Biochem Experiment 2 Post Lab GROUP 2 PDF

Experiment 2: COLLOIDS
Leader: Barbosa, Jezreel Anne J. Score:

Members: Blancaflor, Alden Jean G.
Capillar, Zharla Nicole Grace T.
Carpio, Patricia G.
Cespedes, Kristel Celine P.
BS PSYCHOLOGY 2-1 September 10, 2021 September 12, 2021

Course/Year Date performed Date
submitted
Th-F (1:00pm-4:00pm) Sarah Joy Del Rosario

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Table 1. Description of the various prepared colloidal solution [5 pts]
Colloidal System Observation

Fe(OH)3 sol It doesn’t settle or separate over time. It forms
a heterogeneous mixture and becomes darker
after the boiling process.
Calcium acetate gel It forms a heterogeneous mixture and a jelly-
like structure, and the solutions turned
translucent.
Benzene/water Benzene and water have different properties
that is why they won’t mix easily. Even
though benzene is slightly soluble in water, it
floats on top of the water. Its solution is
transparent and has two layers.
w/o detergent Just like the benzene/water solution, it is also
transparent with two layers. In addition, the
mixture of benzene and water will remain as
it is.
w/ detergent Benzene, water, and detergent seemed to have
mixed altogether as they formed a
homogeneous bubbly-cloudy mixture. Its
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solution turned into some sort of opaque with
visible particles at the bottom.
Cigarette smoke Unlike other gases, cigarette smoke can be
seen through the use of the naked eye. It can
be dispersed in the air easily like clouds since
it is visible in the air.
Exploratory Question/s:
1. What kind of colloidal system is the Fe(OH)3 sol? How is it formed? What is/are the expected
characteristic/s of Fe (OH)3 sol? Is it lyophilic or a lyophobic system? [5 pts]
Ferric hydroxide forms a hydrophobic sol. It was formed by adding FeCl3 solution into the
boiling water. It is expected to have a heterogeneous nature that consists of two phases, the
dispersed and dispersion medium. Dispersion is the scattered or present phase in the form of
colloidal particles while the dispersion medium is which the colloidal particles are dispersed.
However, Fe (OH)3 has no affinity between the two mediums making them a lyophobic sol because
it was not able to mix with water.
2. What kind of colloidal system is the calcium acetate gel? How is it formed? What is/are
expected characteristic/s of the calcium acetate gel? [3 pts]
Calcium acetate gel was formed by quickly swirling the 10mL of ethyl alcohol and 1mL
of saturated calcium acetate aqueous solution. It is classified as a gel and expected to be an
immobile semi-solid. When dispersed, calcium acetate has a phase of liquid while solid in the
medium. It also has a tendency to absorb liquid causing it to swell. On the other hand, it is more
readily soluble salt compared with calcium carbonate.
3. What kind of colloidal system is the benzene/detergent mixture? How is it formed? What
is/are the expected characteristic/s emulsion? What is the role of detergent in the preparation of
this emulsion? Is emulsion the same ad emulsion? Why? Why not? [6 pts]
Benzene/detergent mixture can be classified as an emulsion colloidal system. It is formed

from water when being dispersed in a medium and benzene act as the dispersing phase. Since
benzene is nonpolar while water is polar and both of them are immiscible in nature, adding benzene
to water will only make the benzene float and no apparent mixing will occur. Hence, it will only
result in an emulsion. In this experiment, the detergent acts as an emulsifying agent for benzene
and water, which forces the benzene to mix with water.
An emulsion is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between

solutions and suspensions. While an Emoloid acts as a colloidal system consisting of liquid
dispersed in a liquid. Therefore, these two are definitely not the same. Since emulsion requires
mixing and shaking immiscible liquids together to fill the lack of affinity between the dispersing
phase and medium. On the other hand, emoloid have an affinity towards dispersing mediums
making them different from one another.
4. How would you describe the smoke that was formed from the cigarette? What kind of
colloidal system does the cigarette smoke belongs? What is/are the expected characteristic/s of
this colloidal system? [3 pts]
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemical compounds that are bound to aerosol
particles or are free in the gas phase. Smokes are aerosols in which the dispersed medium is gas
and the dispersed phase is solid classifying it as a solid aerosol. For this colloidal system, some
expected characteristics are the Tyndall effect and Brownian motions. Tyndall effect is one of its
characteristics since it can scatter light when focused . On the other hand, Brownian motion is also
an expected characteristic because the air particle bombards the smoke particles and move them
to the same direction as the air particles blow it.
Table 2. Observed properties of colloidal system [7 pts]
Colloidal Properties Observation

