Class – XII Subject: Chemistry (Practical) Term-2 Experiments (2022_23)

Exp. No Aim
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
1 Prepare 250 ml of 0.1MSolution of Oxalic Acid From Crystalline Oxalic Acid
2 Determination of Concentration/Morality of KMnO4 Solution by Titrating itagainst a
0.1M Standard Solution of Oxalic acid
3 Determination of Concentration/Morality of KMnO4 Solution by Titrating itagainst a
Standard Solution of Ferrous ammonium sulphate
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
4 To Identify the given inorganic salt[Ba(NO3)2]
5 To Identify the given inorganic salt [ZnCO3]
6 To Identify the given inorganic salt [Pb(NO3)2]
7 To Identify the given inorganic salt PbCl2
8 To Identify the given inorganic salt MgSO4
9 To Identify the given inorganic salt [BaSO4]
10 To Identify the given inorganic salt [Sr(NO3)2]
Content based Experiment
11 Test for functional group present in organic compound: Aldheyde, Ketone, Alcohol,
Carboxylic Acid, Phenol, Amine
12 Prepration of inorganic compound, Ferrous ammonium sulphate (potash alum)

13 Chromatography
Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only
(constituents having large difference in Rf values to be provided).

14. Preparation of one lyophilic sol of Starch.

 EXPERIMENT-1

Aim: Prepare 250 ml of M/10 Solution of Oxalic AcidFrom Crystalline Oxalic Acid

Theory

Apparatus
Watch glass, analytical balance, weight box, fractional weight box, 250 ml beaker, glass rod,250 ml measuring
flask and wash bottle.

Chemical Required
Oxalic acid crystals and distilled water.

Procedure

1. Take a watch glass, wash it with distilled water and then dry it.

2. Weigh the clean and dried watch glass accurately and record its weight in the notebook.
3. Weigh 3.150 g oxalic acid on the watch glass accurately and record this weight in thenote-book.
4. Transfer gently and carefully the oxalic acid from the watch glass into a clean 250 mlbeaker. Wash
the watch glass with distilled water with the help of a wash bottle to transfer the particles sticking to
it into the beaker [Fig].
The volume of distilled water for this purpose should not be more than 50 ml.
5. Dissolve oxalic acid crystals in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean glass rod.
6. When the oxalic acid in the beaker is completely dissolved, transfer carefully the entiresolution from the
beaker into a 250 ml measuring flask (volumetric flask) with the help of a funnel [Fig].

7. Wash the beaker with distilled water. Transfer the washings into the measuring flask[Fig].
8. Finally wash the funnel well with distilled water with the help of a wash bottle totransfer the
solution sticking to the funnel into the measuring flask [Fig].
9. Add enough distilled water to the measuring flask carefully, up to just below the etchedmark on it, with
the help of a wash bottle.

10. Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette until the lower level of themeniscus just
touches the mark on the measuring flask [Fig].
11. Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the solution uniform through-out.Label it as oxalic
acid solution.

Result:- 250 ml of M/10 Solution of Oxalic Acid From Crystalline Oxalic Acid isprepared.
 EXPERIMENT-2
AIM: To determine the strength of potassium permanganate by titrating it against the standard solution of 0.1M
oxalic acid.

Theory:
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and in the presence of sulfuric acid it acts as a powerful
oxidising agent. In acidic medium the oxidising ability of KMnO4 is represented by the following equation.
In acidic solution,

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Solution containing MnO4– ions are purple in colour and the solution containing Mn2+ ions are colourless
and hence permanganate solution is decolourised when added to a solution of a reducing agent. The moment
there is an excess of potassium permanganate present the solution becomes purple.
Thus, KMnO4 serves as self indicator in acidic solution.
Potassium permanganate is standardized against pure oxalic acid. It involves a redox reaction. Oxalic acid is
oxidised to carbon dioxide by KMnO4, which itself gets reduced to MnSO4. Oxalic acid reacts with
potassium permanganate in the following way.
The chemical reaction at room temperature is given below.
Reduction Half reaction:- 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O +
5[O] Oxidation Half reaction:- 5(COOH)2 + 5[O] → 5H2O + 10CO2↑
The overall reaction takes place in the process is
Overall reaction:- 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2↑
The ionic equation involved in the process is given below. Reduction

Half reaction:- [MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2

Oxidation Half reaction:- [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5

Overall Ionic reaction:- 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
This titration cannot be carried out in the presence of acids like nitric acid or hydrochloric acid because itself
is an oxidising agent. So hydrochloric acid chemically reacts with KMnO 4 solution forming chlorine which is
also an oxidising agent.

Materials Required:

1. Oxalic acid
2. Potassium permanganate solution
3. 1.0M sulfuric acid
4. Chemical balance
5. Burette
6. Burette stand
7. Pipette
8. Conical flask
9. Funnel
10. Measuring flask
11. Weighing bottle
12. White tile
13. Burnet
14. Wire gauze

Apparatus Setup:

1. In burette – KMnO4 solution

2. In Conical flask – 10ml of oxalic acid + Sulfuric acid
3. Indicator – Self indicator (KMnO4)
4. End Point – Appearance of permanent pale pink colour.

Procedure:
(a) Preparation of 0.1N standard solution of oxalic acid:
The quantity of oxalic acid required for the 250ml of the solution having a normality of 0.1N can becalculated as
follows.
Equivalent weight of oxalic acid = Molecular weight/No of electrons lost by one moleculeEquivalent
weight of oxalic acid = 126/2 = 63
Strength = Normality x Equivalent weight
Strength = 1/10 x 63 = 6.3 g/l
For the preparation of 1 litre of N/10 oxalic acid solution amount of oxalic acid required = 6.3 g

1. Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.

2. Weigh 6.3g of oxalic acid accurately in the watch glass.
3. With the help of a funnel transfer the oxalic acid into the measuring flask.
4. Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.
5. Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the oxalic acid is fully
dissolved.
6. This solution is 0.1N standard solution of oxalic acid.

