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    Halogen at Ed

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    gganage
    Halogenated flame retardants are commonly used but raise health and environmental concerns due to their toxicity. Alternatives include non-halogenated flame retardants based on phosphorus, aluminum trihydrate, and magnesium hydroxide, but these often compromise mechanical properties at high loadings. Newer flame retardants aim to reduce halogen content or eliminate halogens altogether, using combinations of materials like antimony oxide, phosphorus, and zinc borate to increase efficiency while lowering health and environmental risks.

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    Halogen at Ed

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    gganage
    51 views4 pages
    Halogenated flame retardants are commonly used but raise health and environmental concerns due to their toxicity. Alternatives include non-halogenated flame retardants based on phosphorus, aluminum trihydrate, and magnesium hydroxide, but these often compromise mechanical properties at high loadings. Newer flame retardants aim to reduce halogen content or eliminate halogens altogether, using combinations of materials like antimony oxide, phosphorus, and zinc borate to increase efficiency while lowering health and environmental risks.

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    Halogenated flame retardants are commonly used but raise health and environmental concerns due to their toxicity. Alternatives include non-halogenated flame retardants based on phosphorus, aluminum trihydrate, and magnesium hydroxide, but these often compromise mechanical properties at high loadings. Newer flame retardants aim to reduce halogen content or eliminate halogens altogether, using combinations of materials like antimony oxide, phosphorus, and zinc borate to increase efficiency while lowering health and environmental risks.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    51 views4 pages

    Halogen at Ed

    Uploaded by

    gganage
    Halogenated flame retardants are commonly used but raise health and environmental concerns due to their toxicity. Alternatives include non-halogenated flame retardants based on phosphorus, aluminum trihydrate, and magnesium hydroxide, but these often compromise mechanical properties at high loadings. Newer flame retardants aim to reduce halogen content or eliminate halogens altogether, using combinations of materials like antimony oxide, phosphorus, and zinc borate to increase efficiency while lowering health and environmental risks.

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    of 4

    Halogenatedorganic FR: These are the preferred choice of FRs that work by this mechanism due to their extremely

    good radical scavenging ability and ease of incorporation into the polymer matrix. Some examples of this type of FR is provided in Figure 3.

    Figure 3: Structures of common halogenated FRs The detection of these FRs in sperm whales, dolphins and humans, however, raises significant concerns about their impact on both environmental and human health. Halogenated FRs have been reported to be extremely toxic to both plant and animal life. Alternatives There is a need for good alternatives for brominated flame retardants. Apart from other disadvantages, the heavy metal antimony is necessary for the production of brominated (or chlorinated) flame retardants. Antimony oxides, Sb2O5 (used in reactive flame retardants) and Sb2O3 , are used as synergists to increase the efficiency of bromine and chlorine. Bromine and chlorine (together), and antimony oxides are used at a ratio of 1:3 [7]. Non-halogenated products, based mainly on phosphorus, aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and magnesiumhydroxide, halt flame spread without the formation of halogenated byproducts. However, at relatively high loading they can compromise the polymers mechanical properties [7]. The additive flame retardant ATH is multifunctional, cheap, and widely used as a filler and plasticizer. It is particularly used in large quantities in carpet underlay [15]. Despite high loading requirements (2070 wt.%) these inorganics are widely used because of their ability to suppress smoke generation and avoid the production of toxic offgasses [7]. Consumption of halogenated additives is expected to decline as the market moves towards synergistic systems that mix flame retardants such as antimony oxide, phosphorus, and zinc borate with a halogen [15]. To combine fire resistance with low smoke and gas formation, a low halogen flame retardant is produced, which contains just 2526% bromine, which is used at loadings of 46%. Most of the widely used halogenated compounds contain up to 80% halogen [7]. The so-called intumescents form another class of flame retardants. These are low smoke release flame retardants which combine nitrogen and phosphorus.

    They are more costly than many halogenated compounds but are used in a.o. wire-and-cable and electronic housing uses where toxic smoke poses an immediate threat [7]. Because reactive types of flame retardants are polymer-specific, their application is limited. There are several reactive flame retardants, specifically produced and all different in composition. For example, there is a 25% pelletized concentrate of antimony pentoxide, bromine and polypropylene resin of various melt flow indices, which is geared to PP fibers for textiles and carpets, Polybrominated Biphenyls and Diphenylethers 73 and also to PP thin-film applications where colour and clarity are desired. Furthermore dibromostyrene (DBS), a reactive styrene monomer, is used to make copolymers for adhesives and coatings. DBS can also be used to impart flame retardancy in polyolefins [15]. For structural applications a line of glass yarn fabrics is engineered.Woven with Advantex glass yarn it can withstand high temperatures. The silica based fabrics are inert and there is nothing to be offgassed. A new product is composed of two different forms of glass fiber, the material is fire, smoke and flame resistant, without flame retardants [15].

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