College: Engineering Campus: Bambang: Instructional Module IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
College of Engineering
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
DEGREE Bachelor of Science in COURSE NO. EE 6

PROGRAM Electrical Engineering
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Electrical Apparatus and Devices
YEAR LEVEL 3 TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 4
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
THREE PHAS TRANSFORMER
II. LESSON TITLE
1. Three-phase transformer
2. Parallel operation of transformers
3. Various types of transformers and their applications
4. Protective devices: characteristics, principle of operation and applications
5. Standard ratings of protective devices
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson provides an idea of a three-phase transformer. It aims to teach students

determine the maximum three-phase load that a given transformer bank can support. Calculate
the load shared by each paralleled transformer. Discuss the different types of transformers and
their uses. Lastly, this module give discussion on protective devices, its characteristics, principle
of operation, applications and standard ratings.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Calculate the maximum three phase load that a certain transformer bank can carry.
2. Compute the load shared by each transformer operated in parallel.
3. Discuss the various types of transformers and their applications.
4. Discuss and familiarize the protective devices, its characteristics, principle of operation,
applications and standard ratings.
V. LESSON CONTENT
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION:
 A three-phase power transformer is used at the power generating station to step-up the
voltage. Whereas in the power distribution substation, the three-phase voltage is again
stepped down through a three-phase distribution transformer.
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 A three-phase transformer can be made either by three windings wound on a common core
or by three single-phase transformers connected together in a three-phase bank.
 The first approach is a cheaper one that results in a transformer with smaller size and less
weight. The main disadvantage of the first approach is that if one phase becomes defective,
then the whole transformer needs to be replaced. Whereas in the second approach, if one of
the transformers becomes defective then the system can be given power by an open delta at
a reduced capacity. In this case, the defective transformer is normally replaced by a new one.
The primary and secondary windings of the transformer may be connected in either by wye (Y)
or delta (Δ).
Large scale generation of electric power is usually 3-phase at generated voltages of 13.2 kV or
somewhat higher. Transmission is generally accomplished at higher voltages of 110, 132, 275, 400 and
750 kV for which purpose 3-phase transformers are necessary to step up the generated voltage to that
of the transmission line. Next, at load centres, the transmission voltages are reduced to distribution
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voltages of 6,600, 4,600 and 2,300 volts. Further, at most of
the consumers, the distribution voltages are still reduced to
utilization voltages of 440, 220 or 110 volts. Years ago, it was
a common practice to use suitably interconnected three
single phase transformers instead of a single 3-phase
transformer. But these days, the latter is gaining popularity
because of improvement in design and manufacture but
principally because of better acquaintance of operating men
with the three-phase type. As compared to a bank of single-
phase transformers, the main advantages of a 3 phase
transformer are that it occupies less floor space for equal
rating, weighs less, costs about 15% less and further, that
only one unit is to be handled and connected.
Like single-phase transformers, the three-phase transformers

