Fundamentals in Investigation and C.

Criminal Investigation as:

Intelligence 1. an art based on intuition and
sometimes by chance.
- The course focuses on the study of
2. a science because it involves the
crime investigation as an integral
application of knowledge of forensic
function in police operation. Equally
sciences.
important is the need on the study of
3. a process because it involves
intelligence which is vital in criminal
systematic procedure.
investigation.

NATURE AND CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION

A. Etymology of Investigation
- The term came from the Latin word
INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some
books) which means “to track or to look
into for traces”.
- Fundamentally, it may have been
derived from VESTIGIUM, another
Latin word which means footprint. (MS
Encarta Reference Library, 2009)
- Criminal Investigation came from the
Latin term Investigat, which means “to
inquire or to discover” during the 5th
century (Microsoft® Encarta® 2008. ©
1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation).

B. Definition of Terms
- Investigation refers to the process of
carrying out a detailed examination or
inquiry usually in official manner, to
discover something or somebody.
- Criminal Investigation is a logical
process of collection and analysis of
facts about persons, things and places
relative to a crime. It includes:
Identification of the guilty party
The location of the whereabouts of the
guilty party, and
Criminal investigation is an undertaking
that seeks, collects, and gathers
evidence of a crime for a
case or specific
purpose(http://www.pinow.com/investig
ations/criminal-invesrigations)
THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR of facts and determine how they
interrelate is basic to the investigative
- Criminal investigator is the superstar in
process.
the process of investigation. He must be
capable of observation and a rational
Elements from the foundation of the
thinker. Many times, a police
critical thinking process:
investigator is being tested with his
a. Differentiating between fact and
discretion.
opinion.
b. Determining cause-and-effect
Roles of Investigator relationships
c. Determining the accuracy and
1. Determine whether a crime has been completeness of information
committed presented.
2. Identify the victim/s and the offender d. Recognizing logical fallacies and
3. Locate and apprehend the accused faulty reasoning.
4. Present evidence of guilt for the e. Developing inferential skills through
suspect/s deductive or inductive reasoning
5. Assist in case follow-up
2. Imagination and Curiosity
Qualities of a Criminal Investigator a. Imagination means forming mental
images of what is not present.
1. Perseverance - bring the desired b. Curiosity is the desire to learn by
conclusion in spite of obstacles. being inquisitive.
2. Endurance is the ability to last
physically and mentally. 3. Intuition - This is the immediate
3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity. apprehension or cognition – quick and
4. The Intelligence and Wisdom of ready insight without the conscious use
Solomon. Investigator could easily of reasoning.
decipher falsehood from truth and 4. Observational Ability - Under most
separate the gain from the chaff. circumstances, the investigator will use
5. Acting Ability is the ability to go down the sense of seeing and hearing, the
to the level of different types of former being the more significant.
individuals. 5. Organizational Ability - The police
6. Mastery of the Oral and Written investigator is continually processing
Communication various types of information.
7. The Keen Power of Observation and 6. Legal Knowledge - Today’s
Description investigator must possess a solid
8. Courage is the moral fortitude to tell the grounding in criminal and to a lesser
truth no matter who will be hurt. degree, in civil law.
9. Working Knowledge of laws 7. Cultural Understanding and a Wide
10. The power to “read between the lines.” Range of Interest - An awareness
This is the ability of the investigator to and understanding of cultures
interpret the words or phrases different from the investigator’s own
encountered in the process of can be of great advantage.
investigation. 8. Persistence - Continuing in the face of
11. Working knowledge of martial arts and opposition or refusing to give up when
firearms proficiency faced with an adverse situation
Desirable Traits of the Investigator
1. Superior Reasoning Ability - is the
ability to analyze logically a multitude
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: PHASES, 3. TIPS - specifically refer to leads
KINDS, GOALS, FORMS AND provided by the citizens that aid in
CATEGORIES the progress of an investigation.
4. THEORIES - Beliefs regarding the
based on the evidence, patterns,
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: leads, tips and other information
developed and uncover in the case.
A. Goals of Criminal Investigation E. Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation

