Module 1 Practical Research 2
Module 1 Practical Research 2
Module 1 Practical Research 2
There are six chapters in this module are coherent to the Learning
Competencies (LC) set at the Curriculum Guide (CG) by the Department of
Education. This module aims to develop students’ critical thinking and problem
-solving skills through quantitative research.
Rubrics are also added in the features offered in this module to help the
teacher rate students’ outputs. Sample excerpts from researches, clippings
and slides are also provided to guide the students to do the tasks in their
journey in conducting a quantitative research.
Finally, the author invites the experts, teachers and students to use this
module to incur constructive comments and suggestions for further
improvement of this humble work.
MRCV
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Table of Contents
Page
Number
Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Module 1 – Nature of Inquiry and Research ……………………………………………………………… 4
Quantitative Research ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Characteristics of Quantitative Research ………………………………………………………………. 6
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research …………………………………………… 7
Kinds of Quantitative Research …………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Importance of Quantitative Research …………………………………………………………………… 10
Variables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Module 2 – Identifying and Stating the Problem ……………………………………………………….. 23
Research Topic and Problem …………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Research Title ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Background of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Scope and Limitations of the Study ……………………………………………………………………….. 36
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
Module 3 – Learning from Other Studies and Reviewing the Literature …………………….. 45
Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
Research Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
Review of Related Literature …………………………………………………………………………………. 57
APA Format …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
Module 4 – Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data ………………… 71
Quantitative Research Designs ……………………………………………………………………………… 74
Experimental Research Designs …………………………………………………………………………….. 76
Non-Experimental Research Designs …………………………………………………………………….. 80
Samples and Sampling Techniques ……………………………………………………………………….. 82
Probability Sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
Non-Probability Sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………… 87
Sample Size Determination …………………………………………………………………………………… 89
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
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Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
Module 5 – Finding Results through Data Collections ……………………………………………….. 97
Instrumentation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
Intervention ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
Methods of Gathering Data …………………………………………………………………………………… 105
Presentation of Data …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
Statistical Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 114
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
Module 6 – Reporting and Sharing of Research Output …………………………………………….. 124
Summary of Findings ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 132
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133
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Chapter 1
Gearing-Up
You have learned in your past lessons in Practical Research 1 the general
understanding on how to conduct qualitative research. With those knowledge,
you tried to discover, to improvise, and to interact using the research skills in a
qualitative way. Now, it is the time that you are going to understand how a
quantitative research processes works.
Directions: Describe the word inside the middle circle of the diagram
based from its context by supplying words or phrases on the circles around it.
Quantitative
Research
Starting Point
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Quantitative Research is defined as objective, systematic empirical
investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational
techniques. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers
yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and
explain a particular observation (Faltado et.al.,, 2016).
1. Objective
4. Numerical data
6. Replication
7. Future outcomes
Fuelling-Up 1.1
Qualitative Quantitative
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Strengths
Weaknesses
Fueling-Up 1.2
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Situation # 1
Strengths Weaknesses
Situation # 2
Strengths Weaknesses
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KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The researcher’s goal and objectives are the basis for what kind of
quantitative research must utilize. There are various kinds of quantitative
research and some that a researcher may employ are the following:
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• This is also known as ex post facto (after
the fact) research.
•This research may observe whether two or
Causal-Comparative more groups differ on some variables to
Research determine the reasons for their difference.
•Example: You may be interested in identifying
whether the different strands influences the
study habits of the senior high school students.
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❖ Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
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can be formulated to improve leadership, attitude, academic behavior,
motivation and way of living.
❖ Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Research is not just for students in academic track, it is for everyone. Even
the so-called “skilled students” require knowledge and understanding in
researching to fully develop one’s way of living. Quantitative research is also
beneficial for the following TVL strands:
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prepares the students with entry level knowledge and manipulative skills for
employment in the electrical industry. It includes courses that cover both
theories and laboratory activities to effectively develop the skills of the students
essential to the electrical trade.
Without research, food services would probably not improve. The foods
are essential to humanity, and it would be best for everyone to carefully
analyze whether the food is appropriate and does not contain any harmful
substance or organisms before being eaten. Without research, manufacturers
will not be able to produce quality clothing efficiently. Through research, the
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family which is the basic unit of the society will be able to help to develop the
society’s personality, culture and view of life. With research, Home Economics
students will come prepared to meet the demands of the world.
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TYPES OF VARIABLES
In this section, it is important to learn about the different types of
variables. Variables can be classified according to functional relationship,
continuity of values and on scale of measurement.
1.1. According to Functional Relationship
A variable can be classified as dependent and independent
variable. Suppose that X and Y are variables. Let us say that X is the dependent
and Y is the independent if the Y variable affects or explains the phenomenon
of the variable X. The independent variable is referred to as the predictor or
causal variable. It is the one responsible for the conditions that can act on
something. The dependent variable is the one being affected by the predictor
variable. It is the result or effects of the changes brought about by the
independent variable.
For example, using academic achievement and study habits as
the variables for a study, it is noticeable that the academic achievement is the
dependent variable and the study habits are the independent variable. It is in
the reason that, students can be expected to have high academic
achievement if they have good study habits.
1.2. According to Continuity of Values
The two classifications of variables according to continuity of
values are continuous and discrete variables.
A variable is said to be
A variable is said to be discrete if it takes values as
continuous if it takes values as whole numbers only or of
whole numbers, fractins and values of equal-sized
decimals. intervals. The data that are
categorical are als discrete
variables.
It is measured through
measuring tools or devices. It is oftenly measured
through counting when
numerical in nature.
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Continuous Variable Discrete Variable
Examples: Examples:
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Examples:
Summary
Research Journal
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2. Research is important to health workers because
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3. Research is important to politicians because
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4. Research is important to teachers because
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5. Research is important to farmers because
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6. Research is important to software developers because
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Assessment Tasks
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1. Classify the variables according to the nature of data: qualitative or
quantitative. Write your answers in the corresponding box.
Qualitative Quantitative
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C. Identify the dependent and independent variable in each study
presented
1. Interlinking the Intrinsic Motivation of the Grade 7 Students to the
Instructional Materials Used by the Teacher in Science
Independent:
Dependent:
Independent:
Dependent:
Independent:
Dependent:
Application
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References
Baraceros, Esther L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Rex Book Store, Inc. pp. 1 - 34
Faltado, Ruben III E., et.al. (2016). Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research. Lorimar Publishing
Inc. pp. 1 - 12
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