FirstandSecond LawsAnalysisofanAir StandardDualCycleWithHeatLossConsideration

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First and Second-Laws Analysis of an Air-Standard Dual Cycle with Heat Loss
Consideration
Article · April 2014
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International Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical and Computer Technology
Vol. 4(11), Apr. 2014, pp. 315-332, ISSN: 2305-0543
Available online at: http://www.aeuso.org

© Austrian E-Journals of Universal Scientific Organization
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First and Second-Laws Analysis of an Air-Standard Dual Cycle

With Heat Loss Consideration
M.M. Rashidi1, 2, A. Hajipour3* and A. Fahimirad4
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
3
Young Researchers Club, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
4
Head of Research and Development Center (R&D), Iran Heavy Diesel Mfg. Co. (Desa), Amol, Iran
*Corresponding Author's E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In this article, the first and second-laws analysis of the thermodynamic Dual cycle with considering
of heat loss are investigated by using finite-time thermodynamics (FTT). The influences of various
factors (e.g. initial temperature of working fluid, constants related to combustion and heat transfer
through the cylinder wall) on the performance of Dual cycle are analyzed. As well as, the curve of the
first-law efficiency versus compression ratio, the net work output versus compression ratio, the second-
law efficiency versus compression ratio and the second-law efficiency versus the first-law efficiency are
indicated. The finding results in this article can be useful for analysis of Dual cycles.
Keywords: Finite-time thermodynamics; Air-standard Dual cycle; Heat loss; Compression ratio; Net
work output; First-law efficiency; Second-law efficiency
1. Introduction
The air-standard Dual cycle (or Dual combustion cycle) is a thermodynamic cycle that is a
combination of the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle, first introduced by Russian-German engineer
Gustav Trinkler. The first-law efficiency (thermal efficiency) is an important thermodynamic
parameter for analysis of a cycle. The Second-law analysis is a good benchmark for the
availability of systems. The second-law efficiency is the ratio of the actual first-law efficiency to
the maximum possible (reversible) thermal efficiency under the same conditions [1]. For the
work-producing devices, the second-law efficiency can also be expressed as the ratio of the useful
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work output to the maximum possible (reversible) work output [1, 2]. In recent years, many
attentions have been paid in order to analyzing the performances of the Dual cycle, other air-
standard cycles and second-law analysis. Ozsoysal [3] investigated effects of combustion
efficiency on a Dual cycle. Chen et al. [4] studied effects of heat transfer, friction and variable
specific heats of working fluid on performance of an irreversible Dual cycle. Ge et al. [5]
investigated finite-time thermodynamic modeling and analysis for an irreversible Dual cycle. Hou
[6] studied heat transfer effect on the performance of an air standard Dual cycle. Chen et al. [7]
studied optimal performance of an irreversible Dual -cycle. Ust et al. [8] investigated
optimizations of a Dual cycle cogeneration system based on a new exergetic performance
criterion. Wang et al. [9] investigated the effects of friction on the performance of an air standard
Dual cycle. Ahmadi et al. [10] studied thermodynamic analysis and thermoeconomic optimization
of a Dual pressure combined cycle power plant with a supplementary firing unit. Parlak [11]
investigated comparative performance analysis of irreversible Dual and Diesel cycles under
maximum power conditions. Gahruei et al. [12] studied Mathematical modeling and comparison
of air standard Dual and Dual-Atkinson cycles with friction, heat transfer and variable specific
heats of the working fluid. Lior et al. [13] investigated energy, exergy, and second Law
performance criteria and Rashidi et al. [14] studied first and second law analysis of an ejector
expansion Joule–Thomson cryogenic refrigeration cycle. In this article, the first and the second-
laws analysis of an air-standard Dual cycle with heat loss is investigated.
2. Thermodynamic analysis
The T-s and the P-v diagrams of an air-standard Dual cycle are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The
Dual cycle consists of five processes, isentropic compression (1→2), heat addition occur at two
processes, constant-volume (2→3) and constant-pressure (3→4), isentropic expansion (4→5) and
constant-volume heat rejection (5→1).
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Figure 1: The T-s Diagram of an air-standard Dual cycle.
For an ideal Dual cycle, the heat added per unit mass of the working fluid during constant -
volume and constant-pressure processes is defined as:
qin  Cv T3  T2   C p T4  T3  , (1)
where, Cv and C p are the constant-volume and constant-pressure specific-heat, respectively.
For a real Dual cycle, the heat loss between the working fluid and the cylinder wall is not
negligible. It is assumed that the heat loss through the cylinder wall is proportional to the average
temperature of both the working fluid and the cylinder wall and that the wall temperature is
assumed constant. The heat added per unit mass of the working fluid by combustion is defined as
[4]:
qin  A  B T2  T4  , (2)
where, A and B are two constants related to the combustion and heat transfer respectively.
Combining Eqs (1) and (2):
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Figure 2: The P-v Diagram of an air-standard Dual cycle.
 A  T2  Cv  B   T3  Cv  C p  
T4   . (3)
Cp  B 
Defining the compression ratio, rc , the pressure ratio, rp , and the cut-off ratio, r , as follow:
V1
rc  , (4)
V2
T3
rp  , (5)
T2
and
V4 T4
r   (6)
V3 T3
For the isentropic process (1→2), we have:

T2  T1rc k 1 . (7)
According to Eq. (5), the temperature of the state 3 is defined as:

T3  T2 rp . (8)
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For the isentropic process (4→5), we have:

k 1 k 1 k 1
T5 V  V V  r
 4   4  2    . (9)
T4  V5   V2 V5   rc 
Thus,
k 1
r
T5  T4    (10)
 rc 
For an air-standard Dual cycle, the heat rejected per unit mass by the working fluid during
constant-pressure process is defined :
qout  Cv T5  T1  . (11)
The net work output per unit mass of the working fluid for the Dual cycle is given by the
following equation:
wnet  qin  qout  Cv T3  T1  T2  T5   C p T4  T3  . (12)
Finally, the first-law efficiency is defined:
wnet Cv T3  T1  T2  T5   C p T4  T3 

I    (13)
qin Cv T3  T2   C p T4  T3 
The second-law analysis is a good benchmark for the availability of systems that is described
as the ratio of the actual thermal efficiency (first-law efficiency) to the maximum possible
(reversible) thermal efficiency under the same conditions. For the work-producing devices, the
second-law efficiency can also be expressed as the ratio of the useful net work output to the
maximum possible (reversible) net work output [1, 2]. According to above description, the
second-law efficiency of an air-standard Dual cycle is defined as:
wnet
 II  , (14)
wmax
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where, wmax is maximum possible net work of the Dual cycle. On the other hand, wmax is
defined as follow:
wmax  qin max , (15)
where,  max is maximum efficiency (the Carnot efficiency) and for the Dual cycle defined as:
 T 
 II   1  1  (16)
 T4 
So, according to Eqs. (1) and (16), Eq. (15) can be written as:
 T1 
wmax  Cv T3  T2   C p T4  T3    1   (17)
 T4 
Finally, by substituting Eqs. (12) and (17) into Eq. (14), the second -law efficiency of an air-
standard Dual cycle is as follows:
Cv T3  T1  T2  T5   C p T4  T3 
 II  
 T  (18)
Cv T3  T2   C p T4  T3    1  1 
 T4 
3. Numerical calculations and discussion

In this paper, the following parameters are used:
T1  280  320 ( K ), A  3500  4500 (kJ / kg ), B  0.8  1.2 (kJ / kg.K ), rc  1  55,
C p  1.003 (kJ / kg.K ), Cv  0.716 (kJ / kg.K ), r  1.6, rp  1.2.
Figures 3-5, show that the effects of parameters A , B and T 1 on curve of the first-law efficiency
versus the compression ratio. A and B are the total input heat and the loss heat respectively.
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According to these graphs and Eq. (2), the first-law efficiency increases with increasing A and with
decreasing B and T 1 .
Figures 6-8, show that the effects of parameters A , B and T 1 on curve of the net work output
versus the compression ratio. It can be seen that the net work output increases with increasing A and
with decreasing B and T 1 . The maximum value of the net work output occur at the compression ratio
less 20.
versus the first-law efficiency. It can be seen that these figures are loop-shaped. The net work output and
first-law efficiency increase with increasing A and with decreasing B and T 1 . Effects of parameters
A , B and T 1 on curve of the second-law efficiency versus the compression ratio illustrate in figures
12-14. The second-law efficiency versus the compression ratio under variation of parameters A ,
B and T 1 behave like the first-law efficiency at the same condition (figures 3-5).
versus the second-law efficiency. It can be seen that these figures are loop-shaped too and the maximum
value of the second-law efficiency occur at the maximum value of the net work output. The net work
output and second-law efficiency increase with increasing A and with decreasing B and T 1 . Finally,
the curves of the first-law efficiency versus the second-law efficiency with variation of parameters
A , B and T 1 depict in figures 18-20. These curves are sharp loop-shaped and the maximum value of
the second-law efficiency occur at the maximum value of the first-law efficiency.
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4. Figures and results
0.8 T1 = 300 (K) A = 3500 (kJ/kg)

B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
0.7 rp = 1.2 A = 4500 (kJ/kg)
r = 1.6
0.6
I
First-law efficiency, 
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Compression ratio, rc
Figure 3: Effect of A on curves of the fist-law efficiency versus the compression ratio.
0.8 T1 = 300 (K) B = 0.8 (kJ/kg.K)

