Lesson 2 - Plumbing Pipes and Fittings

PIPES and FITTINGS
Pipes & Fittings
Cast Iron Soil Pipe

Most popular and generally specified material for drainage
installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
Commercial length: 600 cm
SPIGOT
Diameters: 50-150mm
HUB
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
2 Types:
SV type - generally used; for building installations
XV type - extra duty; for underground installations

Pipes & Fittings
4 Varieties:
Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe

Pipes & Fittings
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations

where acid wastes are being discharged
Brittle and cracks easily, thus

horizontal runs have to be
Supported at every 1.50 meter
interval to prevent sagging
Asbestos Pipe
Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties
Pipes & Fittings
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Cheapest of all types of pipes
Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil movement
without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints. It is thus
suited for house sewer and septic tank installations
may be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or
chemical flow
Vitrified Clay Pipe

One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines
Highly resistant to most acids
Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks easily
when laid on unstable ground
Made in short lengths of 750mm
Pipes & Fittings
Lead Pipe
The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
Highly resistant to acid
Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to
convey water for human consumption
Galvanized Steel Pipe

Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”)
25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”)
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
More resistant to acid waste
Pipes & Fittings
Copper Pipe
Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
Easy to install
Smooth interior surface
Classification:
K type- heaviest; recommended for underground installations
L type- lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form;
recommended for residential water supply line and radiant
heating installations
M type- thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small
water supply lines and radiant heating installations
Brass Pipe
Most expensive
Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
Pipes & Fittings
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
Developed in Germany in 1935
Most are produced from synthetic resins
Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to cut, is
flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and is cheaper than steel
2 Types:
Rigid type (pipes)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Flexible type (tubing)

The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
Pipes & Fittings
Considerations in
choosing materials:
Quality and durability.
Resistance to external and internal

contact with foreign matters.
Resistance to acid waste and

other chemical elements that
will pass into it.
Cost of materials and labor.

Pipes & Fittings
Types of Fittings:
COUPLING/ MALE
SOCKET ADAPTOR
EXTENSION
FEMALE
PIECE/
ADAPTOR
NIPPLE
45°
REDUCER STREET
ELBOW
90°
REDUCING
STREET
ELBOW
ELBOW
Pipes & Fittings
UNION
CROSS
TEE
PLUG
REDUCING
TEE
DOUBLE
HUB
CAP
Pipes & Fittings
Other water Service
Fittings & Devices:
CORPORATION
STOP
METER
STOP
CURB
STOP
WATER
METER
CURB
STOP
BOX
Pipes & Fittings
Sanitary Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
Nipple Plug
Clean-out Bushing
Pipes & Fittings
FITTINGS USAGE:
TEES – branch of 90/right angles
PLUG – closing end of a pipe or fitting having
female thread; square head; four-sided counter-
sunk head – (small size); hexagon-head –
(larger sizes); 1/8” – 12”; Ground-joint union
CLEANOUT PLUGS (raised square heads) –
plastic/brass; brass-metallic fittings
BUSHINGS – connect the male end of a pipe to
a fitting of a larger size; reducing/enlarging
fitting
Pipes & Fittings
FITTINGS USAGE:
ELBOWS – 45°/90° - gas, water, steam; 22
½°/60 – special angles; CI drainage fitting
elbows: 5 5/8” 22 ½°60° 11 ¼°45° 90°
CAPS – closing the end of a pipe or fitting male
threaded plain and flat band/beaded caps
FLANGE – for closing flanged fittings/flange
pipe lines; closet flanges (plastic – ¼” thick);
(brass – 1/8” thick); (for caulking – ¼” thick);
screw/bolts - brass
WYE - hose connection with two-gated outlets
Pipes & Fittings
FITTINGS USAGE:
OFFSET - combination of elbows or bends
DOUBLE OFFSET - two offsets in succession
FERRULE - a metallic sleeve, for the purpose
of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe
RETURN BEND - made up of two 90° bends
with inside threads and outside threads; 180°
bend
TAILPIECE - connects the outlet of a fixture to
a trap
TAPPED TEE - tapped to receive a threaded
pipe or fittings
Working Drawings
Piping Symbols for
Plumbing:
DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVE GROUND
DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND
VENT
SD STORM DRAIN
COLD WATER
SW SOFT COLD WATER
HOT WATER
S SPRINKLER MAIN
SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD

Working Drawings
G G GAS
A COMPRESSED AIR
V VACUUM
S - CI SEWER – CAST IRON
S - CT SEWER – CLAY TILE
S-P SEWER – PLASTIC

Working Drawings
Plumbing Abbreviations:
ITEM ABBR. ITEM ABBR.