Dialysis
Reaction w/ AgNO 3 The colloids do not change color, but a white precipitate formed.
Reaction w/ I 2 /KI The starch in the bag/tube turned into blue.
Particle Size
Fe(OH)3 -80P/ in diameter, it is small but larger than CuSO4
Muddy water 1 mm = 1000 µm and visible to the eyes.
CuSO 4 solution Ranges from (10–40 mm), (2–10 mm), (less than 2 mm), and (less
than 0.15 mm) making them not visible to the eyes.
Adsorption
Color before filtration The color before filtration is dark blue/black
Color after filtration After distillation the color has become clear
Tyndall effect
CuSO 4 solution Light does not pass through hence Tyndall effect is impossible
5% albumin Light passes through hence Tyndall effect is possible
Fe(OH)3 sol Light passes through hence Tyndall effect is possible
Viscosity
Distilled water Less viscous
5% albumin Slightly viscous
Fe(OH)3 sol Less viscous than the soluiton with 5% albumin
Exploratory Question/s
5. What is proven by the result obtained with the reaction of silver nitrate with the water in the
beaker? With I 2 /KI? What is the meaning of semi-permeability? What is permeable and what is
not? What determines permeability? [5 pts]
In the experiment, it was shown that when the glucose and starch in the dialysis tube is set
into a solution of water and iodine, the tiny molecules of iodine enter the bag, react with the starch
and turn it into a dark black/blue color while the solution in the beaker forms a white precipitate.
The results prove permeability and semi permeability in which selected particles can travel through
the membrane pores. The passage of liquids, solids, and gas through certain materials is known as
permeability. But in this experiment, the dialysis tube was not permeable to the starch but
permeable to the iodine and glucose, which is semi-permeability.
6. What is the Tyndall effect? How is Tyndall effect observed in this experiment? Which of the
four substances exhibit Tyndall effect? Why do they exhibit Tyndall effect? [4 pts]
The phenomenon wherein light is scattered by particles when it passes through a colloid.
The Tyndall effect allows us to see a beam of light, visible to us by dust particles floating in the
air. Also, it is used for the identification of liquid, if it is a colloid or a solution. In this experiment,
the Tyndall effect can be observed in the third beaker of the water and milk solution. The reason
behind this is because the colloid’s two phases, disperse and dispersion medium. Due to these
disperse particles, the light will be able to scatter, creating the beam of light that passes through.
7. Account for the difference in color of the filtrate of aqueous methylene blue and that of the
original mixture. What is the importance of the principle of adsorption in colloidal system? What
determines the adsorbing power of a given adsorbent? Relate this to colloidal system. [4 pts]
Adsorption describes the tendency of molecules and ions to adhere to the surface of certain
solids or liquids. Colloidal particles have a strong adsorption tendency. As a result, colloidal
systems have a large surface area for adsorption of molecules and ions. The absorption power of a
given colloidal system is determined by the concentration of a solution, the thickness of the
solution layer, the nature of a colloidal substance, and the wavelength of light.
8. How do filterability distinguishes the particle size of the three given systems in the experiment?
[2 pts]
Filtration is a physical or chemical separation procedure that separates solid matter and
fluid from a mixture by utilizing a filter material with a complicated structure through which only
fluid may flow. Blinding occurs when oversize particles create a filter cake on top of the filter and
obstruct the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from traversing the filter. The effective pore
size of a filter is the size of the biggest particles that can pass through it successfully. Solid-fluid
separation is incomplete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid, and the filtrate will contain
fine particulates.
9. What are the factor/s affecting viscosity of a substance? How would these factors account for
the observed viscosity difference of the substance used in the experiment? [3 pts]
Viscosity is a measure of the rate of momentum diffusion in the flow direction that only
happens when there is shear in the flow, such as inside the boundary layer of flow past a surface
or during turbulent mixing of a bulk fluid. The factors that influence a substance viscosity are
temperature, pressure, and concentration. The viscosity of a fluid reduces as the temperature rises,
allowing for more molecular movement. When significant pressure is applied, pressure has just a
minor effect. The viscosity and concentration are inextricably linked.
Table 3. Precipitation of Colloids: (a) the number of drops of electrolyte required to precipitate
a colloid; (b) appearance of precipitate formed when two colloids are mixed together [3 pts]
Observation
(a) Precipitation by a electrolyte
Fe(OH)3 sol Before the Fe(OH)3 sol was precipitated, 10mL of