(b) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard oxalic acid solution:

1. Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution andfill the burette with potassium
permanganate solution.
2. Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to find the end
point correctly.
3. Pipette out 10ml of 0.1N standard oxalic acid solution in a conical flask.
 4. Add a test tube full of sulfuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese toform manganese
dioxide.
5. Heat the mixture upto 60oC before titrating with potassium permanganate.
6. Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting thetitration.
7. The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneouslyswirl the
solution in the flask gently.
8. Initially the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with oxalic acid. The appearance of permanent
pink colour reveals the end point.
9. Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.
10. Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings. Record the reading in the observation table
given below in order to calculate the molarity of KMnO 4 given.

Observation:

S.No Volume of oxalic acid Burette Reading Volume(V) of KMnO4 used

in ml V = (y-x)ml

Initial(x) Final(y)

Calculations:
To calculate the strength of given KMnO4 in terms of molarity the following formula is used
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric coefficient of oxalic acid and KMnO4 in a balanced chemical equation.
a1 = 2
a2 = 5
Where
M2 and M1 are molarities of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.
V2 and V1 are the volume of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.
Therefore,
KMnO4 = Oxalic acid
5M2V2 = 2M1V1
M2 = (2M1V1/5M2V2)
The strength of KMnO4 is calculated by using the molarity.
Strength = Molarity x Molar mass

Results and Discussion:

1. Molarity of KMnO4 is M
2. The Strength of KMnO4 is g/l.
Precautions:

1. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then rise with the
solution to be taken in them.
2. Rinse the pipette and burette before use.
3. Potassium permanganate is dark in colour, so always read the upper meniscus.
4. Use dilute sulfuric acid for acidifying the potassium permanganate.
5. Take accurate readings once it reaches the end point and don’t go with average readings.
6. Use antiparallex card or autoparallex card while taking the burette readings.
7. Do not use rubber cork burette as it is can be attacked by KMnO4.
8. The strength of the unknown solution should be taken upto two decimal places only.
 EXPERIMENT-3

Aim:
To determine the strength of a given potassium permanganate solution against a standard ferrous
ammonium sulfate (Mohr’s salt) solution.

Theory:
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant in the presence of sulfuric acid. Mohr salt is a double salt forming a
single crystalline structure having the formula (NH4)2. FeSO4. 6H2O. The chemical name for Mohr’s salt is
ferrous ammonium sulfate.
In this titration Mohr salt acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate acts as an oxidising agent. So,
the reaction between Mohr’s salt and potassium permanganate is a redox reaction. In this redox reaction,
ferrous ion from Mohr’s salt gets oxidised and pink coloured of manganese present in potassium
permanganate, which is in the +7 oxidation state gets reduced to colourless Mn2+ state.
The chemical reaction and the molecular chemical equation is given below. Reduction half
reaction –
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
Oxidation half reaction –
[2FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O] x 5
Overall reaction –
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+ 8H2SO4 → K2SO4+ 2MnSO4+ 5Fe2(SO4)3+ 10(NH4)2SO4+ 68H2O
The ionic equation involved in the process is given below. Oxidation half

reaction – [Fe2+ → Fe3+ – e–] x 5

Reduction half reaction – MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Overall ionic equation – MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

This titration is based upon oxidation-reduction titrations. When ferrous ammonium sulfate solution is titrated
against potassium permanganate in the presence of acidic medium by sulfuric acid. Acidic mediumis necessary
in order to prevent precipitation of manganese oxide. Here KMnO4 acts as a self indicator and this titration is
called permanganate titration.

Materials Required:
1. Mohr’s salt (ferrous ammonium sulfate)
2. Potassium permanganate solution
3. Dilute sulfuric acid
4. Chemical balance
5. Burette
6. Burette stand
7. Pipette
8. Conical flask
9. Funnel
10. Measuring flask
11. Weighing bottle
12. White tile
13. Burnet
14. Wire gauze15.

Apparatus Setup:

1. In burette – KMnO4 solution

2. In Conical flask – 10ml of Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate (Mohr’s salt) + Sulfuric acid
3. Indicator – Self indicator (KMnO4)
 4. End Point – Colourless to permanent pale pink colour.

Procedure:
(a) Preparation of 0.05M standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate:
The quantity of Mohr’s salt required for the 250ml of the solution having a normality of 0.05N can becalculated
as follows.
The molar mass of mohr’s salt = 392 g/mol
Strength = Normality x Equivalent weight
= (1/20) x 392 = 19.6 g/L
For preparing 250ml of N/20 Mohr’s salt solution, Mohr salt required
= (19.6/1000) x 250 = 4.9 gm

1. Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.

2. Weigh accurately 4.9gm of Mohr’s salt in a chemical balance.
3. With the help of a funnel transfer the Mohr’s salt into the measuring flask.
4. Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.
5. Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the Mohr’s salt is fully
dissolved.
6. This solution is 0.05N standard solution of Mohr’s salt.

(b) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammoniumsulfate

(Mohr’s salt) solution:

1. Wash and rinse the burette and pipette with distilled water and then rinse withthe corresponding
solution to be filled in them.
2. Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette with potassium
permanganate solution.
3. Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to find the
endpoint correctly.
4. Rinse the pipette and conical flask with standard ferrous sulfate solution.
5. Pipette out 10ml of 0.05N standard Mohr’s salt solution into the conical flask.
6. Add a test tube full of sulfuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese to form manganese
dioxide.
7. Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting thetitration.
8. Now start the titration, titrate against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneously swirl the
solution in the flask gently.
9. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with ferrous ammonium sulfate. The
appearance of a permanent pink colour reveals the endpoint.
10. Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.
11. Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings.
12. Record the reading in the observation table given below in order to calculate the molarity of
KMnO4 given.