1. To determine whether a crime has 1. Training - being a critical factor in

been committed; developing good and competent
2. To legally obtain information or investigator, is the key to freedom
evidence; from bandage of ignorance.
3. To identify persons involved in the 2. Tools - to establish facts and
crime; develop evidence, a criminal
4. To arrest suspects ; investigator must use these tools-
5. To recover stolen properties; information, interview,
6. To present the best possible case to interrogation, and instrumentation.
the prosecutor. 3. Technique - essence of tactical
strategy in investigation.
B. Kinds of Criminal Investigation
F. Importance of Criminal Investigation
1. Investigation while the suspect is
under arrest and detention; and 1. The problem on crimes and
2. Investigation while the suspect is “at criminals should be carefully studied
large”. It means that the suspect is and provided with solutions.
not under arrest or detention, as 2. It helps the five pillars of the
distinguished from fugitive from Criminal Justice system in
justice. recognizing and identifying criminal
and provides clues or information in
C. The Four Phases of Criminal promoting social justice.
Investigation 3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the
protection of lives and properties
1. The identification of criminal.
2. The criminal is traced, located and G. Forms of Investigation
arrested.
3. The facts or evidence to prove the 1. Formal Investigation
guilt of the accused are gathered. - It refers to official inquiry conducted by
4. Pieces of evidence are presented in a government agency in an effort to
court. uncover facts and determine the truth.
D. Components of Criminal - It is usually considered as some form of
Investigation inquiry concerning of criminal activity.

1. PATTERN - refers to a series of 2. Inquest - It is an effort to search the

similarities that may link cases or basic cause of an incident such as
indicate that the same person is the commission of a crime.
committing a series of crimes. 3. Inquisition - A more historical
2. LEADS - These are clues or pieces description than a current usage to
of information that aid in the describe any penetrating
progress of an investigation. investigation concerning a religious
issue.
 4. Probe - Similar to formal a. Decoy operations are of blending
investigation, is an extensive, and decoy types to catch criminals
searching inquiry conducted by a in
government agency. flagrante delicto.
5. Research - It is the most employed b. Undercover operations usually in
type of investigation refers to the the form of buy-bust and
careful, patient investigation done entrapment.
by scientist or scholars in their ● Buy-bust operation
efforts to identify original sources of ● Entrapment
data or causes of problem.
6. Investigative Reporting - Relatively 3. Overt Investigation vs Covert
speaking, is a recent type of Investigation
investigation pursued by the
members of the press on their own a. Overt Investigation - openly.
initiative. It is designed to satisfy b. Covert Investigation - in secret
two purposes.
✔To attract readers/viewers I. Basic Steps in Crime Scene
✔To get to the roots of the problem Investigation

H. Categories of Criminal Investigation 1. Recognition - involves the efforts

according to John Dempsey of identifying data, including
physical things that may provide
1. Criminal Investigation vs Non- relevant information regarding the
Criminal Investigation criminal case being investigated.
- Criminal Investigation - carried out by 2. Collection - refers to the act of
the police. gathering those identified data or
- Non-Criminal Investigation - involves facts, or physical things that are
on non-criminal incidents or events. significant to the case under
investigation.
2. Reactive Investigation vs Proactive 3. Preservation - includes act of
Investigation keeping the collected evidence in
their true and original for,
Reactive Investigation - initiated on preventing contamination or
the basis of a complaint. destruction of its substantive value.
4. Evaluation – the process of
Categories of Reactive Investigation determining the probative value of
the evidence.
a. Walk-through 5. Presentation - it is the function that
● Suspect is easily determined and is primarily manifested inside the
located. courtroom
b. Where-are-they
● Suspect has been tentatively J. Starting Points of Criminal
identified but has not been located. Investigation
c. Whodunit
● This is a case in which no 1. State the problem
suspects are initially identified. 2. Form hypotheses
3. Observe and experiment
Proactive Investigation - these are 4. Interpret data
designed to catch a criminal in the 5. Draw conclusions
act of committing a crime.
K. The Six (6) Cardinal Points of crime scene unless it is properly
Investigation marked, measured, sketched and/or
photographed.”
1. Who Questions
- These are questions used to inquire on - The purpose of this rule is to avoid the
the identity of the victims or offended mutilation, alteration and contamination
party, name of suspect, accomplices, (MAC) of the physical evidence found
accessories and witnesses of the crime. at the crime scene.