are also of the core type or shell type. The basic principle of a
3-phase transformer is illustrated in Fig. 33.1 in which only
primary windings have been shown interconnected in star and
put across 3- phase supply. The three cores are 120° apart
and their empty legs are shown in contact with each other.
The centre leg, formed by these three, carries the flux
produced by the three- phase currents IR, IY and IB. As at
any instant IR + IY + IB = 0, hence the sum of three fluxes is
also zero.
Therefore, it will make no difference if the common leg is
removed. In that case any two legs will act as the return for
the third just as in a 3-phase system any two conductors act
as the return for the current in the third conductor. This
improved design is shown in
Fig. 33.2 (a) where dotted
rectangles indicate the three windings and numbers in the cores and
yokes represent the directions and magnitudes of fluxes at a particular
instant. It will be seen that at any instant, the amount of ‘up’ flux in any
leg is equal to the sum of ‘down’ fluxes in the other two legs. The core
type transformers are usually wound with circular cylindrical coils. In a
similar way, three single-phase shell type transformers can be
combined
In a similar way, three single-
phase shell type transformers can be
combined together to form a 3- phase
shell type unit as shown in Fig. 33.2(b).
But some saving in iron can be
achieved in constructing a single 3-
phase transformer as shown in Fig.
33.3. It does not differ from three
singlephase transformers put side by
side. Saving in iron is due to the joint
use of the magnetic paths between
the coils. The three phases, in this
case, are more independent than
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they are in the core type transformers, because each phase has a magnetic circuit independent of the
other.
One main drawback in a 3-phase transformer is that if any one phase becomes disabled, then
the whole transformer has to be ordinarily removed from service for repairs (the shell type may be
operated open ∆ or Vee but this is not always feasible). However, in the case of a 3-phase bank of
single-phase transformers, if one transformer goes out of order, the system can still be run open-∆ at
reduced capacity or the faulty transformer can be readily replaced by a single spare.
Wye-Wye Connection
At the primary side, the phase voltage can be written as,
At the secondary side, the phase voltage can be written as,
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The ratio of the primary line voltage to the secondary line voltage of this connection is,
By roxas Equivalent Circuit Diagram:
Phasor Diagram:
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Note:
VP= voltage induced in the primary winding (volt)
VS= voltage induced in the secondary winding (volt)
V2= line to line voltage in the secondary side of the bank (volt)
V1= line to line voltage in the primary side of the bank (volt)
IP= primary winding current (ampere)
IS= secondary winding current (ampere)
I1= line current in the primary side of the bank (ampere)
I2= line current in the secondary side of the bank (ampere)
N1/N2= turns ratio of each transformer
Unbalance problem and the third-harmonic problem can be solved by:
 Solidly ground the neutrals of the transformers, especially the primary winding's neutral. This
connection permits the additive third-harmonic components to cause a current flow in the neutral
instead of building up large voltages. The neutral also provides a return path for any current
imbalances in the load.
 Add a third (tertiary) winding connected in Δ to the transformer bank. If a third Δ-connected
winding is added to the transformer. then the third harmonic components of voltage in the Δ will
add up, causing a circulating current flow within the winding. This suppresses the thirdharmonic
components of voltage in the same manner as grounding the transformer neutrals.The Δ-
connected tertiary windings need not even be brought out of the transformer case, but they often
are used to supply lights and auxiliary power within the substation where it is located. The tertiary
windings must be large enough to handle the circulating currents, so they are usually made about
one-third the power rating of the two main windings.
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By Theraja
Star/Star or Y/Y Connection:

This connection is most economical for
small, high-voltage transformers because
the number of turns/phase and the amount
of insulation required is minimum (as phase
voltage is only 1/√3 of line voltage). In Fig.
33.4 a bank of 3 transformers connected in
Y on both the primary and the secondary
sides is shown. The ratio of line voltages
on the primary and secondary sides is the
same as the transformation ratio of each
transformer.
However, there is a phase shift of 30°
between the phase voltages and line
voltages both on the primary and secondary
sides. Of course, line voltages on both sides
as well as primary voltages are respectively in phase with each other. This connection works
satisfactorily only if the load is balanced. With the unbalanced load to the neutral, the neutral point
shifts thereby making the three line-to-neutral (i.e. phase) voltages unequal. The effect of unbalanced
loads can be illustrated by placing a single load between phase (or coil) a and the neutral on the