Observations:

S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume(V) of

ferrous KMnO4 used
ammonium
sulfate(Mohr’s V = (y-x)ml
salt) used
Initial(x) Final(y)
Calculations:
To calculate the strength of given KMnO4 in terms of molarity the following formula is used
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric coefficient of ferrous ammonium sulfate and KMnO4 in a balanced
chemical equation.
a1 = 1
a2 = 5
Where
M2 and M1 are molarities of potassium permanganate and ferrous ammonium sulfate solutions used in the
titration.
V2 and V1 are the volume of potassium permanganate and ferrous ammonium sulfate solutions used in the
titration.
Therefore,
KMnO4 = ferrous ammonium sulfate
5M2V2 = 1M1V1
M2 = (1M1V1/5M2V2)
The strength of KMnO4 is calculated by using the molarity.
Strength = Molarity x Molar mass

Results and Discussion:

1. Molarity of KMnO4 is M
2. The Strength of KMnO4 is g/l.

Precautions:

1. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then rise with thesolution
to be taken in them.
2. Rinse the pipette and burette before use.
3. Potassium permanganate is dark in colour, so always read the upper meniscus.
4. Use dilute sulfuric acid for acidifying the potassium permanganate.
5. Take accurate readings once it reaches the end point and don’t go with average readings.
6. Use antiparallex card or autoparallex card while taking the burette readings.
7. Do not use rubber cork burette as it is can be attacked by KMnO4.
8. The strength of the unknown solution should be taken upto two decimal places only.
 EXPERIMENT-4

Aim: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Physical examination :
(a) Noted the colour of
White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ ,
thegiven salt. Mn2+,
No specific odour Co2+ absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the
salt. NH4+, S2– and CH3 COO–
may
be absent.
2. Dry heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted A reddish brown gas
the fol- lowing observations : evolved which turned freshly
(a) Gas evolved
NO – may be present.
prepared FeSO4 solution 3
black.
No sublimate formed.
(b) Sublimation
Ammonium halides, alu-
No crackling sound observed. minium chloride, iodide
(c) Decrepitation maybe absent.
Lead nitrate, barium nitrate,
sodium chloride, potassium
Salt does not chloride and potassium
(d) Fusion iodide may be absent.
fuse. White Alkali (sodium, potassium)
(e) Colour of the residue salts may be absent.
Zn2+, Pb2+ may be absent.
 Experiment Observations Inference
5. Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Persistent grassy green Ba2+ present.
in conc. HCl and performed flameon prolonged
flame test. heating.
6. Borax bead test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+,
Did not perform this test — Co2+
since the given salt was may be absent.
white.
7. Dil. sulphuric acid CO 2–, S2–, NO –, SO 2–
test No gas evolved. may
3 2 3
be absent.
Treated a pinch of the
saltwith dil. H2SO4 and Cl–2+, Br–, I–, C O 2– ,
warmed. Pink colour of KMnO4 Fe
was not discharged. may
8. KMnO4 test
24
be absent.
To a pinch of the salt
added dil. H2SO4 warm A reddish brown gas
and then a drop of KMnO4 which turned NO – may be present.
evolved 3
solution.
FeSO4 solution black.
9. Conc. sulphuric
acidtest
Heated a pinch of the salt
with conc. sulphuric acid and Reddish brown gas evolved.
added to it a paper pellet.
10.Confirmatory test NO – confirmed.
for nitrate A dark brown ring formed 3
(a) Copper chips test. at the junction of the two
Heated a pinch of the salt liquids.
with conc. sulphuric acid
and a few copper chips. NO – confirmed.
(b) Ring test. To 2–3 ml of 3
the salt solution, added No ammonia gasevolved.
freshly pre- pared FeSO4
solution. Now added conc.
sulphuric acid along the
sides of the test tube. Solution
11. Heated a pinch of
NH4 + absent.
salt with conc. NaOH obtained No ppt.
solution
12. Preparation of
formed.
Original Solution (O.S.) Labelled it as Original
Shook a pinch of the salt Solu tion (O.S.)
with water. Group I absent. (Pb2+
No ppt. formed. absent)
13. To a part of the O.S.
added 1–2 mls of dilute
hydrochloric acid. No ppt. formed. Group II absent
14. Through a part of
(Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+,
the above solution, passed
absent)
H2S gas.

Group III
15. To the remaining
solution, added a pinch of absent. (Fe3+,
solid ammonium chloride. Al3+ absent)
Boiled the solution, cooled it
and added excess of am-
monium hydroxide solution.
 Experiment Observations Inference
16. Through a part of No ppt. formed. Group IV absent.
this so- lution, passed H2S (Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+,
gas. Co2+,
absent)
17. To the remaining White ppt. formed. Group V present.
ammonical solution added (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
am- monium carbonate may be present)
solution.
18. Confirmatory
test for Barium
Filtered the above white Yellow ppt. Ba2+ confirmed.
ppt. Dissolved the ppt. in
hot dilute acetic acid.
(a) Pot. chromate test. To
one part of the above Persistent grassy green Ba2+ confirmed.
solution, added a few drops flame on prolonged
of pot. chromate solution. heating.
(b) Flame test. Performed
flame test with the salt.

Result. Acid radical: NO3–

Basic radical: Ba 2+.

 Experiment- 5

To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical examination
White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,
(a) Noted the colour
Co2+
of the given salt. No specific odour absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the
salt. NH4+, S2– and
CH3 COO–
2.Dry heating test may
be absent.
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted A colourless, odourless gas
the following : evolved which turned lime
(a) Gas evolved wa- ter milky.
No sublimate formed. CO 2– may be present.
3
(b) Sublimation No crackling sound
observed.
(c) Decrepitation Ammonium halides,
iodidemay be absent.
Lead nitrate, barium
Yellow when hot and
(d) Colour of the residue nitrate, sodium chloride,
white when cold.
potassium chloride and
potassium iodide may be
Flame test
3. absent.
Green flashes seen with
Prepared a paste of the salt naked eye. Zn2+ may bepresent.
in conc. HCl and performed
flame test.
—
Borax bead test
4. Zn2+ may be present.
Did not perform this test
since the given salt was
white. Colourless, odourless gas
evolved with brisk
Dil. Sulphuric acid
5. Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
efferves- cence, turnedlime
test Mn2+,
water milky.
Treated a pinch of the Co2+ may be absent.
Salt did not dissolve.
salt with dil. H2SO 4 and
warmed. CO 2– present
3