2. What Questions
- The purpose of these types of questions TOOLS OF CRIMINAL
is to find out what happened or what INVESTIGATION: INFORMATION
took place before, during and
immediately after the commission of the
offense. INFORMATION - It is the knowledge or facts
which the investigator had gathered or acquired
3. Where Questions from persons or documents, which are pertinent
- These are questions that localize the or relevant concerning the commission of the
place of the incident- the city or town, crime or criminal activities.
the district or barangay, the street or
road, the number of the house or
building. Where questions are necessary A. CLASSIFICATION OF
in specifically pinpointing the particular INFORMATION AS TO ITS
location of the crime scene. SOURCES

4. When Questions 1. Regular Sources

- These are questions needed to determine 2. Cultivated Sources
and fix the time, day, month, and year 3. Grapevines Sources
when the crime was committed. When
questions should be specified and as B. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING
accurate as possible. INFORMATION

5. Why Questions 1. ELICITATION

- These are questions that endeavor to • Obtain information through
ascertain the motives, causes, the process of direct
antecedents, previous, incidents, related communication.
facts, background occurrences that • One or more of the parties to
might help explain the commission of the communication is/are
the offense. unaware of the specific
purpose of the conversation.
6. How Questions • Phases:
- These are designed to help the a. Determination of the
investigator determine how the crime mission
was committed, the means/tools are b. Selection of the
employed, the crime was discovered, subject.
and the culprit enters the building/room c. Accomplishment of the
L. The Golden Rule in Criminal mission
Investigation

“The golden rule states “Do not touch,

alter, move, or transfer any object at the
• Devices in the Conduct of Manhattan
Elicitation from Missouri
Approach -
a. Approach is the process elicitor adapts an
of setting people to start unbelievable
talking attitude above
anything.
Types: Joe Blow
i. Flattery – people Approach - it is
are susceptible to “I know the
praise answer to
everything”
Variants: approach.
Teacher – pupil National Pride
Approach – Approach -
subject is treated defend their
as authority. country and its
Kindred Soul policies.
Approach –
subject is placed b. Probe – is the process to
in a pedestal and keep the person or subject
assistance are talking incessantly
made to the
subject Types:
Good Samaritan
Approach – • Competition Probe - used in
sincere and valid connection with the teacher-
offers of help and pupil approach.
assistance are • Clarity Probe - used to elicit
made to the information in an area which
subject. the response is not clear.
Partial • High Pressure Probe - it
Disagreement serves to pin down a subject
Approach – in a specific area
produce talking • Hypothetical probe - it
by the word “I’m presents hypothetical situation
sure” if I fully
agree.
2. CASING
• It literally means putting a thing or
ii. Provocative place in a case
approach –
utilization of Methods:
conversational a. Personal reconnaissance
gambits b. Map reconnaissance
c. Research
Variants: d. Prior information
Teaser Bait e. Hearsay
Approach -
elicitor Information Desired in Casing
accumulates the
a. Area condition and habit
sources of b. Active opposition
knowledge about c. Disposal plan – in case of
a particular possible compromise
subject.
d. Escape and evasion
 3. SURVEILLANCE Types of Surveillance
• consist of keeping persons, place or
other targets under physical a. According to Intensity
observation and Sensitivity

