Submitted To

Muhammad Shahidullah Tasfiq

Associate Professor

Jagannath University

Submitted By
Md Fariyal Zoha Ashraf

ID – 19241090

Section – B

Session: 2018-19

Department of Management Studies

Bangladesh University of Professionals

Letter of Transmittal
18th October 2022
Muhammad Shahidullah Tasfiq
Associate Professor
Jagannath University

Subject: Descriptive paper on packaging

Dear Sir,
With due respect, I would like to inform you that I am a student of the Department of
Management Studies. Here is a term paper titled “Packaging”, for which I have been
granted permission to work on the topic as per your instructions. The entire term paper
and the research work, both, have been completed with the information and knowledge
which we have gathered completely online from the available secondary data. Your kind
acceptance will be highly appreciated, and I will be trying to answer all the questions
that you may have about the paper. I have tried my level best to complete this term
paper carefully and as accurately as possible.
However, I will be glad to clarify any discrepancies that may arise. Finally, I would love
to express our gratitude for your supportive thoughts and kind consideration both during
class hours and outside of class time.
Sincerely yours,
Md Fariyal Zoha
19241090
Department of Management Studies
Bangladesh University of Professionals
 Packaging

Chapter 01: Introduction

Background of the Study

The study primarily focuses on the role of packages in Logistics and Operations. In this paper,
we will be discussing packaging as a whole in detail. Discuss the priorities and evolution of
packaging throughout a few decades.

Research Objectives
1. To find out the essential factors of packaging
a. Interior, or consumer packaging
b. Exterior or industrial packaging
2. To find out how packaging evolved over time
3. The material used for packaging

Limitations of the Study

1. All the data is based on secondary studies.
2. Materials couldn't be studied in person.
3. The study may become outdated due to technological innovation.

Chapter 02: Literature Review

The science, art, and technology of enclosing or protecting things for distribution, storage, sale,
and use are known as packaging(Gattorna & Hargreaves,1991). The process of creating, evaluating,
and making packages is sometimes called packaging(Hill,2005).
Packaging can protect items from adverse environments such as rain or sun; it is sometimes
required to separate elements that might contaminate each other, such as sugar and petrol; and it
can keep the contents clean, such as groceries and medications(Auras & Selke,2004).

The inside, also known as consumer packaging, is intended for the customer and contains
marketing and promotional elements(Hill,2005). This is the one with the vivid colors, cellophane,
and adverts. The external or industrial packaging is intended to protect and facilitate handling.
This is the basic box or pallet that provides information to supply chain organizations.

Package design and development are frequently seen as essential components of the new product
development process(Gattorna & Hargreaves,1991). Alternatively, the development of a package (or
component) can be done independently, but it must be closely tied to the product to be packaged.
The identification of all requirements for package design begins with the identification of all
requirements: structural design, marketing, shelf life, quality assurance, logistics, legal,
regulatory, graphic design, end-use, environmental, and so on. Design goals, performance (as
determined by package testing), completion time targets, resources, and cost limitations must all
be defined and agreed upon(Lambert & Stock,1993).

Chapter 03: Methodology

Term paper design

This document is mainly a research and self-analysis-based descriptive paper. The paper is
focused on Identifying the importance and history of packaging.

Population size
The population of the study is all the packaging technology used throughout history. Although
the main focus will be on the commercial packaging used throughout the 19th to 21st century.
Sampling
We will be looking at a few companies in different sectors. We will try to diversify the
companies based on their product type, packaging material, and also customer base.

Data Collection
In this paper, all statistical, and numeric data was collected from secondary sources.

Data analysis & Presentation

The obtained data was analyzed and presented in a graphical slideshow and a descriptive paper
based on our learnings, knowledge, and the offered structures of good ODCM in our course and
books.

Software Used
Microsoft Office 365 Suite consisting of MS Word 2020 & MS PowerPoint 2019, Google
Chrome, Zoom, Google Meet, Adobe Illustrator, and Grammarly.

Chapter 04: Analysis

The original packages were made from natural materials like reed baskets, wineskins (bota bags),
wooden boxes, clay vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels, woven bags, and so forth. As
packages evolved, processed materials were utilized to construct them, beginning with glass and
copper jars. Archaeology relies heavily on the examination of old packages.
Bakelite closures on bottles, translucent cellophane overwraps, and panels on cartons were
among the packaging innovations of the early twentieth century. These advancements raised
processing efficiency while also improving food safety. As new materials were created, such as
aluminum and other types of plastic, they were incorporated into the packaging to enhance
performance and functionality.