Shook a pinch of salt Pink colour of KMnO4

with water taken in test was not discharged.
tube. Insoluble CO3 2– indicated.
KMnO4 test
6.
–
To a pinch of the salt Cl , Br–, I–, Fe2+ , C O
added dilute H2SO4 warm — 2–
are
24
and then a drop of KMnO4 absent.
solution.
7. Conc. Sulphuric
acid test
Did not perform this test Cl–, Br–, I–, NO –,
Salt did not dissolve. CH COO–,
because the salt reacted with 3 3
dil. H2SO4. Brisk effervescence with C2O4 2– are absent.
8. Confirmatory tests evolu- tion of colourless,
for carbonate odourless gas which turned
lime water milky.
 (a) Shook a pinch of
the salt with water. No ammonia gas evolved. Insoluble carbonate
indi- cated.
(b) To the salt added dil.
HCl. Insoluble carbonate
con- firmed.

NH4 + absent.
11. Heated a
pinch of saltwith
conc. NaOH
solution
 Experiment Observations Inference
12. Preparation of
Original solution (O.S.)
(a) Shook a pinch of Insoluble Labelled it as O.S.
the salt with water.
(b) Shook a pinch of Clear solution obtained.
the salt in dil. HCl.
13. As the O.S. is Group I
prepared in dil. HCl. absent. (Pb2+
absent)
14. Through a part of No ppt. formed. Group II absent
O.S. passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, As3+
absent).
15. To the remaining No ppt. formed Group III
solution, added a pinch of absent. (Fe3+,
solid ammonium chloride. Al3+ absent).
Boiled the solution, cooled it
and added excess of am-
monium hydroxide solution.
16. Through a part Dull white ppt. formed. Group IV
of this solution, passed present. (Zn2+
H2S gas. present)
17. Confirmatory
tests for Zn2+ ion
Dissolved the above dull
white ppt. in dil HCl. Boiled
off H2S.
Divided the solution
into two parts.
(a) To one part added White ppt. soluble in Zn2+ confirmed.
NaOH solution dropwise. excess of NaOH.
(b) To another part, Bluish white ppt. Zn2+ confirmed.
added potassium
ferrocyanide solution.

Result. Acid Radical : CO32–

Basic Radical : Zn2+.

 EXPERIMENT-6

Aim:To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Physical examination :
(c) Noted the colour of
White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ ,
thegiven salt. Mn2+,
No specific odour Co2+ absent.
(d) Noted the smell of the
salt. NH4+, S2– and CH3 COO–
may
be absent.
2. Dry heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted A reddish brown gas
the fol- lowing observations : evolved which turned freshly
(f) Gas evolved
NO – may be present.
prepared FeSO4 solution 3
black.
No sublimate formed.
(g) Sublimation
Ammonium halides, alu-
No crackling sound observed. minium chloride, iodide
(h) Decrepitation maybe absent.
Lead nitrate, barium nitrate,
sodium chloride, potassium
Salt does not chloride and potassium
(i) Fusion iodide may be absent.
fuse. White Alkali (sodium, potassium)
(j) Colour of the residue salts may be absent.
Zn2+, Pb2+ may be absent.
 Experiment Observations Inference
11. Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Persistent grassy green Ba2+ present.
in conc. HCl and performed flameon prolonged
flame test. heating.
12. Borax bead test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+,
Did not perform this test — Co2+
since the given salt was may be absent.
white.
13. Dil. sulphuric acid CO 2–, S2–, NO –, SO 2–
test No gas evolved. may
3 2 3
be absent.
Treated a pinch of the
saltwith dil. H2SO4 and Cl–2+, Br–, I–, C O 2– ,
warmed. Pink colour of KMnO4 Fe
was not discharged. may
14. KMnO4 test
24
be absent.
To a pinch of the salt
added dil. H2SO4 warm A reddish brown gas
and then a drop of KMnO4 which turned NO – may be present.
evolved 3
solution.
FeSO4 solution black.
15. Conc. sulphuric
acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt
with conc. sulphuric acid and Reddish brown gas evolved.
added to it a paper pellet.
16.Confirmatory test NO – confirmed.
for nitrate A dark brown ring formed 3
(c) Copper chips test. at the junction of the two
Heated a pinch of the salt liquids.
with conc. sulphuric acid
and a few copper chips. NO – confirmed.
(d) Ring test. To 2–3 ml of 3
the salt solution, added No ammonia gasevolved.
freshly pre- pared FeSO4
solution. Now added conc.
sulphuric acid along the
sides of the test tube. Solution
16. Heated a pinch of
NH4 + absent.
salt with conc. NaOH obtained ppt.
solution
17. Preparation of
formed.
Original Solution (O.S.) Labelled it as Original
Shook a pinch of the salt Solu tion (O.S.)
with water. Group I absent. (Pb2+
Yellow ppt formed present)
18. Confirmatory test
for Barium
Add KI in original
Solution Pb2+ conformed

Result. Acid radical: NO3–

Basic radical: Pb2+.

 Experiment- 7

To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical examination
White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,
(a) Noted the colour
Co2+
of the given salt. No specific odour absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the
salt. NH4+ , S2––and
CH3 COO may
be absent.
2.Dry heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted A colourless, odourless gas
the following : evolved
(a) Gas evolved Cl– may be present.
No sublimate formed.