Definition of Terms • Discreet

a. Pre-surveillance Conference • Close
is a conference held before a • Loose
surveillance is conducted.
b. Stake-out is the observation of b. According to Methods
places or areas from a fixed
point. • Stationary
c. Tailing or Shadowing is the • Moving
observation of a person’s • Technical
movement.
d. Undercover man is a person
trained to observe and penetrate
Shadowing, Tailing or Roping
certain organization suspected
of illegal activities - Shadowing or tailing - act of the
e. Liaison Program is the surveillant of following his subject to detect
assignment of trained criminal activities.
intelligence personnel to other - Roping -surveillant assumes different roles
agencies in order to obtain and identity in order to obtain information.
information
f. Safe house is a place, building,
enclosed mobile, or an Procedures in Fixed Surveillance
apartment, where police
undercover men meet his action a. Using a room in a nearby house or building
agent. b. The use of listening devices and to record
g. Drop is a convenient, secured, them.
and unsuspecting place where c. Other surveillant may remain outdoor
agents can leave notes, small
package or envelope
h. Convoy is an accomplice or Tools Used in Fixed Surveillance
associate of the subject.
a. Binocular or telescopes
i. Decoy any person almost
b. Movie Cameras with telephoto lens
similar to the subject used to
c. Wiretapping device with tape recording
avoid or elude surveillance.
apparatus.
j. Contact refers to any person
d. Other listening devices
whom the subject picks or deals
e. In case there is difficulty in wiretapping
with while he is under
device, an expert in lip reading must be
surveillance.
employed.
k. Made occurs the operation was
compromised. The Methods of Foot Surveillance
l. Lost happens when the agent
does not know the whereabouts a. One Man Shadow
of their subject. b. Two-Man Shadow
m. Rabbit (Hare) is a term c. Three-Man Shadow or ABC Shadow
referring to the subject of
shadowing and tailing.
n. Test for tailing is the common
trick of the subject when he
becomes conscious that he is
being tailed.
 4. OBSERVATION AND - Provocateur induces an opponent to act to
DESCRIPTIONS his own detriment.
- Cover Action exert influence from foreign
- Observation is the complete and accurate government upon discretion of the sponsor.
awareness by an individual of his
surroundings. C. Support Agent
- Description is the factual reporting of what
is observed.
6. COVER AND UNDERCOVER
Psychological Processes for Accurate Observation
a. Attention a. Cover – any device utilized
b. Perception conceals the true nature of its acts
c. Reporting and/or existence from the observer.
Types of Attention Essential Types of Cover
a. Involuntary - Natural Cover
b. Voluntary - Artificial
c. Habitual - Cover within a cover
- Multiple cover
Factors Governing Report
Hazards to Cover
a. Vocabulary
b. Time Log - Static or document opposition (ordinary
c. Recurrence of similar incidents citizen)
- Unhostile active opposition (police, security
agencies)
5. CLANDESTINE OPERATION – - Hostile active opposition (enemy
COVERT/DISCREET intelligence operatives)

- A secret action undertaken on behalf of the

government or other friendly forces. b. Cover Story – a biographical data
which will portray the personality
of the agent he assumed.
Basic Organizational Elements
c. Cover Support –assigned in target
a. Sponsor areas with the primary mission of
b. Target or rabbit supporting the cover story.
c. Agent or Asset d. Organizational Cover – any
account consisting of biographical
data which when adopted by an
Classification of Clandestine Agent individual will assume the
personality he wants to adopt.
A. Principal Agent

B. Action Agent 7. UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT

- Spy is the primary and the most important - An investigation technique in which an
human collector agent conceals his official identity to obtain
- Propagandists mold the attitudes, opinions information.
and actions of an individual group
- Saboteur undertake positive actions against Uses of Undercover
unfriendly power resulting in the loss of an
- Used independently to get first-hand
article, material or facility.
information about the subject of
- Guerilla is a member of paramilitary group
investigation.
organized to grass the enemy.
- Supplement other investigative techniques
- Strongman is an agent available to provide
like:
special protection.
Types of Undercover Assignment Two Categories of Control
- Dwelling - Positive Control
- Work - Negative Control
- Social
Termination Problem
- Jurisdictional Assignment
- Combination Assignment - Amount of knowledge the agent has
- Rope Job – striking up friendship with the - Inclination to use knowledge to the
subject disadvantage of the intelligence service.
- Moral obligation to the agent
Undercover Agent Special Qualification
Provocation
- Knowledge of the language
- Background regarding events - Action taken in order to incite reaction from
- Knowledge about the customs and habits a known adversary or to observe adversary.
- Physical appearance
- An artist or an actor Purposes

Factors to consider in the Selection of Action - Reveal the true status of an assumed
(Undercover) Agents adversary.
- Make a known adversary take seldom
- Placement demanding action.
- Access (Primary Access, Secondary Access,
Outside Access) Provocateur

