Semi-Integral-Abutment Design Example (USA Unit)
Semi-Integral-Abutment Design Example (USA Unit)
Semi-Integral-Abutment Design Example (USA Unit)
This section of the chapter establishes the practices and requirements necessary for the design and detailing of semi-integral abutments. For general requirements and guidelines on the use of semi-integral abutments, see File Nos. 20.01-1 thru -5. Sample design calculations are provided to assist the designer and are intended to correspond to the sample details shown in File Nos. 20.03-2 thru -10. Note that calculations are provided for the backwall and associated structural components only. Plan and elevation views and sections of the semi-integral abutment are provided in this chapter for information on the shape of the backwall in relation to the semi-integral backwall and to illustrate some additional details required on the abutment sheets. Back of stem is the reference line on the semi-integral abutment and substructure layout sheets. End of slab is the reference line on remaining sheets. Additional sample details are provided to assist the designer in the detailing of semi-integral abutments. These details are provided to show differences in details between steel/concrete stringers, bridges with/without skew and semi-integral abutment layout. Preferred practice on semi-integral abutment layout falls in the following order: 1. Wingwalls oriented transversely to traffic, elephant ears, with the terminal wall on the superstructure. See File Nos. 20.03-11 thru -14. 2. Wingwalls oriented parallel to traffic, u-back wings, with the terminal wall on the superstructure. Offset the inside face of wall 3 feet from the face of rail/parapet to allow for dynamic deflection of the attached guardrail. See File Nos. 20.03-15 thru -18. It is generally desirable to eliminate potential conflicts between superstructure and substructure components. As such, the second layout preference should only be used where right-of-way (R/W), maintenance of traffic (MOT) or design restrictions make the preferred layout not feasible. For design/detailing check list for semi-integral abutments, see File Nos. 20.03-19 and -20.
nb =
Es 33w
1.5
' c
nw =
Es 33w
1.5 ' fcWall
=9
w=
1 K p (HBackwall ) 2 2
w=
L=
S Beam cos
9.33 ft = 10.77 ft cos 30o
L=
For simplicity, use the following equations to determine moments, shear, and reaction.
Mpos = 0.08wl 2 = 0.08(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft)2 = 107.6 ft-kip
M neg = 0.10wl 2 = 0.10(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 134.6 ft-kip
2
Maximum positive moment Maximum negative moment Maximum shear Maximum reaction at girder
Vmax = 0.6wl = 0.6(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 75.0 k R max = 1.1wl = 1.1(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 137.4 k
Design Integral Backwall: Group IV load combination controls. Group IV allowable overstress is 125%. **For this example, Group IV loading controls the design. It shall be the responsibility of the designer to verify which load case controls, and design accordingly. fs = 125%(0.4Fy) fc = 125%(0.4fc)
v c.allowabl e = 125%(0.95 f c' )
Allowable stress of steel Allowable of stress of concrete Allowable shear stress in concrete
Flexure design using negative moment: n=8 h = TBackwall h = 19.0 in Modular ratio of backwall concrete to steel Height of section resisting flexure Width of section resisting flexure Depth to first mat of reinforcing steel Depth to second mat of reinforcing steel Depth to compression steel
b = HBackwall DAS = 76.0 in 18.0 in = 58.0 in d1 = h Cover = 19.0 in 3.5 in = 15.5 in d2 = h 10.0 in = 19.0 in 10 in = 9.0 in d = 3.5 in
Try #6 bars at ~9 spacing. For this backwall height, there are 7 bars in each tension layer. As1 = 3.08 in2
A d + A s2 d 2 d = s1 1 A +A s1 s2
Performing section analysis (including the compression steel) YNA = 3.75 in Fs1 = 29,800 psi Fc = 1,200 psi Distance from compression face to neutral axis < fs.allowable = 30,000 psi < fc.allowable = 2,000 psi OK OK In first layer of tension steel
Use #4 stirrups, with 2 legs in the shear plane, Av = 0.4 in2. Equation (8-7) from AASHTO Sec. 8.15.5.3
s=
(A v fs.allowable ) = 0.4 in2 (30,000 psi) = 6.7 in (v v c.allowable ) b (106 psi 75 psi)58.0 in
Stirrup spacing
A v.min =
(50bs )
fy
s=
(A
v.min y
50b
s = 6.7 in controls
Shear Stud Design at Girder Ends: Zr = 8.12 k For 7/8 AASHTO Sec. 10.38.5.1.1 Zr = 125%(8.12 k) Zr = 10.15 k Horizontal shear capacity per stud, with 25% overstress
nstuds =
Therefore, use 7, 7/8 studs on each side of beam web, for a total of 14 studs.