(b) Sublimation No crackling sound

Ammonium halides,
observed. iodidemay be absent.
(c) Decrepitation
Lead nitrate, barium
nitrate, sodium chloride,
Yellow when hot and potassium chloride and
(d) Colour of the residue white when cold. potassium iodide may be
absent.
Zn2+ may bepresent.
3. Flame test White Flame observed
with nakedeye.
Prepared a paste of the salt
in conc. HCl and performed
Pb2+ may be present.
flame test.
—
4.Borax bead test
Did not perform this test
since the given salt was Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Colourless, odourless gas
white. Mn2+ ,
evolved
5.Dil. Sulphuric acid Co2+ may be
test
Treated a pinch of the absent. Cl–
salt with dil. H2SO4 and
warmed.
present
6. Conc. Sulphuric —
acid test
Did not perform this test
because the salt reacted with
dil. H2SO4.
7. Confirmatory tests A white ppt. is formed Cl–, Br–, I––, NO –,
for carbonate CH COO ,
which is soluble in 3 3
8. Silver nitrate test Acidify ammonium hydroxide. C2O4 2– are absent.
a
portion of
 aqueous solution Evolution of greenish
(or sodium yellow gas having a Cl– is Conformed
carbonate extract) pungent irritating
with dil. HNO3. Boil smell. It turns moist
for some time, cool starch-
and add silver
nitratesolution. Cl– is Conformed

9. Manganese dioxide
test Heat a pinch of the
salt with a small
quantity of
manganese dioxide
and
 conc. H2SO4. iodide paper blue.

10. Heated a
pinch of saltwith
conc. NaOH No ammonia gas evolved.
solution
NH4 + absent

Experiment Observations Inference

12. Preparation of
Original solution (O.S.)
(a) Shook a pinch of Insoluble Labelled it as O.S.
the salt with water.
(b) Shook a pinch of Clear solution obtained.
the salt in dil. HCl.
13. As the O.S. is ppt. formed. Group I
prepared in dil. HCl. present. (Pb2+
present)
17. Confirmatory
tests for Pb2+ ion
Add KI in original Solution Yellow ppt formed Pb2+ conformed

Result. Acid Radical : Cl–

Basic Radical : Pb2+.

 Experiment- 8

Aim To analyses the given salt for one anion and one cation present in it.

Sl. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
Noted the colour of give White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ ,Co2+ ,
1. the salt. n Mn2+ are absent.
2. Noted the smell of the salt. No specific smell. S2–, SO2– CH COO–
3 , 3
may be absent.
2–
3. Heated 0.5 g of the salt in a (i) No gas was (i) CO may
evolved. 3
dry test tube and noted the be pre nt, NO –
colour of the gas evolved , NO–,
se 3 2
and –
change in the colour of the Br may
residue on heatin and (ii) No particular beabsent.
g (ii) Zn2+ may
coolin change in colour of beabsent.
g.
the residue is
observed when
heated and when
cooled.
4. Prepared a paste of the No distinct colour of Ca2+ , Sr2+, Cu2
salt with conc. HCl and the flame seen. Ba2+ +
performed the flame test. may be
absent.
5. Borax bead test was not — —
performed as the salt was
white in colour.
6. Treated 0.1 g of salt No effervescence CO2–, SO2–, S2–, NO–
with 1 mLdil.H2SO4 and and evolution of ,
3 3 2
warmed. vapours. CH COO– absent.
3
7. Heated 0.1 g of salt No gas evolved. Cl––, Br–, I–, NO – , C
O
with 1 mLconc. 3 24
H2SO4. are absent.
8. Acidified 1mL of No yellow precipitate PO3– absent.
4
aqueous salt solution with
conc. HNO3. Warmed the
contents
 9. Acidified water extract of A white ppt. is SO 2– present.
4
the salt with dil. HCl and obtained which is
then added 2mL of insoluble in conc.
BaCl2 solution. HNO3and conc.
HCl.
10. Heated 0.1 g of salt Ammonia gas is NH + absent.
4
with 2 mLNaOH not evolved.
solution.

Attempted to prepare Clear solution Water soluble

11.
original solution of the formed salt is present.
salt by dissolving 1g of it
in 20 mL water.

12. To a small part of the No white Group–I absent.

above salt solution added precipitate
2 mL of dil. HCl. formed.
13. Passed H2S gas through No precipitate Group–II absent.
one portion of the solution formed.
of step 12.
14. Since salt is white, No precipitate Group–III absent.
heating with conc. formed.
HNO3 is not required.
Added about 0.2 g of
solid ammonium
chloride and then added
excess of ammonium
hydroxide to the solution
of step 12.
15. Passed H2S gas through No precipitate Group–IV absent.
the above solution. formed.
16. Added excess of No precipitate Group–V absent.
ammonium hydroxide formed.
solution to the original
solution and then added
0.5 g of ammonium
carbonate.
17. To the original solution of White precipitate. Mg2+ confirmed.
salt added ammonium
hydroxide solution,
followed by disodium
hydrogen phosphate
solution. Heated and
scratched the sides of the
test tu.

Result

The given salt contains:

Result. Acid Radical : SO42–

Basic Radical : Mg2+.

 Experiment- 9

Aim To analyses the given salt for one anion and one cation present in it.

Sl. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
Noted the colour of give White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ ,Co2+ ,
1. the salt. n Mn2+ are absent.
2. Noted the smell of the salt. No specific smell. S2–, SO2– CH COO–
3 , 3
may be absent.
3. 2–
Heated 0.5 g of the salt in a (i) No gas was (iii) CO may
evolved. 3
dry test tube and noted the be pre nt, NO –
colour of the gas evolved , NO–,
se 3 2
and
change in the colour of the Br– may
residue on heatin and (ii) No particular beabsent.
g (iv) Zn2+ may
coolin change in colour of beabsent.
g.
the residue is
observed when
heated and when
cooled.
4. Prepared a paste of the Green colour of Ba2+ may
salt with conc. HCl and the flame seen. be present.
performed the flame test.
5. Borax bead test was not — —
performed as the salt was
white in colour.
6. Treated 0.1 g of salt No effervescence CO2–, SO2–, S2–, NO–
with 1 mLdil.H2SO4 and and evolution of ,
3 3 2
warmed. vapours. CH COO– absent.
3
7. Heated 0.1 g of salt No gas evolved. Cl––, Br–, I–, NO – , C
O
with 1 mLconc. 3 24
H2SO4. are absent.
8. Acidified 1mL of No yellow precipitate PO3– absent.
4
aqueous salt solution with
conc. HNO3. Warmed the
contents
 9. Acidified water extract of A white ppt. is SO 2– present.
4
the salt with dil. HCl and obtained which is
then added 2mL of BaCl2 insoluble in conc.
solution. HNO3 and conc.
HCl.
10. Heated 0.1 g of salt with 2 Ammonia gas is NH + absent.
4
mL NaOH solution. not evolved.