Many sorts of package labeling symbols are nationally and internationally standardized. There
are symbols for product certifications (such as the FCC and TÜV markings), trademarks, proof
of purchase, and so on for consumer packaging. Some criteria and symbols, such as the CE
marking or the estimated sign, exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, such
as adherence to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. The recycling sign, the recycling
code (which could be a resin identification number), and the "Green Dot" are all examples of
environmental and recycling symbols. Food contact material icons may appear on food
packaging. In the European Union, items of animal origin intended for human consumption must
bear standard, oval-shaped EC identification and health markings for food safety.

Several parts of consumer package labeling are governed by law. One of the most crucial is
precisely stating the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the contents of the package. Customers
want the label to appropriately reflect the contents. Manufacturers and packagers must have good
quality assurance systems and accurate equipment; nonetheless, all processes have inherent
unpredictability.

Identification tags, bar codes, and electronic data interchange are all technologies relevant to
shipping containers (EDI). These three fundamental technologies enable the business functions
involved in container transportation throughout the distribution channel. Identification codes
either link product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes enable the automated
input of identification codes and other data, and EDI transfers data between trading partners
inside the distribution channel.
Chapter 05: Findings

Packaging types
1. The material that first envelops and holds the goods is referred to as primary packaging.
This is usually the smallest unit of distribution or use, and it is the packaging that has
direct contact with the contents.
2. Secondary packaging is used to prevent pilferage or to bundle principal goods together.
3. Tertiary or transit packing is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage, and transport
shipping. The most frequent type is a palletized unit load, which fits tightly into
containers.
The primary and secondary packages are generally referred to as Consumer Packing, these are
generally designed to gain attention from the customer, and at the same time designed to give the
easiest time to the consumer.

The two-tiered consumer packaging is generally used for food and electronic hardware

Transit packaging or industrial packaging is designed to make bulk transport easier. the primary
design concern is utility. These packagings are generally not intended to attract customers.
Packaging Materials

1. Plastic
2. Cotton
3. Jute
4. Rigid Box
5. Paperboard
6. Chipboard
7. Corrugated Cardboard
8. Foil Sealed Bag
9. Envelope/ Bubble Mailers

Evolution of Packaging
The 1700s: The first manufacturing production of tinplate was introduced in England (1699) and
in France (1720). Afterward, the Dutch navy starts to use such packaging to prolong the
preservation of food products

The 1804s: Nicolas Appert, in response to inquiries into extending the shelf life of food for the
French Army, employed glass bottles along with thermal food treatment. Metal cans have
replaced glass in this application. However, there is still an ongoing debate about who first
introduced the use of tinplates as food packaging.

The 1870s: The use of paper board was launched and corrugated materials patented

The 1880s: First cereal packaged in a folding box by Quaker Oats

The 1890s: The crown cap for glass bottles was patented by William Painter.

The 1960s: Development of the two-piece drawn and wall-ironed metal cans in the US, along
with the ring-pull opener and the Tetra Brik Aseptic carton package

The 1970s: The barcode system was introduced in the retail and manufacturing industry. PET
plastic blow-mold bottle technology, which is widely used in the beverage industry, was
introduced.

The 1990s: The application of digital printing on food packages became widely adopted.
Chapter 06: Recommendation and Conclusion

Recommendations
1. Sometimes while making the Consumer Packing attention-grabbing lots of extra
materials are used. Which is both wasteful for the company and cumbersome for the
customer.
2. Sometimes the aesthetics of the product can conflict with the efficiency of the packaging.
This can be detrimental to a product.
3. In the case of industrial packaging, more companies should move towards reusable
packaging.

Conclusion
Ever since the idea of the commercial product was coined, people have to spend considerable
time researching effective and efficient ways of packaging. The three tiers of packaging were
always present but became more popular in the early 20th century with the rise of preservable
food products and sensitive electronics.

From the earliest industrial times, a distinction can be found between consumer and industrial
packaging. Upon closer inspection, it can be said the standard of industrial packaging has been
historically very consistent.

Upon the invention of new packaging material, many products have shifted to a better material at
the same time consumer packaging standards have shifted by a lot.
References
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4. Hill, T. (2005). Operations management.
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