(w (W
Bridge
) tan )
tan
WBridge 1 + L Bridge
Estimated maximum movement in one direction at abutment. Assume that the temperature increase will only be two-thirds of the total range.
hrp = 6.33 ft(12 in/1 ft) 3 in 2 in 3 in 1 in = 67 in Fg = 2,000 psi Maximum galling stress for ASTM A276 Type 316 steel, of which the rub plates are constructed. Allowable galling stress Minimum rub plate width
(h rp f g )
263.8 k(1000 lbs/1 k) = 3.58 in 67 in(1,100 psi)
Rp
w min =
Ensure the minimum rub plate width is maintained during extremes of the temperature cycle. w = wmin + Lrub = 3.58 in + 0.78 in = 4.36 in Use 5 in x 64 in x 0.5 in rub plate
Design wing haunch to resist load transferred through the rub plates:
Slope = 1.5
ww = Rp HBackwall = 263.8 k = 41.7 klf 6.33 ft
2
Rate of slop of wing per ft Assume that the resultant is uniformly distributed along the rub plate
Ms =
Ms =
(w
HBackwall 2
V = Rp = 263.8 k Lwing = 2.0 ft + HBackwall(Slope) Lwing = 2.0 ft + 6.33 ft(1.5) = 11.5 ft Ccg = 4.5 in dwing = Lwing Ccg dwing = 11.5 ft (4.5 in(1 ft/12 in) = 11.1 ft
v c allowable
wing
v > vc allowable, Shear reinforcement required Use #4 stirrups, with 2 legs in the shear plane, Av = 0.4 in2. Equation (8-7) from AASHTO Sec. 8.15.5.3
s=
(v v
A v f s allowable
c allowable wing
)T
Stirrup spacing
wing
s=
(50bs )
fy
s=
A v.min f y 50Twing
s = 11.9 in controls
Try two rows of #5 bars, with 5 bars per row d1 = Lwing Cover d1 = 11.5 ft(12 in/1 ft) 3.5 in = 134.5 in d2 = d1 3 in = 134.5 in 3 in = 131.5 in As1 = 1.53 in2 As2 = 1.53 in2 Depth to second mat of reinforcing steel Depth to first mat of reinforcing steel
Performing section analysis (including the compression steel) fs1 = 25,940 psi fc = 350 psi
Thickness of the EPS layer:
Thickness of EPS layer as per File No. 20.06-6: t = 120F L = (Lthermalt) L = 125.0 ft(12in/1ft)(6.5x10-6 per deg. F )120F = 1.17 in EPSt = 10(0.01HBackwall + 0.67L) EPSt = 10[(0.01)(76.0 in)+ (0.67)(1.17 in)] = 15.4 in Therefore, use EPSt = 16 in. Total range of movement at abutment due to temperature
Top of rub plate to begin 3 below top of deck. Bottom of rub plate to maintain 2 clear from top of bottom flange for steel superstructures; 3 clear from bottom of beam for concrete. Preformed joint filler to extend as shown. Provide distance from back of stem to break in seat to allow for contraction and creep with 1 clear. Delete this note if railings are used or slip forming of parapets is not allowed. Bridge plans shall be arranged such that backwall details follow the Deck Plan. For general sheet order, see File No. 01.02-4. Show plan and elevation view of integral backwall at a preferred scale of 3/8 = 1-0. The elevation view should be projected down from the plan view. When bridge is not on skew and where sufficient room is not available in elevation view, plan view is not required. Label the location centerline/baseline as shown on the title sheet. End of slab shall be used as the reference line for layout of integral backwalls. Label skew angle (if applicable). The minimum width of integral backwall shall be 1-7 for steel stringers and 1-10 for concrete stringers. Clipping flanges is preferable to increases in thickness where required due to skew. All ST series and SV series bars shall be aligned parallel to the beam/girder centerline. The maximum spacing shall be 12. ST0602 bars between the backwall and the approach slab (where applicable) are not required outside of the exterior beam/girder. Thickness of backwall shall be increased by 10 at the acute corner of skewed bridges outside of the exterior stringers. The increase in thickness shall end at the top surface of the bottom flange for steel stringers or 1 above the bottom of beam for concrete stringers. ST0501, ST0602, SV0402 and SV0504 shall be galvanized. All other backwall reinforcing steel shall be epoxy-coated. Distance between face of integral backwall and back of stem shall be a minimum of 4.
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