secondary side. The power to the load has to be supplied by primary phase (or coil) A. This primary coil
A cannot supply the required power because it is in series with primaries B and C whose secondaries
are open. Under these conditions, the primary coils B and C act as very high impedances so that
primary coil A can obtain but very little current through them from the line.
Hence, secondary coil a cannot supply any appreciable power. In fact, a very low resistance
approaching a short-circuit may be connected between point a and the neutral and only a very small
amount of current will flow. This, as said above, is due to the
reduction of voltage Ean because of neutral shift. In other
words, under short-circuit conditions, the neutral is pulled too
much towards coil a. This reduces Ean but increases Ebn and
Ecn (however line voltage EAB, EBC and ECA are unaffected).
On the primary side, EAN will be practically reduced to zero
whereas EBN and ECN will rise to nearly full primary line
voltage. This difficulty of shifting (or floating) neutral can be
obviated by connecting the primary neutral (shown dotted in
the figure) back to the generator so that primary coil A can take
its required power from between its line and the neutral. It
should be noted that if a single phase load is connected
between the lines a and b, there will be a similar but less
pronounced neutral shift which results in an overvoltage on one
or more transformers.
Another advantage of stabilizing the primary neutral by
connecting it to neutral of the generator is that it eliminates
distortion in the secondary phase voltages. This is explained as
follows. For delivering a sine wave of voltage, it is necessary to
have a sine wave of flux in the core, but on account of the
characteristics of iron, a sine wave of flux requires a third
harmonic component in the exciting current. As the frequency
of this component is thrice the frequency of the circuit, at any
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given instant, it tends to flow either towards or away from the neutral point in all the three transformers.
If the primary neutral is isolated, the triple frequency current cannot flow. Hence, the flux in the core
cannot be a sine wave and so the voltages are distorted. But if the primary neutral is earthed i.e. joined
to the generator neutral, then this provides a path for the triple-frequency currents and e.m.fs. and the
difficulty is overcome. Another way of avoiding this trouble of oscillating neutral is to provide each of the
transformers with a third or tertiary winding of relatively low kVA rating. This tertiary winding is
connected in ∆ and provides a circuit in which the triple-frequency component of the magnetising
current can flow (with an isolated neutral, it could not). In that case, a sine wave of voltage applied to
the primary will result in a sine wave of phase voltage in the secondary. As said above, the advantage
of this connection is that insulation is stressed only to the extent of line to neutral voltage i.e. 58% of the
line voltage
Wye-Delta Connection
The expression of the primary line voltage is
At the secondary side, the line voltage is
The ratio of primary phase voltage to secondary phase voltage is
The ratio of primary line voltage to secondary line voltage is
The primary phase current is
The turns ratio is
The expression of the secondary phase current is
The secondary line current is
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 This connection does have one problem; Because of the connection, the secondary voltage is
shifted 30° relative to the primary voltage of the transformer. The fact that a phase shift has
occurred can cause problems in paralleling the secondaries of two transformer banks
together. The phase angles of transformer secondaries must be equal if they are to be
paralleled, which means that attention must be paid to the direction of the 30˚ phase shift
occurring in each transformer bank to be paralleled together.
 The connection will cause the secondary voltage to be lagging if the system phase sequence
is abc. If the system phase sequence is acb, then the connection will cause the secondary
voltage to be leading the primary voltage by 30˚.
By Roxas
Equivalent Circuit Diagram:
Phasor Diagram:
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By Theraja
Wye/Delta or Y/∆ Connection
The main use of this connection is at the substation end of the transmission line where the
voltage is to be stepped down. The primary winding is Y-connected with grounded neutral as
shown in Fig. 33.6. The ratio between the secondary and primary line voltage is 1/√3 times the
transformation ratio of each transformer. There is a 30° shift between the primary and
secondary line voltages which means that a Y - ∆ transformer bank cannot be paralleled with
either a Y - Y or a ∆ - ∆ bank. Also, third harmonic currents flows in the ∆ to provide a sinusoidal
flux.
Delta-Wye Connection
The line voltage at the secondary side is
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The phase current at the primary side is
For this connection, the turns ratio is
In this case, the secondary phase current is
By Roxas
Equivalent circuit diagram:
Phasor Diagram:
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By Theraja
This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to