A = 4000 (kJ/kg) B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
0.7 rp = 1.2 B = 1.2 (kJ/kg.K)
r = 1.6
0.6
I
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 4: Effect of B on curves of the fist-law efficiency versus the compression ratio.
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0.8 A = 4000 (kJ/kg) T1 = 280 (K)

B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) T1 = 300 (K)
0.7 rp = 1.2
T1 = 320 (K)
r = 1.6
0.6
I
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 5: Effect of T 1 on curves of the fist-law efficiency versus the compression ratio.
1000
T1 = 300 (K) A = 3500 (kJ/kg)
900 B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
rp = 1.2
A = 4500 (kJ/kg)
800 r = 1.6
(kJ/kg)
700
600
net
Net work output, w
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 6: Effect of A on curves of the net work output versus the compression ratio.
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1000
T1 = 300 (K) B = 0.8 (kJ/kg.K)
900 A = 4000 (kJ/kg) B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
rp = 1.2
B = 1.2 (kJ/kg.K)
800 r = 1.6
(kJ/kg)
700
600
net
Net work output, w
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 7: Effect of B on curves of the net work output versus the compression ratio.
800 A = 4000 (kJ/kg) T1 = 280 (K)

B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) T1 = 300 (K)
700 rp = 1.2
T1 = 320 (K)
r = 1.6
(kJ/kg)
600
net
500
Net work output, w
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 8: Effect of T 1 on curves of the net work output versus the compression ratio.
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800
T1 = 300 (K) A = 3500 (kJ/kg)
700 B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
rp = 1.2 A = 4500 (kJ/kg)
600 r = 1.6
(kJ/kg)
500
net
Net work output, w
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
First-law efficiency, I
Figure 9: Effect of A on curves of the net work output versus the first-law efficiency.
900
B = 0.8 (kJ/kg.K)
800 T1 = 300 (K) B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
A = 4000 (kJ/kg) B = 1.2 (kJ/kg.K)
700 rp = 1.2
(kJ/kg)
r = 1.6
600
net
500
Net work output, w
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 10: Effect of B on curves of the net work output versus the first-law efficiency.
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700
A = 4000 (kJ/kg) T1 = 280 (K)
600 B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) T1 = 300 (K)
rp = 1.2 T1 = 320 (K)

