PR2 Collection of Data

GRADE XII -HUMSS, ICT, FBS 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
TIME FRAME: September
CONTENT: COLLECTION OF DATA/INSTRUMENTATION AND STATISTUCAL TREATMENT
CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. quantitative research designs
2. description of sample
3. instrument development
4. data collection and analysis procedures such as survey, interview, and observation
5. guidelines in writing research methodology
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learners shall be able to describe adequately research designs, sample,
instrument used, data collection and analysis procedures.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. chooses appropriate quantitative research design
2. describes sampling procedures and the sample
3. constucts an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability
4. plans data collection procedure
5. presents written research methodology
INTRODUCTION:
Discussion of the chapter of their research paper the Review of the Related Literature.
MOTIVATION:
Read and examine an excerpt from a research study and answer the following questions.
1. What type of sampling technique did the researchers employ in their study? Explain
2. What type of quantitative research designs was used in the study? Explain.
INSTRUCTION / DELIVERY:
Collection of Data
Survey
- descriptive type of research design that describes “what is” and doesn’t need an intervention.
Correlational research designs

- explore relationships among variables and don’t need an intervention as well.
Causal-comparative or quasi-experimental designs

- study involves an intervention, and it tests causality of variables with suboptimal control.
Sample
- pertains to the representative of the population from which it was selected.
Population
- group of interest to the researcher
Four Types of Sampling Techniques

1. Random sampling – all individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance
of being selected.
2. Stratified sampling – subgroups of the population will be selected. These subgroups are
representative samples in the same proportion that exists in the population.
3. Cluster sampling – groups not individuals are randomly selected. Members of the group have the
same characteristics.
4. System sampling - individuals are selected from a list by taking every nth number in the list.
 Whenever possible, the sample should be large. Different types of research design require s different
minimum number of samples. Generally, recommended for causal-comparative and correlational
research are at least 30 in each group, and 15 in experimental research.
Nonprobability sampling – also applied in some researches, particularly in social science researches.
1. Convenience sampling – use of the volunteers and existing groups
2. Judgment or purposive sampling – use of believed groups
3. Quota sampling – used of quota if not all members of the population can be used as a sample.
Instrumentation and Statistical Treatment
Research instruments – tools that measure variables in the study and designed to obtain data on a topic of
interest from the subjects of research.
Charactersitics of Research Instrument

1. Validity – pertains to the defensibility of the inferences formulated by the researchers from the
collection of data through the use of the instrument.
2. Reliability – a reliable instrument gives consistent results whenever being used.
3. Objectivity – refers to the absence of subjective judgments in the research instrument.
Three Types of Research Instrument

1. Cognitive research instrument – measures the intellectual processes such as problem solving,
analysing and reasoning.
2. Aptitude research instruments – measure mental ability and are for predicting future performance
of the subject.
3. Affective research – assess one’s feelings, attitudes, beliefs, interests, personality, and values.
This type of instrument is usually expressed in the Likert scale, semantic differential scale.
Content validation – pertains to the conceptual content of the instrument
Face validation – refers to the structure and language used in the study
Item Analysis - statistical technique that measures the effectiveness of a research instrument
Difficulty index – pertains to the proportion of students who answered the test item correctly
Discrimination index – refers to how well an assessment differentiates between high scorers and low
scorers
Direct administration to a group – refers to administration of the research instruments to all members of
the group at the same time and most often at the same place.
Mail surveys – pertain to sending survey questionnaire to respondents via snail mail or e-mail that should
be returned on a given date.
Personal interview – face-to-face interview with the respondent.
For Correlational Research Design; Two Ways of Collecting Data

1. Explanatory study – the instrument will be administered to the respondents on one or two
sessions.
2. Prediction study – the measurement of the criterion variables often takes place sometime after the
measurement of the prediction table.
Two Types of Statistical Procedures

1. Descriptive statistics – organizes and summarizes the data in a form of numerical summaries and
graphical summaries
2. Inferential statistics – draws inferences about the relationship of two or more variables; it also
uses samples to generalize a population
ENRICHMENT:
What type of quantitative research design is applicable for the following research questions?
1. Is there a correlation between socioeconomic status and managerial skill?
2. Do guidance counsellors behave differently toward socioeconomic status and managerial skills?
3. What per cent of high school graduates will pursue career in the ICT strand?
4. Does technology-aided business generate more income than traditional business?
EVALUATION:
Preparation of interview questionnaire.

PR2 Collection of Data

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GRADE XII -HUMSS, ICT, FBS 12

TIME FRAME: September

CONTENT: COLLECTION OF DATA/INSTRUMENTATION AND STATISTUCAL TREATMENT

Correlational research designs

Causal-comparative or quasi-experimental designs

Four Types of Sampling Techniques

Instrumentation and Statistical Treatment

Charactersitics of Research Instrument

Three Types of Research Instrument

Content validation – pertains to the conceptual content of the instrument

Personal interview – face-to-face interview with the respondent.

For Correlational Research Design; Two Ways of Collecting Data

Two Types of Statistical Procedures

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