step up the voltage as for example, at the beginning of high-
tension transmission system. The connection is shown in Fig.33.7.
The neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing 3-phase 4-
wire service. In recent years, this connection has gained
considerable popularity because it can be used to serve both the
3-phase power equipment and single-phase lighting circuits.
This connection is not open to the objection of a floating neutral

and voltage distortion because the existence of a ∆-connection
allows a path for the third-harmonic currents. It would be
observed that the primary and secondary line voltages and line
currents are out of phase with each other by 30°. Because of this
30° shift, it is impossible to parallel such a bank with a ∆ - ∆ or Y -
Y bank of transformers even though the voltage ratios are
correctly adjusted. The ratio of secondary to primary voltage is √3
times the transformation ratio of each transformer.
Delta-Delta Connection
The line voltage at the secondary side is
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The output capacity in delta-delta connection can be expressed as
and
By Roxas
Equivalent circuit diagram:
Phasor diagram:
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By Theraja
Delta-Delta or ∆ - ∆ Connection
This connection is economical for large, low-voltage transformers in which insulation problem is not so
urgent, because it increases the number of turns/phase. The transformer connections and voltage
triangles are shown in Fig. 33.5. The ratio of transformation between primary and secondary line
voltage is exactly the same as that of each transformer. Further, the secondary voltage triangle abc
occupies the same relative position as the primary voltage triangle ABC i.e. there is no angular
displacement between the two. More- over, there is no internal phase shift between phase and line
voltages on either side as was the case in Y - Y connection.
This connection has the following advantages:
1. As explained above, in order that the output voltage be
sinusoidal, it is necessary that the magnetising current of
the transformer must contain a third harmonic component.
In this case, the third harmonic component of the
magnetising current can flow in the - connected transformer
primaries without flowing in the line wires. The three phases
are 120° apart which is 3 x 120 = 360° with respect to the
third harmonic, hence it merely circulates in the ∆.
Therefore, the flux is sinusoidal which results in sinusoidal
voltages.
2. No difficulty is experienced from unbalanced loading as
was the case in Y - Y connection. The three-phase voltages
remain practically constant regardless of load imbalance.
3. An added advantage of this connection is that if one
transformer becomes disabled, the system can continue to
operate in open-delta or in V - V although with reduced
available capacity. The reduced capacity is 58% and not
66.7% of the normal value.
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Open Delta or V-connected
If one of the transformers of a ∆ − ∆ is removed and 3-phase supply is connected to the primaries as
shown in Fig.33.11, then three equal 3-phase voltages will be available at the secondary terminals on
no-load. This method of transforming 3-phase power by means of only two transformers is called the
open− ∆ or V – V connection.
It is employed:
1. When the three-phase load is too small to warrant
the installation of full three-phase transformer bank.
2. When one of the transformers in a ∆ − ∆ bank is
disabled, so that service is continued although at
reduced capacity, till the faulty transformer is
repaired or a new one is substituted.
3. When it is anticipated that in future the load will
increase necessitating the closing of open delta
One important point to note is that the total load that can be carried by a V – V bank is not two-third of
the capacity of a ∆ − ∆ bank but it is only 57.7% of it. That is a reduction of 15% (strictly 15.5%) from its
normal rating. Suppose there is ∆ − ∆ bank of three 10-kVA transformers. When one transformer is
removed, then it runs in V – V. The total rating of the two transformers is 20kVA. But the capacity of the
V – V bank is not the sum of the transformer kVA ratings but only 0.866 of it i.e. 20 x 0.866 = 17.32 (or
30 x 0.57 = 17.3 kVA). The fact that the ratio of V-capacity to ∆ − capacity is 1/√3 = 57.7% (or nearly
58%) instead of 66 2/3 per cent can be proved as follows:
As seen from Fig.33.12 (a)
In Fig. 33.12 (b), it is obvious that when ∆ − ∆ bank becomes V – V bank, the secondary line current IL
becomes equal to the secondary phase current IS.
It means that the 3-phase load which can be carried without exceeding the ratings of the transformers
is 57.7 per cent of the original load rather than the expected 66.7%.
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Power Supplied by V – V Bank:
When a V – V bank of two transformers supplies a balanced 3-phase load of power factor cos Փ, then
one transformer operates at a p.f. of cos (30° - Փ) and the other at cos (30° + Փ). Consequently, the two
transformers will not have the same voltage regulation.
In this case, one transformer will have a p.f. = cos (30 – 60°) = cos (-30°) = 0.866 and the other of cos
(30° + 60°) = 0. It means that one of the transformers will not supply any load whereas the other having
a p.f. = 0.866 will supply the entire load.
Scott or T-connected
This is a connection by which 3-phase to 3-phase transformation is accomplished with the help of two
transformers as shown in Fig. 33.13. Since it was first proposed by Charles F. Scott, it is frequently
referred to as Scott connection. This connection can alsobe used for 3-phase to 2-phase transformation.
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One of the transformers has centre taps both on the primary and secondary windings (Fig. 33.13) and
is known as the main transformer. It forms the horizontal member of the connection (Fig. 33.14).
The other transformer has a 0.866 tap and is known as teaser

transformer. One end of both the primary and secondary of the teaser
transformer is joined to the center taps on both primary and
secondary of the main transformer respectively as shown in Fig.
33.14 (a). The other end A of the teaser primary and the two ends B
and C of the main transformer primary are connected to the 3-phase
supply.
In the primary voltage T of Fig. 33.14 (a), EDC and EDB are each 50 V and differ in phase by 180°,
because both coils DB and DC are on the same magnetic circuit and are connected in opposition. Each
side of the equilateral triangle represents 100 V. The voltage EDA being the altitude of the equilateral
triangle is equal to (√3/2) x 100 = 86.6 V and lags behind the voltage across the main by 90˚. The same
relation holds good in the secondary winding so that abc is a symmetrical 3-phase system.
With reference to the secondary voltage triangle of Fig. 33.14 (b), it should be noted that for a load of
unity power factor, current Idb lags behind voltage Edb by 30˚. In other words, the teaser transformer
and each half of the main transformer, all operate at different power factors.
Obviously, the full rating of the transformers is not being utilized. The teaser transformer operates only
0.866 of its rated voltage and the main transformer coils operate at cos 30˚ = 0.866 power factor, which
is equivalent to the main transformer’s coils working at 86.6% of their kVA rating. Hence the capacity to
rating ratio in a T – T connection is 86.6% - the same as in V – V connection if two identical units are
used, although heating in the two cases is not the same.
If, however, both the teaser primary and secondary windings are designed for 86.6 volts only, then they
will be operating at full rating, hence the combined rating of the arrangement would become (86.6 +
86.6)/(100 + 86.6) = 0.928 of its total rating. In other words, ratio of kVA utilized to that available would
be 0.928 which makes this connection more economical than open-∆ with its ratio of 0.866
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Fig. 33.15 shows the secondary of the T – T connection with
its different voltages based on a nominal voltage of 100 V. As
seen, the neutral point n is one third way up from point d. If
secondary voltage and current vector diagram is drawn for
load power factor of unity, it will be found that
1. current in teaser transformer is in phase with the

