator and XOR operations to encrypt and decrypt plaintext. Quizzes are included to test understanding of RC4 encryption and decryption.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views17 pages

    RC 4

    Uploaded by

    CHAITANYA KRISHNA CHAUHAN
    Samsung Research provides a tutorial guide on encryption techniques including symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric encryption uses mathematically coupled public and private keys. Representative algorithms for each are also described. The document then focuses on RC4, a representative stream cipher, explaining how it works using a keystream generator and XOR operations to encrypt and decrypt plaintext. Quizzes are included to test understanding of RC4 encryption and decryption.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    en_US

    Samsung Research

    SSTF 2022｜Hacker’s Playground

    Tutorial Guide
    RC four
    Crypto
    Two kinds of encryption

    Symmetric Encryption Asymmetric Encryption

    One shared key for Mathematically coupled


    Key
    encryption and decryption public key and private key

    Typical Key Size 128~256 bits 1024~3072 bits (for RSA)

    Low, because it’s a complex


    Performance High
    mathematical computation

    Main Purpose Data Encryption Digital Signature/Certificate

    Representative
    DES, AES, RC4 RSA, DSA, ECC
    Algorithms

    2
    Two kinds of encryptions
    Shared Key

    Hacker’s tM5#c*q3y Hacker’s


    Symmetric VUzw^8Xn
    Playground Playground
    Encryption WfU6AcwL
    Encryption Decryption
    Plain Text Cipher Text Plain Text

    One key used for both encryption and decryption

    Key Pair

    Asymmetric Hacker’s Se@K8E1$a Hacker’s


    Playground kez8cCaMv Playground
    Encryption cg1@FCiVq
    Encryption Decryption
    Plain Text Cipher Text Plain Text

    Key Pair consisting of encryption key and decryption key 3


    RC4 (a.k.a ARC4)
    A representative stream cipher
    ▪ Stream cipher is a branch of symmetric key cipher.
    ▪ XOR-based common encryption/decryption processing

    Working
    Secret Key Plain text Cipher text

    Key Key
    Keystream Generator XOR XOR
    Stream Stream

    Key Stream Cipher text Plain text

    Step 1. Key stream generation Step 2-1. Encryption Step 2-2. Decryption

    4
    5
    6
    Quiz #1

    Simple python code


    KeyStream_From_RC4 ="<y4)ky&=zuw(8*#3*<q4Quw)o+"
    RC4_CipherText ="k6cv36tb1<9ogcplby#qpT"
    Can you get the plaintext?
    Download the source code HERE.

    Try it before you see the solution.

    7
    Solution for Quiz #1

    It’s quite simple. To decrypt the RC4 ciphertext, just XOR it with the key stream.

    And you did it!

    Bytewise XORing of ciphertext and key stream

    8
    9
    Quiz #2
    from Crypto.Cipher import ARC4 ARC4 module generates key
    from binascii import hexlify
    from secret import key, flag stream and XORs with the input.
    def encrypt(data): RC4 ciphertext is given,
    return ARC4.new(key).encrypt(data)
    but key is not known.
    ct = b""
    for ch in flag:
    ct += encrypt(ch)
    Can you get the plaintext?
    print("Ciphertext = ", hexlify(ct).decode()) Try it before you see the solution.
    '''
    $ python3 challenge.py
    HINT: You may need a little bit
    Ciphertext = 6f47474c06086f47085c47085c404d08464d505c085b5c494f4d09
    '''
    brute-forcing.

    Download the source code HERE.

    10
    Solution for Quiz #2
    from Crypto.Cipher import ARC4
    According to the source code…
    from binascii import hexlify
    The flag is not encrypted at once.
    from secret import key, flag
    It’s split for each byte, encrypted,
    def encrypt(data):
    return ARC4.new(key).encrypt(data) and put back together.
    ct = b""
    for ch in flag: Each letter of the flag is XORed with
    ct += encrypt(ch)
    the first byte of the key stream.
    print("Ciphertext = ", hexlify(ct).decode())
    Only one byte of the key stream is used.
    '''
    $ python3 challenge.py The entire flag data can be recovered
    Ciphertext = 6f47474c06086f47085c47085c404d08464d505c085b5c494f4d09
    ''' by finding the value of the one byte.

    11
    Solution for Quiz #2
    Try every possible case.
    1 byte is group of 8 bits, so there can be 28 = 256 cases

    Bytewise XORing of ciphertext and key stream

    Try XORing for every possible case

    We got a meaningful sentence among them.

    12
    Let’s practice

    13
    Challenge Definition

    There are
    ▪ one key,
    unknown
    ▪ two plaintexts
    flag: unknown
    msg: known
    ▪ and two ciphertexts
    both of them are known

    Ciphertext1
    Ciphertext2
    14
    Let’s see
    key✓unknown

    Keystream Generator
    msg
    ✓known flag✓unknown
    Key Stream
    ✓unknown
    XOR XOR

    Ciphertext1
    ✓known Ciphertext2
    ✓known

    Can you see? We can find the flag, even without key!
    ▪ Because when a b = c, a c = b.

    15
    It’s an easy logic! XOR

    Ciphertext1 Key Stream flag


    ✓

    msg Ciphertext2
    ✓ ✓

    Step 1. We can recover the Key Stream from the known plaintext and ciphertext pair.
    Step 2. We can recover the Ciphertext2 because now we know the Key Stream.
    Step 3. Now we got the flag!! :)

    16
    Does it really work?

    Yes, it does!
    Give it a shot!

    Bytewise XORing of ct1, msg, and ct2

    17

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