Conduction
Conduction
Conduction
1
Objectives of conduction analysis
Why we need T(x,y,z,t) ?
to compute heat flux
at any location (using Fourier’s eqn.)
compute thermal stresses, expansion, deflection
due to temp. etc.
design insulation thickness
chip temperature calculation
heat treatment of metals
Conduction
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids
In solids
Atoms are bound to each other by series of bonds analogous to
spring.
2
Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through different
configurations
Conduction through plane wall
Conduction through circular pipes
Conduction through hollow sphere
Conduction in Walls
Q T
AT
Q A Q
x
1
Q Q - k
AT
x x
dT
Q - kA (x 0)
dx
3
Heat Conduction
dT
Mathematical Modeling : Q - kA
dx
k = Thermal Conductivity
-ive sign shows that heat is conducted
in the direction of decreasing
temperature.
Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :
Electrical Circuit: Thermal Circuit:
Potential Difference T
A T Q -
Q -k
V1 V2 x x kA
I
Re
T T
Current Flow Q 1 2
Rt
Electric Resistance
Thermal Resistance
4
Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :
A T
Q -k
Temperature Difference x
T
Q -
x kA
Thermal Resistance
T T
Q 1 2
Rt
Heat Flow
Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction: Walls in Series
T T T T
Q1 1 2 Q 2 2 3
R1 R2
T T ∆x1 ∆x2
Q 1 3
R1 R2
Δx1 Δx 2
R1 R2
k1 A k2 A
Q
T over all
Rt
5
Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction: Walls in Parallel
T T T T
Q1 1 2 Q 2 1 2
R1 R2
Q1 Q 2
Δx Δx
R1 R2
k1 A k2 A
1
R t
1 1
R1 R2
d=2r
6
Conduction in Circular Pipes
l>>>r
Heat Transfer along the pipe length is neglected
T2
ri T1
Q Q
Q
ro
7
Conduction in Circular Pipes
Conduction in walls
T2
ri T1
Q
dT ro
Q -kA
dx
Fourier’s Law
ro r
dT
Q -kA
dr
For pipes
8
Conduction in Circular Pipes
d=2r
A=2πrl
l A ri
ro
A=lxb A=2πrl
dT dT
Q -kA
Dr. S. Kamran
dx Q -kA
dr
9
Conduction in Circular Pipes
dT
Q -kA
dr
dT T1 T2
Q -k 2 r l ri
dr
r Q
dr
Q -k 2ldT ro
r
A=2πrl
How
T T ?
Q 2 k l 1 2
ln ro ri
10
Conduction in Circular Pipes
Thermal Resistance Concept :
ri T1 T2
T T
Q 2 k l 1 2
ln ro ri Q
r
T T ro
Q 1 2
Rt
Thermal T1 T2 A=2πrl
Q
Resistance ln ro ri
in Pipes 2 k l
ln ro ri
Rt pipe
2 k l
ri
ro
Insulations
11
Conduction in Multilayer Pipes
Thermal
Circuit
T T
Q 1 4
Rt
12
Conduction in Hollow Sphere
Thermal Resistance Concept :
Sphere
T1 T2
ri
r Q
ro
A= 4πr2
Q dr -k 4r 2 dT ro
dr
Q 2 -k 4dT A= 4πr2
r
T1 T2
Q
ro ri How
4 ro ri k
?
13
Conduction in Hollow Sphere
r0 r0
dr
T2
1 T2
Q 2 -k 4 dT Q -k 4 T T1
ri
r T1
r ri
1 1 T1 T2
Q -k 4 T2 T1 Q k 4 r r
ri r0 0 i
r0 ri
T T
Q 1 2
T T
Thermal ro ri Q 1 2
Resistance Rt Boundary conditions
in Sphere 4 ro ri k
1. At 𝑟 𝑟 ,T 𝑇
ro ri 2. At 𝑟 𝑟, T 𝑇
Rt sphere
4 ro ri k
Convection
14
Convection
Mathematical Modeling : Convective heat
transfer Coefficient
(Nature of the fluid)
Q T Q A s T
Q A Q hA s T
Newton’s law of cooling
Convection
Convective heat transfer Coefficient (‘h’)
Rate of Heat transfer b/w solid surface and a fluid per
unit surface area per unit temperature difference
Units : Q
h
A s T
‘h’ : (W/m2/°C)
15
Convection
Thermal Resistance Concept :
In conduction
T
Q
Rth cond
Rth cond x
kA
In convection
Q hA s T
Convection
Thermal Resistance Concept :
Q hA s T
or T
Q
1 hA s
but T
Q
Rth conv
so,
1
Rth conv
hAs
16
Heat Conduction/Convection
Over All Heat Transfer Coefficient
1 x 1
R th
h1 A kA h2 A Over all Heat Transfer
Coefficient (U)
T
Q
Rth
Q UAs ΔT
1
R th
UAs
17