(NH4)2SO4 were added to the iron solution, resulting in
a reddish brown/ rust color precipitate.
5% gelatin 3mL of (NH 4 )2SO 4 was first added, but no visible

precipitate occurred, therefore 3g of solid (NH 4 )2 SO 4 was
added, which formed into a thick white precipitate.
(b) Mutual precipitation

Gelatin + Fe(OH)3 When the Fe(OH)3 was added to the gelatin, it separated
into two layers: a rust color precipitate on top and a thick
transparent liquid on the bottom.
10. How can electrolytes promote the precipitation of colloids? Discuss the mechanism of
precipitation of colloid by an electrolyte? Which of the two colloids precipitate first? Why? [5 pts]
The electrolyte acts as a stabilizing agent, promoting colloid precipitation. The ions of the
electrolyte adsorb the particles of the colloid. By adding an appropriate electrolyte to the
precipitate, it was transformed into a colloidal form. Fe(OH)3 is the first colloid to precipitate.
Because the addition of (NH 4 )2 SO 4 lowers the concentration of the water solution available for the
protein solution, it precipitated first. Because albumin with a concentration of 5% contains more
water molecules, it requires a significantly higher concentration of salt to precipitate. While
Fe(OH)3 is a heavy metal, it contains fewer water molecules, resulting in considerably faster
precipitation.
11. How can a colloid promotes the precipitation of another colloid? Discuss the mechanism of
the mutual precipitation of colloids? [3 pts]
The isoelectric point of one colloid facilitates the precipitation of another colloid. When
the pH of the solution exceeds the isoelectric point, the protein molecule becomes a negatively
charged anion with repulsive forces. (NH 4 )2 SO 4 is a positively charged heavy metal ion that binds
to the negatively charged anion, resulting in their precipitation.
Table 4. Demonstration of Donnan Membrane Equilibrium
System Before standing After standing

Water + NaOH The solution has a lighter color. The color of the solution in the
beaker became darker.
Gelatin + NaOH The solution has a darker color The color of the solution in the
beaker became lighter
12. Account for the difference in the color of the two-solutions after 30 minutes. Why is the color
on one test tube lighter, and darker, and darker in another? What happens? What is meant by
Donnan Membrane equilibrium? [4 pts]
The water + NaOH solution inside the cellophane bag reacted with the phenolphthalein in
the beaker, changing the color of the solution inside the bag to a much darker pink. However, the
gelatin + NaOH cellophane bag, which had a darker solution at first, became lighter since the
phenolphthalein solution has a considerably smaller particle size than the gelatin + NaOH,
allowing it to pass through the holes in the cellophane bag and react with the gelatin + NaOH in
the beaker. The color variation between the two solutions is due to dialysis. Because the
phenolphthalein is now attached to the gelatin + NaOH solution inside the cellophane bag and
unable to escape, the phenolphthalein concentration in the beaker is lower than it was at the start
of the experiment. The Donnan Membrane Equilibrium is demonstrated in a variety of ways,
including dialysis. According to the dialysis principle, a molecule with a smaller particle can pass
through a semipermeable membrane, such as how phenolphthalein reacted with gelatin + NaOH
in the experiment; the phenolphthalein solution has smaller molecules that flow to the larger
molecule, gelatin + NaOH. As a result, the phenolphthalein can pass through the cellophane bag.
REFERENCES:
Description of the various prepared colloidal solution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SDANOpEr5c
(Properties Of Colloids Solutions, Physical Properties, ElectroDialysis, Ultra filtration,

