Chainage in Curves 2

10.1.
1 Curve designation
 Curves are designated either by their radius (R) or their degree of curvature (D◦). The degree of
curvature is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of 100 m (Figure 10.2).
10.1.2 Through chainage

 Through chainage is the horizontal distance from the start of a scheme for route construction. Consider
Figure 10.3. If the distance from the start of the route (Chn 0.00 m) to the tangent point T1 is 2115.50 m,
then it is said that the chainage of T1 is 2115.50 m, written as (Chn 2115.50 m).
 If the route centre-line is being staked out at 20-m chord intervals, then the peg immediately prior to T1
must have a chainage of 2100 m (an integer number of 20 m intervals).
 The next peg on the centre-line must therefore have a chainage of 2120 m. It follows that the length of
the first sub-chord on the curve from T1 must be (2120 − 2115.50) = 4.50 m.
 Similarly, if the chord interval had been 30 m, the peg chainage prior to T1 must be 2100 m and the next
peg (on the curve) 2130 m, thus the first sub-chord will be (2130 − 2115.50) = 14.50 m.
 A further point to note in regard to chainage is that if the chainage at I1 is known, then the chainage at
T1 = Chn I1 − distance I1T1, the tangent length. However the chainage at T2 = Chn T1 + curve length, as
chainage is measured along the route under construction.
10.2 SETTING OUT CURVES
 This is the process of establishing the centre-line of the curve on the ground by means of pegs at 10 m to
30 m intervals. In order to do this the tangent and intersection points must first be fixed in the ground,
in their correct positions.
 Consider Figure 10.3. The straights OI1, I1I2, I2I3, etc., will have been designed on the plan in the first
instance. Using railway curves, appropriate curves will now be designed to connect the straights.
 The tangent points of these curves will then be fixed, making sure that the tangent lengths are equal, i.e.
T1I1 = T2I1 and T3I2 = T4I2. The coordinates of the origin, point O, and all the intersection points only
will now be carefully scaled from the plan.
 Using these coordinates, the bearings of the straights are computed and, using the tangent lengths on
these bearings, the coordinates of the tangent points are also computed. The difference of the bearings
of the straights provides the deflection angles of the curves which, combined with the tangent length,
enables computation of the curve radius, through chainage and all setting-out data.
 Now the tangent and intersection points are set out from existing control survey stations and the curves
ranged between them using the methods detailed below.
10.2.1 Setting out with theodolite and tape

 The following method of setting out curves is the most popular and it is called Rankine’s deflection or
tangential angle method, the latter term being more definitive.
 In Figure 10.4 the curve is established by a series of chords T1X, XY, etc. Thus, peg 1 at X is fixed by
sighting to I with the theodolite reading zero, turning off the angle δ1 and measuring out the chord
length T1X along this line.
 Setting the instrument to read the second deflection angle gives the direction T1Y, and peg 2 is fixed by
measuring the chord length XY from X until it intersects at Y.
 The procedure is now continued, the angles being set out from T1I, and the chords measured from the
previous station.
 It is thus necessary to be able to calculate the setting-out angles δ as follows:
 (Using equation (10.2a) the angle is obtained in degree and decimals of a degree; a single key operation
converts it to degrees, minutes, seconds.)
 An example will now be worked to illustrate these principles.
 The centre-line of two straights is projected forward to meet at I, the deflflection angle being 30◦. If the
straights are to be connected by a circular curve of radius 200 m, tabulate all the setting-out data,
assuming m chords on a through chainage basis, the chainage of I being 2259.59 m.
10.2.2 Setting out with two theodolites
 Where chord taping is impossible, the curve may be set out using two theodolites at T1 and T2
respectively, the intersection of the lines of sight giving the position of the curve pegs.
 The method is explained by reference to Figure 10.5. Set out the deflflection angles from T1I in the usual
way. From T2, set out the same angles from the main chord T2T1. The intersection of the corresponding
angles gives the peg position.
 If T1 cannot be seen from T2, sight to I and turn off the corresponding angles /2 − δ1, /2 − δ2, etc.
10.2.7 Setting out with inaccessible intersection point

 In Figure 10.10 it is required to fix T1 and T2, and obtain the angle , when I is inaccessible. Project the
straights forward as far as possible and establish two points A and B on them. Measure distance AB and
angles BAC and DBA then:
 angle IAB = 180◦ − BAC and angle IBA = 180◦ − DBA, from which angle BIA is deduced and angle .The
triangle AIB can now be solved for lengths IA and IB. These lengths, when subtracted from the computed
tangent lengths
 (R tan/2), give AT1 and BT2, which are set off along the straight to give positions T1 and T2 respectively.
Example 7.1. The chainage of the intersection point of two straights is 1060 m, and the angle of intersection
is 120°. If radius of a circular curve to be set out is 570 m, and peg interval is 30 m, determine the tangent
length, the length of the curve, the chainage at the beginning and end of the curve, the length of the long
chord, the lengths of the sub-chords, and the total number of chords.
Solution (Fig. 7.10):
Example 7.2. Two straight roads meet at an angle of 130°. Calculate the necessary data for setting out a
circular curve of 15 chains radius between the roads by the perpendicular offsets method. The length of one
chain is 20 m. Making the use of the following data, determine the coordinates of P.C., P.T., and apex of
the curve.
(a) Coordinates of a control point X = E 1200 m, N 1500 m
(b) Distance of X from P.I. = 100 m
(c) Bearing of line joining IX = 320°
(d) Angle between IX and back tangent = 90°.
Example 7.3. A circular curve of 250 m radius is to be set out between two straights having deflection angle
of 45°20′ right, and chainage of the point of intersection as 112 + 10. Calculate the necessary data for setting
out the curve by the method of offsets from the chords produced taking the length of one chain as 20 m.
Solution (Fig. 7.2):

Chainage in Curves 2

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10.1.

10.1.2 Through chainage

10.2.1 Setting out with theodolite and tape

10.2.7 Setting out with inaccessible intersection point

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