Introduction To Linguistic
Introduction To Linguistic
Introduction To Linguistic
(193306020035)
WETBY ALFNIA VALENTINI PIYUPI ZALUKHU
(163306020168)
CLASS : 3D – MORNING
LESSON : INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC
Part A (SLIDE 1)
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3. The Branches of Linguistics :
Crystal (1987:82) in his book The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language divides
the linguistic type into six parts:
1. Morphology : the branch of grammar studies the structure of words.
2. Phonetics : the physical facts of pronunciation, as defined by the processes of
articulation, acoustic transmission and audition.
3. Phonology : the way different languages organize sounds to convey differences
of meaning.
4. Syntax : the way in which words are arranged to show relationship of meaning
within (and sometimes between) sentences.
5. Semantics : the study of meaning in language.
6. Pragmatics : studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social
interaction and the effects of our choice on others.
For example in English if someone says [riŋ], you will understand ring, even if
you pronounce it [ɹiŋ]. So we can consider that the differences between [r] and
[ɹ] are not distinctive. Thus, we call [r] and [ɹ] unbound variants of a phoneme
/r/.
Now if someone says [piŋ] it has a different meaning : it's ping. So [p] is not a
realisation of /r/, but rather of another phoneme /p/.
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5. The main features of pronunciation :
Vowels are articulated with relatively open configuration of the vocal tract (the
air goes freely). Vowels have 2 types : Single vowel and diphtong.
Single vowel is produced with a single perceived auditory quality by movement of
the tongue towards one the positions on the mouth.
/i:/ /I/ /ᶷ/ /u:/ /e/ /Ə/ /3/ /ɔ:/ /æ/ /Ʌ/ /a:/ /ɒ/
Dipthong consist of a movement from one vowel sound to another within the
same syllable.
/eƏ/ /uƏ/ /IƏ/ /aI/ /eI/ /ɔI/ /Əu/ /au/
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6. Phonemes are a basic unit of language’s phonology, which is combined with other
phonemes to form meaningful units, morphemes. The phonemes can be described as
the smallest unit which may bring about a change of meaning.
Vowels Diphtongs Consonants
/i:/ deed, mean /eƏ/ repair, bear /p/ pen, /s/ student,
put summer
/I/ lyric, electric /uƏ/ influence, /b/ bed, /z/ zebra, zoo
cure but
/ᶷ/ sugar, full /IƏ/ dear,near /t/ ten, /ʃ/ show,wash
tick
/u:/ suit, fool /aI/ like, minus /d/ dog, /ʒ/ jar, jail
doll
/e/ less, dress /eI/ mail, day /ʧ/ rich, /m/ moon,
chick tomorrow
/Ə/ lemon, /ɔI/ joy, soil /ʤ/ bridge, /n/ nine, tunnel
disaster wedge
/3:/ prefer, surf /Əu/ elbow, /k/ king, /ŋ/ ink, sing
wardrobe back
/ɔ:/ organ, dawn /au/ recount, /g/ goal, /h/ house, hat
round grey
/æ/ gallery,satisfy /f/ foot, /l/ lamp, bowl
flower
/Ʌ/ come, /v/ vowel, /r/ rush, more
hundred gave
/a:/ garden, car /Ɵ/ think, /w/ draw,
throw window
/ɒ/ prospect, /ð/ father, /j/ yellow,
sorry brother beauty
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7. The lips are positioned in articulating vowels like :
Examples:
Rounded Position : [o], [o:], [u],[u]
Spread Position : [i:], [i],[e],[әe]
Neutral Position : [˄], [a:], [з:]
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Part B (SLIDE 2)
1. The speech organs and label their names
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2. The articulation of vowels
i: u:
CLOSE I ᶷ
MIDDLE e Ə 3: ɔ:
Ʌ ɒ
OPEN
æ a:
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3. Consonants parts
Consonants can described in terms of the manner and place of articulation.
a. Manner of articulation
Manner of articulation
Plossive A complete closure at some point in the vocal tract,
behind which the pressure builds up and can be released
explosively, e.g : p,b,t,d,k,g.
Affricative A complete closure at some point in the mouth, behind
which the pressure builds up, separation of the organs is
slow compared with that of plossive, e.g : ʧ,ʤ.