Chemistry Study Material @eMedicalprep.Com | eMedicalPrep)
https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/chemistry/general-chemistry/question-
140303
Types of Colloidal Solutions.

https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/chemistry/physical-chemistry/types-of-colloidal-
solutions/11260/
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/give-the-dispersed-phase-and-the-dispersion-class-9-
chemistry-cbse-5f9f0268f1ba77035fdf7001
(Gels: Its meaning, formation, classification, and applications (thefactfactor.com)

https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/calcium+acetate+mixtures
Does Benzene dissolve in water?

(https://socratic.org/questions/does-benzene-dissolve-in-water#:~)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/colloids/
What kind of colloidal system does the cigarette smoke belong to?
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/smoke-is-a-colloidal-solution-of/)
Chemistry and Toxicology of Cigarette Smoke and Biomarkers of Exposure and Harm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53014/
Selective Permeability of Dialysis Tubing Lab: Explained

https://schoolworkhelper.net/selective-permeability-of-dialysis-tubing-lab-explained/
Cohesive Sediment- An Overview

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/cohesive-
sediment#:~:text=Cohesive%20sediment%20(also%20called%20mud,%C2%B5m%3B%20Post
ma%2C%201967).
The preparation and characterization of iron trihydroxide

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/v85-
557#:~:text=It%20was%20concluded%20that%20this,while%20the%20latter%2C%20presumab
ly%20more
Viibzz lab (Youtube channel). (2020, July 30). Precipitation Reactions of Proteins :
Biochemistry [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyndI0rK1zE&t=183
ChemProfJH (Youtube Channel). (2020, March 23). Dialysis Lab Video [Video file]. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Am7_Ya7G5GE&feature=share
Ms. Amy's Classroom (Youtube Channel). (2018, October 15). Osmosis Experiment: Dialysis
Tubing Lab [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnwWkKa8k_E
Donnan Equilibrium
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/donnan-
equilibrium
Colloids Chemistry
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/11-5-colloids/
Adsorption
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/adsorption#:~:text=Adsorption%20plays%20an%20
important%20role,thereby%20heating%20up%20the%20gas
Filtration
https://www.thoughtco.com/filtration-definition-4144961
Viscosity
https://www.quora.com/What-is-viscosity-and-what-are-the-factors-affecting-viscosity
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Experiment 2: COLLOIDS

Leader: Barbosa, Jezreel Anne J. Score:

BS PSYCHOLOGY 2-1 September 10, 2021 September 12, 2021

Th-F (1:00pm-4:00pm) Sarah Joy Del Rosario

Table 1. Description of the various prepared colloidal solution [5 pts]

Colloidal System Observation

Benzene/detergent mixture can be classified as an emulsion colloidal system. It is formed

An emulsion is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between

Table 2. Observed properties of colloidal system [7 pts]

Colloidal Properties Observation

Fe(OH)3 sol Before the Fe(OH)3 sol was precipitated, 10mL of

5% gelatin 3mL of (NH 4 )2SO 4 was first added, but no visible

(b) Mutual precipitation

Table 4. Demonstration of Donnan Membrane Equilibrium

System Before standing After standing

Description of the various prepared colloidal solution

(Properties Of Colloids Solutions, Physical Properties, ElectroDialysis, Ultra filtration,

Types of Colloidal Solutions.

(Gels: Its meaning, formation, classification, and applications (thefactfactor.com)

Does Benzene dissolve in water?

Selective Permeability of Dialysis Tubing Lab: Explained

Cohesive Sediment- An Overview

The preparation and characterization of iron trihydroxide

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