voltage.
2. in the main transformer, current leads the voltage by

30° across one half but lags the voltage by 30°
across the other half as shown in Fig. 33.14 (b).
Hence, when a balanced load of p.f. = cos Փ, is applied, the teaser current will lag or lead the voltage
by Փ while in the two halves of the main transformer, the angle between current and voltage will be (30°
- Փ) and (30° + Փ). The situation is similar to that existing in a V – V connection.
EXAMPLES
1. The PTs of a 220 kV transmission line have ratio of 132.76 kV/66.375 kV and are connected
wye-wye. A voltmeter connected line to ground reads 66 V. What is the transmission line
voltage?
2. A power transformer rated 50,000 kVA, 34.5 kV/13.8kV is connected wye-wye. What are the
line currents at full load?
3. A power transformer rated 50,000 kVA, 34.5 kV/13.8kV is connected wye-grounded primary
and delta on the secondary. Determine the full load phase current on the secondary side.
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4. A bank of three 50:1 single-phase transformers connected Y-∆ is used to step down HV
transmission line rated 138kV. Determine the magnitude of the step-down voltage.
5. A balanced 3-phase transformer bank has delta-connected primary and wye-connected

secondary windings. The primary to secondary winding voltage ratio is 2400/277. Solve the
primary line current if the low-side (secondary) load draws a line current of 1000 A.
6. What should be the turns ratio of a three-phase transformer to transform 10,000 kVA from
230 kV to 4160 V if the transformer is to be connected delta-wye?
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7. A three-phase 150 kVA, 4160 V, 0.8 lagging pf load is to be supplied by three single-phase
transformers having a turns ratio of 2. Calculate the current that flows in the priary windings if
the transformers are connected delta-delta.
8. A 120-kVA, 6,000/400-V, Y/Y 3-ph, 50-Hz transformer has an iron loss of 1,600 W. The
maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full load.
Find the efficiencies of the transformer at
(i) full-load and 0.8 power factor

(ii) half-load and unity power factor
(iii) the maximum efficiency.
9. A 2000-kVA, 6,600/400-V, 3-phase transformer is delta-connected on the high voltage side

and star-connected on the low-voltage side. Determine its % resistance and % reactance
drops, % efficiency and % regulation on full load 0.8 p.f. leading given the following data :
S.C. test ; H.V. data : 400 V, 175 A and 17 kW

O.C. test; L.V. data : 400 V, 150 A and 15 kW
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10. What should be the kVA rating of each transformer in a V – V bank when the 3-phase
balanced load is 40 kVA ? If a third similar transformer is connected for operation, what is the
rated capacity ? What percentage increase in rating is affected in this way?
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS
According to Obeidat:
 For supplying a load in excess of the rating of

an existing transformer, two or more
transformers may be connected in parallel with
the existing transformer.
 The transformers are connected in parallel

when load on one of the transformers is more
than its capacity. The reliability is increased
with parallel operation than to have single larger
unit.
 The cost associated with maintaining the

spares is less when two transformers are
connected in parallel.
 It is usually economical to install another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the existing
transformer by a single larger unit. The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel transformers
(of equal rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer. In addition, it is preferable to
have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability. With this at least half the load can be
supplied with one transformer out of service.
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Condition for Parallel Operation of Transformer:
1. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries should be identical, i.e. the transformers
should have the same turn ratio.
i. If the transformers connected in parallel have slightly different voltage ratios, then
due to the inequality of induced emfs in the secondary windings, a circulating current
will flow in the loop formed by the secondary windings under the no-load condition,
which may be much greater than the normal no-load current.
ii. The current will be quite high as the leakage impedance is low. When the secondary
windings are loaded, this circulating current will tend to produce unequal loading on
the two transformers, and it may not be possible to take the full load from this group
of two parallel transformers (one of the transformers may get overloaded).
iii. A small voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current causing
unnecessary extra I2R loss.
2. The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have same X/R ratio in order to
avoid circulating currents and operation in different power factor.
i. If this condition is not satisfied then the impedance triangles are not identical in
shape and size, parallel operation will still be possible, but the power factor at which
the two transformers operate will be different (one transformer will operate with
higher power factor and the other with lower power factor) from the power factor of
the common load. In this case the two transformers will not share the load in
proportion to their KVA ratings.
3. The polarity of the two transformers should be the same.
i. Polarity of transformer means the instantaneous direction of induced emf in