11. Attempted to prepare Clear solution formed Water soluble

original solution of the salt salt is present.
by dissolving 1g of it in 20
mL water.
12. To a small part of the No white Group–I absent.
above salt solution added 2 precipitate
mL ofdil. HCl. formed.
13. Passed H2S gas through one No precipitate formed. Group–II absent.
portion of the solution of step
12.
14. Since salt is white, No precipitate formed. Group–III absent.
heating with conc.
HNO3 is not
required. Added about
0.2 g of solid ammonium
chloride and then added
excess of ammonium
hydroxide to the solution
of step 12.
15. Passed H2S gas through No precipitate formed. Group–IV absent.
the above solution.
16. Added excess of No precipitate formed. Group–V present.
ammonium hydroxide
solution to the original
solution and then added
0.5 g of ammonium
carbonate.
17. Confirmatory test
forBarium

(a) Pot. chromate test. To one Yellow ppt. Ba2+ conformed

part of the above solution, added
a few drops of pot. chromate
solution.
(b) Flame test. Performed Ba2 + conformed
flame test with the salt. Persistent grassy
green flameon
prolonged heating.

Result

The given salt contains:

Acid Radical : SO42– Basic Radical

: Ba 2+.
 EXPERIMENT-10

Aim: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Physical examination :
(e) Noted the colour of
White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+,
thegiven salt. Mn2+,
No specific odour Co2+ absent.
(f) Noted the smell of the
salt. NH4+, S2– and CH3 COO–
may
be absent.
2. Dry heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted A reddish brown gas
the fol- lowing observations : evolved which turned freshly
(k) Gas evolved
NO – may be present.
prepared FeSO4 solution 3
black.
No sublimate formed.
(l) Sublimation
Ammonium halides, alu-
No crackling sound observed. minium chloride, iodide
(m) Decrepitation maybe absent.
Lead nitrate, barium nitrate,
sodium chloride, potassium
Salt does not chloride and potassium
(n) Fusion iodide may be absent.
fuse. White Alkali (sodium, potassium)
(o) Colour of the residue salts may be absent.
Zn2+, Pb2+ may be absent.
 Experiment Observations Inference
17. Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Red flame on prolonged Sr2+ present.
in conc. HCl and performed heating.
flame test.
18. Borax bead test
— Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+,
Did not perform this test Co2+
since the given salt was may be absent.
white.
19. Dil. sulphuric acid No gas evolved. CO 2–, S2–, NO –, SO 2–
test may
3 2 3
be absent.
Treated a pinch of the
saltwith dil. H2SO4 and Pink colour of KMnO4 Cl–2+, Br–, I–, C O 2– ,
warmed. was not discharged. Fe
may
20. KMnO4 test
24
be absent.
To a pinch of the salt A reddish brown gas
added dil. H2SO4 warm which turned
evolved
and then a drop of KMnO4 NO – may be present.
FeSO4 solution black. 3
solution.
21. Conc. sulphuric
acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt Reddish brown gas evolved.
with conc. sulphuric acid and
added to it a paper pellet.
22.Confirmatory test A dark brown ring formed NO – confirmed.
for nitrate at the junction of the two 3
(e) Copper chips test. liquids.
Heated a pinch of the salt
with conc. sulphuric acid
and a few copper chips. NO – confirmed.
(f) Ring test. To 2–3 ml of No ammonia gasevolved. 3
the salt solution, added
freshly pre- pared FeSO4
solution. Now added conc.
sulphuric acid along the Solution
sides of the test tube.
18. Heated a pinch of
obtained No ppt. NH4 + absent.
salt with conc. NaOH
solution
formed.
19. Preparation of
Original Solution (O.S.) Labelled it as Original
Shook a pinch of the salt Solu tion (O.S.)
with water. No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+
20. To a part of the O.S. absent)
added 1–2 mls of dilute No ppt. formed.
hydrochloric acid.
Group II absent
21. Through a part of
(Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+,
the above solution, passed
absent)
H2S gas.

Group III
22. To the remaining
solution, added a pinch of absent. (Fe3+,
solid ammonium chloride. Al3+ absent)
Boiled the solution, cooled it
and added excess of am-
monium hydroxide solution.
 Experiment Observations Inference
16. Through a part of No ppt. formed. Group IV absent.
this so- lution, passed H2S (Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+,
gas. Co2+,
absent)
17. To the remaining White ppt. formed. Group V present.
ammonical solution added (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
am- monium carbonate may be present)
solution.
18. Confirmatory test
for
1. Amm. sulphate test Sr2+ confirmed.
To the second part of the White ppt.
solu- tion, add 1 ml of amm.
sulphate solution and warm.

2. Flame test
Perform the flame test Sr2+ confirmed.
Crimson red
with the original salt.
flame.

Result. Acid radical: NO3–

Basic radical: Sr 2+.

 EXPERIMENT- 11A

To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Test for unsaturation Dissolved 0.2 ml of organic Brown colour of No unsaturation is present.
bromine not discharged.
com- pound in 2 ml CCl44. Then added bromine-
water dropwise.
No effervescence.
2. Test for carboxylic group Added a pinch of Carboxylic group is
NaHCO3 to 0.2 ml of organic compound in a test tube.
No green or violet absent. Phenolic group
3. Test for phenolic group colour obtained.
Added 0.2 ml of organic compound to 2–3 ml neutral
FeCl3 solution in a test tube. is absent. Alcoholic
No effervescence.
4. Test for alcoholic group Added a small piece of group is absent.
sodium to 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube. Orange-yellow ppt.
5. Test for carbonyl group formed. Carbonyl group is
Shook 0.2 ml of organic compound with 2–3 ml of 2, 3- present. May be an
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in a test tube. Silver mirror formed on aldehyde or a ketone.
6. Test for aldehydic group Warmed 1 ml of inner side of the test
organic compound with 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a test tube.
tube over a water bath. Aldehyde is present.
7. Test for amine group
To a small amount of organic liq- uid in test tube, added No offensive
1 ml conc. of HCl and a few drops of CHCl3. Then, smelling gas evolved. Amino group absent.
added 2 ml of alc. KOH so- lution and warmed test tube.