Fricative two organs comes close enough together for the
movement of air between those organs to be heard, e.g :
f,v.
Nassal A complete closure at some point in the mouth but the
soft palate being lowered the air escapes through the
nose, e.g : m, n, ŋ
Lateral A partial closure at some point in the mouth, the air-
steam being allowed to escape on one or both sides of the
contact, e.g : l
Approximant Vocal organs come near to each other,but not so close s
to cause audible friction, e.g : r, w
b. Place of articulation
Place of articulation
Bilabial The two lips are the primary articulation, e.g :
b,p,m,w
Labio Dental The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth, e.g : f,v
Dental The tongue tip and rims articulate with the upper
teeth, e.g : Ɵ, ð
Alveolar The blade or tip and blade of the tongue articulte
with alveolar ridge, e.g : t,d,l,n,s,z
Palato Alveolar The blade or tip and blade of the tongue articulte
with alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a
rising of the front of the tongue towards the hard
palate, e.g : ʧ,ʤ.
Velar The front of the tongue articulate with the soft palate,
e.g : k,g, ŋ
Glottal An obstruction causing friction but not vibration
between the vocal cords, e.g : h
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Part C (SLIDE 3)
The short text
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Indonesian Television uses film clips from American broadcast like CNN The Voice of
America radio Network has been worldwide for nearly fifty years. It features American
Music. a great number of music videos on Indonesian television are from the US.
American musicians make more world tours than any others.
All these factors lead me to believe US English is the International language
Transcribe the articulations of each words above based on IPA to identify the
phonemes.
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əˈmɛrɪkən ˈɪŋglɪʃ ɪz ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ɒv ˌɛntəˈteɪnmənt. ðɪs kæn biː siːn
ɪn ðə ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən ɒv ˈmuːviz hɪər ɪn ˌɪndəˈnɪzɪə. ɪn ðə ˈmuːvi ˈrɛntl ʃɒp ɪn maɪ
ˈneɪbəhʊd, ɪt siːmz hɑːf ɒv ðə fɪlmz əˈmɛrɪkən meɪd. ðeər ɑːr ə lɒt ɒv ˌʧaɪˈniːz fɪlmz ;
ˈmɛni ɒv ðiːz ɑː dʌbd wɪð əˈmɛrɪkən prəˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃən. aɪ bɪˈliːv wiː meɪk ðə bɛst fɪlmz bɪ
ˈkɒz wiː hæv biːn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈlɒŋgɪst, wiː spɛnd ðə məʊst ˈmʌni ɒn ðə ðɛm ænd ðə juː
ˈɛs hæz mɔːr ˈæktɪŋ skuːlz ðæn ˈɛni ˈʌðə ˈkʌntri. ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl njuːz ɒn ˌɪndəʊˈniːzɪən
ˈtɛlɪˌvɪʒən ˈjuːzɪz fɪlm klɪps frɒm əˈmɛrɪkən ˈbrɔːdkɑːst laɪk siː-ɛn-ɛn ðə vɔɪs ɒv ə
ˈmɛrɪkə ˈreɪdɪəʊ ˈnɛtwɜːk hæz biːn ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd fɔː ˈnɪəli ˈfɪfti jɪəz. ɪt ˈfiːʧəz əˈmɛrɪkən
ˈmjuːzɪk. ə greɪt ˈnʌmbər ɒv ˈmjuːzɪk ˈvɪdɪəʊz ɒn ˌɪndəʊˈniːzɪən ˈtɛlɪˌvɪʒən ɑː frɒm ðə
juːˈɛs. əˈmɛrɪkən mju(ː)ˈzɪʃənz meɪk mɔː wɜːld tʊəz ðæn ˈɛni ˈʌðəz.
ɔːl ðiːz ˈfæktəz liːd miː tuː bɪˈliːv juːˈɛs ˈɪŋglɪʃ ɪz ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈlæŋgwɪʤ
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References
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Corballis, Michael C. (2002). From Hand To Mouth : The Origins of Language.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Crystal, David. 1987.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University.
Larcom, David. L. 2013. English Is Fun. Jakarta Pusat: Kesaint Blanc.
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/PHONOLOGY1.htm
https://prezi.com/x0oyxmpspbli/the-main-features-of-pronunciation-and-the-
physiology-of-pro/
https://doclecture.net/1-8690.html
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