secondary. If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two
transformers are opposite to each other when same input power is fed to the both of
the transformers, the transformers are said to be in opposite polarity.
ii. The transformers should be properly connected with regard to their polarity. If they
are connected with incorrect polarities then the two emfs, induced in the secondary
windings which are in parallel, will act together in the local secondary circuit and
produce a short circuit.
iii. Polarity of all transformers run in parallel should be same otherwise huge circulating
current flows in the transformer but no load will be fed from these transformers.
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iv. If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are
same when same input power is fed to the both of the transformers, the transformers
are said to be in same polarity. Inside the loop formed by the two secondaries the
resulting voltage must be zero.
4. Phase sequences and phase angle shifts must be the same (for three-phase transformer).
i. The transformer windings cab be connected in variety of ways which produce

different magnitudes and phase displacement of secondary voltages.
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EXAMPLES:
1. Connecting two transformers in parallel with one 3000 kVA with 5.75% impedance, and
the other a 1000 kVA with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a
common 3500 kVA load. What is the loading on each transformer?
2. Connecting two 2000 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformers in parallel, each with the
same turn ratios to a 4000 kVA load. What is the loading on the transformers?
3. Connecting two 2000 kVA transformers in parallel, one with 5.75% impedance and the
other with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500
kVA load. What is the loading on each transformer?
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PARALLEL OPERATION OF A THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
All the conditions which apply to the parallel operation of single-phase transformers also apply to the
parallel running of 3-phase transformers but with the following additions:
1. The voltage ratio must refer to the terminal voltage of primary and secondary. It is obvious
that this ratio may not be equal to the ratio of the number of turns per phase. For example, if
V1, V2 are the primary and secondary terminal voltages, then for Y/∆ connection, the turn ratio
is V2/(V1/√3) = √3 V2/V1.
2. The phase displacement between primary and secondary voltages must be the same for all
transformers which are to be connected for parallel operation.
3. The phase sequence must be the same.
4. All three transformers in the 3-phase transformer bank will be of the same construction either
core or shell.
Note:
i. In dealing with 3-phase transformers, calculations are made for one phase only. The value of
equivalent impedance used is the equivalent impedance per phase referred to secondary.
ii. In case the impedances of primary and secondary windings are given separately, then
primary impedance must be referred to secondary by multiplying it with (transformation ratio)2.
iii. For Y/∆ or ∆/Y transformers, it should be remembered that the voltage ratios as given in the
questions, refer to terminal voltages and are quite different from turn ratio.
EXAMPLES:
1. A load of 500 kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging is to be shared by two three- phase
transformers A and B of equal ratings. If the equivalent delta impedances as referred to
secondary are (2 + j6) Ω for A and (2 + j5) Ω for B, calculate the load supplied by each
transformer.
2. A load of 1,400 kVA at 0.866 p.f. lagging is supplied by two 3-phase transformers of 1,000
kVA and 500 kVA capacity operating in parallel. The ratio of transformation is the same in
both: 6,600/400 delta-star. If the equivalent secondary impedances are (0.001 + j 0.003) ohm
and (0.0028 + j0.005) ohm per phase respectively, calculate the load and power factor of
each transformer.
IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022
3. Two 3-phase transformers A and B having the same no-load line voltage ratio 3,300/400-V
supply a load of 750 kVA at 0.707 lagging when operating in parallel. The rating of A is 500
kVA, its resistance is 2% and reactance 3%. The corresponding values for B are 250 kVA;
1.5% and 4% respectively. Assuming that both transformers have star-connected secondary
windings, calculate
(a) the load supplied by each transformer,

(b) the power factor at which each transformer is working,
(c) the secondary line voltage of the parallel circuit.
VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
In D.C. circuit when large currents are to be measured, it is usual to use low-range ammeters with
suitable shunts. For measuring high voltages, low-range voltmeters are used with a high resistance
connected in series with them. But it is not convenient to use these methods with alternating current
and voltage instruments. For this purpose, specially constructed accurate ratio instrument transformers
are employed in conjunction with standard low-range A.C. instruments.
These instrument transformers are of two kinds: (i) current transformers for measuring large alternating
currents and (ii) potential transformers for measuring high alternating voltages.
a) CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
These transformers are used with low-range ammeters to measure