RESULT : - Aldehyde group (—CHO).

 EXPERIMENT - 11B

To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Test for unsaturation Dissolved 0.2 ml of organic Brown colour of No unsaturation is

bromine not discharged. present.
com- pound in 2 ml CCl4. Then added bromine-water
dropwise.
No effervescence.
2. Test for carboxylic group Added a pinch of
NaHCO3 to 0.2 ml of organic compound in a test tube. No green or violet Carboxylic group is
3. Test for phenolic group colour obtained.
Added 0.2 ml of organic compound to 2–3 ml neutral FeCl3 absent. Phenolic group
solution in a test tube. No effervescence.
is absent. Alcoholic
4. Test for alcoholic group Added a small piece of
sodium to 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube. Orange-yellow ppt. group is absent.
5. Test for carbonyl group formed.
Shook 0.2 ml of organic compound with 2–3 ml of 2, 3- Carbonyl group is
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in a test tube. Silver mirror formed on present. May be an
6. Test for aldehydic group Warmed 1 ml of organic inner side of the test aldehyde or a ketone.
compound with 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a test tube over a tube.
water bath.
7. Test for amine group Aldehyde is present.
To a small amount of organic liq- uid in test tube, added 1 No offensive
ml conc. of HCl and a few drops of CHCl3. Then, added 2 smelling gas evolved.
ml of alc. KOH so- lution and warmed test tube. Amino group absent.
8. TESTS FOR KETONES

Place 0.5 ml of the given liquid (or 0.5 g of solid) in a clean Appearance of violet
test tube and add about 0.1 g of finely powdered m- colour which slowly
dinitrobenzene. Now add about 1 ml of dilute sodium confirms ketonic group.
fades
hydroxide solution and shake.

RESULT : - Ketone (-CO- )

 EXPERIMENT-11 C

To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
4. Test for unsaturation Dissolved 0.2 ml of organic Brown colour of No unsaturation is present.
bromine not
com- pound in 2 ml CCl4. Then added bromine-water
discharged.
dropwise.
5. Test for carboxylic group Added a pinch of No effervescence. Carboxylic group is
NaHCO3 to 0.2 ml of organic compound in a test
tube. No green or violet absent. Phenolic group
6. Test for phenolic group colour obtained.
Added 0.2 ml of organic compound to 2–3 ml neutral is absent. Alcoholic
FeCl3 solution in a test tube. Brisk effervescence. group is present.
6. Test for alcoholic group Added a small piece of
sodium to 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube. Orange-yellow ppt. Carbonyl group is
7. Test for carbonyl group present. May be an
Shook 0.2 ml of organic compound with 2–3 ml of 2, 3- aldehyde or a ketone.
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in a test tube. formed. No
8. Test for aldehydic group Warmed 1 ml of
organic compound with 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a test observation Aldehyde is absent.
tube over a water bath.
9. Test for amine group
To a small amount of organic liq- uid in test tube, added 1 No offensive Amino group absent.
ml conc. of HCl and a few drops of CHCl3. Then, added 2 smelling gas evolved.
ml of alc. KOH so- lution and warmed test tube.

RESULT : - Alcohol (-OH)

 EXPERIMENT-11 D

To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Test for unsaturation Dissolved 0.2 ml of organic Brown color of No unsaturation is present.
bromine not
com- pound in 2 ml CCl44. Then added bromine-water
discharged.
dropwise.
2. Test for carboxylic group Added a pinch of
Brisk effervescence. Carboxylic group is
NaHCO33 to 0.2 ml of organic compound in a test
tube. No green or violet present. Phenolic group
3. Test for phenolic group colour obtained.
Added 0.2 ml of organic compound to 2–3 ml neutral is absent.
FeCl3 3 solution in a test tube. No effervescence.
Alcoholic group is absent.
4. Test for alcoholic group Added a small piece of
sodium to 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube. Orange-yellow ppt.
Carbonyl group is
5. Test for carbonyl group
present. May be an
Shook 0.2 ml of organic compound with 2–3 ml of 2, 3- formed. No aldehyde or a ketone.
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in a test tube.
6. Test for aldehydic group Warmed 1 ml of organic
observation
compound with 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a test tube over a Aldehyde is absent.
water bath.
7. Test for amine group
To a small amount of organic liquid in test tube, added 1 No offensive
smelling gas evolved. Amino group absent.
ml conc. of HCl and a few drops of CHCl33. Then, added
2 ml of alc. KOH solution and warmed test tube.

RESULT : - Carboxylic acid ( -COOH )

 EXPERIMENT-11 E

To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Test for unsaturation Dissolved 0.2 ml of organic com- Brown color of No unsaturation is present.
pound in 2 bromine not
ml CCl44. Then added bromine-water dropwise. discharged.
2. Test for carboxylic group Added a
No observation Carboxylic group absent
pinch of NaHCO33 to 0.2 ml of organic
compound in a test tube.
green or violet Phenolic group is
3. Test for phenolic group
Added 0.2 ml of organic compound to 2–3 ml neutral colour obtained.
present Alcoholic
FeCl3 3 solution in a test tube.
No effervescence.
4.Test for alcoholic group Added a small piece of group is absent.
sodium to 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube.
Orange-yellow ppt.
5.Test for carbonyl group Carbonyl group is
Shook 0.2 ml of organic compound with 2–3 ml of 2, 3- present. May be an
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in a test tube. formed. No aldehyde or a ketone.
6.Test for aldehydic group Warmed 1 ml of organic
compound with 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a test tube over a observation
water bath. Aldehyde is absent.
7. Test for amine group
To a small amount of organic liquid in test tube, added 1 No offensive
ml conc. of HCl and a few drops of CHCl33. Then, added smelling gas evolved. Amino group absent.
2 ml of alc. KOH solution and warmed test tube.