Cast Iron CI Hot Water HW
Centerline CL Laundry Tray LT
Cleanout CO Lavatory LAV.
Cold Water CW Medicine Cabinet MC
Copper COP. Plastic PLAS.
Dishwasher DW Plumbing PLBG.
Floor Drain FD Water Closet WC
Galvanized Iron GAL. I Water Heater WH
Hose Bib HB Water Softener WS
Working Drawings
Pipe & Fitting Symbols:
Working Drawings
Working Drawings
Working Drawings
Joints & Connections
General Methods:
Caulking (lead and oakum)
Threading
Welding / Soldering
Rubber Ring method (rubber gaskets)
Hubless connections (steel plates and
clamps and neoprene rubber)
Adhesives
Flanged connections
(screws and bolts)
Tightness:
Perform Pressure Test on joints and connections of pipes
& fittings to ensure gastight & watertight connections.
Types of Joints:
For bell-and-spigot cast iron
Caulked Joints soil pipe & other similar joints
Face to face
distance
engagement length
Caulking:
Align pipes
Packing Oakum-
Wrap an oakum or hemp around the spigot Neck;
Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub using a yarning iron;
compress firmly (make a 20-25mm clearance from top of bell)
Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell)
Packing with Caulking Iron
For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and

Threaded Joints fittings shall be standard taper pipe
threads
Threads on plastic pipe shall be
factory cut or molded
Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with
water-soluble, non-hardening material
Tape is acceptable for use on threads
Cement Mortar Prohibited on new building sewers

Joints
Solder & Sweat Joints

For joints in copper tubing
Solders and fluxes with lead content
which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in
piping systems used to convey
potable water
Soldering of joints:
Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper)
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Heat the fitting with a propane torch
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Wrap soldered joint with wet rags
Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between

Wiped Joints lead pipe or fittings & brass or copper
pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps
Joints between lead pipe & cast iron,
steel or wrought iron pipe shall be
made by means of a caulking ferrule
or soldering nipple
Asbestos Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same

Cement Sewer composition as the pipe or of other
approved materials, and sealed with
Pipe Joints neoprene rubber rings or joined by an
approved type compression coupling
For soft copper, water tubing shall be

Flared Joints expanded with a proper flaring tool
Burned Lead Shall be lapped and the assembly

shall be fused together to form a
Joints uniform weld at least as thick as the
lead sheets being joined
joints shall be made by the use of

Copper Water approved brass fittings soldered,
Tube or by brass compression type fitting
Solvent Cement
Shall comply with appropriate IAMPO
Plastic Pipe installation standard
Joints
Method:
Measure the face to face distance of the fittings
Cut with sharp knife/hacksaw/handsaw
Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK)
or Acetone
Apply solvent cement to the shoulder fitting and
butt-end of pipe
Insert pipe into the fitting
When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe with sand
then heat using flame torch or hot water, gradually
applying pressure
Special Joints:
Copper Tubing Joints shall be made by use of brass

adaptor fittings
To Screw Pipe Joints shall be properly sweated or
Joints soldered
Slip Joints Used in fixture traps (exposed for

maintenance) and drains
Expansion Used in soil & waste stack

joints shall be free & accessible
Joints
Unions May be used in drainage work when

accessibly located in the trap seal or
Between a fixture & its trap
Use only approved types of fittings &

Plastic Pipe adapters designed for the specific
Connection to transition intended
Other Materials
Flanged Fixture Connections:
Fixture connections between drainage pipes & water
closets, floor outlet service sinks, pedestal urinals, and
earthenware trap standards shall be by means of
approved brass, hard lead, ABS, PVC, or iron flanges
caulked, soldered, solvent cemented or screwed to the
drainage pipe
Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square
Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely

bolted to an approved carrier fitting;
Gasket material shall be graphite-impregnated asbestos,
felt, or similar approved types
Prohibited
Joints & Connections:
For Drainage Systems– any fitting or connection
which has an enlargement, chamber or recess with a ledge,
shoulder or reduction of pipe area, that offers any obstructions
to flow through the drain
An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet bend

or stub shall be considered an obstruction
Inspection & Test
Water Testing:
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
closing all outlets & filling the system with water
from the main to locate leaks and other potential
problems
Air Pressure Testing:

Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping
system with compressed air (use of soap suds
in locating escaping air)

Lesson 2 - Plumbing Pipes and Fittings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 2 - Plumbing Pipes and Fittings

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 2 - Plumbing Pipes and Fittings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PIPES and FITTINGS

Pipes & Fittings

Cast Iron Soil Pipe

XV type - extra duty; for underground installations

Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe

Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations

Brittle and cracks easily, thus

Vitrified Clay Pipe

Galvanized Steel Pipe

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

Flexible type (tubing)

Resistance to external and internal

Resistance to acid waste and

Cost of materials and labor.

DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND

SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD

S-P SEWER – PLASTIC

ITEM ABBR. ITEM ABBR.

For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and

Cement Mortar Prohibited on new building sewers

Solder & Sweat Joints

Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between

Asbestos Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same

For soft copper, water tubing shall be

Burned Lead Shall be lapped and the assembly

joints shall be made by the use of

Copper Tubing Joints shall be made by use of brass

Slip Joints Used in fixture traps (exposed for

Expansion Used in soil & waste stack

Unions May be used in drainage work when

Use only approved types of fittings &

Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square

Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely

An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet bend

Air Pressure Testing:

You might also like