currents in high-voltage alternating-current circuits where it is not
practicable to connect instruments and meters directly to the lines. In
addition to insulating the instrument from the high voltage line, they step
down the current in a known ratio. The current (or series) transformer has
a primary coil of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with
the line whose current is to be measured as shown in Fig. 33.32. The
secondary consists of a large number of turns of fine wire and is
connected across the ammeter terminals (usually of 5-ampere bracket
should be removed or 1-ampere range)
IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022
As regards voltage, the transformers is of step-up variety but it is

obvious that current will be stepped down. Thus, if the current
transformer has primary to secondary current ratio of 100:5, then it
steps up the voltage 20 times whereas it steps down the current to
1/20th of its actual value. Hence, if we know current ratio (I1/I2) of the
transformer and the reading of the a.c. ammeter, the line current can
be calculated. In fact, line current is given by the current
transformation ratio times the reading on the ammeter. One of the
most commonly used current transformer is the one known as
clamp-on or clip-on type. It has a laminated core which is so
arranged that it can be opened out at hinged section by merely
pressing a trigger-like projection (Fig. 33.33). When the core is thus
opened, it permits the admission of very heavy current- carrying bus
bars or feeders whereupon the trigger is released and the core is
tightly closed by a spring. The current carrying conductor or feeder
acts as a single-turn primary whereas the secondary is connected
across the standard ammeter conveniently mounted in
the handle.
It should be noted that, since the ammeter resistance is very low, the current transformer normally
works short circuited. If for any reason, the ammeter is taken out of the secondary winding, then this
winding must be short circuited with the help of short-circulating switch S. If this is not done, then due
to the absence of counter amp-turns of the secondary, the unopposed primary m.m.f. will set up an
abnormally high flux in the core which will produce excessive core loss with subsequent heating and a
high voltage across the secondary terminals. This is not the case with ordinary constant-potential
transformers, because their primary current is determined by the load in their secondary whereas in a
current transformer, the primary current is determined entirely by the load on the system and not by the
load on its own secondary.
Hence, the secondary of a current transformer should never be left open under any circumstances.
EXAMPLES:
1. A 100:5 transformer is used in conjunction with a 5-amp ammeter. If the latter reads 3.5 A,
find the line current.
IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022
2. It is desired to measure a line current of the order of 2,000 A to 2,500 A. If a standard 5-amp
ammeter is to be used along with a current transformer, what should be the turn ratio of the
latter? By what factor should the ammeter reading be multiplied to get the line current in each
case?
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
These transformers are extremely accurate-ratio step-

down transformers and are used in conjunction with
standard low-range voltmeters (usually 150-V) whose
deflection when divided by voltage transformation ratio,
gives the true voltage on the high voltage side. In
general, they are of the shell-type and do not differ
much from the ordinary two-winding transformers
discussed so far, except that their power rating is
extremely small. Up to voltages of 5,000, potential
transformers are usually of the dry type, between
5,000 and 13,800 volts, they may be either dry type or
oil immersed type, although for voltages above 13,800
they are always oil immersed type. Since their
secondary windings are required to operate
instruments or relays or pilot lights, their ratings are
usually of 40 to 100 W. For safety, the secondary
should be completely insulated from the high-voltage
primary and should be, in addition, grounded for
affording protection to the operator. Fig. 33.34 shows
the connections of such a transformer.
Fig. 33.35 shows the connections of instrument transformers to a wattmeter. While connecting the
wattmeter, the relative polarities of the secondary terminals of the transformers with respect to their
primary terminals must be known for connections of the instruments.
IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. Connecting 3000 kVA and 1000 kVA transformers in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, each
with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 4000 kVA load. What is the loading on each
transformer?
2. A 2,000-kVA transformer (A) is connected in parallel with a 4,000 kVA transformer (B) to supply a
3- phase load of 5,000 kVA at 0.8 p.f. lagging. Determine the kVA supplied by each transformer
assuming equal no-load voltages. The percentage voltage drops in the windings at their rated
loads are as follows :
Transformer A Transformer B
resistance 2% ; resistance 1.6 %
reactance 8 % ; reactance 3 %
3. Three 1100/110-V transformers connected delta-delta supply a lighting load of 100 kW. One of
the transformers is damaged and removed for repairs. Find
a. What currents were flowing in each transformer when the three transformers were in
service?
b. What current flows in each transformer when the third is removed? and
c. The output kVA of each transformer if the transformers connected in open ∆ supply the
full load with normal heating?
4. The potential transformer of a line has a ratio 132,000/66. These are connected wye-delta. The
voltmeter reads 64 volts. What is the voltage of the line?
5. A 3-ph, delta/star connected 11,000/440 V, 50 Hz transformer takes a line current of 5 amp, when
secondary Load of 0.8 Lagging p.f. is connected. Determine each coil-current and output of
transformer.
6. A 11,000/6,600 V, 3-phase, transformer has a star-connected primary and a delta-connected