RESULT : - Phenol(-OH)
 EXPERIMENT-11 F

To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inferen

ce
1. Test for unsaturation Dissolved 0.2 ml of organic com- Brown color of No unsaturation is present.
pound in 2 bromine not
ml CCl44. Then added bromine-water dropwise. discharged.
2. Test for carboxylic group Added a
No observation Carboxylic group absent
pinch of NaHCO33 to 0.2 ml of organic
compound in a test tube.
No green or violet Phenolic group is
3. Test for phenolic group
Added 0.2 ml of organic compound to 2–3 ml neutral colour obtained.
absent Alcoholic
FeCl3 3 solution in a test tube.
No effervescence.
4.Test for alcoholic group Added a small piece of group is absent.
sodium to 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube.
Orange-yellow ppt.
5.Test for carbonyl group Carbonyl group is absent.
formed.
Shook 0.2 ml of organic compound with 2–3 ml of 2, 3- May be an aldehyde or a
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in a test tube. ketone.
No observation
6.Test for aldehydic group Warmed 1 ml of organic
compound with 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a test tube over a
water bath. Aldehyde is absent.
offensive smelling
7. Test for amine group
gas evolved.
To a small amount of organic liquid in test tube, added 1
ml conc. of HCl and a few drops of CHCl33. Then, added Amino group present.
2 ml of alc. KOH solution and warmed test tube.

RESULT : - Amine(-NH2)
 EXPERIMENT-12

Aim:
Preparation of pure sample of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O]
Materials Required

 Ferrous sulphate
 Ammonium sulphate
 Dil. Sulphuric acid
 Ethyl alcohol
 Distilled water
 Beakers
 China dish
 Funnel
 Glass rod
 Tripod stand
 Wire gauze
 Burner
 Wash bottle
 Measuring jar
 Electronic balance

Procedure

1. We’ll first take 7g ferrous sulphate 3.5g ammonium sulphate in a clean 250ml beaker.
2. To this add about 2-3ml of dil.sulphuric acid to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
3. In another beaker, boil about 20ml of water for 5 minutes.
4. Add the boiling hot water to the contents in the first beaker in small quantities at a time.
5. Stir the contents of the beaker with a glass rod until the salts have completely dissolved.
6. Filter the solution into a china dish.
7. Now heat the solution in the china dish until its crystallization point is reached. Then transferthe solution into a
crystallising dish and keep it undisturbed.
8. On cooling, crystals of Mohr’s salt separate.
9. Decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals with a small quantity of alcohol and then dry thecrystals by placing
them between filter paper pads.
10. Find the weight of the crystals.
Observations

1. Weight of the crystals obtained = .............. g

2. Colour of the crystals = ....
3. Shape of the crystals = ....
 EXPERIMENT-13

Aim:- Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having large
difference in Rf values to be provided).

Materials Required:- Chromatographic chamber, measuring jar , filter paper, pencil, scale, glass rod, IPA, mixture of cations ,
distilled water

Procedure

 Take a Whatman filter paper strip and using a pencil draw a horizontal line 4cm from one end of the paper. Then draw
another line lengthwise (verticallly) from the centre of the paper. Name the point at which the two lines intersect as P.
 Using a fine capillary tube, put a drop of the mixture of red and blue inks at the point P. Let it dry in air.
 Put another drop on the same spot and dry again, so that the spot is rich in the mixture.
 Pour equal amounts of isopropyl alcohol and distilled water into a chromatographic chamber and mix it well using a
glass rod. This is used as the solvent.
 Suspend the filter paper vertically in the chromatographic chamber containing the solvent in such a way that the pencil
line remains about 2cm above the solvent level.
 Close the jar with its lid and keep it undisturbed.
 Notice the rising solvent along with the red and blue inks. After the solvent has risen about 15 cm you will notice two
different spots of blue and red colors on the filter paper.
 Take the filter paper out of the jar and using a pencil mark the distance that the solvent has risen on the paper. This is
called the solvent front.
 Dry the filter paper and put pencil marks at the centre of the red and blue ink spots.
 Measure the distance of the two spots from the original line and the distance of the solvent from the original line.
 Calculate the Rf values of the red and blue inks using the formula,

Observation
Observations can be recorded as shown.

Distance travelled by the Distance travelled by the

SI
Components component from the original solvent from the original line Rf value
No.
line (cm) (cm)
1. Red
2. Blue
Inference

 Rf value of red ink = ……………

 Rf value of blue ink = …………..
 Experiment - 14
Aim:- Preparation of one lyophilic sol of Starch.
Theory
Starch forms a lyophilic sol when water is used as the dispersion medium. The formation of sol is accelerated by heating. The
starch sol can be prepared by heating starch and water at about 100°C. It is quite stable and is not affected by the presence of
any electrolytic impurity.

Apparatus
Beakers (250 ml and 50 ml), glass rod, funnel, filter-paper, pestle and mortar, tripod stand, wire-gauze and burner.

Materials Required
Soluble starch (500 mg) and distilled water.

Procedure

1. Take 500 mg of starch in a mortar and add few ml of distilled water.

2. Grind the starch to make a thin paste and transfer this paste to a 50 ml beaker.
3. Take about 100 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker and heat the beaker so that water starts boiling.
4. Pour the paste slowly with stirring into boiling water in the beaker (Fig. 2.1).
5. Continue boiling for about 10 minutes and there allow the beaker to cool.
6. Filter the contents of the beaker through a filter-paper, fixed in a funnel.
Label the filtrate ‘Starch Sol’.

Precautions

1. The apparatus used for preparing sol should be properly cleaned.

2. Distilled water should be used for preparing sols in water.
3. Starch should be converted into a fine paste before adding to boiling water