(kJ/kg)
500 r = 1.6
net
400
Net work output, w
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 11: Effect of T 1 on curves of the net work output versus the first-law efficiency.
1
A = 3500 (kJ/kg)
0.9 T1 = 300 (K)
A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) A = 4500 (kJ/kg)
0.8 rp = 1.2
r = 1.6
0.7
II
Second-law efficiency, 
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 12: Effect of A on curves of the second-law efficiency versus the compression ratio.
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1
B = 0.8 (kJ/kg.K)
0.9 T1 = 300 (K)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
A = 4000 (kJ/kg) B = 1.2 (kJ/kg.K)
0.8 rp = 1.2
r = 1.6
0.7
II
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 13: Effect of B on curves of the second-law efficiency versus the compression ratio.
1
T1 = 280 (K)
0.9 A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
T1 = 300 (K)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
0.8 rp = 1.2 T1 = 320 (K)
r = 1.6
0.7
II
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 14: Effect of T 1 on curves of the second-law efficiency versus the compression ratio.
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900
T1 = 300 (K) A = 3500 (kJ/kg)
800 B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
rp = 1.2 A = 4500 (kJ/kg)
700 r = 1.6
(kJ/kg)
600
net
500
Net work output, w
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Second-law efficiency, II
Figure 15: Effect of A on curves of the net work output versus the second-law efficiency.
1000
B = 0.8 (kJ/kg.K)
900 T1 = 300 (K)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
A = 4000 (kJ/kg) B = 1.2 (kJ/kg.K)
800 rp = 1.2
r = 1.6
(kJ/kg)
700
600
net
Net work output, w
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 16: Effect of B on curves of the net work output versus the second -law efficiency.
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800
T1 = 280 (K)
700 A = 4000 (kJ/kg) T1 = 300 (K)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) T1 = 320 (K)
600 rp = 1.2
(kJ/kg)
r = 1.6
500
net
Net work output, w
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 17: Effect of T 1 on curves of the net work output versus the second-law efficiency.
1
A = 3500 (kJ/kg)
0.9 T1 = 300 (K)
A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K) A = 4500 (kJ/kg)
0.8 rp = 1.2
r = 1.6
0.7
II
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fiest-law efficiency, I
Figure 18: Effect of A on curves of the second-law efficiency versus the first-law efficiency.
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1
B = 0.8 (kJ/kg.K)
0.9 T1 = 300 (K)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
A = 4000 (kJ/kg) B = 1.2 (kJ/kg.K)
0.8 rp = 1.2
r = 1.6
0.7
II
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 19: Effect of B on curves of the second-law efficiency versus the first-law efficiency.
1
T1 = 280 (K)
0.9 A = 4000 (kJ/kg)
T1 = 300 (K)
B = 1.0 (kJ/kg.K)
0.8 rp = 1.2 T1 = 320 (K)
r = 1.6
0.7
II
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 20: Effect of T 1 on curves of the second-law efficiency versus the first-law efficiency.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the reviewers and Dr. Vahidi for their helpful suggestions.
Conclusion
In this article, the first and second-laws analysis of an air-standard Dual cycle with consideration of
heat loss have been analyzed. The effects of initial temperature, combustion and heat transfer factors on
the first-law efficiency, second-law efficiency and the net work output have been shown. The finding
results of this paper are obvious and should be considered in practical air-standard cycle analysis.
References
[1] Y. A. Cengel, M. A. Boles, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 7th Ed, McGraw-Hill Book Company, (2010).
[2] A. Bejan, Advanced engineering thermodynamics, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons INC, (2006).
[3] O. A. Ozsoysal. Effects of combustion efficiency on a Dual cycle. Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (2009), pp.
2400–2406.
[4] L. Chen, Y. Ge, F. Sun, C, Wu. Effects of heat transfer, friction and variable specific heats of working fluid on perform ance
of an irreversible Dual cycle. Energy Conversion and Management, 47 (2006), pp. 3224–3234.
[5] Y. Ge, L. Chen, F. Sun. Finite-time thermodynamic modeling and analysis for an irreversible Dual cycle. Mathematical and
Computer Modelling, 50 (2009), pp. 101_108.
[6] S. S. Hou. Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air standard Dual cycle. Energy Conversion and Management, 45
(2004), pp. 3003–3015.
[7] L. Chen, F. Sun, C Wu. Optimal performance of an irreversible Dual-cycle. Applied Energy, 79 (2004), pp. 3–14.
[8] Y. Ust, B. Sahin, A. Kodal. Optimization of a Dual cycle cogeneration system based on a new exergetic perform ance
criterion. Applied Energy, 84 (2007), pp. 1079–1091.
[9] W. Wang, L. Chen, F. Sun, C. Wu. The effect of friction on the performance of an air standard dual cycle. Exergy, an
International Journal, 2 (2002), pp. 340–344.
[10] P. Ahmadi, I. Dincer. Thermodynamic analysis and thermoeconomic optimization of a Dual pressure combined cycle
power plant with a supplementary firing unit. Energy Conversion and Management, 52 (2011), pp. 2296–2308.
[11] A. Parlak. Comparative performance analysis of irreversible Dual and Diesel cycles under maximum power conditions.
Energy Conversion and Management, 46 (2005), pp. 351–359.
[12] M. H. Gahruei. H. S. Jeshvaghani, S. Vahidi. L. Chen. Mathematical modeling and comparison of air standard Dual and
Dual-Atkinson cycles with friction, heat transfer and variable specific-heats of the working fluid. Applied Mathematical
Modelling, xxx (2013), pp. xxx–xxx.
[13] N. Lior, N. Zhang. Energy, exergy, and Second Law performance criteria. Energy, 32 (2007), pp. 281–296.
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[14] M. M. Rashidi, O. Anwar Beg, A. Habibzadeh. First and second law analysis of an ejector expansion Joule–Thomson
cryogenic refrigeration cycle. International Journal of Energy Research, 36 (2012), pp. 231–240.
Authors
Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi (M.M. Rashidi): Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi received his
PhD in Mechanical Engineering from University of Tarbiat Modares. He is currently
Associate Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bu -Ali Sina
University, Hamedan, Iran. His current research interest includes Heat and mass
transfer, Thermodynamics and Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). He is member of
editorial board of 15 journals. He published two books, 128 journal papers and 42 conference papers. E-
mail: [email protected]
Alireza Hajipour (A. Hajipour): Alireza Hajipour received his BSc in Mechanical
Engineering from Sari Islamic Azad University and received his MSc in Mechanical
Engineering from Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University. His current
research interest includes Thermodynamics and Energy. He is currently a member of the
Young Researchers Club of Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol,
Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Afshin Fahimirad (A. Fahimirad): Afshin Fahimirad received his BSc in Mechanical
Engineering from Islamic Azad University of Sari and received his MSc in Mechanical
Engineering from Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. His current research interest
includes Thermodynamics and Combustion. He is currently Head of Research and
Development Center (R&D) of Iran Heavy Diesel Mfg. Co. (Desa), Amol, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
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FirstandSecond LawsAnalysisofanAir StandardDualCycleWithHeatLossConsideration

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Article · April 2014

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Vol. 4(11), Apr. 2014, pp. 315-332, ISSN: 2305-0543

Available online at: http://www.aeuso.org