secondary. It supplies a 6.6 kV motor having a star-connected stator, developing 969.8 kW at a
power factor of 0.9 lagging and an efficiency of 92 percent. Calculate (i) motor line and phase
currents (ii) transformer secondary current and (iii) transformer primary current.
7. A V or open delta connected transformer bank, composed of two identical units serves a balanced
3-phase load of 16 kVA at 230 volts. Solve for the maximum size in kVA of the transformers
needed.
8. Two T-connected transformers are used to supply a 440-V, 33-kVA balanced load from a
balanced 3-phase supply of 3200 V. Calculate (a) voltage and current rating of each coil (b) kVA
rating of the main and teaser transformer.
RUBRICS FOR ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT

Criteria/Description Famous (5) Expert (3) Able Neophyte
Understand the problem Identifies special Understand the Understand Doesn’t understand
factors that problem enough to solve enough to get started or
influences the part of the make progress.
approach before problem or to get
starting the part of the solution
problem.
Uses information Explains why Uses all Uses some Uses inappropriate
appropriately certain information appropriate appropriate information.
is important to the information information
solution correctly. correctly.
Applies appropriate Explains why Applies Applies some Applies inappropriate
procedure procedures are completely appropriate procedures.
appropriate for the appropriate procedures
IM No.03: EE6-2S-2021-2022
problem. procedures.
Answer the problem Correct solution of Correct solution Simulate error, No answer or no answer
problem and computational based upon an
made a general error, partial inappropriate plan.
rule about the answer for
solution or problem with
extended the multiple answer,
solution to a more no answer
complicated statement, answer
solution. labeled
incorrectly.
INSTRUCTIONAL MODALITY
*** Classroom Assessment ***Google Classroom *** On-line Assessment
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss the following (characteristics, principle of operation and application).
a. Fuses
b. Relays
c. Lighting Arresters
2. Explain the standard rating of the protective devices.
IX. REFERENCES
B.L THERAJA, A.K. THERAJA A Textbook of Electrical Technology Vol. 1
Guru, B. S., & Hiziro, H. R. (2001). Electrical Machinery And Transformers 3rd Edition. New
York: Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE Bachelor of Science in COURSE NO. EE 6

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

THREE PHAS TRANSFORMER

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson provides an idea of a three-phase transformer. It aims to teach students

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

Like single-phase transformers, the three-phase transformers

At the primary side, the phase voltage can be written as,

At the secondary side, the phase voltage can be written as,

By roxas Equivalent Circuit Diagram:

Star/Star or Y/Y Connection:

At the secondary side, the line voltage is

The ratio of primary phase voltage to secondary phase voltage is

The ratio of primary line voltage to secondary line voltage is

The primary phase current is

The turns ratio is

The expression of the secondary phase current is

The secondary line current is

Equivalent Circuit Diagram:

Wye/Delta or Y/∆ Connection

The line voltage at the secondary side is

The ratio of primary line voltage to secondary line voltage is

The phase current at the primary side is

For this connection, the turns ratio is

In this case, the secondary phase current is

The secondary line current is

Equivalent circuit diagram:

This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to

This connection is not open to the objection of a floating neutral

The expression of the primary line voltage is

The line voltage at the secondary side is

The ratio of primary line voltage to secondary line voltage is

The secondary line current is

The output capacity in delta-delta connection can be expressed as

Equivalent circuit diagram:

Power Supplied by V – V Bank:

The other transformer has a 0.866 tap and is known as teaser

1. current in teaser transformer is in phase with the

2. in the main transformer, current leads the voltage by

5. A balanced 3-phase transformer bank has delta-connected primary and wye-connected

Find the efficiencies of the transformer at

(i) full-load and 0.8 power factor

9. A 2000-kVA, 6,600/400-V, 3-phase transformer is delta-connected on the high voltage side

S.C. test ; H.V. data : 400 V, 175 A and 17 kW

PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS

 For supplying a load in excess of the rating of

 The transformers are connected in parallel

 The cost associated with maintaining the

Condition for Parallel Operation of Transformer:

3. The polarity of the two transformers should be the same.

i. Polarity of transformer means the instantaneous direction of induced emf in

i. The transformer windings cab be connected in variety of ways which produce

3. The phase sequence must be the same.

(a) the load supplied by each transformer,

VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

These transformers are used with low-range ammeters to measure

* Classroom Assessment *Google Classroom *** On-line Assessment