General Nature of Agent Handling - An individual from the enemy forces who is
deliberately introduced in our custody with
- Sharing secret purpose. a specific mission of causing some
- Agent controls the agent operationally and unfavorable action or reaction on our part.
administratively.
- Rapport with each other.
- Respect with each other. 8. INFORMANT AND INFORMER
Basic Agent Management
a. Informant – any person who gives
- Agent handler must be in charge of the information to the police authorities
operation. relative to a crime.
- The act insures the agent adherence.
Types of Informants
- Good rapport must be established between
the agent handler and the agent. - Anonymous Informant
- The agent handler must constantly reinforce - Rival-Elimination Informant
the agent motivation. - False Informant
- Frightened Informant
Key Element of Agent Management
- Self-Aggrandizing Informant
- Direction and control - Confidential Informant
a. Leadership - Mercenary Informant
b. Action - Double-Crosser Informant
c. Personal Example - Women Informant
- Natural Weaknesses
Motives of Informants
- Agent training
- Agent testing - Vanity
- Agent examination - Civic Mindedness
- Fear
Control
- Repentance
- Authority to direct agent to carry out task or
Steps of Informants Recruitments (SIAT)
the requirements in behalf of the clandestine
organization in acceptable manner and - Selection - Testing
security. - Investigation
- Approach
 5. Acting Qualities
6. Humility
Factors to consider in Informant Recruitment
- Sex
Interview Format (IRONIC)
- Health
- Ability
- Age 1. Identity - The investigator should
- Education identify himself to the witness by name,
- Personality rank and agency.
2. Rapport
Dismissal of Informants
3. Opening
- The handler should avoid antagonizing the 4. Narration - Allowing the witness to
informant. present in a narrative form without
- Explain properly and humanely the reasons injecting questions.
of dismissal. 5. Inquiry - after the witness has told the
- If file of the informant exists, dismissal story, the investigator can make
must be in writing for future references. clarifying inquiries.
6. Conclusion - the interview should be
concluded when the witness has
b. The Informer is a person who nothing pertinent to offer.
provides information to the police
on a regular basis. They are either F. Reasons Why Witnesses Refuse to Talk or
paid regularly or in a case-to-case Testify
basis, or none at all.
1. Fear of Reprisal
2. Great Inconvenience
3. Hatred Against the Police
4. Bias of the Witness
TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: 5. Avoidance of Publicity
INTERVIEW 6. Family Restriction

