HRS2019 Carper XFMR Aux
HRS2019 Carper XFMR Aux
HRS2019 Carper XFMR Aux
Protection Devices
BRENT L. CARPER, P.E.
Principal Engineer
Presented at the
36th Annual Hands-On Relay School
March 11-15, 2019
Agenda
Intro:
Common Relay Protection (87, 50/51)
Other Relay Protection (24, REF, 87Q)
Auxiliary Protection:
Oil Level Gauges (71)
Thermal Protection (26, 49)
Sudden Pressure Relays (63)
Gas Accumulators and Buchholz Relays (80)
Dissolved Gas and Moisture Monitors
Bushing Monitors
Relay Protection of Transformers
Common Relay Protection of Transformers:
87T Differential
50/51, 51G Overcurrent
86T Lockout Relay
These faults may have negligible current at the bushings where the current is
measured, but they are still faults. By the time this type of fault is detectable
by the 87, 50/51, it is probably too late.
Results:
Shortens transformer life
Rule of thumb: 2x aging for every 6% above nominal temp
Creates gasses in the transformer oil
Extreme overheating can cause immediate insulation failure or heating of
oil beyond its flash point
Thermal Devices & Protection
ANSI 26Q – Apparatus Thermal Device
ANSI 49W – Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
26Q and/or 49W devices often have multiple set points (stages):
Stage 1 = turn on cooling
Stage 2 = turn on more cooling
Stage 3 = alarm
Stage 4 = trip (optional)
Thermal Devices & Protection
ANSI 26Q – Apparatus Thermal Device
ANSI 49W – Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
Source: www.reinhausen.com
ANSI 49W Hot Spot Options
Options for 49W Hot Spot Temperature
Approximated hot spot based on Top Oil Temperature
Simulated hot spot using an Oil Well
Simulated hot spot using a gauge with a Thermal Plate
Calculated hot spot using real-time modeling
Direct measurement of the winding temperature using Fiber Optics
Source: www.qualitrolcorp.com
ANSI 49W Hot Spot Options
ANSI 49W Hot Spot Options
Options for 49W Hot Spot Temperature
Approximated hot spot based on Top Oil Temperature
Simulated hot spot using an Oil Well
Simulated hot spot using a gauge with a Thermal Plate
Calculated hot spot using real-time modeling
Direct measurement of the winding temperature using Fiber Optics
Mathematical Model
Uses current and heat transfer theory
(differential Equations)
Can be done economically in relay-grade devices
Source: www.selinc.com
ANSI 49W Hot Spot Options
Calculated Temperature
Fiber Optics
Allows placement of temperature measurement in the winding.
Only way to truly measure the winding temperature.
ANSI 49W Hot Spot Options
Conclusion: Lower accuracy methods might be okay for cooling system control,
but are probably insufficient for protection
Sudden Pressure Relays
Also known as: Rapid Pressure Rise Relay, Fault Pressure Relay
ANSI 63 (63SPR, 63RPR, 63FP)
Not the same as a Pressure Relief Device (63PRD)
Sudden Pressure Relays
Arcing in mineral oil causes gas bubbles
The bubble has a much larger volume than the oil that gasified
This results in a very small but very rapid change in pressure (shock wave)
63SPR is immune to actual tank pressure due to temperature or
other factors
Source: www.electrical-engineering-portal.com
Sudden Pressure Relays
63SPR is one of the fastest transformer protection devices
NERC Compliance
NERC Terminology
History:
SPR – Westinghouse term; also used by IEEE
RPR – Qualitrol term for SPR
Buchholz – Named after Max Buchholz who patented the relay in 1921
NERC:
SPR = A relay mounted in the gas layer
RPR = A relay mounted under oil
Buchholz = Buchholz Relay
Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay ONLY applies to a transformer with a Conservator
Source: www.electrical4u.com
Buchholz Relay
Maintenance Issues:
Difficult to test due to location
Gas accumulator usually easier to test than the flow rate switch
Plunger tests the electrical contacts, but not the actual flow vane
Dissolved Gas Analysis/Monitoring
Traditional utility practice:
Oil sample taken periodically and sent to
the lab for a DGA
May perform a DGA after a transformer trip
Not much for the Relay Tech to do
% distribution
% distribution
60 60
50
40 40
30
13
20 20 6.7
0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1
10 1.2 0.01 0.01 0.01
0 0
H2 CO CH4 C2H4 C2H6 C2H2 H2 CO CH4 C2H4 C2H6 C2H2
Fault gases Fault gases
% distribution
40 40
30
30 30
16 17
20 20
10 10 5 3 2
2 0.01 2
0.1
0 0
H2 CO CH4 C2H4 C2H6 C2H2 H2 CO CH4 C2H4 C2H6 C2H2
Fault gases Fault gases
Summary:
Hydrogen is always present for any fault situation.
Gas alarming (or tripping) can be based on:
H2 only or TDCG (Total Dissolved Combustible Gas).
Total amount (ppm) or rate of change.
Alarm/Trip action could be different based on the ratios of the
gasses.
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office: 509-339-7626
cell: 509-339-3848
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