“MANAGEMENT SERVICES”

The subject covers the candidates’ knowledge of the concepts, techniques and methodology
applicable to management accounting and financial management.
 Candidates should know and understand the role of information in accounting, finance and
economics and in the management processes of planning, controlling and decision-making.
 The candidates must have a working knowledge to comply with the various management
accounting and finance management activities.
 The candidates must also be able to communicate effectively matters pertaining to the
management accounting and financial management.
 The knowledge of the candidates in the competencies cited above is that of an entry level
accountant who can address the fundamental requirements of the various parties that the
candidates will be interacting professionally in the future.
 New laws, standards and other issuances which are effective as of the date of the examination
shall supersede the related topic listed in the syllabus and will be included in the examination,
unless there is an advisory from the Board of Accountancy to the contrary.
The examination shall have seventy (70) multiple choice questions. The syllabus for the subject is
presented below.
1.0 Management Accounting
1.1 Objectives, role and scope of management accounting
1.1.1 Basic management functions and concepts
1.1.2 Distinction among management accounting, cost accounting and financial accounting
1.1.3 Roles and activities of controller and treasurer
1.1.4 International certifications in management accounting
1.1.5 Global trends in management accounting
1.2 Management accounting concepts and techniques for planning & control
1.2.1 Cost terms, concepts and behavior
1.2.1.1 Nature and classification of costs
1.2.1.2 Analysis of cost behavior (variable, fixed, semi- variable/mixed, step-cost)
1.2.1.3 Splitting mixed cost (high-low, scatter graph, least-squares regressions)
1.2.1.4 Cost prediction techniques (correlation and regression learning curve)
1.2.2 Cost-volume profit (CVP) analysis
1.2.2.1 Uses, assumptions and limitations of CVP analysis
1.2.2.2 Factors affecting profit
1.2.2.3 Breakeven point in unit sales and peso sales
1.2.2.4 Required selling price, unit sales and peso sales to achieve a target profit
1.2.2.5 Sensitivity analysis (including indifference point in unit sales and peso sales)
1.2.2.6 Use of sales mix in multi-product companies
1.2.2.7 Concepts of margin of safety and degree of operating leverage
1.2.2.8 Different scenarios using CVP analysis (indifference point, step fixed, multiple
drivers)
1.2.3 Standard costing and variance analysis
1.2.3.1 Journal entries
1.2.3.2 Direct material variance (quantity, price usage, purchase price, mix and yield)
1.2.3.3 Direct labor variance (efficiency, rate, mix and yield)
1.2.3.4 Factory overhead variance – two-way method (controllable and volume); three-
way method (spending, variable efficiency and volume); four-way method (variable
spending, fixed spending, variable efficiency and volume)
1.2.4 Variable vs. Absorption Costing
1.2.4.1 Distinction between product cost and period cost
1.2.4.2 Inventory costs between variable costing and absorption costing
1.2.4.3 Nature and treatment of fixed factory overhead costs
1.2.4.4 Reconciliation of operating income under variable costing and absorption costing
1.2.5 Financial planning and budgets
1.2.5.1 Definition and coverage of the budgeting process
1.2.5.2 Master budget and its components (operating and financial budgets)
 1.2.5.3 Types of budgets (static, flexible, zero-based, continuous) 1.2.5.4 Budget
variance analysis (static and flexible)
1.3 Management accounting concepts and techniques for performance measurement
1.3.1 Responsibility accounting and transfer pricing
1.3.1.1 Concepts of decentralization, segment reporting, goal congruence and motivation
1.3.1.2 Controllable and non-controllable costs, direct and common costs
1.3.1.3 Type of responsibility centers (cost, revenue, profit and investment centers)
1.3.1.4 Preparation of segmented income statement
1.3.1.5 Performance margin (manager vs. segment performance)
1.3.1.6 Return on investment (ROI), residual income and economic value added (EVA)
1.3.1.7 Rational and need for transfer price
1.3.1.8 Transfer pricing schemes (minimum transfer price, market-based transfer price,
cost-based transfer price and negotiated price)
1.3.2 Balance scorecard
1.3.2.1 Nature and perspectives of balanced scorecard
1.3.2.2 Financial and non-financial performance measures (productivity, cycle efficiency