G. Stages of Handling the Interview

Interview
- Preparation – investigator should review the
A. Interview - is the simple questioning of a facts in order that he would be ready for the
person who cooperates with the questioning.
investigator. - Approach – investigator must carefully
B. Cognitive Interview - conduct of interview select his kind of approach.
upon willing and cooperative witnesses, to - Warming Up –clear the atmosphere,
narrate their accounts without interruption. promote a conducive ground for cordiality,
C. Question and Answer - interview style respect and trust for each other.
whereby after each question by the - Cognitive Interview
investigator, the interviewee is required to
answer. H. Rules in Questioning a Person Involved in a
D. The Golden Rule in Interview Crime
“Never conduct or let anyone conduct an
- Ask Question at a Time
interview if the interviewer has not gone to the
- Avoid Implied Answers
crime scene.”
- Questions should be clearly stated
E. Qualities of a Good Interviewer - Saving Faces
- Yes and No Answers are not Allowed
1. Rapport
2. Forceful Personality
3. Knowledge of Human Behavior
4. Conversational Tone of Voice
 I. Types of Witnesses According To Their C. Types of Interrogation
Attitude
1. Screening. This is usually applied
- Know-nothing Type immediately after capture to obtain
- Disinterested Type background information about the
- The Drunken Type interrogee (subject).
- Talkative Type 2. Formal interrogation (detailed). This is
- Honest Witnesses the systematic attempt to exploit to an
- Timid Witnesses appropriate depth those areas of the
- Witnesses who refuse to answer interrogee’s knowledge.
3. Debriefing. It is generally used when
the area of knowledge ability of the
TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:
interrogation is known.
INTERROGATION
4. Interview. Similar to debriefing
although it is less formal.
5. Interrogation of lay personnel (special
A. Definition of Terms type). In this type, the techniques are
similar to interrogation, but special
1. Interrogation is the vigorous and effort must be made.
confrontational questioning of a 6. Tactical interrogation. The level of
reluctant suspect about his participation interrogation where the source has
in a crime. specific and detailed information that
2. Custodial Interrogation or Investigation requires a trained expert in the subject
is the investigation conducted by the matter to be explored.
investigator on the suspect who is under
police custody. D. Phases of Interrogation
3. Debriefing is the interrogation of a
friendly interrogee who has information 1. Planning of Interrogation
at the direction of or under the control 2. Approach (Meeting the Interrogee). The
of friendly unintelligence service. first meeting in which it is extremely
4. Interrogation Reportis an oral or critical because the outcome may
written statement of information by the depend on the initial impression created
questioning of an interrogee. by the interrogator.
5. Interrogator is a person who does the 3. Questioning. This is the heart of the
questioning. interrogation
6. Interrogee refers to any person 4. Termination. The termination of the
subjected to the interrogation process. interrogation will depend on various
7. Screening is the initial examination of factors such as the physical condition of
an interrogee to determine the extent of the subject.
his knowledge. 5. Recording. The interrogator should take
8. Source refers to any person who for any notes in cryptic if possible.
reason submits information of 6. Reporting. The end product of an
intelligence interest usually on a interrogation is the Tactical
voluntary basis. Interrogation Report containing the
9. Suspect refers to any person believed to information gained. Report must be
be associated with prohibited activity. made orally or in written form.
10. Witness refers to any person who has
directs knowledge of facts concerning E. The Techniques of Interrogation
an event or activity.
1. Emotional Appeal
B. Forms of Interrogation 2. Sympathetic Approach
3. Friendliness
1. Direct – the subject is aware, but he 4. Tricks And Bluff Techniques:
may not learn the true objectives of the a. The Pretense of Solid Evidence
interrogation Against the Accused
2. Indirect – the subject is aware.
 b. The Weakest Link TOOLS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:
c. Drama INSTRUMENTATION
d. Feigning Contact with Family
Members
e. The Line Up - It is sometimes called Criminalistics
f. Reverse Line Up - It is the process of applying instruments or
tools of the police sciences in criminal
5. Stern Approach – The investigator investigation and detection.
displays a stern (demands immediate - This is the use of the Police Laboratory in
response) personality towards the the examination of physical evidence.
suspect by using the following
methods:
- Jolting – investigator selects the right The different divisions of forensic science
moment to shout to the subject with a include:
pertinent question in an apparent righteous
outrage. 1. POLYGRAPHY OR LIE DETECTION TEST
- Opportunity to Lie – The suspect is given – focused in detecting deception.
all the opportunities to lie. 2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY– division of
forensic science focused in providing
6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour pictorial record of the crime scene.
Method 3. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY. It involves the
7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural use of the science of chemistry in the
Barrier examination of fibers, hairs, powder burns,
8. Searching for the Soft Spot blood, stain, paints, poisonous substances
and other matters in their relevance to the
F. Additional Modern Techniques of investigation.
Interrogation 4. FORENSIC MEDICINE – used to
determine the cause of death as one of the
1. Rationalization – use of reasons elements of corpus delicti and it could also
2. Projection – putting the blame to other approximate the time of death and other
persons, not alone to the suspect. pertinent and relevant matters in the
3. Minimization – It is the act of investigation.
minimizing the culpability of the 5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS or FIREARMS
suspect. IDENTIFICATION. This is the science of
firearms identification.
G. Physical Signs of Deceptions 6. DACTYLOSCOPY or PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION. This is otherwise
1. Excessive Sweating known as the science of fingerprint
2. Face Color Change identification.
3. Dry Mouth 7. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
4. Excessive Breathing EXAMINATION - establish if there is
5. Increase of Pulse Beat alteration, superimposition, or erasures,
6. Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact either mutually or chemically of a
document.
8. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY. The remove
of dentures is of paramount importance in
the identification of unknown bodies
especially when other means of
identification is lost.
9. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY. This is a very
recent science in the field of criminal
investigation and detection.
10. FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY.
This is the age of advanced information
technology.
Modern Discoveries of Instrumentation
1. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) =
DNA Fingerprinting is considered to be the
ultimate identification test in the conduct of
criminal investigation. It provides 100
percent positive identification of a suspect
whose blood, semen and/or other DNA-
bearing body tissues of fluids were found at
the crime scene or with the victim.
2. Hair Examination. The roots of the hair
when examined under this new technology
will determine the presence of drugs taken
by the person two years prior to the said
examination.
3. Automated fingerprint Identification
System. A questioned fingerprint is feed
into the AFIS machine which will
automatically search the files of fingerprints
and renders report in matters of seconds.
4. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS).
This is for the effective identification on the
location of criminals and objects thru
modern and special gadgets. It points out
the exact location of the subject or the
person who committed the crime.