2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS. I-P Edition. Supported by ASHRAE Research
2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS. I-P Edition. Supported by ASHRAE Research
2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS. I-P Edition. Supported by ASHRAE Research
ASHRAE HANDBOOK
FUNDAMENTALS
I-P Edition
Supported by ASHRAE Research
®
2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK
FUNDAMENTALS
Inch-Pound Edition
No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE,
except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review
with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording,
or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE.
Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-
mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-
ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or
omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-
tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year
following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.
DISCLAIMER
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,
and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process,
procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical
data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or
guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.
ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The
entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
ISBN 1-931862-70-2
CONTENTS
Contributors
Preface
THEORY
Chapter 1. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics,
TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines)
2. Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)
3. Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)
4. Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)
5. Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)
6. Psychrometrics (TC 1.1)
7. Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control)
BASIC MATERIALS
Chapter 17. Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)
18. Combustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)
19. Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)
20. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)
21. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)
22. Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.12, Dessicant Dehumidification and Components)
23. Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Fundamentals
(TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)
24. Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Applications (TC 4.4)
25. Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data (TC 4.4)
26. Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)
GENERAL
Chapter 37. Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Terminology)
38. Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)
39. Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)
40. Codes and Standards
INDEX
Composite index to the 2002 Refrigeration, 2003 HVAC Applications, 2004 HVAC Systems and
Equipment, and 2005 Fundamentals volumes
CONTRIBUTORS
In addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly
to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributor’s name.
Preface
The 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic shelter-in-place strategy and safe havens from outdoor air quality
principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry. Research spon- hazards.
sored by ASHRAE and others continues to generate new informa- • Chapter 28, Climatic Design Information, extensively revised,
tion to support the HVAC&R technology that has improved the has expanded table data for each of the 4422 stations listed
quality of life worldwide. The ASHRAE Technical Committees that (USA/Canada/world; on the CD-ROM accompanying this book),
prepare these chapters strive not only to provide new information, more than three times as many stations as in the 2001 edition.
but also to clarify existing information, delete obsolete materials, • Chapter 29, Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations,
and reorganize chapters to make the Handbook more understand- completely rewritten, presents the Residential Load Factor (RLF)
able and easier to use. method, a simplified technique suitable for manual calculations,
This edition includes a new chapter (26), Insulation for Mechan- derived from the Heat Balance (HB) method. A detailed example
ical Systems, and an accompanying CD-ROM containing not only is provided.
all the chapters in both I-P and SI units, but also the vastly expanded • Chapter 30, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calcula-
and revised climatic design data described in Chapter 28. tions, rewritten, has a new, extensively detailed example demon-
Some of the major revisions and additions are as follows: strating the Radiant Time Series (RTS) method for a realistic
office building, including floor plans and details.
• Chapter 2, Fluid Flow, has new examples on calculating pressure
• Chapter 32, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, includes
loss, flow, and pipe sizes, and new text on port-shape friction fac-
new information on boilers, data-driven models, combustion
tors in laminar flow.
chambers, heat exchangers, and system controls, and a new sec-
• Chapter 3, Heat Transfer, contains updated convection correla-
tion on model validation and testing.
tions; more information on enhanced heat transfer, radiation, heat
• Chapter 33, Space Air Diffusion, has a rewritten, expanded sec-
exchangers, conduction shape factors, and transient conduction; a
tion on displacement ventilation.
new section on plate heat exchangers; and several new examples.
• Chapter 34, Indoor Environmental Modeling, rewritten, retitled,
• Chapter 4, Two-Phase Flow, has new information on boiling and
and significantly expanded, now covers multizone network air-
pressure drop in plate heat exchangers, revised equations for boil-
flow and contaminant transport modeling as well as HVAC com-
ing heat transfer and forced-convection evaporation in tubes, and
putational fluid dynamics.
a rewritten section on pressure drop correlations.
• Chapter 35, Duct Design, includes new guidance on flexible duct
• Chapter 7, Sound and Vibration, contains expanded and clarified
losses, balancing dampers, and louvers.
discussions on key concepts and methods throughout, and
• Chapter 36, Pipe Sizing, has new text and tables on losses for ells,
updates for research and standards.
reducers, expansions, and tees, and the interactions between fit-
• Chapter 12, Air Contaminants, contains a rewritten section on
tings.
bioaerosols, added text on mold, and updated tables.
• Chapter 14, Measurement and Instruments, has a new section on This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and in
optical pyrometry, added text on infrared radiation thermometers, electronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-
thermal anemometers, and air infiltration measurement with tracer pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the International
gases, as well as clarified guidance on measuring flow in ducts. System of Units (SI).
• Chapter 20, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, has Corrections to the 2002, 2003, and 2004 Handbook volumes can
newly reconciled reference states for tables and diagrams, plus be found on the ASHRAE Web site at http://www.ashrae.org and in
diagrams for R-143a, R-245fa, R-410A, and R-507A. the Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Corrections
• Chapter 25, Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, con- for this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on the
tains a new table relating water vapor transmission and relative ASHRAE Web site.
humidity for selected materials. To make suggestions for improving a chapter or for information
• Chapter 26, Insulation for Mechanical Systems, a new chapter, on how you can help revise a chapter, please comment using the
discusses thermal and acoustical insulation for mechanical sys- form on the ASHRAE Web site; or e-mail [email protected]; or
tems in residential, commercial, and industrial facilities, includ- write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta,
ing design, materials, systems, and installation for pipes, tanks, GA 30329; or fax 404-321-5478.
equipment, and ducts.
• Chapter 27, Ventilation and Infiltration, updated to reflect Mark S. Owen
ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2, has new sections on the Editor