and throughput measures)
1.4 Management Accounting Concepts and Techniques for Decision Making
1.4.1 Relevant costing and differential analysis
1.4.1.1 Definition and identification of relevant costs
1.4.1.2 Concept of opportunity costs
1.4.1.3 Approaches in analyzing alternatives in non-routing decisions (total and
differential)
1.4.1.4 Types of decisions (make or buy, accept or reject special order, continue or
drop/shutdown, sell or process further, best product combination, pricing decisions)
1.4.1.5 Probability analysis (expected value concept)
1.4.1.6 Decision tree diagram
1.4.1.7 Linear programming (graphic method; algebraic method)
2.0 Financial Management
2.1 Objectives and scope of financial management
2.1.1 Nature, purpose and scope of financial management
2.1.2 Role of financial managers in investment, operating and financing decisions
2.2 Financial Management Concepts and Techniques for Planning, Control & Decision Making
2.2.1 Financial statement analysis
2.2.1.1 Vertical analysis (common-size financial statements)
2.2.1.2 Horizontal analysis (trend percentages and index analysis
2.2.1.3 Cash flow analysis (interpretation of cash flows including free cash flow concept)
2.2.1.4 Gross profit variance analysis (price, cost and volume factors)
2.2.1.5 Financial ratios (liquidity, solvency, activity, profitability, growth and other ratios;
Du Pont model)
2.2.1.6 Financial forecasting using additional funds needed (AFN)
2.2.2 Working capital management
2.2.2.1 Concepts and significance of working capital management 2.2.2.2 Working capital
investment and financing policies (conservative, aggressive and the hedging/moderate
approach)
2.2.2.3 Cash and marketable securities management (cash conversion cycle, optimal
cash balance, collection and disbursement float, cash management system)
2.2.2.4 Receivables management (average balance of and investment in accounts
receivable, incremental analysis and evaluation of discount, collection and credit policies)
2.2.2.5 Inventory management (carrying, ordering and stock-out costs, inventory control
system including EOQ model, safety stock, reorder point)
2.2.2.6 Sources of short-term funds (trade credit, bank loans, commercial papers,
receivable factoring credit lines and revolving credit)
2.2.2.7 Estimating cost of short-term funds (annual cost of trade credit, effective and
nominal annual rate of short-term funds)
2.2.3 Capital budgeting
 2.2.3.1 Capital investment decision factors (net investment for decision making, cost of
capital, cash and accrual net returns)
2.2.3.2 Non-discounted capital budgeting techniques (payback period, accounting rate of
return on original and average investment, bailout payback and payback reciprocal)
2.2.3.3 Discounted capital budgeting techniques (net present value, internal rate of
return, profitability index, equivalent annual annuity, fisher rate/NPV point of difference)
2.2.3.4 Project screening, project ranking and capital rationing (independent and mutually
exclusive capital investment projects)
2.2.3.5 Sensitivity analysis (effects of changes in project cash flow, tax rates and other
assumptions)
2.2.4 Risks and leverage
2.2.4.1 Types of risks (business/operating, financing)
2.2.4.2 Measures of risks (coefficient of variation and standard deviation)
2.2.4.3 Degree of operating, financial and total leverage
2.2.5 Capital structure and long-term financing decision
2.2.5.1 Basic concepts and tools of capital structure management
2.2.5.2 Sources of intermediate and long-term financing (including hybrid financing)
2.2.5.3 Cost of capital (cost of long-term debt, cost of preferred shares, cost of equity,
weighted average cost of cap’l, marginal cost of capital)
2.2.6 Financial markets
2.2.6.1 Money markets
2.2.6.1.1 Types of money market instruments
2.2.6.2 Capital market
2.2.6.2.1 Fixed income market
2.2.6.2.1.1 Types/examples of fixed income instruments
2.2.6.2.1.2 Basic valuation
2.2.6.2.2 Stock market
2.2.6.2.2.1 Types/examples of equity instruments
2.2.6.2.2.2 Basic valuation
3.0 Economic concepts essential to obtaining an understanding of entity’s business and industry
3.1 Macroeconomics (national economic issues and measures of economic performance such as
GDP, Business cycle; unemployment and inflation; fiscal and monetary policies; international trade
and foreign exchange rates)
3.2 Microeconomics (concept of and factors affecting supply; concept of and factors affecting
demand; market equilibrium; price elasticity of demand; market structure; production and cost
functions)